29:
649:
of the empire, who had hereditary rights of a progeny and who did not. This was debated by colonial administrators, then triggered regulations by the authorities. At the start of colonial empires, mostly males from Europe and then males of indentured laborers from India, China and southeast Asia went on these distant trips; in these early times, intermixing was accepted, approved and encouraged. Over time, differences were emphasised, and the colonial authorities proceeded to restrict, then disapprove and finally forbid sexual relationships between groups of people to maintain so-called purity of blood and limit inheritable rights.
319:. In the late 19th century, the colonial administration viewed intermarriage as a socio-cultural problem. The colonial administration issued circulars prohibiting European officials from conjugal liaisons with Burmese women. In Burma, as in other colonies in Southeast Asia, intimate relations between native women and European men, and the half-caste progeny of such unions were considered harmful to the white minority rule founded upon carefully maintained racial hierarchies.
417:
barbaric. Ashcroft in his review considers the literary work structure as consistent with morals and values of colonial era where the
European colonial powers considered people from different ethnic groups as unequal by birth in their abilities, character and potential, where laws were enacted that made sexual relations and marriage between ethnic groups as illegal.
363:. European and Indian immigrants started migrating to Fiji and intermarrying during the period of colonial rule. The colonial government viewed this as a "race problem", as it created a privileged underclass of semi-Europeans who lived on the social fringes in the colonial ordering of Fiji. This legacy continues to affect the ethnic and racial discourse in Fiji.
450:
544:
307:(literally: The Half-Caste Problem), censured Burmese women for enabling half-caste phenomenon, with the claim, "a Burmese woman’s degenerative intercourse with an Indian threatened a spiraling destruction of Burmese society." Such criticism was not limited to a few isolated instances, or just against Burmese girls (
534:
The
National Union of Journalists has stated that the term half-caste is considered offensive today. The union's guidelines for race reporting instructs journalists to "avoid words that, although common in the past, are now considered offensive". NHS Editorial guidance states documents should "Avoid
648:
has published a series of reviews of half-caste people and ethnic intermixing during the colonial era of human history. She states that colonial control was predicated on identifying who was white and who was native, which children could become citizens of the empire while who remained the subjects
416:
Half-castes of Malaya and other
European colonies in Asia have been part of non-fiction and fictional works. Brigitte Glaser notes that the half-caste characters in literary works of the 18th through 20th century were predominantly structured with prejudice, as degenerate, low, inferior, deviant or
381:
brought in by the colonial government to work on sugarcane plantations over a century ago. Over the generations, these half-caste people experienced social shunning and poor treatment from the colonial government, which became determined in herding citizens into separate, tidy, racial boxes, which
314:
Prior to the explosion in censorship of half-castes in early-20th-century Burma, Thant claims inter-cultural couples such as
Burmese-Indian marriages were encouraged by the local population. The situation began to change as colonial developments, allocation of land, rice mills and socio-economic
523:
argues that the term was coined by 19th-century
British colonial administrations, and eventually started to be used as a descriptor of multiracial Britons in the 20th century who had partial white ancestry. From the 1920s to 1960s, Aspinall argues it was "used in Britain as a derogatory racial
492:
People of mixed descent, the half-caste, were considered inferior and slaves by birth in the 19th-century hierarchically arranged, closed colonial social stratification system of South Africa. This was the case even if the father or mother of half-caste person was a
European.
285:) was anyone with mixed ethnicity from Burmese and British, or Burmese and Indian. During the period of colonial rule, half-caste people were ostracised and criticised in Burmese literary and political media. For example, a local publication in 1938 published the following:
232:
allowing the seizure of half-caste children and forcible removal from their parents. This was theoretically to provide them with better homes than those afforded by typical
Aboriginal people, where they could grow up to work as domestic servants and for
400:
With
Malaysia experiencing a wave of immigrations from China, the Middle East, India, and southeast Asia, and a wave of different colonial powers (Portuguese, Dutch, English), many other terms have been used for half-castes. Some of these include
273:, people of multiracial descent were referred to as half-castes. These unions were considered socially improper, with mixed couples being segregated and shunned by society at large, and colonial courts passing legislation against mixed marriages.
