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674:, rocks carried by glaciers which drop when they melt, litter the beach where the Permian sediments that once held them have long since been eroded away. Smaller ones can be found still embedded in the sediments. Most of the dropstones, some bigger than cars, originated from sites hundreds of km to the south, however, several consist of rock not found in South Australia and their origin has yet to be determined. One erratic currently eroding out at the top of Black Cliff is dated 400 Million years older than the oldest Hallett Cove rocks. Made of
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597:, possibly up to 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) in height. Almost immediately the mountain range began eroding heavily and this process continued for another 200 Ma. The Precambrian rock of Black Cliff and the wave cut platform at Hallett Cove are all that remains of the base of the mountain range in this area and clearly shows complicated folding with several small faults visible. Erosion has removed rock dated less than 570 Ma, but younger overlaying rock (570 - 500Ma) is exposed further south between
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763:, the sea levels rose worldwide. The current sea level stabilised around 6,000 years ago and began to erode the Hallett Cove cliffs. As the folds in the cliff face are almost vertical, the cliff face retreats as the sea breaches the quartzite layers that protect the softer siltstone layers between them forming the zigzag pattern we see today. As the cliff retreats it leaves a wave cut platform behind.
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721:, the Mt Lofty Ranges had worn down to sea level. A period of faulting commenced which uplifted the ranges and downthrust the plains which, beginning 50Ma was flooded by the sea. By 20Ma the land west of the ranges was a shallow sea. Hallett Cove has no sediments from this period indicating it may have been above sea level, an island in a shallow sea.
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In 1965 subdivision of the adjacent land for housing was announced. For the next 11 years conservationists fought against developments. In late 1969, the State
Planning Authority declared 51 acres (21 ha) of Hallett Cove a site of scientific interest which prohibited landowners from developing
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recommending that the glacial pavements along the coastal cliff tops of
Hallett Cove be preserved. In 1960, local farmer George Sandison died and the beneficiaries of his estate donated 3.25 acres (1.32 ha) of land, a narrow strip along the cliff tops, to the National Trust of South Australia
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Further faulting raised the Mt Lofty Ranges to a little higher than their current elevation and submerged Hallet Cove. Dated at 5Ma to 3Ma, a band of sandstone that had been laid down on a sea floor can be found overlaying the
Permian deposits. This layer contains fossil shells and limy sands.
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The
Pleistocene climate was marked by repeated glacial cycles. During the early pleistocene the rapid accumulation of clays indicates a much wetter climate than today. Following the end of the last glaciation 15,000 years ago, the climate appears to have dried out somewhat as a layer of
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slope may have stretched far into the gulf, covering the local quartzite which had likely eroded out only after the present coastline was established around 6,000 years ago. The finds include a number of very well made quartzite tools of the type in use when
Adelaide was settled.
566:. The plain was part of a shallow sea that bordered an ancient stable landmass to the west while to the east lay ocean as the eastern half of Australia had yet to form. The shallow sea extended around 700 kilometres (430 mi), from the northernmost
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A second period of erosion began around 250Ma which removed most of the
Permian sediments in the region with the exception of some that were protected by the Hallett cove basin. This forms the second unconformity that separates the Permian from the
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and the mine was finally abandoned in 1857. Farming began in what is now the eastern section of the park in the 1850s. In the late 1880s the cove was used for naval exercises and the southern area of beach was cleared of rocks to allow landings.
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From the right: Hallett Cove beach, Black Cliff, Sandison Park. Waterfall Creek runs to the beach through a gully alongside the housing. Aboriginal campsites were located along the creek to the railway line (the scrub to the right of the
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overlays the clay deposits. The Gulf St
Vincent was an alluvial plain drained by an ancient river when Aboriginals first settled on the Hallett Cove clifftops and their tools have been found in the sand that lies above the calcrete.
