1060:
perpendicular magnetic field. Next, imagine placing a rectangular void within this ordinary configuration, with current-contacts, as mentioned above, on the interior boundary of the void. (For simplicity, imagine the contacts on the boundary of the void lined up with the ordinary-configuration contacts on the exterior boundary.) In such a combined configuration, the two Hall effects may be realized and observed simultaneously in the same doubly connected device: A Hall effect on the external boundary that is proportional to the current injected only via the outer boundary, and an apparently sign-reversed Hall effect on the interior boundary that is proportional to the current injected only via the interior boundary. The superposition of multiple Hall effects may be realized by placing multiple voids within the Hall element, with current and voltage contacts on the boundary of each void.
1099:, etc. However, when a magnetic field with a perpendicular component is applied, their paths between collisions are curved; thus, moving charges accumulate on one face of the material. This leaves equal and opposite charges exposed on the other face, where there is a scarcity of mobile charges. The result is an asymmetric distribution of charge density across the Hall element, arising from a force that is perpendicular to both the straight path and the applied magnetic field. The separation of charge establishes an
108:
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5015:
5039:
2016:(the electron) is presented. But consider the same magnetic field and current are applied but the current is carried inside the Hall effect device by a positive particle. The particle would of course have to be moving in the opposite direction of the electron in order for the current to be the same—down in the diagram, not up like the electron is. And thus, mnemonically speaking, your thumb in the
3089:
5051:
5027:
38:
3247:
2716:.) For example, in nickel, the anomalous Hall coefficient is about 100 times larger than the ordinary Hall coefficient near the Curie temperature, but the two are similar at very low temperatures. Although a well-recognized phenomenon, there is still debate about its origins in the various materials. The anomalous Hall effect can be either an
2082:
configuration of electrodes. For example, a Hall effect consistent with positive carriers was observed in evidently n-type semiconductors. Another source of artefact, in uniform materials, occurs when the sample's aspect ratio is not long enough: the full Hall voltage only develops far away from the
1059:
Superposition of these two forms of the effect, the ordinary and void effects, can also be realized. First imagine the "ordinary" configuration, a simply connected (void-less) thin rectangular homogeneous element with current-contacts on the (external) boundary. This develops a Hall voltage, in a
1050:
or metal plate when current is injected via contacts that lie on the boundary or edge of the void. The charge then flows outside the void, within the metal or semiconductor material. The effect becomes observable, in a perpendicular applied magnetic field, as a Hall voltage appearing on either side
2247:
1135:
Hall effect measurement setup for electrons. Initially, the electrons follow the curved arrow, due to the magnetic force. At some distance from the current-introducing contacts, electrons pile up on the left side and deplete from the right side, which creates an electric field
1191:. This animation is an illustration of a typical error performed in the framework of the interpretation of the Hall effect. Indeed, at stationary regime and inside a Hall-bar, the electric current is longitudinal whatever the magnetic field and there is no transverse current
2047:" moving rather than negative electrons. A common source of confusion with the Hall effect in such materials is that holes moving one way are really electrons moving the opposite way, so one expects the Hall voltage polarity to be the same as if electrons were the
1991:
2857:
4386:
1389:
1177:
3025:
The Hall
Effects family has expanded to encompass other quasi-particles in semiconductor nanostructures. Specifically, a set of Hall Effects has emerged based on excitons and exciton-polaritons n 2D materials and quantum wells.
2120:
1860:
2095:
is kept in a magnetic field, the charge carriers of the semiconductor experience a force in a direction perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the current. At equilibrium, a voltage appears at the semiconductor edges.
1051:
of a line connecting the current-contacts. It exhibits apparent sign reversal in comparison to the "ordinary" effect occurring in the simply connected specimen. It depends only on the current injected from within the void.
4331:
2011:
One very important feature of the Hall effect is that it differentiates between positive charges moving in one direction and negative charges moving in the opposite. In the diagram above, the Hall effect with a negative
2596:
2437:
Although it is well known that magnetic fields play an important role in star formation, research models indicate that Hall diffusion critically influences the dynamics of gravitational collapse that forms protostars.
