Hall house - Knowledge (XXG)

614: 530: 2775: 509:. Sea-cole or coal as it is now called was quarried from outcrops around England and transported to London as early as 1253. In larger houses, fireplaces and chimneys were first used as supplementary heating in the parlour, before eventually suppressing the open hearth. In smaller hall houses, where heat efficiency and cooking were the prime concern, fireplaces became the principal source of heat earlier. The design of the coal grate was important and the open fire became more sophisticated and enclosed leading in later centuries to the coal burning 727: 662:—were particularly clearly defined on the east side of the High Street; the buildings within them usually faced the High Street, but plots were sometimes subdivided. This is believed to have happened at the site of the Ancient Priors, where the main (15th-century) part of the building faces west on to the High Street, and the older section faces south and is hidden from view. The building was originally used as a dwelling house, and the accompanying burgage plot was used for small-scale agriculture. The first confirmed owners were a family of 406: 178: 256: 240: 936: 305: 103: 872: 1087:...a building designed by an amateur without any training in design; the individual will have been guided by a series of conventions built up in his locality, paying little attention to what may be fashionable. The function of the building would be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to some small degree, being quite minimal. Local materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being chosen and imported quite exceptionally. 491: 2306: 2297: 633:. It was built in approximately 1450, partly replacing an older (probably 14th-century) structure—although part of this survives behind the present street frontage. It has been expanded, altered and renovated many times since, and fell into such disrepair by the 1930s that demolition was considered. It has since been refurbished and is now a restaurant, although it has been put to various uses during its existence. 293: 3506: 858:, Norfolk. The timber-framed manor house with rosy ochre coloured plaster walls and dark tiled roof, incorporates the medieval core of an earlier open-hall house. At least twenty raised-aisled houses have been identified in the area, "forming a characteristic group, rarely found elsewhere in England". The Hall has attracted the attention of architectural historians, such as 40: 444:. This allowed the whole of the hall to be floored, then the stack could contain an extra flue to provide a fire on the upper floor. Fireplaces and chimney stacks could be fitted into existing buildings against the passage, or against the side walls or even at the upper end of the hall. It was only at the end of the 18th century that this innovation reached the north. 832: 654:. Extensive archaeological investigation in the 1990s determined that although the possibility of an older building on the site could not be ruled out, the oldest part of the present structure is 14th-century and the main part (fronting the east side of the High Street) dates from about 1450 and incorporates no older fabric. 161:

the need for staircases to reach each of the upper storeys, led to much innovation and variety in floor plans. The hall house, having started in the Middle Ages as a home for a lord and his community of retainers, permeated to the less well-off during the early modern period. During the sixteenth century, the rich crossed what

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mullioned and transomed windows; back-to-back stuccoed fireplaces on both floors and chimney stacks of Tudor origin; fine Jacobean dog-leg staircase with turned balusters and newel posts with ball finials. The latter is the last major addition to the house, which remains largely unaltered from the original.

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The vast majority of those hall houses which have survived have changed significantly over the centuries. In almost all cases the open hearth of the hall house was abandoned during the early modern period and a chimney built which reached from the new hearth to above the roof. This was created in the

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A companionway was often fitted into a shallow cupboard set into one end the partition separating the private rooms from the hall. It would be a straight flight of treads set into a box frame, differing from a ladder in that it was fixed in place. An alternative was the spiral stair case where solid

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were a development. One side of the inglenook was a transverse wall, one of the others was the exterior wall which was pierced with a little 'fire window' that gave light. To the other side was a low partition wall with a settle to provide seating. A beam or bressumer at head height finished off the

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The open hearth found in a hall house created heat and smoke. A high ceiling drew the smoke upwards, leaving a relatively smoke-free void beneath. Later hall houses were built with chimneys and flues. In earlier ones, these were added as alterations and additional flooring often installed. This, and

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A significant house needs both public and private areas. The public area is the place for living: cooking, eating, meeting and playing, while private space is for withdrawing and for storing valuables. A source of heat is required, and in northern latitudes walls are also needed to keep the weather

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Leonard Gale—holder of much property in the Crawley area—owned the building, and is believed to have lived there. By 1753, when the Brett family (who had held the property for 26 years) sold the messuage for £473 (£91,000 as of 2024), it also had stables, and covered about 2 acres (0.81 ha).

