Halkomelem - Knowledge (XXG)

4923: 4995:– are therefore often confused with the neighboring Cowichan Tribes (Quwꞌutsun Mustimuhw / Quwꞌutsun Hwulmuhw) – "People of the Warm Land", who speak a "Hulꞌqumiꞌnum (Island)" dialect of Halkomelem (part of the Coast Salish languages), but regarding treaty negotiations with the government, the Tsꞌuubaa-asatx are still part of the "Hulꞌqumiꞌnum Treaty Group". Currently, they are trying to revive their original culture and language with the support of the Nuu-chah-nulth and Ditidaht peoples. 605:; the historic "Tsꞌelxwéyeqw (Chilliwack)" (today's First Nations Aitchelitz, Shxwhá꞉y Village, Skowkale, Soowahlie, Squiala, Tzeachten, and Yakweakwioose), "Pelóxwlh Mestiyexw (Pilalt/Pilʼalt)" (today's First Nations Cheam, Kwaw-kwaw-Apil, and Skwah), "Tiyt (Tait)" or "Upper Stó꞉lō" (today's First Nations Popkum, Skawahlook, Chawathil, Seabird Island, Shxwꞌowꞌhamel, Union Bar, Peters, and Yale), "Pepa꞉thxetel" or "Semà꞉th ( 307: 614:

complex social and economic forces and linguistic change, as many Island people crossed the Georgia Strait to camp along the Fraser River (in both the Downriver and Upriver areas) for the summer runs of salmon. Arranged marriages between children in different language areas was also common, helping to establish a regional social network in the Strait of Georgia–

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The majority of verb roots have the shapes CAC, CəC, CəCC, while noun roots typically have the shape CVCVC (V is any vowel). The most common shapes of adjective roots are CəC and CAC. There is a prefix that nominalizes verbs and adjectives, and there are several prefixes that make verbs out of nouns.

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Hunquminum (hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓) (Downriver dialect) or "Musqueam" (spoken by seven First Nations in the Lower Mainland in and around Vancouver, as well as in the Fraser River Delta and the lower reaches of the Fraser River; which consider themselves linguistically and culturally related ethnicities – but

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person marker can only be suffixed to a transitive verb (i.e. a verb stem that has a transitive suffix). The four forms appear to be composed of identifiable elements: /-S/ and /-am/ "non-third-person singular," /-al-/ "non-third-person plural," /-x/ and /-xʷ/ "first person," and /-ə/ second person.

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Possession is marked either on the possessed noun (the head) or the word preceding it through these affixes. Together with the appearance of affixes, possession also requires a structural component, in that the possessor of the head is found to the right of the head. The possessor is always preceded

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When stressed, the schwa /ə/ appears in most environments as a mid-central, but it is fronted and raised before /x/, approaching ; before /j/ it is also fronted, approaching ; before /w/ it is lower and back, approaching ; and before rounded velars it is mid-back, close to . Unstressed /ə/ can be as

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suffix is grammatically transitive and takes an object. The transitive suffix is the base for an object or passive person suffix. Two of the most commonly used transitive suffixes distinguish actions performed with limited control or accidentally from those performed with full control or purposely.

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is a key feature of Island speech). As is the case with many other phonological features, Downriver Halkomelem stands as a link between the other dialect areas, and it is possible that its speakers vary depending on Island or Upriver influence. Other differences between dialects include: Island and

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The language differences (namely, in phonology and lexicon) are greatest between the Island and Upriver dialects, with the Downriver dialect (especially the Tsawwassen First Nation) providing a central link between the other two. The diversity of the Halkomelem dialects is noted to be the result of

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The Halkomelem language is near extinction. In 2000, it was estimated that the number of fluent Halkomelem speakers was fewer than twenty-five. Most are middle-aged or older, and few are monolingual, as there was a flood of English-speaking settlers in the region in the mid-19th century. Language

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particles, along with about twenty other particles that can appear within the predicate. Most of the second-position predicate particles are mobile, appearing after the first word of the predicate (whatever that may be). If the only word in the predicate is the head, the first- and second-person

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marker. If the possessor is a common noun, it will be introduced by a determiner, but without an oblique case marker. If, however, the possessor is a proper noun, it must appear in the oblique case. Thus, it will be preceded by an oblique case marker, and the possessed noun will appear without a

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All five vowel phonemes vary considerably phonetically. The phoneme /i/ has three distinct allophones. It is realized as following unrounded uvulars. It is realized as with a central off-glide preceding both unrounded and rounded uvulars. Elsewhere, it is realized as low or high . The /e/ is

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With a transitive predicate head in a main clause, on the other hand, a third-person agent must be marked by the suffix /-əs/. It always follows the transitivizer and object person marker, if any. Unlike the first- and second-person particles, the suffix does not move to follow an auxiliary or

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distinctions in this language. There is also a set of possessive affixes (prefixes for first and second person singular, suffixes for first-person plural and third person, and a combination of prefix and suffix for second-person plural). This system will be covered, in detail, in the "Syntax"

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distinction in the language, however, some scholars believe that the forms identified here as second-person "singular" were once used in addressing a married couple, a pair of brothers, or even a family, while the "plural" forms were used for a larger or less integrated group.