2388:
960:
to the product of the current density and the applied magnetic field. It is a characteristic of the material from which the conductor is made, since its value depends on the type, number, and properties of the
1009:
the electric current, and reasoned that if the force was specifically acting on the current, it should crowd current to one side of the wire, producing a small measurable voltage. In 1879, he discovered this
2334:
1794:
1712:
2039:
This property of the Hall effect offered the first real proof that electric currents in most metals are carried by moving electrons, not by protons. It also showed that in some substances (especially
3566:
Ohgaki, Takeshi; Ohashi, Naoki; Sugimura, Shigeaki; Ryoken, Haruki; Sakaguchi, Isao; Adachi, Yutaka; Haneda, Hajime (2008). "Positive Hall coefficients obtained from contact misplacement on evident
2024:
direction as before, because current is the same—an electron moving up is the same current as a positive charge moving down. And with the fingers (magnetic field) also being the same, interestingly
3067:, is a phenomenon involving the Hall effect, but a disc-shaped metal sample is used in place of a rectangular one. Because of its shape the Corbino disc allows the observation of Hall effect–based
1882:
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on the left whereas if negative carriers (namely electrons) are, they build up a negative voltage on the left as shown in the diagram. Thus for the same current and magnetic field, the
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1182:
1181:
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1183:
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2103:. However, in semiconductors and many metals the theory is more complex, because in these materials conduction can involve significant, simultaneous contributions from both
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wherein the collective quantized motion of multiple particles can, in a real physical sense, be considered to be a particle in its own right (albeit not an elementary one).
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two dimensional quantum wells with strong spin-orbit coupling, in zero magnetic field, at low temperature, the quantum spin Hall effect has been observed in 2007.
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3074:
A radial current through a circular disc, subjected to a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the disc, produces a "circular" current through the disc.
2489:
The spin Hall effect consists in the spin accumulation on the lateral boundaries of a current-carrying sample. No magnetic field is needed. It was predicted by
1641:
1180:
3898:
König, Markus; Wiedmann, Steffen; Brüne, Christoph; Roth, Andreas; Buhmann, Hartmut; Molenkamp, Laurens W.; Qi, Xiao-Liang; Zhang, Shou-Cheng (2007-11-02).
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901:
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987:
in the 1820s observed this underlying mechanism that led to the discovery of the Hall effect. However it was not until a solid mathematical basis for
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in 1971 and observed experimentally more than 30 years later, both in semiconductors and in metals, at cryogenic as well as at room temperatures.
1731:
2505:
1648:
505:
45:, the flat conductor possesses a negative charge on the top (symbolized by the blue color) and a positive charge on the bottom (red color). In
2242:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {p\mu _{\mathrm {h} }^{2}-n\mu _{\mathrm {e} }^{2}}{e(p\mu _{\mathrm {h} }+n\mu _{\mathrm {e} })^{2}}}}
2067:, hence the name "holes". In the same way as the oversimplistic picture of light in glass as photons being absorbed and re-emitted to explain
4229:
3554:
3346:
3230:
1187:
The animation shows the action of a magnetic field on a beam of electric charges in vacuum, or in other terms, exclusively the action of the
520:
142:
4398:
1575:
The conventional "hole" current is in the negative direction of the electron current and the negative of the electrical charge which gives
2008:, or other variants.) As a result, the Hall effect is very useful as a means to measure either the carrier density or the magnetic field.
1179:
53:, the direction of the electrical and the magnetic fields are changed respectively which switches the polarity of the charges around. In
2017:
5031:
3077:
The absence of the free transverse boundaries renders the interpretation of the
Corbino effect simpler than that of the Hall effect.
400:
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5019:
2055:. Yet we observe the opposite polarity of Hall voltage, indicating positive charge carriers. However, of course there are no actual
974:
132:
2071:
breaks down upon closer scrutiny, this apparent contradiction too can only be resolved by the modern quantum mechanical theory of
1521:
1046:
can be used to distinguish the effect described in the introduction from a related effect which occurs across a void or hole in a
4393:
3135:
3621:
2099:
The simple formula for the Hall coefficient given above is usually a good explanation when conduction is dominated by a single
315:
894:
660:
137:
1095:. When such a magnetic field is absent, the charges follow approximately straight paths between collisions with impurities,
2980:
5055:
5000:
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675:
380:
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2036:
of the Hall voltage is dependent on the internal nature of the conductor and is useful to elucidate its inner workings.
540:
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280:
147:
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270:
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will be strong enough to exactly cancel out the magnetic force, thus the electrons follow the straight arrow (dashed).
833:
708:
605:
4273:
Introduction to Plasma
Physics and Controlled Fusion, Volume 1, Plasma Physics, Second Edition, 1984, Francis F. Chen
999:" (published in 1861–1862) that details of the interaction between magnets and electric current could be understood.
500:
2078:
Unrelatedly, inhomogeneity in the conductive sample can result in a spurious sign of the Hall effect, even in ideal
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3430:
1131:
1111:
1071:
The Hall effect is due to the nature of the current in a conductor. Current consists of the movement of many small
996:
333:
4384:, R. G. Mani & K. von Klitzing, "Hall-effect device with current and Hall-voltage connections"
4740:
4715:
3316:
3102:
887:
848:
375:
365:
305:
300:
240:
4664:
2500:
The quantity describing the strength of the Spin Hall effect is known as Spin Hall angle, and it is defined as:
4910:
4654:
4510:
4472:
2663:
2472:
1015:
2026:
the charge carrier gets deflected to the left in the diagram regardless of whether it is positive or negative.