630:, high yellow, hinny, hybrid, ladino, liger, mamaluco, mixblood, mixed-blood, mongrel, mule, mustee, octoroon, plumcot, quadroon, quintroon, sambo, tangelo, xibaro. The difference between these terms of various European colonies usually was the
162:
mentioned half-castes habitually associating with or living with an "Aborigine" (another term no longer favoured), while the
Aborigines Amendments between 1934 and 1937 refer to it in various terms, including as a person with less than
311:), Indians and British husbands. Starting in early 1930s through 1950s, there was an explosion of publications, newspaper articles and cartoons with such social censorship. Included in the criticism were Chinese-Burmese half-castes.
289:"You Burmese women who fail to safeguard your own race, after you have married an Indian, your daughter whom you have begotten by such a tie takes an Indian as her husband. As for your son, he becomes a
198:, which made half-castes eligible to receive old-age pensions and maternity allowances but excluded individuals "who are Asiatic, or are aboriginal natives of Australia, Papua or the Pacific Islands".
555:. In Spanish colonies, other terms were in use for half-caste people; the above painting, for example, shows a Zamba. The caption India in the painting refers to native Indian American woman.
213:, wrote that half-castes and anyone with any Aboriginal connections were considered "degraded as to divine things, almost on a level with a brute, in a state of moral unfitness for heaven".
331:
tends to evoke the understanding of it referring to the offspring of two persons of two different pure bloods or near pure bloods, in other languages, such as
Mandarin Chinese, the words
1139:
1277:
1928:
Aspinall, Peter J. (2013). "The Social Evolution of the Term 'Half-Caste' in Britain: The Paradox of its Use as Both Derogatory Racial Category and Self-Descriptor".
516:
In the United Kingdom, the term when used primarily applies to those of mixed Black and White parentage, although can extend to those of differing heritages as well.
393:
in Malaysia referred to Eurasians and other people of mixed descents. They were also commonly referred to as hybrids, and in certain sociological literature the term
1350:
C. JOON-HAI LEE (2005). "The 'native' Undefined: Colonial Categories, Anglo-African Status and the Politics of Kinship in British Central Africa, 1929–38".
28:
1118:
1091:
A.O. Neville (September 1951). "The Half-Caste in Australia. By A. O. Ncville, Esy., Former Commissioner of Native Affairs for Western Australia1".
2000:
Wallace Gesner (Jan 1998). "Habitants, Half-Breeds and Homeless Children: Transformations in Metis and Yankee-Yorker Relations in Early Michigan".
1914:
2191:
Ann Stoler (1992). "Sexual affronts and racial frontiers: European identities and the cultural politics of exclusion in colonial Southeast Asia".
245:
acts on half-castes and Aboriginal people enacted between 1909 and 1943 were often called "Welfare Acts", but they deprived these people of basic
293:
and tries to get a pure Burmese woman. Not only you but your future generation also is those who are responsible for the ruination of the race."
234:
976:
626:
Other terms in use in colonial era for half-castes included creole, casco, cafuso, caburet, cattalo, citrange, griffe, half blood, half-bred,
2048:
1678:
1200:
1040:
951:
465:
eras, refers to half-caste as anyone born from admixing of White and people of color. An alternate, less common term, for half-caste was
2237:
1143:
262:
1694:
Gerard Fernandis (2003). "THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY AT THE PERIPHERY: A MINORITY REPORT ON THE PORTUGUESE QUEST FOR BUMIPUTERA STATUS".
1336:
1882:
1828:
1774:
1749:
1446:
315:
privileges were given to European colonial officials and to Indians who migrated to Burma thanks to economic incentives passed by the
253:, and economic rights, and made it illegal to enter public places such as pubs and government institutions, marry, or meet relatives.