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open end. The hearth stone extended across this whole area, and it was topped with a firehood. It became a room within a room. It was particular suited to burning logs and peat. In the Weald of Kent and Sussex, which were early iron smelting regions the back wall was protected by an iron fireback.

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A successful building was likely to be extended to follow the fashion or to add needed additional accommodation, and it is even possible for a medieval hall house to be hidden within an apparently much later building and to go unrecognized for what it is, until alteration or demolition reveals the

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Timber framed hall houses often had the infilling between their structural timbers replaced several times. While the timbers themselves were the strongest part of the building, it is unusual for all to have survived without replacement. In many cases whole outer walls have been replaced with solid

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the building at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance, and it has been described "the finest timber-framed house between London and Brighton". Crawley's development as a permanent settlement dates from the early 13th century, when a charter was granted for a market to be held;

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In a two-wing hall house, with the hall open to the roof, smoke accumulated in the roofspace before exiting through louvres or raised tiles. Placing the hearth at the lower end of the hall was deliberate because combustion could be controlled by varying the through draught between the two doors.

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times, was built for Sir Robert Hesketh in about 1530. The hall, which formed the south wing of the present building, is substantially as built, 46.5 feet (14.2 m) long and 22 feet (6.7 m) wide, with the timbers sitting on a low stone wall. The hall has a flagged floor. It has a stone

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vicinity of the cross passage, and sometimes this added chimney actually blocked the cross passage. Once the clearance within the hall was no longer needed for smoke from the central hearth, the hall itself would often be divided, with a floor being inserted which connected all the upper rooms.

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and Sandon, and has been described as the “ultimate development (…) of the early hall house.” Its most noteworthy features include: cross-beamed ceiling in the parlour which has not been disturbed since the late fifteenth century or early sixteenth century; striking original sixteenth-century

666:, who acquired it in 1608. It passed through many owners throughout the 17th century, some of whom rented the building to others; furthermore, in many cases the two parts of the building were occupied by different families or tenants. By 1668, when it was owned by a resident of 989:

in Northumberland were stone-built hall houses. The owners applied for permission to crenellate to protect the buildings from the marauding Scottish insurgents. The original halls became part of substantial castles- which later, with the Act of Union became grand country houses.

417:. The house benefitted from the extra space created, and the extended chambers benefitted from the extra heat. The use of smoke hoods enabled the smoke bays to be compressed further. In Surrey smoke bays were introduced in the early 16th century while in the North it was later, 966:, is one of the more important extant non-fortified manor houses of the Middle Ages. It was built about 1380 as a hall house and was greatly expanded in the late 16th century and partly demolished in 1785. The original 14th-century house survives, although much altered. 283:

Wealden houses are a specific form of the double ended hall plan. They are built of timber and at ground floor level the wings do not project being the width of the hall in length. The upper-storeys of the wings are jettied out, and the roof-line follows this projection.

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Here a two-storey wing is attached to one end of the hall. This can project beyond one side wall or both side walls of the hall, or sometimes just the upper storey is jettied beyond the side wall. There were multiple solutions as to where the staircase was placed.