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818:
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385:
1226:(in contrast to the case of the corbino disc). Only the electric field is modified by a transverse component
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823:
793:
225:
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210:
1030:
was discovered, his measurements of the tiny effect produced in the apparatus he used were an experimental
3689:
2929:. Nevertheless, when the Hall parameter is low, their motion between two encounters with heavy particles (
2465:
1607:
645:
415:
190:
31:
4453:
3459:
2762:
is always much less than unity). In a plasma, the Hall parameter can take any value. The Hall parameter,
1986:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {E_{y}}{j_{x}B}}={\frac {V_{\mathrm {H} }t}{IB}}={\frac {1}{ne}}.}
4807:
4786:
4720:
743:
430:
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370:
360:
107:
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1725:
assigned in the image would have been negative (positive charge would have built up on the left side).
1128:"holes" are actually flowing because the direction of the voltage is opposite to the derivation below.
4381:
4164:
3844:
3412:
5077:
4776:
4551:
4301:
4285:
Baumgartner, A.; Ihn, T.; Ensslin, K.; Papp, G.; Peeters, F.; Maranowski, K.; Gossard, A. C. (2006).
4217:
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3921:
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3748:
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3500:
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2937:) is almost linear. But if the Hall parameter is high, the electron movements are highly curved. The
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2040:
1716:
If the charge build up had been positive (as it appears in some metals and semiconductors), then the
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of the material, and is often much larger than the ordinary Hall effect. (Note that this effect is
2447:
2429:
For large applied fields the simpler expression analogous to that for a single carrier type holds.
2083:
current-introducing contacts, since at the contacts the transverse voltage is shorted out to zero.
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71:
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4404:
4286:
3638:
2852:{\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {\Omega _{\mathrm {e} }}{\nu }}={\frac {eB}{m_{\mathrm {e} }\nu }}}
1194:
1091:) or all three. When a magnetic field is present, these charges experience a force, called the
57:, both fields change direction simultaneously which results in the same polarity as in diagram
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Further "Hall effects" may have additional physical mechanisms but are built on these basics.
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1384:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q{\bigl (}\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} {\bigl )}}
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4333:
Correction to the classical two-species Hall
Coefficient using twoport network theory
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3820:
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2044:
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1124:"current" describes a theoretical "hole flow"). In some metals and semiconductors it
1092:
1080:
1047:
1005:
then explored the question of whether magnetic fields interacted with the conductors
873:
858:
843:
783:
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200:
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4674:
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4141:
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3957:
3040:
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2005:
1855:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =-R_{\mathrm {H} }(\mathbf {J} _{c}\times \mathbf {B} )}
1163:
is negative for some semiconductors where "holes" appear to flow. In steady-state,
853:
748:
713:
655:
590:
475:
355:
230:
4188:
4106:
Kozin, V. K.; Shabashov, V. A.; Kavokin, A. V.; Shelykh, I. A. (21 January 2021).
3478:
2028:
But if positive carriers are deflected to the left, they would build a relatively
1455:
direction), which tells you where the field caused by the electrons is pointing).
510:
3220:
3192:
1034:, published under the name "On a New Action of the Magnet on Electric Currents".
4972:
4690:
4659:
4468:
3366:
2461:
931:
773:
625:
455:
117:
17:
4313:
3868:
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4887:
4725:
4561:
4448:
4370:
4359:
4059:
Onga, Masaru; Zhang, Yijin; Ideue, Toshiya; Iwasa, Yoshihiro (December 2017).
4006:
N. A. Sinitsyn (2008). "Semiclassical
Theories of the Anomalous Hall Effect".
3131:
3084:
2769:
2725:
2068:
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and seeing that, in the steady-state condition, charges are not moving in the
1002:
946:
490:
4084:
3941:
3876:
3528:
3398:
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1307:
of the current which is assumed at this point to be holes by convention. The
4945:
4771:
4556:
4435:
3992:
3971:
Robert
Karplus and J. M. Luttinger (1954). "Hall Effect in Ferromagnetics".
3933:
2104:
2056:
1019:
813:
788:
600:
525:
122:
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4196:
4163:
Kavokin, Alexey; Malpuech, Guillaume; Glazov, Mikhail (19 September 2005).