1067:
183:
2068:
1561:
182:
did not include half-caste individuals. This definition was carried forward into the first federal welfare legislation, such as the
152:
policies of the past. Such terms were widely used in the 19th- and early-20th-century Australian laws to refer to the offspring of
1027:
618:
429:
to classify people based on their birth and ancestry became popular in New Zealand from the early 19th century. Terms such as
133:
1550:
Telling Pacific Lives (see: Section 2 of Chapter 7. A Tartan Clan in Fiji: Narrating the Coloniser 'Within' the Colonised)
815:
210:
1979:
2242:
1955:
1418:
822:
as being non-Jewish but as having a significant amount of Jewish ancestry/"blood". Since then regarded as pejorative.)
740:
663:
631:
453:
In the 19th century, paintings of half-caste people were in demand and eagerly traded in Europe. Above painting shows
20:
2119:
Ann Stoler (1989). "Making Empire respectable: The politics of race and morality in 20th century colonial cultures".
1791:
1844:
Atmore & Marks (1974). "The imperial factor in South Africa in the nineteenth century: Towards a reassessment".
736:
246:
1713:
A.J. Stockwell (1982). "The White Man's Burden and Brown Humanity: Colonialism and Ethnicity in British Malaya".
1242:
Robert van Krieken (June 1999). "The barbarism of civilization: cultural genocide and the 'stolen generations'".
1900:"A description of the African Cape of Good Hope - 1787 (See volume II; also see other Mentzel records and books"
1512:
Lucy Bruce (2007). "Histories of Diversity: Kailoma Testimonies and 'Part-European' Tales from Colonial Fiji".
1063:
201:
The term was not merely a term of legal convenience; it became a term of common cultural discourse. Christian
242:
179:
171:
1122:
584:
145:
899:
2156:
PAUL SHANKMAN (June 2001). "Interethnic Unions and the Regulation of Sex in Colonial Samoa, 1830-1945".
1872:
1271:
857:
497:
149:
96:
92:
144:", or "hybrid") is generally used as a harmless descriptor but may be seen as highly offensive to some
2084:
Ann Stoler (1989). "Rethinking colonial categories: European communities and the boundaries of rule".
1548:
225:
153:
1164:
Murphy, John (2013). "Conditional Inclusion: Aborigines and Welfare Rights in Australia, 1900–47".
947:
678:
2208:
2165:
2101:
2017:
1649:
1614:
1571:
1529:
1494:
1367:
1318:
929:
849:
614:
501:
238:
88:
1295:
2173:
2044:
1878:
1824:
1770:
1745:
1674:
1557:
1442:
1259:
1196:
1036:
861:
836:
794:
592:
520:
229:
221:
206:
1820:
1813:
920:
Julian Pitt-Rivers (Spring 1967). "Race, Color, and Class in Central America and the Andes".
2200:
2136:
2128:
2093:
2009:
1937:
1853:
1722:
1641:
1606:
1521:
1486:
1359:
1310:
1251:
1224:
1173:
1100:
1001:
645:
1583:
853:
378:
132:
In Australia, the term "half-caste", along with any other proportional representation of
571:
devised terms for mixed-race children. The Spanish colonies devised a complex system of
2232:
2064:
2037:
1228:
1104:
819:
781:
568:
564:
552:
217:
158:
127:
84:
1215:
Jeremy Beckett (December 1958). "Marginal Men: A Study of Two Half Caste Aborigines".
2226:
2212:
2105:
1653:
1618:
1533:
1498:
1420:
GENDER, HISTORY AND MODERNITY: REPRESENTING WOMEN IN TWENTIETH CENTURY COLONIAL BURMA
1371:
1322:
766:
673:
525:
477:
191:
175:
100:
1899:
1193:
Aborigines in colonial society, 1788-1850 : From "noble savage" to "rural pest"
977:"Half-Caste – any term making use of the word 'half' suggests an incomplete person"
771:
635:
250:
2132:
461:
Sociological literature on South Africa, including the pre-colonial, colonial and
1668:
1177:
1610:
1490:
1314:
790:
776:
316:
48:
1645:
2204:
2097:
1857:
1525:
1414:
1363:
627:
623:
was commonly applied in the United States to certain people of mixed descent.