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only appear adjacent to vowels. When these sounds occur in the middle of words, they are found in sequences of resonant-obstruent, resonant-resonant, and obstruent-resonant. An initial resonant is always followed by a vowel, and a final resonant must be preceded by one.

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affixes form an outer layer around the root. Among derivational affixes, those with lexical meaning stand closer to the root than those with purely grammatical meaning. Among inflectional affixes, those of the voice and person systems stand closer to the root than the

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Syntactically, adjectival and nominal predicate heads appear with auxiliaries less often than verbs. Adjectives and nouns can appear together in nominal predicates expanded with adjectives. A nominal predicate head can be preceded by a modifying adjective or numeral.

3422:. A word in Halkomelem may consist of a root standing alone and unaltered, or of a root altered by one or more processes of internal modification and/or accompanied by one or more affixes. Since all words (with the exception of a few adverbs) can function as 1685:

that is realized in three distinct ways. In preferring the latter explanation, Suttles holds that there may be five glottalized resonant phonemes in the dialect, although Downriver speakers glottalize resonants very lightly, making them difficult to detect.

479:, Halkomelem is a member of the Central Salish branch. There are four other branches of the family: Tsamosan, Interior Salish, Bella Coola, and Tillamook. Speakers of the Central and Tsamosan languages are often identified in ethnographic literature as " 1861:

are more restricted than members of the other natural classes in Halkomelem. The glottal stop occurs only adjacent to a vowel, and, within words, it does not follow any obstruent except (the prefix) /s/. It can never occur in final position following a

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When a root with the shape of /CARˀ/ (C is any consonant, A is a full vowel, Rˀ is a glottalized resonant), takes the suffix /-ət/ "transitive," the resulting form is /CAʔəRt/. It appears that the resonant and schwa have switched positions (a form of

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There is variation in the extent to which Musqueam speakers glottalize resonants. Phonetically, there are glottalized resonants (e.g. ) and resonants preceded or followed by glottal stops (e.g. ), however, Suttles (2004) finds no instances of

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categories, depending on their involvement in paradigms and meaning, however, a number of Halkomelem affixes mix these categories. Suttles (2004) identifies the following classes of suffixes and prefixes; a sampling of these affixes follow.

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is in the position for the lateral release rather than for a /t/, and there is less friction produced than with other affricates. The phonemes /k/ and /kʼ/ occur in "baby talk" as substitutes for /q/ and /qʼ/. The uvular fricative

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pair, /ʔi/ "be here" and /niʔ/ "be there," depends on the location of the speaker relative to whatever the predicate refers to. The directional auxiliaries, /ʔəmí/ "come" and /ném/ "go," identify motions toward or away from the

1753:"enemy"). As shown by the preceding example, if the word contains both a full vowel and one or more schwas, the stress is placed on the full vowel. Again, there are exceptions to this pattern, such as in words with a final 1718:. The three levels of stress are primary (marked /׳/), secondary (marked /`/), and weak (unmarked). There is one vowel with primary stress in every full word, however, its occurrence is not completely predictable. 3884:

possessive affix. For proper nouns, the determiner and the oblique case marker are fused into a single particle. Marking common nouns with an oblique case marker results in an ungrammatical construction:

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Similar to noun roots, adjective roots can be internally modified for plural, diminutive, and diminutive plural. They can only have progressive forms if made into verbs by means of a verbalizing affix.

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high as before /x/ and /j/, and before labialized velars it is realized as or . This phoneme can also be assimilated to a stressed /e/ or a stressed /a/ in an adjacent syllable, by vowel harmony.

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realized as a low to mid-front vowel, usually between or high . The /a/ is low and central to back, often close to . The /u/ is high, back, and rounded, realized somewhere between low or high .

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among any of the three. He puts forth two explanations for these facts: that there are two sequences of phonemes, /Rʔ/ and /ʔR/, with overlapping allophones, or that there is a single phoneme

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Certain processes affect the realization of underlying sounds in Halkomelem. Alternations that occur fairly commonly are discussed in this section, rather than in the following section on

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at morpheme boundaries, but never following other obstruents. It can appear between an unstressed and a stressed vowel, but it cannot occur between a stressed and an unstressed vowel.