4149:
4092:
4060:
3949:
2591:{\displaystyle \theta _{SH}={\frac {2e}{\hbar }}{\frac {|j_{s}|}{|j_{e}|}}}
3591:
2692:), the Hall resistivity includes an additional contribution, known as the
2043:), it is contrarily more appropriate to think of the current as positive "
3676:
2907:
1076:
1027:
1023:
565:
560:
180:
3845:"Estimating spin Hall angle in heavy metal/ferromagnet heterostructures"
3438:
37:
4995:
4962:
4940:
4920:
3520:
3298:
3159:
3043:
amplify and use the Hall effect for a variety of sensing applications.
2879:
2758:) is significantly different from the Hall effect in solids (where the
1096:
919:
535:
4436:
Table with Hall coefficients of different elements at room temperature
3512:
2111:, which may be present in different concentrations and have different
4930:
4925:
4531:
4076:
3390:
2922:
The Hall parameter value increases with the magnetic field strength.
2453:
2383:{\displaystyle b={\frac {\mu _{\mathrm {e} }}{\mu _{\mathrm {h} }}}.}
620:
127:
3843:
Deng, Yongcheng; Yang, Meiyin; Ji, Yang; Wang, Kaiyou (2020-02-15).
3281:
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3151:
4124:
3495:
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4526:
4020:
3916:
3802:
3743:
3477:
Creff, M.; Faisant, F.; Rubì, J. M.; Wegrowe, J.-E. (2020-08-07).
1282:-axis direction. Thus, the magnetic force on each electron in the
1175:
1130:
36:
4336:. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education 43/4.
2452:
For a two-dimensional electron system which can be produced in a
3434:
2329:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {p-nb^{2}}{e(p+nb)^{2}}}}
4483:
4536:
2934:
1084:
4376:
Hall effect contactless switch with prebiased
Schmitt trigger
2627:
is the spin current generated by the applied current density
2464:, one can observe the quantum Hall effect, in which the Hall
2020:, representing (conventional) current, would be pointing the
1439:-axis, (and not with the arrow of the induced electric field
2925:
Physically, the trajectories of electrons are curved by the
1789:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {E_{y}}{j_{x}B_{z}}}}
3662:
Mark Wardle (2004). "Star
Formation and the Hall Effect".
1707:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {H} }={\frac {I_{x}B_{z}}{nte}}}
1294:-axis electrical force due to the buildup of charges. The
1103:
that opposes the migration of further charge, so a steady
3900:"Quantum Spin Hall Insulator State in HgTe Quantum Wells"
1879:
is the induced electric field. In SI units, this becomes
1114:
electrons move in the opposite direction of the current
979:
Wires carrying current in a magnetic field experience a
2781:, and the electron-heavy particle collision frequency,
2115:. For moderate magnetic fields the Hall coefficient is
983:
perpendicular to both the current and magnetic field.
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2123:
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In wires, electrons instead of holes are flowing, so
1334:
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1197:
1107:
is established for as long as the charge is flowing.
4287:"Classical Hall effect in scanning gate experiments"
3549:
N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin "Solid State
Physics"
3265:"On a New Action of the Magnet on Electric Currents"
3136:"On a New Action of the Magnet on Electric Currents"
1643:
and plugging into the above gives the Hall voltage:
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4517:
1259:For a simple metal where there is only one type of
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1985:
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1218:
4340:The Hall effect - The Feynman Lectures on Physics
3790:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3731:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
4449:Simulation of the Hall effect as a Youtube video
2768:, in a plasma is the ratio between the electron
3063:The Corbino effect, named after its discoverer
1014:while he was working on his doctoral degree at
68:flat conductor, which serves as a hall element
4365:System and apparatus employing the Hall effect
2736:effect which can be described in terms of the
4495:
1623:is the charge of each electron. Solving for
1376:
1348:
895:
8:
4410:Interactive Java tutorial on the Hall effect
3365:Mani, R. G.; von Klitzing, K. (1994-03-07).
1566:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {H} }=v_{x}B_{z}w}
3849:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
3367:"Hall effect under null current conditions"
3222:Hall-Effect Sensors: Theory and Application
4629:
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4394:Understanding and Applying the Hall Effect
902:
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4019:
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3249:Biographical Memoir of Edwin Herbert Hall
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1326:-axis direction by the right hand rule.
4419:National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
4061:"Exciton Hall effect in monolayer MoS2"
3123:
3055:Corbino disc – dashed curves represent
2977:, which also gives the Hall parameter:
2535:
956:is defined as the ratio of the induced
651:Electromagnetism and special relativity
98:
5088:Electric and magnetic fields in matter
4253:
4243:
3193:"Hall effect | Definition & Facts"
2740:effect in the crystal momentum space (
2004:are usually expressed as m/C, or Ω·cm/
3071:without the associated Hall voltage.