597:
202:
848:" under some uses of the term), a human–elf hybrid featured in many works of
535:
offensive and stereotyping words such as coloured, half-caste and so forth".
485:) is another term for half-caste people from intermixing in South Africa and
1726:
1255:
811:
602:
505:
462:
394:
2177:
1439:
Carnal knowledge and imperial power: Race and the intimate in colonial rule
1263:
2141:
382:
led to the separation of Fijian mixed-bloods from their natural families.
845:
841:
732:
707:
702:
588:
270:
164:
137:
2169:
2021:
1792:"A Half-Caste on the Half-Caste in the Cultural Politics of New Zealand"
1068:"RAP drafting resource: Demonstrating inclusive and respectful language"
933:
1941:
749:
697:
580:
576:
486:
470:
454:
141:
1742:
Racism, Slavery, and Literature (Editor: Wolfgang Zach, Ulrich Pallua)
2013:
1385:
883:
723:
266:
1477:
Penny Edwards (2002). "Half Caste - staging race in British Burma".
814:(formerly used German expression for a person of mixed ancestry. In
563:
was common in British colonies, however it was not exclusive to the
1029:
Working with Aboriginal people and communities: A practice resource
449:
1386:"Burmese Language Dictionary & Translation (search for caste)"
668:
639:
572:
542:
448:
105:
53:
27:
1632:
T Wignesan (March 1984). "Writing in Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei".
1464:
The social world of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia
543:
374:
205:
John Harper, investigating the possibility of establishing of a
63:, meaning pure, and the derivative Portuguese and Spanish word
716:
Between white/European and Native American / American Indian:
1597:
J Lo (2002). "Miscegenation's 'dusky human consequences'".
136:(such as "part-aborigine", "full-blood", "quarter-caste", "
1956:"Updated NUJ race reporting guidelines and EFJ manifesto"
1547:
Vicky de Bruce (Editors: Vicki Luker, Brij Lal) (2005).
952:"Appropriate Terminology, Indigenous Australian Peoples"
148:
partly for historical reasons, as it is associated with
36:- with the description -- Walter George Arthur with his
1670:
Colonial desire: hybridity in theory, culture, and race
1195:, Introduction by Jean Woolmington, Cassell Australia,
355:
Fijian people of mixed descent were called half-caste,
1403:. Seq-than Journal. 5 December 1940. (IOR L/R/5/207).
752:, a word common in Latin America, particularly Mexico
178:
ruled that references to "aboriginal natives" in the
524:
category associated with the moral condemnation of '
1556:. Australian National University. pp. 94–105.
2036:
1812:
685:Historical applications of the mixed-caste concept
551:was widely used by colonial administrators in the
900:"The Wentworth Lecture: The end in the beginning"
1846:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1026:NSW Aboriginal Services Branch (February 2009).
2039:Race, Gender, & Comparative Black Modernism
784:, Sri Lankan people of partly European ancestry
298:An editorial in Burmese Press, 27 November 1938
287:
113:. Some people now consider the term offensive.
1915:"Half-Caste, Bi-racial, Mixed-Race or Black?"
1276:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
864:derived from or inspired by the fantasy genre
32:An 1870 illustration by David Bonwick titled
8:
1441:. University of California Press, Berkeley.
1121:. Museum Victoria, Australia. Archived from
237:. The removed children are now known as the
1819:. University of California Press. pp.
58:
2193:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2086:Comparative Studies in Society and History
504:that was virtually superior to half-caste
103:, the equivalent term for half-castes was
2140:
1980:"NHS Choices, Editorial Style Guide V2.1"
1806:
1804:
1715:Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science
1289:
1287:
690:Between white/European and black/African:
413:. These terms are considered pejorative.
156:and Aboriginal parents. For example, the
1035:. NSW Department of Community Services.