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out and to keep in the heat. By about 1400, in lowland Britain, with changes in settlement patterns and agriculture, people were thinking of houses as permanent structures rather than temporary shelter. According to the locality, they built stone or

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has a collection of rescued house which have been extensively researched prior to their reconstruction. Elsewhere such as in Cheshire and Suffolk historic timber-framed house often contain the remnants of hall houses. Hole Cottage in Kent near

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truss, a form normally only found in much larger buildings such as barns and churches. This suggests the use of English craftsmen and is an indication of the status of the original inhabitants. The walls are of stone rubble but were originally

902:. The house consists of a long rectangle divided by a cross passage. The west end is a large hall some 25 feet (7.6 m) high. The east end consists of smaller rooms on two floors. The roof structure is substantial, of paired 757:, built around 1530 for Sir Robert Hesketh, survives from the original building but it indicates the wealth and position of the family. Until 1936, Rufford Old Hall was in the continuous ownership of the Hesketh family who were 738: 1967:

Cooper, Nicholas; Mannez, Pru; Blaylock, Stuart, Shute Barton, Devon: Historic Building Analysis and Archaeological Survey 2008, Exeter Archaeology Report no. 08.80, produced for the National Trust

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The next phase was to jetty out the first floor (American English: second floor) private accommodation into the open hall creating a half floor. The smoke rose into the remaining space into a

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style rustic brick wing was built at right angles to the great hall which contrasts with the medieval black and white timbering. This wing was built from small two-inch bricks similar to

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Unaltered hall houses are almost unknown. Where they have survived, they have almost always been significantly changed and extended by successive owners over the generations.

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reflected the heat forward and controlled the unwelcome side draughts. Unsurprisingly the hearth migrated to a central wall and became enclosed at the sides. The earliest

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used for storing drink. These were intentionally unheated. The rooms in the "upper end" bay formed the private space. This layout was analogous to that found in the

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The design and total function of the chimney depended on the size of the house or cottage and its location. English fires never became like the continental tiled

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understood it. Over several centuries the hall developed into a building which provided more than one room, giving some privacy to its more important residents.

650:. Some sources assert that a building stood on the site of the Ancient Priors by this time, claiming that it was built between 1150 and 1250 and was used as a 231:

out at one end or else at both ends of the building. As the hall itself had no upper floor within it, its outer walls always stood straight, without jettying.

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The construction techniques used in vernacular architecture always were dependent on the materials available, and hall houses were no exceptions.

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The fireplace is a three-sided incombustible box containing a grate that allows an updraught and a controlled flue. It is most suited to burning

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or the North American metal stove. In the earliest houses combustion of wood was helped by increasing the airflow by placing the logs on iron

3278: 2914: 2654: 2091: 1639: 3430: 3186: 3176: 3122: 2833: 613: 3127: 2909: 2798: 2212: 2050: 1986: 589: 886:) is a 15th-century cruck-and-aisle-truss hall house, that lies within the stone building belt 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south-west of 3425: 2230: 2185: 2157: 2138: 2110: 2069: 1827: 529: 196:

would be in the middle of the hall, its smoke rising to a vent in the roof. Two external doors on each side of the hall formed a

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Unaltered hall houses are almost unknown. A large number of former hall-houses do still exist and many are cared for by the

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or a U-shape as is found in Cambridgeshire. The Clothiers' houses of the West Riding of Yorkshire were built with elaborate

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all noted for their black and white half timbered appearance, are extended from an initial hall-house. And in Merseyside

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timber steps would span between the timber wall and a mast like newell. This would twist 180 deg from floor to floor

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were used. A thirteenth century example of a stone roofed hall-house survives in a good state of preservation at

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when available could be used to build walls that would support the mass on the roof structure. Alternatively, a

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The open hall is flanked by two two-storey extension. Together they can give the appearance of an H-shape as at

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Despite its relatively small size this house was of palatial significance in relation to its time and place

800:. The five hammerbeams each terminate, at both ends, in a carved wooden angel. The hall is overlooked by a 157:. They were sturdy and some have survived over five hundred years. Hall houses built after 1570 are rare. 2889: 2764: 2754: 2744: 2739: 935: 919:. In the 16th century the hall was divided horizontally by the addition of an inserted floor supported by 577: 200:. One end bay at the "screens end" or "lower end" of the hall would contain two rooms commonly called the 552:

can be found in the weald of Kent and Sussex where the combination of good quality hard wood and wealthy

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and his retainers. The whole community was used to eating and sleeping in the hall. This is the hall as

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in south Somerset was built in the 15th century as a hall house and has been designated as a Grade I

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The Domestic Revolution: How the Introduction of Coal into Victorian Homes Changed Everything

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The Invention of Comfort: Sensibilities and Design in Early Modern Britain and Early America

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structure, with the open hall taking up the two bays in the middle of the building. An open

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brick or with solid stone. Usually a thatched roof was turned into one of slates or tiles.