3011:{\displaystyle \beta =\tan(\theta ).}
945:to the current. It was discovered by
671:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
7:
5026:
4008:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
3786:"The Hall effect in accretion flows"
3784:Braiding, C. R.; Wardle, M. (2012).
3725:Braiding, C. R.; Wardle, M. (2012).
3360:
3358:
3214:
3212:
1433:is assigned in the direction of the
5050:
3727:"The Hall effect in star formation"
2754:The Hall effect in an ionized gas (
1728:The Hall coefficient is defined as
1516:. Substituting these changes gives
938:in the conductor and to an applied
3704:10.1023/B:ASTR.0000045033.80068.1f
3479:"Surface currents in Hall devices"
2947:, is no longer collinear with the
2837:
2806:
2801:
2369:
2357:
2262:
2220:
2202:
2174:
2151:
2130:
1942:
1892:
1820:
1741:
1658:
1531:
1288:-axis direction is cancelled by a
25:
4374:, J. T. Maupin, E. A. Vorthmann,
2720:(disorder-related) effect due to
2700:), which depends directly on the
2475:to take on the quantized values.
1616:is the cross-sectional area, and
1448:as in the image (pointing in the
1145:in the direction of the assigned
975:History of electromagnetic theory
27:Electromagnetic effect in physics
5049:
5037:
5025:
5014:
5013:
4216:. Vol. 54. pp. 47–51.
3821:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22001.x
3762:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20601.x
3087:
2433:Relationship with star formation
1845:
1831:
1804:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1336:
4108:"Anomalous Exciton Hall Effect"
3615:"Hall Effect in Semiconductors"
3570:-type ZnO films and crystals".
3269:American Journal of Mathematics
3252:. National Academy of Sciences.
3140:American Journal of Mathematics
2708:due to the contribution of the
2396:is the electron concentration,
4142:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.036801
4038:10.1088/0953-8984/20/02/023201
3664:Astrophysics and Space Science
3219:Ramsden, Edward (2011-04-01).
3002:
2996:
2581:
2566:
2559:
2544:
2314:
2298:
2227:
2190:
1870:of the carrier electrons, and
1849:
1826:
1263:(electrons), the Hall voltage
1:
4612:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
4189:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.136601
3643:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
3572:Journal of Materials Research
3341:. Elsevier Inc. pp. xi.
2087:Hall effect in semiconductors
965:that constitute the current.
676:Relativistic electromagnetism
4213:The Hall and Corbino effects
3059:paths of deflected electrons
2750:Hall effect in ionized gases
1272:can be derived by using the
1026:. Eighteen years before the
30:For the Colombian band, see
4454:Hall effect in electrolytes
4423:Science World (wolfram.com)
2456:, in the presence of large
5104:
4792:Spin gapless semiconductor
4701:Nearly free electron model
4314:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.165426
4165:"Optical Spin Hall Effect"
3869:10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165920
3483:Journal of Applied Physics
3033:
2891:is the magnetic field (in
2661:
2482:
2445:
1112:classical electromagnetism
997:On Physical Lines of Force
972:
401:Liénard–Wiechert potential
29:
5009:
4741:Density functional theory
4716:electronic band structure
4583:
4344:University of Washington
3246:Bridgeman, P. W. (1939).
3103:Electromagnetic induction
2698:extraordinary Hall effect
1219:{\displaystyle {j_{y}=0}}
1055:Hall effect superposition
666:Mathematical descriptions
376:Electromagnetic radiation
366:Electromagnetic induction
306:Magnetic vector potential
301:Magnetic scalar potential
5083:Condensed matter physics
4911:Bogoliubov quasiparticle
4655:Quantum spin Hall effect
4547:Bose–Einstein condensate
4511:Condensed matter physics
4473:University of Nottingham
4323:10067/613600151162165141
3337:Ramsden, Edward (2006).
2664:Quantum spin Hall effect
2658:Quantum spin Hall effect
2473:quantum Hall transitions
2402:the hole concentration,
2091:When a current-carrying
1320:term is negative in the
1038:Hall effect within voids
1016:Johns Hopkins University
4405:Hall effect calculators
4169:Physical Review Letters
4112:Physical Review Letters
3993:10.1103/PhysRev.95.1154
3934:10.1126/science.1148047
3686:2004Ap&SS.292..317W
3371:Applied Physics Letters
3225:. Elsevier. p. 2.
3197:Encyclopedia Britannica
2426:the elementary charge.
2411:the electron mobility,
2063:carrying the charge in
1248:{\displaystyle {E_{y}}}
918:is the production of a
216:Electrostatic induction
211:Electrostatic discharge
4459:Bowley, Roger (2010).