647:. Crescent shaped cracks in the glaciated pavements at Hallett Cove show that the ice flowed N/NW towards what is now the center of Australia. The ice thus originated in the uplands of land to the south. If current theories of
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despite large amounts of suitable quartzite being available on the beach. During the late
Pleistocene, the sea level was around 90 metres (300 ft) lower than today. From 85,000 to around 15,000 years ago, the present
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The
Amphitheatre is a feature of the park where the Precambrian rocks are below sea level. Without their protection erosion is rapidly cutting through the soft Permian, Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits resulting in a
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supercontinent. The uplifting was so violent that despite now being located in the center of a plate, the
Flinders Seismic Zone of which Hallett Cove is part remains one of the most seismically active regions in
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was a deep river valley to the west while the nearest site of exposed quartzite was likely near the coast, which during that time lay some 350 kilometres (220 mi) to the south. It has been suggested that a
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Overlaying the sandstone is a considerable thickness of mottled clays with patches of sand and gravel, the sediments washed down from the slopes of the Mt Lofty Ranges from 3Ma to 1Ma when the area was a river
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387:, but this has been found to be the result of mistaken location. A Kaurna version of the meaning of this word ("crying place") was created in 2008 as Murrkangga, and applied to the Amphitheatre.
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marking a significant point of the Dreaming track at the reserve on Keerab Way, and at the site of the first spring said to be created by Tjilbruke's tears, on the foreshore at Heron Way.
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Hallett Cove is one of the best known geological sites in Australia and is known for its international significance. The area has been declared a Geological Monument by the
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from the retreating glacier formed a lake which deposited the sediments that can be seen today along the clifftops. Although no fossils have been found in these sediments,
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South Australia Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This site includes a pamphlet containing a map of the walking trails. Accessed 22 April 2012.
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From around 550 Ma the beds of the Geosyncline began a series of intraplate extensional and contractional events. The beds began to buckle, fold, uplift and
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the land in any way that would destroy its scientific value. In 1970 it was announced that the surrounding land would be subdivided and a large private
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The spring, and Hallett Cove more broadly, has in the past mistakenly been ascribed the place name Krildhung (by Albert Karlowan) or Ka`reildung (
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purchased 800 acres (320 ha) from the Hallett family and built a copper mine on the northern side of Hallett's creek, now known as the
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which was followed not long after by another 8.75 acres (3.54 ha) for an access road. In 1965 the donated land was proclaimed
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In 1976, the park was declared a Conservation Park dedicated for the protection of features of geological and historic interest.
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built in the cove. The government received tens of thousands of letters of protest and significant public debate ensued. Premier
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supercontinent. During that time the south-western two-thirds of Australia, including much of South Australia was covered by an
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and placed on the South Australian Heritage Register for its educational and scientific significance. It is also a site of great
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Hallett Cove at this time was part of a river valley orientated with the mountain range to the NE. Ice had scoured a basin and
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pavement. In 1893, "the largest scientific excursion ever held in the Southern Hemisphere" explored the area with Prof.
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which slowly sank as sediments built up, keeping pace so that the water remained shallow from about 870 Ma (the middle
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guaranteed to protect the area and the government later acquired the cove and a further 67 acres (27 ha) of land.
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fossils have been found in these younger rocks while no fossils have been found in those remaining at Hallett Cove.
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Cooper, H. M. (Harold Moore), 1886-1970; Kenny, M. (Margaret); Scrymgour, June M; South Australian Museum (1970),
415:. However, the ground proved to be too hard and water kept flooding the diggings. In 1852 the miners left for the
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stone tools weighing up to 5.5 kilograms (12 lb), with over 400 found around the large camp, indicating late
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A field guide to the geology of Hallett Cove and other locations with glacial geology on Fleurieu Peninsula
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Ripple marks in the oldest Hallett Cove rocks indicate that the sediments that formed them originated on a
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403:, who travelled into the area while searching for lost stock in 1837. In the 1840s the cove was used by
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terrain. As the silts are eroded erratics are released which roll down to the base platform and beach.