223:. The upper rooms would be reached in the simplest buildings by means of a ladder or steep 3293: 3075: 2967: 2924: 2724: 2575: 1749: 1682: 1615: 991: 971: 943: 797: 742: 638: 374: 146: 1943: 854:, England, dating back to the thirteenth century. Fressingfield is 12 miles east of 2296: 2219:(detailed description of co-evolution of heating fuels and hall architecture in England) 658:

plots—medieval land divisions with houses or other buildings which were rented from the

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infill. The designs were copied by their neighbours and descendants in the tradition of

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in the middle of the floor for cooking and warmth, were the usual residence of a

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Houses and Cottages of Britain: Origins and Development of Traditional Buildings

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beams with additional horizontal, vertical and diagonal bracing. It features an

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with its hob, oven and water boiler, and the Triplex type kitchen range with a

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Traditional Buildings of Britain: an introduction to Vernacular Architecture

959: 843: 812: 777: 425: 39: 2222: 974:. It consists of an east–west range with two wings which were added later. 927:

as late as 1707 but was later split into two or three labourers' cottages.

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is a 12th-century stone hall house and courtyard fortress, located on the

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In its earliest and simplest form the medieval hall house would be a four-

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The rooms on the ground floor of the private space, were often known as

169:" and became more likely to employ professionals to design their homes. 2559: 2539: 2358: 1876:. Vol. 12. London: The Ancient Monuments Society. pp. 97–112. 1509:

in association with Crawley Borough Council. p. 26. Archived from

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Smith, Peter; Lloyd, Ffrangcon (1965). "Plas-Ucha, Llangar, Corwen".

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Smith, Peter (1988). "Aisle-truss and hammer-beam roofed houses".

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tell-tale smoke-blackened roof timbers of the original open hall.

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Houses of the Welsh Countryside - A study in historical geography

1122:(Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), p. 8 807:

in an arched doorway in the second-floor drawing room. In 1661 a

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and a garden. In the early 18th century, the prominent local

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West Sussex Gazette and South of England Advertiser newspaper

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This article is about the type of house. For other uses, see

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in 1798. In 1936 Rufford Old Hall, with its collection of

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The timber-framed hall house with great hall, in a late

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of Rufford from the 15th century. The Heskeths moved to

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of the day, the difference being merely that of scale.

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Vernacular house typical of Britain, centred on a hall

1769:, Woodbridge, Suffolk: Baron Publishing, 1977, p. 175 950:

between about 1789 and the 20th century), located at

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cross beams. The house was listed as a house of the