3060:
3012:
2853:
2648:
2621:
2592:
2420:the hole mobility and
2384:
2330:
2243:
2051:as in most metals and
1987:
1856:
1790:
1708:
1637:
1608:charge carrier density
1567:
1385:
1256:
1249:
1220:
1173:
646:Electromagnetic tensor
88:
32:The Hall Effect (band)
4787:Topological insulator
4721:Anderson localization
4399:Hall Effect Thrusters
4382:US Patent 5646527
4371:U.S. patent 3,596,114
4360:U.S. patent 1,778,796
4210:Adams, E. P. (1915).
3592:10.1557/JMR.2008.0300
3413:DE Patent 4308375
3313:"Hall Effect History"
3275:(3). JSTOR: 287–292.
3054:
3013:
2854:
2694:anomalous Hall effect
2676:Anomalous Hall effect
2649:
2647:{\displaystyle j_{e}}
2622:
2620:{\displaystyle j_{s}}
2593:
2385:
2331:
2244:
2065:p-type semiconductors
2053:n-type semiconductors
2041:p-type semiconductors
1988:
1857:
1791:
1709:
1638:
1568:
1386:
1250:
1221:
1186:
1134:
639:Covariant formulation
431:Synchrotron radiation
371:Electromagnetic pulse
361:Electromagnetic field
40:
4665:Aharonov–Bohm effect
4552:Fermionic condensate
4330:Annraoi M. de Paor.
3464:Electronic Tutorials
3460:"Hall Effect Sensor"
3263:Hall, E. H. (1879).
2981:
2789:
2631:
2604:
2506:
2340:
2253:
2121:
2061:elementary particles
1883:
1800:
1732:
1649:
1627:
1522:
1332:
1230:
1195:
1044:ordinary Hall effect
991:was systematized by
928:electrical conductor
920:potential difference
681:Stress–energy tensor
606:Reluctance (complex)
351:Displacement current
5056:Physics WikiProject
4731:tight binding model
4711:Fermi liquid theory
4696:Free electron model
4645:Quantum Hall effect
4626:Electrons in solids
4306:2006PhRvB..74p5426B
4222:1916PhDT.........2C
4181:2005PhRvL..95m6601K
4134:2021PhRvL.126c6801K
4030:2008JPCM...20b3201S
3985:1954PhRv...95.1154K
3926:2007Sci...318..766K
3861:2020JMMM..49665920D
3812:2012MNRAS.427.3188B
3753:2012MNRAS.422..261B
3584:2008JMatR..23.2293O
3505:2020JAP...128e4501C
3383:1994ApPhL..64.1262M
3339:Hall-Effect Sensors
3113:Thermal Hall effect
2448:Quantum Hall effect
2442:Quantum Hall effect
2184:
2161:
993:James Clerk Maxwell
596:Magnetomotive force
481:Electromotive force
451:Alternating current
386:Jefimenko equations
346:Cyclotron radiation
4617:Critical phenomena
4441:2014-12-21 at the
4415:2020-07-09 at the
3095:Electronics portal
3065:Orso Mario Corbino
3061:
3057:logarithmic spiral
3036:Hall effect sensor
3021:Other Hall effects
3008:
2957:. The two vectors
2849:
2644:
2617:
2588:
2380:
2326:
2239:
2168:
2145:
2059:or other positive
1983:
1852:
1786:
1704:
1633:
1563:
1381:
1257:
1245:
1216:
1174:
1105:electric potential
985:André-Marie Ampère
444:Electrical network
281:Gauss magnetic law
246:Static electricity
206:Electric potential
89:
72:hall effect sensor
5065:
5064:
4951:Exciton-polariton
4836:
4835:
4808:Thermoelectricity
4294:Physical Review B
4231:978-1-4223-7256-2
4071:(12): 1193–1197.
3910:(5851): 766–770.
3555:978-0-03-083993-1
3513:10.1063/5.0013182
3431:"The Hall Effect"
3377:(10): 1262–1264.
3348:978-0-7506-7934-3
3232:978-0-08-052374-3
3069:magnetoresistance
2870:elementary charge
2847:
2815:
2670:mercury telluride
2586:
2538:
2460:strength and low
2375:
2324:
2237:
2034:electric polarity
2018:Lorentz force law
1978:
1960:
1928:
1784:
1702:
1636:{\displaystyle w}
1393:In steady state,
1184:
912:
911:
611:Reluctance (real)
581:Gyrator–capacitor
526:Resonant cavities
416:Maxwell equations
16:(Redirected from
5095:
5053:
5052:
5041:
5029:
5028:
5017:
5016:
4956:Phonon polariton
4848:Amorphous magnet
4828:Electrostriction
4823:Flexoelectricity
4818:Ferroelectricity
4813:Piezoelectricity
4670:Josephson effect
4650:Spin Hall effect
4630:
4607:Phase transition
4589:
4572:Luttinger liquid
4519:States of matter
4504:
4497:
4490:
4481:
4476:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4373:
4362:
4327:
4325:
4291:
4262:
4261:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4127:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4077:10.1038/nmat4996
4065:Nature Materials
4056:
4050:
4049:
4023:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3979:(5): 1154–1160.