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near the coast and at a campsite at Waterfall Creek, north of Black Cliff, shows the presence of the
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Phases of Aboriginal Inclusion in the Public Space in Adelaide, South Australia, since Colonisation
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Cooyerdoo Rocks, located 375 kilometres (233 mi) NW of Hallett Cove are dated to 3,157 ± 2 Ma
655:. The Permian record at Hallett Cove not only records the passage of glaciers but their retreat.
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368:. The Tjilbruke Dreaming story refers to seven freshwater springs south of Adelaide and down the
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632:. If there were periods of deposition between the two periods, erosion has removed all trace.
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that may have stretched more than 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi) through the newly forming
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Hallett Cove is a place of significance to the Kaurna people because of its association with
42:
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Today, the remains of the southern section of the Cambrian mountain range are known as the
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in 2020, Hallett Cove Conservation Park became part of the Glenthorne Precinct, along with
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and Permian. It is believed that by 270 Ma Australia was part of a supercontinent called
300:, with the rest discovered over a period of 36 years. The majority are heavily weathered
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836:"NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT, 1972-1974: HALLETT COVE CONSERVATION PARK CONSTITUTED"
909:
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An interpretative walking trail describes the park's cultural and geological heritage.
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Major, R. B; Giesecke, R; Whatmough, R; Field Geology Club of South Australia (1999),
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315:, often sourced from great distances, all of the finds at Hallett Cove were made of
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466:. The first detailed description of the geology of the area was published in 1943.
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settlement of the Hallett Cove area is among the earliest documented in Australia.
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age and that Australia was closer to the south pole than today while part of the
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to land goods at night which were then taken to Adelaide by dray. In 1847, the
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898:(Report). Report No. R11-008-01-01. Coastal Environment Pty Ltd. 14 June 2012
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In 1957 Professor A.R. Alderman from the University of Adelaide wrote to the
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865:"Protected Areas Information System - reserve list (as of 25 November 2014)"
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663:
659:
463:
404:
361:
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316:
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about 22 kilometres (14 miles) south of the centre of the state capital of
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The 600 Ma Precambrian rocks at Hallet cove are separated from the 270 Ma
423:
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occupation with various smaller tools gradually replacing them over time.
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237:. A freshwater spring near Waterfall Creek is one of the features of the
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Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a
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Hallett Cove: a field guide / by H.M. Cooper, M. Kenny, J.M. Scrymgour
809:"Terrestrial Protected Areas of South Australia (refer 'DETAIL' tab )"
533:) rock folds of Black Cliff, looking south. The 270-million-year-old
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resulted in extensive glaciation over much of Australia during the
815:. Australian Government, Department of the Environment (DoE). 2016
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981:
Place Name Summary (PNS) 3/10: (a) Krildhung and (b) Murrkangga
222:
settlement documented in Australia, dated at 40,000 years ago.
1291:
Adelaide International Bird Sanctuary–Winaityinaityi Pangkara
1103:
This mountain range may have been the southern extent of the
1003:"Chapter 10: Kaurna Ancestor Being Tjilbruke: Commemorations"
666:
trails have been found in similar sediments further south.
616:
which have eroded down to below 730 metres (2,400 ft).
446:
when in 1877 he discovered the area's smoothed and striated
1239:
Hallett Cove Conservation Park webpage on protected planet
337:
lived on two campsites dating back 2,000 years, and their
1173:(1st ed.), Field Geology Club of South Australia,
870:. Department of Environment Water and Natural Resources
442:
realised that South Australia had been subjected to an
63:
383:); however, this word is derived from a verb in the
218:
significance, with evidence of some of the earliest
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986:(Report). The Southern Kaurna Place Names Project.