893:
891:
1767:Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts
876:
83:were used by colonial officials in the
1634:The Journal of Commonwealth Literature
1579:
1569:
1269:
1142:. Creative Spirits NGO. Archived from
1134:
1132:
2158:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
1744:. Peter Lang GmbH. pp. 209–232.
188:Invalid and Old-Age Pensions Act 1908
172:federation of the Australian colonies
7:
2043:. Louisiana State University Press.
1765:Ashcroft; Griffiths; Tiffin (2007).
539:Half-caste in other colonial empires
1874:An account of the Cape of Good Hope
1140:"Aboriginal timeline (1900 - 1969)"
1119:"Aborigines Protection Act of 1886"
975:Hall, Stephen (12 September 2016).
818:term for persons defined under the
739:(Scottish and French-Canadian) and
91:, and in Australia used during the
1399:"Burmese women who took Indians".
1229:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1958.tb02945.x
1105:10.1111/j.1835-9310.1951.tb00251.x
441:were alternatively but less used.
433:suggested by John Polack in 1838,
47:is a term used for individuals of
14:
1815:South Africa: A Study in Conflict
1339:. Boston News. February 17, 1904.
605:referred to half-caste people as
496:Also, during the apartheid eras,
303:Similarly, Pu Gale in 1939 wrote
34:Last of the Tasmanians Woodcut 12
2035:Jennifer M. Wilks (2008-12-01).
1514:Journal of Intercultural Studies
1466:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1244:The British Journal of Sociology
1930:Journal of Historical Sociology
1191:Woolmington, Jean, ed. (1973),
146:Aboriginal peoples of Australia
87:during their classification of
1811:Pierre van den Berghe (1967).
1352:The Journal of African History
642:of the father and the mother.
583:, and many other descriptors.
159:Aborigines Protection Act 1886
67:, meaning race. Terms such as
51:. It is derived from the term
1:
2133:10.1525/ae.1989.16.4.02a00030
1960:National Union of Journalists
1166:Australian Historical Studies
928:(2). The MIT Press: 542–559.
907:Australian Aboriginal Studies
473:in Latin American colonies).
211:Batemans Bay, New South Wales
57:, which comes from the Latin
1178:10.1080/1031461X.2013.791707
196:Maternity Allowance Act 1912
2070:The English people overseas
1902:. The Van Riebeeck Society.
1611:10.1080/1368879022000032801
1491:10.1080/1368879022000032793
1315:10.1080/0141987042000280021
664:Race (human classification)
281:In Burma, a half-caste (or
21:Half-caste (disambiguation)
2259:
2238:Ethnic and religious slurs
2002:Michigan Historical Review
1673:. Routledge. p. 236.
1667:Young, Robert J C (1995).
1646:10.1177/002198948401900116
856:and/or a description of a
735:, a people descended from
174:in 1901, Attorney-General
125:
95:'s pursuit of a policy of
18:
2205:10.1017/s001041750001793x
2098:10.1017/s0010417500015693
1858:10.1080/03086537408582423
1769:(2 ed.). Routledge.
1526:10.1080/07256860601082970
1364:10.1017/S0021853705000861
1303:Ethnic and Racial Studies
787:Eurasian (mixed ancestry)
601:. French colonies in the
567:. Other colonial empires
469:(conceptually similar to
265:, now part of modern-day
1871:Robert Percival (1804).
1740:Brigitte Glaser (2010).
1064:Reconciliation Australia
759:Between white and Asian:
373:were children born to a
1727:10.1163/156853182X00047
1258:(inactive 2024-04-19).
1256:10.1080/000713199358752
898:Michael Dodson (1994).
180:Australian Constitution
16:Type of biracial person
1790:Paul Meredith (2001).
793:(similar group in the
556:
458:
301:
263:British Central Africa
257:British Central Africa
89:indigenous populations
59:
41:
1898:O.F. Mentzel (1944).
1437:Laura Stoler (1983).
1426:. Cornell University.
858:non-playing character
546:
452:
243:Australian Parliament
126:Further information:
93:Australian government
31:
2121:American Ethnologist
1599:Postcolonial Studies
1479:Postcolonial Studies
1462:Jean Taylor (1983).