3470: 3439: 3331: 3324: 3200: 3110: 3089: 3068: 2882: 2782: 2677: 2616: 2600: 2584: 2568: 2527: 2501: 2485: 2454: 2423: 2407: 2321: 2269: 1857:Monroe, L (1933). "Plas Ucha, Llangar, Merioneth". 1450: 1448: 1446: 646:was founded by 1267. The area, on the edge of the 536:, no longer recognizable as a 15th-century building 455:. In smaller houses the fire was used for cooking. 1874:Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 1964 718:similarly benefited from agricultural prosperity. 479:to the apex of the roof. They were constructed in 2152:(1st ed.). Chichester: Phillimore & Co. 91:, some high status examples were built in stone. 2043:Vernacular Architecture: An illustrated Handbook 1767:Suffolk Houses, A Study of Domestic Architecture 1496:"Crawley Historic Character Assessment Report" 3028: 2655: 2238: 2131:Crawley and District in Old Picture Postcards 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 8: 1782:, Vol. II, Cambridge University Press, p. 24 1780:Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales 1718:Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. (1911). 1651:Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. (1911). 686:consisted of the inn itself, some barns, an 560:prevailed in the 14th to 16th centuries. In 219:while the upper floor provided rooms called 1327:. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2010. 601:) has an intact private dwelling wing of a 421:being introduced in the late 17th century. 3328: 3035: 3021: 3013: 2662: 2648: 2640: 2245: 2231: 2223: 1724:. British History Online. pp. 102–108 1657:. British History Online. pp. 119–128 1535: 1533: 1531: 1489: 1487: 1379: 1377: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1272:(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957), 1231: 361:was built and this could be infilled with 47:, Sussex, a three-bay Wealden hall house. 1900: 1898: 1822:. London: Faber & Faber. p. 12. 1806:The English House through Seven Centuries 1761: 1759: 1567:inflation figures are based on data from 1454: 1349: 1337: 1308: 1296: 1284: 1256: 1219: 1207: 1188: 1167: 1155: 1143: 1131: 678:, its spelling was later standardised to 125:simple one-room buildings, with a single 1551: 782:Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, 1st Baron Hesketh 548:, local authorities and private owners. 528: 303: 291: 176: 38: 2180:. Partridge Green: Ravette Publishing. 1929:Cited by Smith/LLoyd as "Edward Llwyd, 1906:"Plas Uchaf; Plas Ucha, Cynwyd, Cynwyd" 1626: 1624: 1111: 1074: 780:, was donated to the National Trust by 1804:Cook, Olive & Edwin Smith (1983), 1745: 1735: 1678: 1668: 1596: 1539: 1478: 1466: 1425: 1413: 1384:"Minter's, The High Street, Crawley". 1368: 1084:describes vernacular architecture as: 3414:Grants, Construction and Regeneration 2017:Research records (formerly PastScape) 1820:The Shell Book of The Home In Britain 1437: 1245:Restoring period timber-framed houses 475:directed the smoke away from the low 7: 2171:. Horsham: Performance Publications. 300:, showing the age of different parts 2592:Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland 2124:. Crawley: Crawley Borough Council. 2064:. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. 1948:GENUKI - UK & Ireland Genealogy 1933:(ed. R. H. Morris), II, p. 56" 1609:Listed Buildings in West Lancashire 1503:Sussex Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) 1494:Harris, Roland B. (December 2008). 670:, the whole building had become an 1987:National Heritage List for England 1618:, West Lancashire District Council 898:and 1 mile (1.6 km) north of 791:pattern which continued in use in 590:Weald and Downland Open Air Museum 397:Hearths, smoke bays and fireplaces 25: 3556:House types in the United Kingdom 2178:Historic Buildings of West Sussex 1793:The Buildings of England: Suffolk 1399:"The Ancient Priors at Crawley". 629:hall house on the High Street in 467:for pots. Later an iron or stone 204:, used for storing food, and the 3505: 3504: 2773: 2304: 2295: 2133:. Zaltbommel: European Library. 2013:"Whitestaunton Manor (190386)" 1982:"Whitestaunton Manor (1250783)" 1795:, London: Penguin Books, p. 203 682:. Around this time, the entire 494:A chimney, and through flooring 1023:List of hall houses in England 1: 3172:Minister of State for Housing 3044:Housing in the United Kingdom 2207:. Liveright. pp. 72–87. 2045:. London: Faber & Faber. 1386:West Sussex Gazette newspaper 59:traditional in many parts of 2062:Crawley: A Pictorial History 2176:Volke, Gordon, ed. (1989). 2129:Goldsmith, Michael (1987). 