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148:
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93:
81:
23:
288:, shows a settlement dating back to 40,000 years
574:and lay above an unstable depression called the
311:Although Kartan tools are traditionally made of
1060:"Glenthorne National Park-Ityamaiitpinna Yarta"
454:later demonstrating that the deposits were of
1336:Glenthorne National Park–Ityamaiitpinna Yarta
1259:
503:Glenthorne National Park–Ityamaiitpinna Yarta
292:. The first tools were discovered in 1934 by
276:evidence in the form of more than 1700 large
8:
974:
972:
957:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
593:, creating a range of mountains called the
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1252:
1244:
961:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
893:Coastal Management Study, Hallett Cove, SA
845:. Government of South Australia. p. 7
20:
3232:Marine protected areas of South Australia
241:. As of 2021 the park is included in the
1083:Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU)
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
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843:The South Australian Government Gazettee
422:
800:
537:glacial pavement lies at the cliff top.
397:British colonisation of South Australia
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1040:
1039:
1028:
950:
3263:Conservation parks of South Australia
1426:Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges
1001:Malone, Gavin Damien Francis (2012).
545:Resistant rock strata exposed on the
225:Some of the features in the park are
7:
155:Department for Environment and Water
3273:Protected areas established in 1976
3237:List of protected areas in Adelaide
784:List of protected areas in Adelaide
1275:Protected areas of South Australia
979:Schultz, Chester (22 April 2016).
177:Protected areas of South Australia
14:
834:Chatterton, Brian (1 July 1976).
759:As the glaciers retreated in the
689:Black Cliff viewed from the north
549:below Black Cliff, looking north.
471:National Trust of South Australia
18:Protected area in South Australia
3278:1976 establishments in Australia
1222:. City of Marion. Archived from
1220:"Hallett Cove Conservation Park"
1076:
62:
55:
755:The Amphitheatre rock formation
680:earliest evidence of glaciation
212:Geological Society of Australia
1206:Hallett Cove Conservation Park
1144:Hallett Cove Conservation Park
1132:Australian National University
185:Hallett Cove Conservation Park
166:Hallett Cove Conservation Park
70:Hallett Cove Conservation Park
25:Hallett Cove Conservation Park
1:
1346:Great Australian Bight Marine
582:) to ~500 Ma (the end of the
399:, Hallett Cove was named for
3066:Former conservation reserves
3268:Protected areas in Adelaide
3076:Wilderness Protection Areas
2684:Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs
1391:Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert
1129:Australia in time and space
651:are correct, this land was
191:in the Australian state of
43:natural monument or feature
3294:
529:The 600 million year old (
501:After the creation of the
3165:Arkaroola Protection Area
1421:Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges
947:, South Australian Museum
195:located in the suburb of
50:
36:
1107:and part of a suspected
1064:Glenthorne National Park
507:Marino Conservation Park
239:Tjilbruke Dreaming Track
3051:Pinkawillinie Reservoir
2709:Wanilla Land Settlement
430:at an outcrop south of
409:Worthing Mining Company
298:South Australian Museum
3174:Former protected areas
2559:Sir Joseph Banks Group
988:University of Adelaide
756:
706:
690:
550:
538:
515:Happy Valley Reservoir
435:
266:
144:51 ha (126 acres)
117:35.07361°S 138.49917°E
3158:Other protected areas
2983:Conservation reserves
2299:Nicolas Baudin Island
1356:Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre
1351:Ikara-Flinders Ranges
1321:Dhilba Guuranda-Innes
1211:21 April 2012 at the
1149:21 April 2012 at the
789:Adelaide Rift Complex
754:
701:
688:
544:
528:
426:
385:Ngarrindjeri language
374:commemorative plaques
261:
254:Aboriginal occupation
2484:Rocky Island (South)
2479:Rocky Island (North)
1604:Calpatanna Waterhole
595:Delamerian Highlands
576:Adelaide Geosyncline
476:The Sandison Reserve
245:of protected areas.