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The Halkomelem person markers (forms that correspond in meaning to English personal pronouns) include a set of affixes, one set of particles, and two sets of words (personal and

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system. A verb that is made up of an inactive root and an intransitive suffix is grammatically intransitive, but semantically active. An inactive or active root that takes on a

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system. With an intransitive predicate head, a third-person argument is like a third-person object in being marked by zero. Plurality is optionally indicated by the particle

2076:, from one full vowel to another, in the stem, or (rarely) in the suffix results. The vowel mutations are the product of the assimilation of one vowel to that of an adjacent 4176:

Like verbal predicates, adjectival and nominal predicates can be expanded with other elements. Nominal predicate heads can appear alone, followed by particles and adverbs.

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is produced by prefixing one of the two subordinating particles, /wə-/ "if, when, that" and /ʔəl/ "whenever, whatever," to the first word in a predicate and replacing its

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Downriver have both /n/ and /l/, while Upriver has merged these as /l/. Upriver Halkomelem lacks the post-vocalic glottal stops of the other two dialects, and shows

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affixes, while nouns do not have progressive forms and do take possessive affixes. Adjectives have neither progressive forms, nor do they take possessive affixes.

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version was released in 2016. The app was developed by the FirstVoices website. There are 1754 words archived and 690 phrases archived on the FirstVoices website.

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A few nouns may have resultative forms. They do not have progressive forms, but they may be made into a verb with a verbalizing affix and then express this form.

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An unstressed schwa following an initial nasal stop may be lost, if there is a vowel preceding; the nasal is sometimes heard as part of that syllable (e.g. as in

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is actually a falling pitch; this seems to be characteristic of the last stressed syllable of a phrase in the language. Additional analyses of the sentential

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As of 2014, 263 fluent speakers had been reported. In 2014, the number of Head Start Programs was 21, and this included a language-nest immersion preschool.

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A number also have an iterative-dispositional aspect. For a few of these verb roots, this aspect can appear in both a progressive and in a perfective form.

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of resonants (which also affects suffixes). Roots of different shapes often undergo different processes to produce forms that are grammatically identical.

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heads, there is no basis for distinguishing verbs, nouns, and adjectives. There are other bases, however, for distinguishing these classes. Verbs have

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All obstruents (except the glottals) typically follow one another in sequences of up to four, although a sequence of five is also possible (e.g. as in

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argument particles will follow it; if the head is preceded by an auxiliary verb, they will follow the auxiliary; if the head is preceded by an

4075:"name-base-transitive," as in "name a price"). Predicate heads can also be words that are definable morphologically. This includes verbs (e.g. 8923: 8914: 8881: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8640: 6497: 5100: 4596:

agent marker with a subordinate agent marker. Subordinate agent markers are the same in both intransitive and transitive active predicates.

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The secondary stress appears most often in words that are composed of a root that has retained its stress and a stressed suffix (e.g. as in

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Halkomelem has five vowel phonemes. Long and short vowels (but not schwa) contrast. Vowel length is written in the native orthography as

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contrasting stress are rare, they do exist in the language. The primary stress of a verb root consisting of a resonant, a schwa, and an

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An unstressed schwa may take on the quality of an adjacent full vowel, or one that is separated from it by a glottal stop (e.g. as in

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Additionally, there are several ways to make adjective-like words from nouns. Processes of internal modification of the root include

1640:"chief." The stops /t/ and /tʼ/ are articulated at a point slightly forward of that of the usual English /t d/, while the affricates 5863: 5190: 5166: 5050: 5317: 4472: 2069:

often occurs between a full vowel, schwa, and zero, depending on the type of root or stem, type of suffix, and placement of stress.

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identify as Stó꞉lō (although in the literature mostly attributed to these), but today often refer to themselves as "Musqueam", the

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It is possible to internally modify noun roots in Halkomelem for the plural, the diminutive, and the diminutive plural. Compare:

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A glottal stop after an unstressed final vowel may be lost, in which case the vowel will be reduced to a schwa (e.g. as in

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In most Upriver dialects, glottalized resonants do not exist, while in Island dialects, they are more sharply articulated (

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is produced with a great deal of friction and/or uvular vibration, and it contrasts strongly with the velar fricative /x/.

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Hulquminum / Hulʻqʻumiʻnumʻ (Island dialect) or "Cowichan" (spoken by separate but closely related First Nations on

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Two pairs of verbs function as auxiliaries, setting the predicate within a spatial context. The choice between the

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of /n/ and /l/ in certain morphological cases in this language) (e.g. as in /-nəxʷ/ ~ /-ləxʷ/ "limited control" in

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The following table lists the possessive affixes which appear in attributive possessive structures in Halkomelem.

3663:. All infixes of the language have been described in the preceding sections. Affixes are typically divisible into 1843:"just standing in shock"). There are no specific restrictions on the types of obstruent sequences that can occur. 7740: 7467: 6724: 6704: 6694: 5898: 5805: 5764: 4561:

paradigm, a third person cannot be the agent with a second person as the object. Instead, we find passive forms.