2079:Brunskill, Ronald (2000a). 819:and St Michael's Church in 487:to render them fire-proof. 3572: 2293: 1791:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1961), 835:Ufford Hall, Fressingfield 796:chimney, five bays, and a 576:are well documented as is 276: 106:14th century open hall at 29: 3500: 3440:Housing and town planning 3050: 3001: 2854:National Trust properties 2771: 2519:Mas (Provençal farmhouse) 2262: 2086:. Yale University Press. 1699:. Listed Buildings Online 1324:Oxford English Dictionary 1311:, pp. 112, 113, 115. 883: 308:A later aisled hall house 3213:Birmingham Back to Backs 2988:English landscape garden 2169:49, High Street, Crawley 2101:Brunskill, R.W. (2004). 2060:Bastable, Roger (1983). 2041:Brunskill, R.W. (2000). 1910:British Listed Buildings 3541:Vernacular architecture 3536:Architecture in England 2671:Architecture of England 2167:Hygate, Nâdine (1994). 2105:. London: Orion Books. 1808:, Overlook Press, p. 69 1778:Emery, Anthony (2000), 1569:Clark, Gregory (2017). 1058:Vernacular architecture 251:Double ended hall plans 235:Single ended hall plans 155:vernacular architecture 3148:Reduction Bill 2016–17 2740:Strawberry Hill Gothic 2148:Gwynne, Peter (1990). 2122:Development of Crawley 1634:, The National Trust, 1089: 940: 876: 846:listed manor house in 836: 731: 618: 578:Alfriston Clergy House 537: 495: 410: 309: 301: 259: 243: 182: 110: 75:, as well as northern 48: 2446:Old Frisian longhouse 2394:Uthland-Frisian house 2379:Old Frisian farmhouse 2203:Ruth Goodman (2020). 1944:"1871 census Llangar" 1818:Ayres, James (1981). 1765:Sandon, Eric (1977), 1085: 1043:Low German hall house 1038:Hall and parlor house 938: 874: 834: 741:property and Grade I 729: 674:. Known at first as 616: 532: 493: 408: 307: 295: 258: 242: 180: 105: 42: 2834:Renaissance theatres 2814:Round-tower churches 2389:Upper Lusatian house 2287:Neolithic long house 2150:A History of Crawley 1352:, pp. 115, 116. 1299:, pp. 112, 113. 1268:W. Douglas Simpson, 1243:David J. Swindells, 753:, England. Only the 499:Inglenook fireplaces 459:provided a rack for 440:gave more efficient 365:or be panelled with 43:The Yeoman's House, 3165:Housing Corporation 3055:Housing in Scotland 2804:Medieval cathedrals 2799:Abbeys and priories 2374:Middle German house 2120:Goepel, J. (1980). 1048:Middle German house 987:Featherstone Castle 968:Whitestaunton Manor 939:Whitestaunton Manor 708:Little Moreton Hall 550:Wealden hall houses 534:Tree House, Crawley 264:Little Moreton Hall 181:A simple hall house 173:General description 123:Anglo-Saxon England 3325:Parliamentary acts 3267:Reema construction 2963:Dartmoor longhouse 2958:Wealden hall house 2472:Dartmoor longhouse 2344:East Frisian house 2334:Black Forest house 2052:-0-571-19503-2 1697:"Rufford Old Hall" 1614:2011-06-06 at the 1565:Retail Price Index 1222:, p. 124,125. 1210:, p. 104,105. 1191:, p. 122,123. 1170:, p. 112,113. 1053:Wealden hall house 941: 877: 837: 759:lords of the manor 732: 619: 603:Wealden hall house 538: 496: 411: 310: 302: 279:Wealden hall house 260: 244: 183: 165:describes as the " 111: 108:Crook Hall, Durham 49: 3518: 3517: 3496: 3495: 3123:Energy efficiency 3010: 3009: 2920:Brighton and Hove 2809:Former cathedrals 2760:Bristol Byzantine 2637: 2636: 2436:Frisian farmhouse 2349:Geestharden house 2093:978-0-575-07122-3 1861:. pp. 81–87. 1640:978-1-84359-285-3 1270:Exploring Castles 1118:John E. Crowley, 773:and 17th century 660:Lord of the Manor 288:Later alterations 131:lord of the manor 16:(Redirected from 3563: 3508: 3507: 3329: 3311:Weavers' cottage 3090:Cities and towns 3060:Housing in Wales 3037: 3030: 3023: 3014: 2849:Church monuments 2839:Listed buildings 2777: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2641: 2431:Bildts farmhouse 2369:Low German house 2314: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2224: 2218: 2191: 2172: 2163: 2144: 2125: 2116: 2097: 2075: 2056: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2009:Historic England 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1978:Historic England 1974: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1940: 1934: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1837: 1836: 1815: 1809: 1802: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1770: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1648: 1642: 1632:Rufford Old Hall 1630:Dean, R., 2007, 1628: 1619: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1515: 1507:English Heritage 1500: 1491: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1372: 1366: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1192: 1186: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1146:, p. 27,28. 