150:Managing authorities
122:-35.07361; 138.49917
83:Nearest town or city
3186:Isles of St Francis
2614:The Dutchmans Stern
2499:Salt Lagoon Islands
2239:Mowantjie Willauwar
2079:Maize Island Lagoon
2074:Lower Glenelg River
1109:Supermountain range
1015:Flinders University
761:Northern Hemisphere
521:Geology of the park
417:Victorian gold rush
391:European occupation
333:More recently, the
243:Glenthorne Precinct
113: /
3181:Investigator Group
3139:Ravine des Casoars
3119:Investigator Group
2699:Waldegrave Islands
1441:Conservation parks
757:
707:
691:
614:Mount Lofty Ranges
551:
539:
436:
370:Fleurieu Peninsula
267:
3258:IUCN Category III
3245:
3244:
3134:Nuyts Archipelago
2945:Regional Reserves
2920:Onkaparinga River
2649:Troubridge Island
2379:Piccaninnie Ponds
2309:Nuyts Archipelago
2219:Mount Magnificent
2169:Monarto Woodlands
2009:Lake Hawdon South
1479:Baird Bay Islands
1474:Avoid Bay Islands
1416:Onkaparinga River
1180:978-0-9596596-3-4
1105:Petermann Orogeny
1038:External link in
908:Prepared for the
649:continental drift
635:The formation of
562:during the upper
547:wave-cut platform
494:Conservation park
182:
181:
3285:
3211:Scorpion Springs
3031:Hardings Springs
2880:Blackwood Forest
2867:Recreation parks
2604:Tantanoola Caves
2209:Mount Dutton Bay
2139:Middlecamp Hills
1974:Kenneth Stirling
1789:Ferries-McDonald
1694:Corrobinnie Hill
1464:Althorpe Islands
1411:Nilpena Ediacara
1401:Naracoorte Caves
1386:Mount Remarkable
1381:Malkumba-Coongie
1268:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1226:on 31 March 2015
1195:
1194:
1192:
1183:, archived from
1154:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
998:
992:
991:
985:
976:
967:
966:
956:
948:
940:
915:
914:
905:
903:
897:
889:
880:
879:
877:
875:
869:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
840:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
805:
554:Late Precambrian
366:creator ancestor
345:remains and the
199:on the coast of
168:
151:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
84:
66:
65:
59:
32:
26:
21:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3220:
3169:
3153:
3094:Cape Gantheaume
3070:
2977:
2939:
2915:O'Halloran Hill
2885:Brownhill Creek
2861:
2798:
2774:Wolseley Common
2674:Vivigani Ardune
2554:Sinclair Island
2409:Point Davenport
2279:Neptune Islands
2244:Mullinger Swamp
2119:Martindale Hall
2114:Martin Washpool
1819:Gambier Islands
1809:Franklin Harbor
1669:Christmas Rocks
1649:Carpenter Rocks
1624:Cape Willoughby
1619:Cape Gantheaume
1435:
1277:
1272:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1213:Wayback Machine
1202:
1190:
1188:
1181:
1166:
1163:
1161:Further reading
1158:
1157:
1151:Wayback Machine
1142:
1138:
1127:
1120:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1069:
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983:
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977:
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949:
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918:
901:
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891:
890:
883:
873:
871:
867:
863:
862:
858:
848:
846:
838:
833:
832:
828:
818:
816:
807:
806:
802:
797:
780:
749:
735:
696:
682:ever recorded.