3968:
3962:
3961:
3919:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3805:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3746:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3697:
3679:
3677:astro-ph/0307086
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3620:. Archived from
3619:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3563:
3557:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3498:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3437:. Archived from
3427:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3391:10.1063/1.110859
3362:
3353:
3352:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3315:. Archived from
3309:
3303:
3302:
3284:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3170:. Archived from
3128:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2946:
2917:
2915:
2905:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2784:
2780:
2767:
2745:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2491:Mikhail Dyakonov
2485:Spin Hall effect
2479:Spin Hall effect
2470:
2425:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2249:or equivalently
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2030:positive voltage
2003:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1878:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1807:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1724:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1622:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1483:
1473:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1402:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1325:
1319:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1185:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1119:
1089:Electromigration
989:electromagnetism
981:mechanical force
954:Hall coefficient
936:electric current
904:
897:
890:
571:Electric machine
554:Magnetic circuit
516:Parallel circuit
506:Network analysis
471:Electric current
406:London equations
251:Triboelectricity
241:Potential energy
110:
100:Electromagnetism
91:
21:
18:Hall coefficient
5103:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5005:
4986:Granular matter
4981:Amorphous solid
4967:
4892:
4878:Antiferromagnet
4868:Superparamagnet
4841:Magnetic phases
4832:
4796:
4745:
4706:Bloch's theorem
4679:
4621:
4602:Order parameter
4595:Phase phenomena
4590:
4581:
4513:
4508:
4458:
4443:Wayback Machine
4430:The Hall Effect
4417:Wayback Machine
4387:
4380:
4369:
4363:, P. H. Craig,
4358:
4355:
4350:
4346:The Hall Effect
4289:
4284:
4280:
4278:Further reading
4270:
4265:
4252:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3695:10.1.1.746.8082
3661:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3548:
3544:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3282:10.2307/2369245
3262:
3261:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3177:
3175:
3152:10.2307/2369245
3130:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3049:
3038:
3032:
3023:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2942:
2939:current density
2913:
2911:
2910:(approximately
2904:
2898:
2886:
2875:
2873:
2872:(approximately
2863:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2763:
2752:
2741:
2730:charge carriers
2688:materials in a
2684:materials (and
2678:
2666:
2660:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2570:
2564:
2548:
2542:
2527:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2487:
2481:
2468:
2450:
2444:
2435:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2363:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2313:
2294:
2283:
2273:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2226:
2214:
2196:
2186:
2141:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2089:
2049:charge carriers
2002:
1996:
1970:
1952:
1936:
1935:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:current density
1863:
1829:
1814:
1798:
1797:
1773:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1691:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1601:
1592:
1581:
1576:
1550:
1540:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1394:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1115:
1073:charge carriers
1069:
1057:
1040:
977:
971:
963:charge carriers
908:
879:
878:
694:
686:
685:
641:
631:
630:
586:Induction motor
556:
546:
545:
461:Current density
446:
436:
435:
426:Poynting vector
336:
334:Electrodynamics
326:
325:
321:Right-hand rule
286:Magnetic dipole
276:Biot–Savart law
266:
256:
255:
191:Electric dipole
186:Electric charge
161:
87:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5101:
5099:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5047:
5044:Physics Portal
5035:
5023:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4991:Liquid crystal
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4898:Quasiparticles
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4858:Superdiamagnet
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4782:Superconductor
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4762:Mott insulator
4759:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
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4636:
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4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
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4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
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4580:
4579:
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4569:
4564:
4559:
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4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
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4515:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4391:
4378:
4367:
4354:
4353:External links
4351:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4337:
4328:
4300:(16): 165426.
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4254:|journal=
4230:
4202:
4175:(13): 136601.
4155:
4098:
4051:
3998:
3963:
3890:
3835:
3776:
3717:
3670:(1): 317–323.
3654:
3630:
3627:on 2008-08-21.