4262: 3981: 2029: 1368: 1147: 7880: 4093:"man"), members of the closed sets of personal words (see the following section), and interrogative words (e.g. 8076: 7214: 6756: 6652: 6627: 6580: 5435: 5292: 4150: 4062: 3997: 3668: 1979: 1879: 1824: 1695: 1678: 1106: 804: 797: 519: 339: 63: 8516: 3958:

suffixes follow the suffixes of the voice system and indicate desire or intention and search or arrangement.

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Carlson, Keith Thor, ed. (2001). 'A Stó꞉lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.

1815:"help me"). It may be the case, however, that the secondary stress recorded by Suttles (2004) in words like 1268: 1256: 1086: 583: 567: 515: 425: 9372: 8814: 8737: 7986: 7721: 7706: 7438: 7424: 7274: 7121: 7079: 6986: 6905: 6719: 6493: 6480: 6459: 5589: 4922: 4295: 3944: 3435: 2380: 2372: 2364: 2356: 2348: 2081: 1785: 1682: 1648:/tsʼ/ are somewhat more retracted than these same English /t d/. The affricate has only been recorded in 1618: 1548: 1538: 1530: 1520: 1510: 1157: 1137: 907: 602: 480: 429: 209: 80: 7164: 3928: 1621:

before vowels than in English, but they are more aspirate finally. Although the glottalized plosives are

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The Cowichan use a cased Latin alphabet with modifier apostrophes and doubled letters for vowel length.

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Galloway, Brent D. (1993). A Grammar of Upriver Halkomelem. London, UK: University of California Press.

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Galloway, Brent D. (1993). A Grammar of Upriver Halkomelem. London, UK: University of California Press.

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is non-existent in the language, although some scholars believe to have found a few possible examples.

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Suttles, Wayne. (2004). Musqueam Reference Grammar. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.

3931:-oriented (e.g. they have glosses like "get hit" or "get washed"), while few verbs are semantically 9264: 8992: 8658: 8526: 8396: 8249: 8183: 8081: 8066: 7560: 7457: 7361: 7246: 7107: 7090: 7061: 7004: 6866: 6851: 6751: 6741: 6679: 6674: 6657: 6597: 6469: 6433: 6109: 5978: 5879: 5666: 4861: 4350: 4032: 3954:

prefixes, which precede predicate heads, have adverbial meaning and express temporal distinctions.

3423: 1488: 1309: 1197: 1027: 628: 587: 539: 9436: 9284: 9157: 9131: 8941: 8587: 8536: 8263: 8242: 8221: 8214: 8201: 8137: 8061: 7895: 7819: 7732: 7647: 7601: 7573: 7404: 7313: 7204: 7179: 7154: 7069: 7014: 6933: 6846: 6816: 6617: 6443: 6378: 6220: 6157: 6142: 6011: 5933: 5928: 5749: 5675: 5565: 5456:. (1990). Central Coast Salish. In Northwest Coast, 453–476. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 5254:

xʷməθkʷəy̓əm: qʷi꞉l̕qʷəl̕ ʔə kʷθə snəw̓eyəɬ ct – Musqueam: giving information about our teachings

4887:"Halkomelem Language and the Stó꞉lo/Cowichan Tribes (Halqomelem, Holkomelem, Kwantlen, Musqueam)" 4593: 4589: 4279: 4258: 4040: 4036: 3977: 3966: 3415: 2021: 1858: 977: 942: 606: 535: 476: 204: 164: 8119: 1660:"English (language)." The glottalized lateral affricate /ƛʼ/ is produced when the apex of the 9431: 9292: 9241: 9236: 9187: 9175: 9146: 9101: 8935: 8653: 8648: 8311: 8306: 8155: 8096: 8091: 8056: 8051: 8041: 7812: 7785: 7775: 7765: 7652: 7628: 7620: 7593: 7588: 7523: 7492: 7481: 7431: 7389: 7374: 7281: 7024: 6999: 6994: 6954: 6884: 6821: 6602: 6423: 6373: 6228: 6210: 6205: 6185: 6180: 6132: 6066: 5815: 5789: 5779: 5731: 5686: 5629: 5237:. Wayne Suttles (ed.), Northwest Coast: Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 453–476. 5186: 5162: 5046: 5021: 3936: 3932: 3459: 984: 970: 962: 947: 838: 511: 5495:

Themes, thoughts, and theories on strategic planning for Hulꞌqumiꞌnum language revitalization

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The element /-S/ occurs with the transitivizer /-t/, and they coalesce as /θ/. With the root

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Suttles (2004) classified the first- and second-person argument particles as second-position

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A number of suffixes beginning with /n/ have forms with initial /l/ when they are added to a

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Based on Suttles' (2004) recordings of several speakers of the Downriver (Musqueam) dialect,

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Verbalizing affixes (combine grammatical and lexical meaning): /c-/ "get, make, do, go to,"

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that begins with a stressed vowel, (e.g. as in /-ínəs/ "chest"), an /h/ appears (e.g. as in

1847:

appearing in sequences are rearticulated, and sequences of /ss/ are common in the language.