628:deposits by an
622:
572:Kangaroo Island
568:Flinders Ranges
556:
523:
509:, areas of the
496:
393:
349:(earstones) of
322:Gulf St Vincent
286:Kangaroo Island
263:
256:
251:
227:Waterfall Creek
201:Gulf St Vincent
193:South Australia
164:
149:
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
82:
77:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
67:
46:
30:South Australia
28:
27:
24:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3291:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3225:Related topics
3222:
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3208:
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3188:
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3096:
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3003:
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2965:
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2955:
2949:
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2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Shepherds Hill
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Granite Island
2897:
2892:
2887:
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2877:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
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2834:
2829:
2827:Currency Creek
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
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2800:
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2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:Tucknott Scrub
2651:
2646:
2644:Torrens Island
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:The Plug Range
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
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2571:
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2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Pine Hill Soak
2391:
2386:
2384:Pigface Island
2381:
2376:
2371:
2369:Penguin Island
2366:
2361:
2359:Pelican Lagoon
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Paranki Lagoon
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
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2256:
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2201:
2196:
2191:
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2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
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2106:
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2061:
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2051:
2046:
2041:
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2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Kapunda Island
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Ironstone Hill
1926:
1924:Horsnell Gully
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Gum Tree Gully
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:Greenly Island
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:Fort Glanville
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Cygnet Estuary
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
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1576:
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1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:Beatrice Islet
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
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1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1326:Flinders Chase
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1283:National parks
1279:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1216:
1201:
1200:External links
1198:
1197:
1196:
1187:on 6 July 2011
1179:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1136:
1118:
1096:
1087:
1066:. 12 July 2021
1051:
1011:Chapter 10 PDF
993:
968:
916:
910:City of Marion
881:
856:
826:
799:
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
786:
779:
776:
748:
745:
734:
731:
695:
692:
621:
618:
580:Neoproterozoic
555:
552:
522:
519:
495:
492:
452:Walter Howchin
428:Walter Howchin
392:
389:
381:Norman Tindale
274:Archaeological
262:Looking north.
255:
252:
250:
247:
216:archaeological
189:protected area
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
162:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
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97:
91:
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85:
79:
78:
69:
68:
61:
60:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
37:
34:
33:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3290:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3216:Telowie Gorge
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Western River
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Cobbler Creek
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Poocher Swamp
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2804:Game reserves
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Whidbey Isles
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Telford Scrub
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Sleaford Mere
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Pullen Island
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Poonthie Ruwe
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:Pinkawillinie
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
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2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Nixon-Skinner
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Mount Monster
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Mount Boothby
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Mark Oliphant