3605:
3558:
3542:
3469:
3451:
3422:
3404:
3354:
3347:
3329:
3319:on 29 May 2015
3304:
3255:
3238:
3231:
3208:
3184:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3082:
3079:
3048:
3047:Corbino effect
3045:
3034:Main article:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2949:electric field
2920:
2919:
2902:
2896:
2884:
2845:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2777:
2760:Hall parameter
2751:
2748:
2714:magnetic field
2690:magnetic field
2677:
2674:
2662:Main article:
2659:
2656:
2641:
2637:
2614:
2610:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2483:Main article:
2480:
2477:
2458:magnetic field
2446:Main article:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2416:
2407:
2379:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2101:charge carrier
2088:
2085:
2073:quasiparticles
2014:charge carrier
2000:
1995:(The units of
1982:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1874:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1721:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1632:
1590:
1579:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1500:
1488:
1469:
1462:
1443:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1315:
1311:
1305:drift velocity
1298:
1268:
1261:charge carrier
1241:
1237:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1167:
1159:
1150:
1140:
1101:electric field
1068:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1039:
1036:
970:
967:
958:electric field
940:magnetic field
910:
909:
907:
906:
899:
892:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
661:Four-potential
658:
653:
648:
642:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
576:Electric motor
573:
568:
563:
557:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
538:
533:
531:Series circuit
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
501:Kirchhoff laws
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
466:Direct current
463:
458:
453:
447:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
428:
423:
421:Maxwell tensor
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
391:Larmor formula
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
341:Bremsstrahlung
337:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
291:Magnetic field
288:
283:
278:
273:
267:
264:Magnetostatics
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
196:Electric field
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
166:Charge density
162:
159:Electrostatics
157:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
112:
111:
103:
102:
96:
95:
94:Articles about
86:
85:
82:
81:magnetic field
79:
76:
66:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5100:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5058:
5057:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
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4864:
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4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
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4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
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4809:
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4803:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:Semiconductor
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Hubbard model
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
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4668:
4666:
4663:
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4651:
4648:
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4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
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4631:
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4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4465:Sixty Symbols
4462:
4461:"Hall Effect"
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4247:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4206:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4118:(3): 036801.
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4014:(2): 023201.
4013:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3644:
3640:
3639:"Hall Effect"
3634:
3631:
3623:
3616:
3613:Kasap, Safa.
3609:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3489:(5): 054501.
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3441:on 2008-03-07
3440:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3174:on 2011-07-27
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:(3): 287–92.
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Nernst effect
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:Lorentz force
2923:
2909:
2908:electron mass
2901:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2843:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2812:
2795:
2792:
2776:
2771:
2770:gyrofrequency
2766:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:to the total
2711:
2710:magnetization
2707:
2703:
2702:magnetization
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:ferromagnetic
2675:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2575:
2571:
2553:
2549:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2377:
2364:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2318:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2257:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2093:semiconductor
2086:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1887:
1877:
1869:
1841:
1836:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1736:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1653:
1644:
1630:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1560:
1555:
1551:
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1541:
1537:
1526:
1517:
1510:
1499:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1411:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1366:
1358:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1306:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1274:Lorentz force
1267:
1262:
1239:
1235:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1189:Lorentz force
1170:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:Lorentz force
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:semiconductor
1045:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1032:tour de force
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
976:
968:
966:
964:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
943:perpendicular
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
905:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
885:
883:
882:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
690:
689:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
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649:
647:
644:
643:
640:
635:
634:
627:
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622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
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572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
555:
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549:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
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296:Magnetic flux
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476:Electrolysis
356:Eddy current
316:Permeability
236:Polarization
231:Permittivity
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4660:Berry phase
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4469:Brady Haran
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3521:2445/176859
2738:Berry phase
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2462:temperature
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916:Hall effect
626:Transformer
456:Capacitance
381:Faraday law
176:Coulomb law
118:Electricity
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5072:Categories
4888:Spin glass
4883:Metamagnet
4863:Paramagnet
4750:Conduction
4726:BCS theory
4567:Superfluid
4562:Supersolid
4401:Alta Space
4237:2009-01-24
4125:2006.08717
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3648:2020-02-13
3496:1908.06282
3445:2008-02-28
3323:2015-07-26
3202:2020-02-13
3178:2008-02-28
3132:Edwin Hall
3119:References
2971:Hall angle
2916:10 kg
2726:scattering
2471:undergoes
2113:mobilities
2069:refraction
1122:convention
1003:Edwin Hall
973:See also:
947:Edwin Hall
932:transverse
693:Scientists
541:Waveguides
521:Resistance
491:Inductance
271:Ampère law
4946:Polariton
4853:Diamagnet
4801:Couplings
4777:Conductor
4772:Semimetal
4757:Insulator
4633:Phenomena
4557:Fermi gas
4256:ignored (
4246:cite book
4085:1476-4660
4021:0712.0183
3973:Phys. Rev
3942:0036-8075
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