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The glottalization of resonants following unstressed vowels is often inaudible (e.g. as in

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to create a typeface called Whitney Salishan that displays all the characters correctly.

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The five glottalized resonants pose a problem in phonemic analysis, but occur frequently.

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case marking system. In other words, the same particles mark first- and second-person

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distinguish first, second, and third person in singular and plural. There are neither

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form which is adjective-like and does not carry a progressive-perfective distinction.

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Note: All examples are drawn from the Downriver dialect of Halkomelem spoken by the

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adverb. Again, the plurality of the third-person may be indicated by the particle

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by a determiner, although depending on the noun class, it can also appear with an

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When some suffixes are joined with stems, a change in the quality of the stressed

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Gerdts, D.B. 1988. Object and Absolutive in Halkomelem Salish. New York: Garland.

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the Tsꞌuubaa-asatx – usually known as "Lake Cowichan" and called by the Ditidaht

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Subordinate clauses usually follow main clauses, but there are a few exceptions.

17: 9319: 9180: 9004: 6084: 5622: 5524: 4218: 3551: 3526: 2048: 1890:

of some instances of schwa, glottal stop, glottalization of resonants, and /h/.

1788:" can fall on either the root or the suffix, allowing for minimal pairs such as 716: 615: 453: 306: 289: 1953:/h/ before a stressed vowel may be lost when preceded by a spirant (e.g. as in 1714:

in Halkomelem consists of an increase in intensity and an accompanying rise in

598: 8747: 6632: 5123:"Apps: More B.C. First Nations Language Apps and FirstVoices Mobile Keyboards" 4915: 4010: 3955: 3555: 2554: 1998: 1722: 770: 726: 297: 4910: 3558:

is also marked, optionally, in only the progressive and resultative aspects.

597:

Halqemeylem / Halqʼeméylem (Upriver dialect) or "Stó꞉lō" (spoken by today 24

9307: 8701: 6766: 6089: 4266: 4106:

before the head and/or one or more adverbs preceding or following the head.

3985: 2025: 1867: 1777: 1690: 1629: 1303: 1021: 865: 815: 689: 609:)", and the "Sqʼéwlets/Sqwōwich (Scowlitz)" (Sqꞌewlets First Nation) tribes. 591: 547: 269: 253: 5469: 5415: 5067: 4949: 5479: 1573:

The stops and affricates are grouped together for simplification purposes.

260: 5279: 5183:

Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages 2014: Second Edition

5159:

Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages 2014: Second Edition

4125: 3925: 3633:

Complex adjectives are formed from adjective roots and lexical suffixes.

2077: 1850: 1622: 1419: 1130: 685: 640: 347: 335: 5499: 4967: 2017:"barrel-chested"). A final /h/ is never realized after a stressed vowel. 1912:/nə/ with no preceding vowel sometimes appears as syllabic (e.g. as in 522:(Nanoose) – the former "Saalequun tribe" is part of both First Nations, 5185:. British Columbia: First Peoples' Cultural Council. 2014. p. 46. 5161:. British Columbia: First Peoples' Cultural Council. 2014. p. 25. 2335:

for both vowel length and geminate consonants, and the special letters

2051:

forms of few verbs with initial /c/ or /x/ followed by /a/, the /c/ is

1887: 1844: 1016: 693: 639:

have been developed to save the language. A program aimed at adults at

499: 449: 343: 5848: 5506:"Geek Speak: Jared Deck, Sto꞉lo Shxweli Halqꞌeméylem Language Program" 4000:

prefixes and suffixes form an inner layer around the word root, while

9397: 8762: 5534: 5122: 4355: 3656: 3652: 2010: 1781: 1661: 666: 314: 145: 4217:

only, but they can be preceded by auxiliaries and adverbs acting as

2537: 2332: 1866:. /h/ occurs only before vowels, following a resonant or one of the 4102:

A verbal predicate may be expanded with the addition of one or two

1745:"house"). There are exceptions to this general pattern (e.g. as in 3660: 1863: 1758: 1729:, the primary stress usually falls on the first vowel (e.g. as in 1726: 5530:

Halkomelem basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

3735:

Reflexive: /-θət/ "oneself," /-námət/ "oneself (limited control)"

1698:

in that environment. Additionally, Upriver dialects have greater

601:

First Nations upstream along the Fraser River from Matsqui on to

2715: 2532: 2328: 692:

of the Island and Upriver dialects are noted at the foot of the

9008: 6566: 6512: 5852: 5538: 5093:"FirstVoices apps bring B.C. First Nations languages to iPhone" 5072:. UC Publications in Linguistics, 141. University of California 5004: 3693:

Intransitive: /-əm/ "intransitive," /-éls/ "activity" (compare

1702:

differences, and some words are differentiated by pitch alone.