1401:Burma Press Abstract
1294:John Hutnyk (2005).
500:were treated as the
19:For other uses, see
2243:Multiracial affairs
2073:. Houghton Mifflin.
1002:"Terminology Guide"
948:Flinders University
679:Euphemism treadmill
613:(male). Before the
587:used terms such as
431:Anglo-New Zealander
379:indentured laborers
343:are the same word,
49:multiracial descent
2065:Aubrey Wyatt Tilby
1942:10.1111/johs.12033
1582:has generic name (
862:role-playing games
850:fantasy literature
741:their native wives
615:American Civil War
557:
502:upper middle class
459:
239:Stolen Generations
235:social engineering
222:Acts of Parliament
42:
2050:978-0-8071-3364-4
1680:978-0-415-05374-7
1202:978-0-304-29960-7
1042:978-1-74190-097-2
837:Half Caste (poem)
795:Dutch East Indies
521:Peter J. Aspinall
230:Western Australia
207:Christian mission
192:Fisher government
184:Deakin government
2250:
2217:
2216:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2042:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2014:10.2307/20173718
1997:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1913:J. Hill (2010).
1910:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:"The Half Caste"
1333:
1327:
1326:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1125:on June 7, 2007.
1115:
1109:
1108:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1034:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
956:
944:
938:
937:
917:
911:
910:
904:
895:
886:
881:
658:General concepts
646:Ann Laura Stoler
575:, consisting of
530:
377:and European or
299:
62:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1696:Kajian Malaysia
1693:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1268:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
995:
985:
983:
974:
973:
969:
959:
957:
954:
946:
945:
941:
919:
918:
914:
902:
897:
896:
889:
884:Memidex/WordNet
882:
878:
873:
854:character class
687:
660:
655:
585:French colonies
541:
528:
514:
447:
423:
388:
353:
337:mixed ethnicity
327:While the term
325:
309:thet khit thami
305:Kabya Pyatthana
300:
297:
279:
259:
220:" was given to
150:assimilationist
130:
124:
119:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2199:(3): 514–551.
2183:
2164:(2): 119–147.
2148:
2142:2027.42/136501
2127:(4): 634–660.
2111:
2076:
2056:
2049:
2027:
1992:
1971:
1947:
1936:(4): 503–526.
1920:
1905:
1890:
1884:978-0217773904
1883:
1863:
1852:(1): 105–139.
1836:
1830:978-0520012943
1829:
1800:
1782:
1776:978-0415428552
1775:
1757:
1751:978-3631590454
1750:
1732:
1705:
1686:
1679:
1659:
1640:(1): 149–152.
1624:
1605:(3): 297–307.
1589:
1562:
1539:
1520:(1): 113–127.
1504:
1485:(3): 279–295.
1469:
1454:
1448:978-0520231115
1447:
1429:
1406:
1391:
1377:
1358:(3): 455–478.
1342:
1328:
1283:
1250:(2): 297–315.
1234:
1207:
1201:
1183:
1172:(2): 209–210.
1156:
1128:
1110:
1099:(7): 274–290.
1083:
1055:
1041:
1018:
1006:Narragunnawali
993:
967:
939:
912:
887:
875:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
866:
865:
839:
831:
830:
829:In literature:
826:
825:
824:
823:
820:Nuremberg Laws
806:
805:
801:
800:
799:
798:
788:
785:
782:Burgher people
779:
774:
769:
761:
760:
756:
755:
754:
753:
746:
745:
744:
743:
727:
726:
718:
717:
713:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
692:
691:
686:
683:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
659:
656:
654:
651:
595:used the term
593:the Portuguese
565:British Empire
553:British Empire
540:
537:
513:
512:United Kingdom
510:
446:
443:
422:
419:
387:
384:
352:
349:
324:
321:
295:
278:
275:
258:
255:
218:Half-Caste Act
170:Following the
128:Half-Caste Act
123:
120:
118:
115:
85:British Empire
40:wife Mary Anne
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2255:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:(1): 134–61.