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Lipson Island
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Lake St Clair
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:Kelvin Powrie
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Hopkins Creek
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Gawler Ranges
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Eric Bonython
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Douglas Point
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Caroona Creek
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Carappee Hill
1632:
1630:
1629:Caralue Bluff
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
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1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
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1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:Bascombe Well
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Aldinga Scrub
1457:
1455:
1454:Acraman Creek
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Lake Gairdner
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Gawler Ranges
1339:
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1047:
1041:|others=
1032:
1017:. p. 217
1016:
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693:
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642:
641:Carboniferous
638:
633:
631:
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619:
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599:Sellicks Hill
596:
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344:
340:
336:
335:Kaurna people
331:
328:
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318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:Harold Cooper
291:
287:
283:
282:Kartan people
279:
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98:
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89:
86:
80:
58:
49:
44:
40:
39:IUCN category
35:
31:
22:
16:
3201:Mount Shaugh
3196:Mount Rescue
3099:Cape Torrens
3089:Cape Bouguer
2669:Verran Tanks
2659:Tumby Island
2639:Tilley Swamp
2574:Spring Mount
2569:Spring Gully
2474:Rilli Island
2434:Pualco Range
2429:Porter Scrub
2414:Point Labatt
2319:Olive Island
2284:Newland Head
2234:Mount Taylor
2214:Mount George
2129:Media Island
2124:Mary Seymour
2109:Marne Valley
2014:Lake Newland
1959:Kellidie Bay
1914:Hogwash Bend
1894:Hanson Scrub
1889:Hallett Cove
1888:
1879:Hacks Lagoon
1844:Goose Island
1759:Elliot Price
1739:Dingley Dell
1709:Cudlee Creek
1674:Clements Gap
1614:Cape Blanche
1594:Butchers Gap
1584:Bullock Hill
1554:Bird Islands
1514:Baudin Rocks
1396:Murray River
1371:Lake Torrens
1228:. Retrieved
1224:the original
1189:, retrieved
1185:the original
1169:
1139:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1068:. Retrieved
1063:
1054:
1019:. Retrieved
1006:
996:
944:
907:
900:. Retrieved
872:. Retrieved
859:
847:. Retrieved
842:
829:
817:. Retrieved
812:
803:
773:
765:
758:
736:
723:
716:
708:
703:
678:, it is the
657:
645:Gondwanaland
634:
630:unconformity
623:
611:
588:
557:
500:
497:
480:
475:
468:
437:
432:Hallett Cove
401:John Hallett
394:
378:
358:the Dreaming
355:
332:
310:
268:
235:Amphitheatre
234:
230:
226:
224:
209:
197:Hallett Cove
184:
183:
15:
3206:Port Gawler
3124:Memory Cove
3026:Desert Camp
2930:Sturt Gorge
2910:Long Island
2875:Anstey Hill
2847:Mud Islands
2812:Bool Lagoon
2754:Wills Creek
2724:West Island
2679:Vivonne Bay
2544:Sheoak Hill
2519:Scott Creek
2504:Sandy Creek
2464:Reedy Creek
2449:Ramco Point
2294:Ngaut Ngaut
2269:Nene Valley
2229:Mount Scott
2204:Mount Brown
2194:Mount Billy
2154:Moana Sands
2049:Leven Beach
2004:Lake Gilles
1939:Kaiserstuhl
1864:Guichen Bay
1804:Fowlers Bay
1774:Ewens Ponds
1734:Desert Camp
1729:Darke Range
1589:Busby Islet
1134:Pg 84 - 104
1070:19 December
1031:cite thesis
1021:17 November
902:18 November
819:21 February
733:Pleistocene
727:flood plain
603:Normanville
591:block fault
564:Precambrian
560:tidal plain
531:Precambrian
513:valley and
511:Field River
413:Field River
306:Pleistocene
278:stone tools
231:Black Cliff
136:1 July 1976
133:Established
120: /
108:138°29′57″E
95:Coordinates
3252:Categories
3149:Yellabinna
2991:Bernouilli
2973:Yellabinna
2968:Strzelecki
2958:Innamincka
2817:Bucks Lake
2784:Yeldulknie
2759:Winninowie
2599:Tallaringa
2584:Swan Reach
2579:Stipiturus
2529:Searcy Bay
2509:Sceale Bay
2404:Point Bell
2389:Pike River
2334:Para Wirra
2314:Nuyts Reef
2274:Nepean Bay
2254:Murrunatta
2179:Moody Tank
2149:Minlacowie
2064:Little Dip
1999:Lake Frome
1964:Kelly Hill
1904:Hesperilla
1869:Gum Lagoon
1854:Grass Tree
1754:Eba Island
1664:Charleston
1609:Cap Island
1599:Calectasia
1579:Brookfield
1574:Breakaways
1564:Black Rock
1559:Black Hill
1361:Lake Frome
1331:Deep Creek
1311:Coffin Bay
1116:Australia.
849:5 December
813:CAPAD 2016
795:References
714:deposits.
668:Dropstones
653:Antarctica
440:Ralph Tate
438:Professor
395:After the
270:Aboriginal
220:Aboriginal
105:35°04′25″S
3191:Katarapko
3129:Nullarbor
3109:Hambridge
3056:Poolgarra
3016:Cox Scrub
3011:Cortlinye
2996:Buckleboo
2963:Nullarbor
2905:Greenhill
2890:Caratoola
2837:Loch Luna
2832:Lake Robe
2764:Wittelbee
2739:White Dam
2729:Wharminda
2719:Warrenben
2694:Waitpinga
2689:Wahgunyah
2664:Venus Bay
2624:The Pages
2619:The Knoll
2459:Red Banks
2419:Pooginook
2324:Padthaway
2174:Montacute
2089:Mamungari
2034:Laura Bay
1984:Kulliparu
1699:Cox Scrub
1549:Bimbowrie
1539:Big Heath
1529:Belt Hill
1519:Beachport
1406:Nullarbor
1191:7 October
874:8 January
704:Sugarloaf
664:arthropod
660:meltwater
464:ice sheet
460:Gondwanan
434:, c. 1920
405:smugglers
362:Tjilbruke
343:shellfish
317:siltstone
313:quartzite
265:housing).