1628:

Suttles (2004) makes several interesting notes on the Musqueam

1593:/b d d͡ʒ f ʀ/ occur only in a few borrowed and imitative words. 5470:

First Nations Languages of British Columbia page on Halkomelem

3446:(of initial CV and CVC), shift in stress and vowel grade, and 31: 3767:

Nominalizing prefix: /s-/ "nominalize (verbs and adjectives)"

3756:

Modal suffixes: /-ə́lmən/ "want to, intend to, seem about to"

4213:

Adjectives usually appear as predicate heads accompanied by

3969:; and to noun roots as noun possessors or the noun heads of 395: 389: 380: 2128:

In 1997, the Musqueam First Nation officially adopted the

371: 346:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

4261:). As mentioned in the "Morphology" section, there is no 3939:. These relations are different with the suffixes of the 3723:

Permissive: /-s/ "let," as in "let him go" or "let it be"

2009:"get blown on"). When this type of root is followed by a 4463:

These forms are normally accompanied by person markers.

3935:-oriented (e.g. "look" or "see"). All are grammatically 4298:

predicates in main clauses (coordinate constructions).

906:

Upriver Halkomelem dialects also have a mid back vowel

313:

Halkomelem is classified as Severely Endangered by the

2117:"accompanying" and the suffix /-xən/ ~ /-xén/ "foot"). 2106:"raven" and the suffix /-itθeʔ/ "clothing, blanket" ). 2549:

is used for the long sound in French loanwords, and

1997:

Several roots appear alone, without having undergone

377: 365: 3965:, locus, or instruments; to adjective roots as noun 3554:

can be optionally marked in all of these forms. The

392: 374: 9463:

Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast

9419: 9396: 9363: 9338: 9283: 9250: 9156: 9087: 9069: 9058: 9042: 8828: 8799: 8779: 8761: 8728: 8719: 8677: 8639: 8596: 8558: 8549: 8509: 8467: 8458: 8413: 8351: 8344: 8280: 8182: 8154: 8136: 8032: 8014: 7962: 7836: 7731: 7677: 7638: 7611: 7559: 7522: 7491: 7455: 7360: 7312: 7138: 7088: 7060: 7023: 6985: 6797: 6790: 6779: 6557: 6452: 6366: 6325: 6285: 6257: 6219: 6156: 6108: 6075: 5987: 5914: 5907: 5886: 5798: 5772: 5763: 5741: 5702: 5597: 5588: 5572: 5525:

OLAC resources in and about the Halkomelem language

2088:effect of a suffix on stems in Germanic languages. 424:in the Downriver dialect) is a language of various 398: 386: 383: 368: 283: 267: 251: 246: 230: 193: 181: 170: 155: 141: 115: 5480:Status of British Columbia First Nations Languages 2387:, and is found in a few English and French loans. 669:app was released in 2011. This was followed by an 6700:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English 5293:"The Revitalizing Power of Indigenous Typography" 3961:Lexical suffixes can be related to verb roots as 2132:. This alphabet does not use upper-case letters. 2102:"buzzard (turkey vulture)," which is composed of 79:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 5322:Native Peoples, Plants & Animals: Halkomelem 4566: 4542: 4532: 4522: 4511: 4498: 4488: 4477: 4166: 4158: 4139: 4115: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4031:In Musqueam, a sentence minimally consists of a 4017: 3741:Subordinate passive: /-ət/ "subordinate passive" 3727: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3637: 3624: 3616: 3594: 3586: 3578: 3570: 3541: 3533: 3516: 3503: 3494: 3476: 3467: 1982:), but the glottal stop protects the schwa from 1922: 1914: 1903: 1895: 1837: 1817: 1809: 1798: 1790: 1763: 1747: 1739: 1731: 1655: 1649: 647:First Nations and endangered languages program. 419: 413: 407: 133: 127: 121: 4061:"help him/her/them"), and forms including both 3776:"partake of," /txʷ-/ "buy," /-àꞏl/ "travel by" 510:and adjoining islands on the west side of the 9020: 6524: 5864: 5550: 3779:Lexical prefixes: /mə-/ "come," /tən-/ "from" 2553:is used for schwa. The alphabet includes the 8: 5436:"Object and Absolutive in Halkomelem Salish" 1583:Of recent and/or peripheral phonemic status. 643:is a collaboration between the band and the 5500:Lessons and Information about Hulꞌqꞌumiꞌnum 5246: 5244: 5018:Be of Good Mind, Essays on the Coast Salish 4274:First- and second-person argument particles 2745:Comparison of Halkomelem alphabets (dated) 9066: 9027: 9013: 9005: 8725: 8555: 8464: 8348: 6794: 6787: 6563: 6531: 6517: 6509: 5911: 5871: 5857: 5849: 5769: 5594: 5557: 5543: 5535: 3690:Transitive: /-t/ /-nəxʷ/ /-x/ "transitive" 2732:language department collaborated with the 1625:, they are not usually strongly released. 305: 296: 112: 5045:. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. p. 168. 5020:. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. p. 132. 3749:Aspectual prefixes: /wə-/ "established," 4677: 4598: 4576:Only third persons can be agents in the 4393: 4300: 3886: 3811: 3764:Affixes with purely grammatical meaning 2743: 2562: 2408: 2134: 2055:as /kʷ/ and the /x/ as /xʷ/ (e.g. as in 926: 710: 318:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 5510:Straight.com, Vancouver's Online Source 5345: 5343: 5291:Cheung, Christopher (August 22, 2023). 5097:Straight.com, Vancouver's online source 4878: 4446:"help" and /-t/ "transitive," we find: 4022:. " punches holes in the bottom of it." 3791:Natural phenomena: /-ətp/ "plant, tree" 3726:Applicative: /-nəs/ "goal" (e.g. as in 340:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 5490:Halkomelem Ethnobiology Web Site (SFU) 4669:. "I will see you, if/when/that I go." 2080:at an earlier stage in the language's 5394:Halq̓eméylem Language by Helen Carr, 4906: 4904: 4471:The third-person arguments follow an 4055:"black bear"), inflected forms (e.g. 3462:, as opposed to progressive, aspect. 2059:"go/come inland" and its progressive 929: 7: 5416:"A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem" 4149:Verb heads are also found with verb 2091:Stem /e/ changes to /a/ (e.g. as in 187:ca. 100 to 260 in Canada (2014) 4847:List of Halkomelem-speaking peoples 4391:Third-person objects are unmarked. 1886:In rapid speech, there is optional 5441:. New York, NY: Garland Publishing 5220:A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem 5091:Hul, Stephen (December 15, 2012). 5043:The Fort Langley Journals, 1827–30 4937:The Linguistics Student's Handbook 4889:. Native Languages of the Americas 688:band. Relevant differences in the 498:. The language has three distinct 69:for transliterated languages, and 49:of its non-English content, using 25: 9468:First Nations languages in Canada 3489:, which can occur in both forms. 1487: 1477: 1465: 1455: 1443: 1431: 1407: 1397: 1387: 1377: 1367: 1357: 1347: 1337: 1325: 1315: 1281: 1267: 1255: 1236: 1226: 1216: 1206: 1196: 1186: 1176: 1166: 1156: 1146: 1136: 1115: 1105: 1095: 1085: 1075: 1063: 1053: 1043: 1033: 881: 874: 853: 846: 837: 827: 820: 803: 796: 782: 775: 8808:Sandy River Valley Sign Language 6638:Inland Northern American English 5485:Hulꞌqꞌuminꞌum Talking Dictionary 5475:Language Geek page on Halkomelem 5385:Suttles, Wayne. (2004), 320–329. 5069:Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem 5016:Granville Miller, Bruce (2007). 4921: 3788:Common artifacts: /-wət/ "canoe" 3738:Reciprocal: /-təlʼ/ "each other" 2327:use a cased Latin alphabet with 2113:"partner," which is composed of 660:Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem 361: 87:may also be used - notably 36: 8790:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 5141:"Halqꞌeméylem Community Portal" 4358:, they will follow the adverb. 3720:Causative: /-stəxʷ/ "causative" 6540:Languages of the United States 5376:Suttles, Wayne. (2004), 31–72. 5349:Suttles, Wayne. (2004), 23–30. 