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1580:|author=
1573:
1565:
1563:9781921313813
1559:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:(1): 79–102.
1308:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1223:(2): 91–108.
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1146:on 2012-08-14
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
982:
978:
971:
968:
953:
949:
943:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
913:
908:
901:
894:
892:
888:
885:
880:
877:
870:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
832:
828:
827:
821:
817:
813:
810:
809:
808:
807:
803:
802:
796:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
767:Kutcha butcha
765:
764:
763:
762:
758:
757:
751:
748:
747:
742:
738:
734:
731:
730:
729:
728:
725:
722:
721:
720:
719:
715:
714:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
693:
689:
688:
684:
680:
677:
675:
674:Miscegenation
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
657:
652:
650:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
621:
616:
612:
609:(female) and
608:
604:
600:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:such as Spain
566:
562:
554:
550:
545:
538:
536:
532:
527:
526:miscegenation
522:
517:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
457:with caption.
456:
451:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
418:
414:
412:
408:
404:
398:
396:
392:
385:
383:
380:
376:
375:Fijian native
372:
368:
364:
362:
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
320:
318:
312:
310:
306:
294:
292:
286:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:Alfred Deakin
173:
168:
166:
161:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:Aboriginality
129:
121:
117:Use by region
116:
114:
112:
108:
107:
102:
101:Latin America
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:quarter-caste
74:
70:
66:
61:
56:
55:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2038:
2030:
2008:(1): 23–47.
2005:
2001:
1995:
1986:
1974:
1963:. Retrieved
1959:
1950:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1893:
1873:
1866:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1814:
1785:
1766:
1760:
1741:
1735:
1721:(1): 44–68.
1718:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1669:
1662:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1549:
1542:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1438:
1432:
1419:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1380:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1331:
1306:
1302:
1272:cite journal
1247:
1243:
1237:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1192:
1186:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:the original
1123:the original
1113:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1028:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
984:. Retrieved
980:
970:
958:. Retrieved
942:
925:
921:
915:
906:
879:
816:Nazi Germany
772:Anglo-Indian
644:
625:
619:
610:
606:
596:
560:
558:
548:
533:
519:Sociologist
518:
515:
495:
491:
482:
481:(Afrikaans:
476:
475:
466:
460:
445:South Africa
438:
435:Utu Pihikete
434:
430:
426:
424:
415:
410:
406:
402:
399:
390:
389:
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
354:
344:
341:multi-ethnic
340:
336:
332:
328:
326:
313:
308:
304:
302:
290:
288:
282:
280:
260:
215:
200:
195:
187:
169:
157:
131:
110:
104:
97:assimilation
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
52:
44:
43:
37:
33:
25:
1987:NHS Choices
1877:. Baldwin.
1296:"Hybridity"
791:Indo people
777:Luso-Indian
737:fur traders
617:, the term
421:New Zealand
397:is common.
2227:Categories
1965:2017-11-18
1702:(1&2).
1415:Chie Ikeya
1150:2012-06-02
1076:22 January
1048:22 January
1011:22 January
986:22 January
981:Ruminating
960:22 January
871:References
860:, in many
852:and, as a
628:half-breed
561:half-caste
549:half-caste
427:half-caste
407:half-breed
391:Half-caste
333:half-caste
329:half-caste
291:half-caste
224:passed in
216:The term "
203:missionary
69:half-caste
45:Half-caste
38:half-caste
2213:145246006
2106:145116007
1654:162385641
1619:143949328
1572:cite book
1534:216112561
1499:143709779
1372:145790221
1323:217537998
812:Mischling
636:ethnicity
603:Caribbean
559:The term
547:The term
506:Coloureds
463:apartheid
439:Huipaiana
425:The term
395:hybridity
251:political
122:Australia
81:mix-breed
2178:18163284
2170:20706988
2067:(1912).
2022:20173718
1417:(2006).
1264:15260027
950:(2004).