3104:Danggali
3084:Billiatt
3021:Cunyarie
2953:Chowilla
2857:Tolderol
2822:Chowilla
2794:Yumbarra
2769:Woakwine
2594:Talisker
2524:Seal Bay
2364:Penambol
2354:Peebinga
2344:Parndana
2329:Pandappa
2249:Munyaroo
2189:Morialta
1979:Kinchina
1899:Heggaton
1839:Glen Roy
1829:Geegeela
1784:Ferguson
1779:Fairview
1724:Danggali
1689:Cooltong
1659:Chadinga
1654:Carribie
1569:Boondina
1544:Billiatt
1449:Aberdour
1209:Archived
1153:Parks SA
1147:Archived
1113:Gondwana
1085:licence.
953:citation
778:See also
769:badlands
740:calcrete
719:Cenozoic
712:Pliocene
694:Pliocene
672:erratics
607:Cambrian
584:Cambrian
364:, their
351:Mulloway
347:otoliths
341:contain
233:and the
205:Adelaide
173:See also
88:Adelaide
3036:Lacroma
3006:Bunkers
3001:Bunbury
2935:Totness
2842:Moorook
2779:Yalpara
2749:Wiljani
2744:Whyalla
2704:Wanilla
2589:Talapar
2549:Simpson
2539:Shannon
2349:Peachna
2289:Ngarkat
2264:Myponga
2164:Monarto
2144:Mimbara
2134:Messent
2094:Mantung
2054:Lincoln
2029:Lathami
2024:Lashmar
1989:Kungari
1934:Jip Jip
1794:Finniss
1769:Ettrick
1679:Clinton
1639:Carcuma
1534:Beyeria
1499:Barwell
1494:Bangham
1431:Witjira
1376:Lincoln
1316:Coorong
1306:Cleland
1301:Canunda
1009:(PhD).
717:By the
676:Tillite
637:Pangaea
626:Permian
620:Permian
535:Permian
488:Dunstan
456:Permian
448:glacial
444:ice age
339:middens
296:of the
249:History
161:Website
3114:Hincks
3046:Mootra
3041:Moongi
2714:Warren
2634:Thidna
2534:Seddon
2494:Rudall
2489:Roonka
2469:Ridley
2454:Ramsay
2444:Pureba
2374:Penola
2184:Morgan
2159:Mokota
2099:Marino
2084:Malgra
2044:Lesuer
2039:Lawari
1994:Kyeema
1954:Kathai
1909:Hincks
1814:Furner
1749:Dudley
1714:Custon
1704:Cromer
1684:Cocata
1509:Baudin
1489:Bandon
1484:Bakara
1469:Angove
1296:Belair
1177:
747:Recent
484:marina
327:debris
302:Kartan
2789:Yulte
2514:Scott
2259:Mylor
2069:Lowan
1949:Karte
1849:Gower
1834:Giles
1230:2 May
984:(PDF)
896:(PDF)
868:(PDF)
839:(PDF)
187:is a
41:III (
3061:Tola
1884:Hale
1232:2015
1193:2010
1175:ISBN
1072:2021
1046:help
1023:2020
963:link
959:link
904:2020
876:2015
851:2018
821:2018
702:The
670:and
141:Area
601:to
570:to
360:of
284:of
3254::
1121:^
1062:.
1035::
1033:}}
1029:{{
1013:.
1005:.
971:^
955:}}
951:{{
919:^
906:.
884:^
841:.
811:.
729:.
605:.
517:.
478:.
290:BP
229:,
207:.
45:)
1267:e
1260:t
1253:v
1234:.
1074:.
1048:)
1044:(
1025:.
990:.
965:)
912:.
878:.
853:.
823:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