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1116: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1082:Ronald Brunskill 1079: 917:tree-ring dating 885: 763:Rufford New Hall 735:Rufford Old Hall 730:Rufford Old Hall 722:Rufford Old Hall 716:Rufford Old Hall 635:English Heritage 546:English Heritage 167:polite threshold 83:, centring on a 57:vernacular house 21: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3492: 3471:Working classes 3466: 3435: 3320: 3294:Two-up two-down 3272:Wimpey no-fines 3225:English country 3196: 3106: 3085: 3064: 3046: 3041: 3011: 3006: 2997: 2968:Somerset towers 2925:Hammerbeam roof 2878: 2824:Historic houses 2785: 2778: 2769: 2725:English Baroque 2673: 2668: 2638: 2633: 2612: 2596: 2580: 2576:Cascina a corte 2564: 2523: 2497: 2481: 2450: 2419: 2403: 2384:Schleswig house 2317: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2291: 2265: 2258: 2251: 2215: 2202: 2199: 2197:Further reading 2194: 2188: 2175: 2166: 2160: 2147: 2141: 2128: 2119: 2113: 2100: 2094: 2078: 2072: 2059: 2053: 2040: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1896: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1856: 1855: 1840: 1830: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1803: 1799: 1790: 1786: 1777: 1773: 1764: 1757: 1744: 1734: 1727: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1677: 1667: 1660: 1658: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1629: 1622: 1616:Wayback Machine 1607: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1568: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1529: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1461: 1453: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1383: 1382: 1375: 1367: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1332: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1251: 1242: 1238: 1232:Brunskill 2000a 1230: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1195: 1187: 1174: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1126: 1117: 1113: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1019: 1013: 996:Harewood Estate 992:Harewood Castle 980: 972:listed building 944:Old Shute House 933: 869: 829: 798:hammerbeam roof 743:listed building 724: 676:The Whyte Harte 611: 527: 483:which was then 399: 375:wattle and daub 327: 290: 281: 175: 147:wattle and daub 100: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3546:Timber framing 3543: 3538: 3533: 3523: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3333: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3289:Pre-regulation 3286: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3187:Slum clearance 3184: 3179: 3177:Public Housing 3174: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2978:Portland stone 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2700:English Gothic 2697: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2608:Gozo Farmhouse 2604: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2550:Casa montañesa 2547: 2545:Cabaña pasiega 2542: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2514:Lorraine house 2511: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2415:Cimbrian house 2411: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2364:Lorraine house 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2339:Cimbrian house 2336: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2312:Housing portal 2294: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2214:978-1631497636 2213: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2173: 2164: 2158: 2145: 2139: 2126: 2117: 2111: 2098: 2092: 2076: 2070: 2057: 2051: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2000: 1969: 1960: 1935: 1922: 1894: 1879: 1864: 1838: 1828: 1810: 1797: 1784: 1771: 1755: 1710: 1688: 1643: 1620: 1601: 1589: 1576:MeasuringWorth 1556: 1544: 1527: 1516:on 8 June 2011 1483: 1471: 1459: 1455:Goldsmith 1987 1442: 1430: 1418: 1406: 1391: 1373: 1354: 1350:Brunskill 2004 1342: 1340:, p. 115. 1338:Brunskill 2004 1330: 1313: 1309:Brunskill 2004 1301: 1297:Brunskill 2004 1289: 1287:, p. 116. 1285:Brunskill 2004 1277: 1261: 1257:Brunskill 2000 1249: 1247:(1987), p. 165 1236: 1224: 1220:Brunskill 2000 1212: 1208:Brunskill 2000 1193: 1189:Brunskill 2000 1172: 1168:Brunskill 2004 1160: 1158:, p. 124. 