934:20027052
922:Daedalus
846:halfling
842:Half-elf
708:Octoroon
703:Quadroon
653:See also
591:, while
581:mestizos
577:mulattos
467:Mestizzo
411:mesticos
403:cap-ceng
386:Malaysia
367:Kailomas
296:—
271:Zimbabwe
241:. Other
226:Victoria
190:and the
165:quadroon
154:European
138:octoroon
1217:Oceania
1093:Mankind
844:(also "
750:Mestizo
698:Mulatto
607:Chabine
598:mestiço
498:Indians
487:Namibia
483:Griekwa
471:Mestizo
455:Mestizo
357:kailoma
345:hun-xue
167:blood.
142:mulatto
2211:
2176:
2168:
2104:
2047:
2020:
1881:
1827:
1773:
1748:
1677:
1652:
1617:
1560:
1532:
1497:
1445:
1370:
1321:
1262:
1199:
1039:
932:
804:Other:
724:Mestee
620:mestee
611:Chabin
573:castas
478:Griqua
347:(混血).
267:Malawi
60:castus
2233:Caste
2209:S2CID
2166:JSTOR
2102:S2CID
2018:JSTOR
1983:(PDF)
1821:13–25
1795:(PDF)
1650:S2CID
1615:S2CID
1554:(PDF)
1530:S2CID
1495:S2CID
1424:(PDF)
1368:S2CID
1319:S2CID
1299:(PDF)
1071:(PDF)
1033:(PDF)
955:(PDF)
930:JSTOR
903:(PDF)
733:Métis
669:Caste
640:caste
589:Métis
371:vasus
323:China
283:Kabya
277:Burma
247:civil
111:Zambo
106:Cholo
99:. In
73:caste
65:casta
54:caste
2174:PMID
2045:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1584:help
1558:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1278:link
1260:PMID
1197:ISBN
1078:2022
1050:2022
1037:ISBN
1013:2022
988:2022
962:2022
909:(3).
632:race
437:and
361:vasu
351:Fiji
335:and
269:and
228:and
140:", "
109:and
79:and
2201:doi
2162:110
2137:hdl
2129:doi
2094:doi
2010:doi
1938:doi
1854:doi
1723:doi
1700:XXI
1642:doi
1607:doi
1522:doi
1487:doi
1360:doi
1311:doi
1252:doi
1225:doi
1174:doi
1101:doi
638:or
531:".
369:or
359:or
339:or
317:Raj
261:In
209:at
194:'s
186:'s
2229::
2207:.
2197:34
2195:.
2172:.
2160:.
2135:.
2125:16
2123:.
2100:.
2090:31
2088:.
2016:.
2006:24
2004:.
1985:.
1958:.
1934:26
1932:.
1848:.
1823:.
1803:^
1719:10
1717:.
1698:.
1648:.
1638:19
1636:.
1613:.
1601:.
1576::
1574:}}
1570:{{
1528:.
1518:28
1516:.
1493:.
1481:.
1366:.
1356:46
1354:.
1317:.
1307:28
1305:.
1301:.
1286:^
1274:}}
1270:{{
1248:50
1246:.
1221:29
1219:.
1170:44
1168:.
1131:^
1095:.
1066:.
1004:.
979:.
926:96
924:.
905:.
890:^
634:,
579:,
508:.
489:.
409:,
405:,
249:,
75:,
71:,
2215:.
2203::
2180:.
2145:.
2139::
2131::
2108:.
2096::
2053:.
2024:.
2012::
1989:.
1968:.
1944:.
1940::
1917:.
1887:.
1860:.
1856::
1850:3
1833:.
1797:.
1779:.
1754:.
1729:.
1725::
1683:.
1656:.
1644::
1621:.
1609::
1603:5
1586:)
1566:.
1536:.
1524::
1501:.
1489::
1483:5
1451:.
1388:.
1374:.
1362::
1325:.
1313::
1280:)
1266:.
1254::
1231:.
1227::
1180:.
1176::
1153:.
1107:.
1103::
1097:4
1080:.
1052:.
1015:.
990:.
964:.
936:.
797:)
529:'
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