1156:Brunskill 2004 1148: 1144:Brunskill 2000 1136: 1132:Brunskill 2004 1124: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1091: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1028:Hall (concept) 1025: 1018: 1015: 1008:West Yorkshire 979: 978:Northumberland 976: 932: 929: 868: 865: 828: 825: 739:National Trust 723: 720: 680:The White Hart 625:is a medieval 623:Ancient Priors 617:Ancient Priors 610: 609:Ancient Priors 607: 599:Landmark Trust 570:Old Punch Bowl 566:Ancient Priors 554:yeoman farmers 542:National Trust 526: 523: 485:lime-plastered 463:roasting, and 430:chimney breast 424:A brick built 398: 395: 391:Northumberland 326: 323: 289: 286: 277:Main article: 275: 274: 273:Wealden houses 253: 252: 237: 236: 174: 171: 99: 96: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3568: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3252:Prefabricated 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3160:Homes England 3158: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3118:Affordability 3116: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069:Architectures 3067: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2993:Cruck framing 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2945:Country house 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2864:Hindu temples 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2784:Buildings and 2781: 2776: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2441:Frisian house 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2187:1-85304-199-8 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2159:0-85033-718-6 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2140:90-288-4525-9 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2112:0-304-36676-5 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2071:0-85033-503-5 2067: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1829:0-571-11625-6 1825: 1821: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1739: 1723: 1722: 1714: 1711: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1672: 1656: 1655: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1602: 1599:, p. 12. 1598: 1593: 1590: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552:Bastable 1983 1548: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1469:, p. 58. 1468: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1440:, p. 53. 1439: 1434: 1431: 1428:, p. 40. 1427: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1402: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1259:, p. 36. 1258: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1234:, p. 54. 1233: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1134:, p. 40. 1133: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 984: 977: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 937: 930: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:half-timbered 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 881: 873: 866: 864: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:Fressingfield 845: 841: 833: 826: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 803: 799: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 728: 721: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652:chantry-house 649: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 627:timber-framed 624: 615: 608: 606: 604: 600: 597:(operated by 596: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 558:iron founders 555: 551: 547: 543: 535: 531: 524: 522: 520: 517:and the 1922 516: 512: 511:kitchen range 508: 503: 500: 492: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 438:chimney stack 435: 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 407: 403: 396: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357:structure of 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 324: 322: 318: 314: 306: 299: 294: 287: 285: 280: 272: 271: 270: 269: 265: 257: 250: 249: 248: 241: 234: 233: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198:cross passage 195: 191: 188: 179: 172: 170: 168: 164: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 143:timber-framed 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 109: 104: 97: 95: 92: 90: 89:timber-framed 86: 82: 79:, during the 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 55:is a type of 54: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3316:Wealden hall 3301:Tower blocks 3262:Atholl steel 3241: 3208:Back-to-back 3182:Right to Buy 3128:Homelessness 2940:Bastle house 2828: 2819:Roman villas 2509:Bresse house 2476: 2462:Bastle house 2270:Old European 2204: 2177: 2168: 2149: 2130: 2121: 2102: 2084: 2080: 2061: 2042: 2034:Bibliography 2020:. 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