5251:Musqueam First Nation (2016). 4371:. "I am helping him/her/them." 3458:Verbs roots are identified as 2734:University of British Columbia 2109:Suffix /e/ to /a/ (e.g. as in 1986:to the full vowel (e.g. as in 1613:Occurs in the Upriver dialect. 652:University of California Press 645:University of British Columbia 622:Use and revitalization efforts 532:Lake Cowichan (Tsꞌuubaa-asatx) 468:and the lower boundary of the 432:. It is spoken in what is now 85:multilingual support templates 1: 9036:Languages of British Columbia 4572:. "You folks will be helped." 4528:. "He/she will help him/her." 4209:("man"). "You're a good man." 3687:Suffixes of the voice system 3525:The majority of verbs have a 2130:Americanist phonetic alphabet 2028:ending in /l/ (i.e. there is 9373:American Sign Language (ASL) 8743:Black American Sign Language 8521:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language 6762:Western Pennsylvania English 6353:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French 5280:First Voices, Hulʼqʼumiʼnumʼ 4667:kʼʷəcnámə cən ceʔ, wənémʼèꞏn 4238:. "He is strong all right." 4049:"far"), derived forms (e.g. 3746:Aspectual and modal affixes 3732:"go after him"), /-ném/ "go" 2098:Stem /a/ to /e/ (e.g. as in 1617:The plain plosives are less 654:published American linguist 436:, ranging from southeastern 8537:Navajo Family Sign Language 6475:Plains Indian Sign Language 5414:Galloway, Brent D. (1977). 5222:. University of California. 5218:Galloway, Brent D. (1977). 5066:Galloway, Brent D. (2009). 4494:. "He/she/it/they will go." 4365:. "I'll help him/her/them." 1757:that cannot be preceded by 633:Seabird Island First Nation 580:New Westminster Indian Band 418:in the Island dialect, and 290:Hulʻqʻumiʻnumʻ (Halkomelem) 176:Halkomelem-speaking peoples 9484: 8753:Puerto Rican Sign Language 6326:Pidgins, creoles and mixed 5418:. University of California 5041:MacLachlan, Morag (1998). 4538:. "He/she helped him/her." 4159: 4083: 4051: 3818:Attached to possessed head 3485:Several verbs also have a 3481:"be splitting, be tearing" 2063:"be going/coming inland"). 1923: 1915: 1818: 1810: 1608: 1598: 1588: 1578: 1568: 901: 8476:Anishinaabe Sign Language 6725:Southern American English 6705:Pacific Northwest English 6695:Northern American English 6576: 6546: 6490: 5833: 5434:Gerdts, Donna B. (1988). 5318:"Comparing orthographies" 5005:Hulꞌquimꞌnum Treaty Group 4950:"The Halkomelem Language" 4655: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4377:. "I generally get here." 4308: 4305: 4303: 4282:particles pattern like a 3890:kʷθə sqʷəmeyʔ-s ɫe sɫeniʔ 3785:Body parts: /-aqʷ/ "head" 3317: 3306: 3295: 3282: 3271: 3260: 3195: 3184: 3173: 3145: 2964: 2953: 2942: 2931: 2920: 2909: 2898: 2884: 2870: 2859: 2845: 2797: 2783: 2772: 1725:words with more than one 1418: 1015: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 725: 720: 715: 713: 475:In the classification of 326: 304: 295: 120: 7503:San Felipe–Santo Domingo 6757:Western American English 6653:Midland American English 6628:General American English 6581:African-American English 6333:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 4081:"go"), adjectives (e.g. 2343:. The vowel letters are 1696:compensatory lengthening 1679:contrastive distribution 412:in the Upriver dialect, 8479:Blackfoot Sign Language 6690:New York Latino English 6593:American Indian English 5233:Suttles, Wayne (1990). 4674:Basic words and phrases 4567: 4544:kʼʷəcnámxəs ceʔ ʔéꞏɬtən 4543: 4533: 4523: 4512: 4499: 4489: 4478: 4167: 4140: 4116: 4095: 4089: 4077: 4071: 4057: 4045: 4018: 3912:kʷθə sqʷəmeyʔ ʔə-ʎ John 3904:AUX book-3POS DET woman 3851:'her, his, its, their' 3728: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3638: 3625: 3617: 3595: 3587: 3579: 3571: 3542: 3534: 3517: 3504: 3495: 3477: 3468: 1904: 1896: 1838: 1799: 1791: 1764: 1748: 1740: 1732: 1656: 1650: 650:In September 2009, the 440:from the west shore of 420: 414: 408: 134: 128: 122: 9458:Coast Salish languages 8815:Henniker Sign Language 8738:American Sign Language 8482:Cheyenne Sign Language 7347:Central Siberian Yupik 7342:Central Alaskan Yup'ik 6837:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 6747:Upper Michigan English 6720:Puerto Rican Englishes 6498:Canadian dictionaries 6481:Maritime Sign Language 6460:American Sign Language 5949:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 4467:Third-person arguments 4278:The first- and second- 4121:. "I am helping him." 3893:AUX dog-3POS DET woman 3815:Attached to word prior 3430:forms and do not take 590:, and the now extinct 430:British Columbia Coast 328:This article contains 9388:Plateau Sign Language 8517:Hawai'i Sign Language 8500:Ktunaxa Sign Language 8495:Plateau Sign Language 8257:Northern Sierra Miwok 8197:Southern Sierra Miwok 7506:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos 7254:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie 6742:Transatlantic English 6685:New York City English 6675:New Mexican Englishes 6658:New England Englishes 6494:Canadian style guides 5790:Thompson River Salish 5396:Kwantlen First Nation 4548:. "They will see me." 4382:Object person markers 4375:lə́qʼ cən wəmʼi técəl 4284:nominative–accusative 4248:. "He was very sick." 4189:. "You're a man too." 3924:Most verbs roots are 3901:kʷθə pukʷ-s ɫe sɫeniʔ 3761:Derivational affixes 3684:Non-personal affixes 3414:Like the majority of 2040:"catch up with him"). 1827:patterns are needed. 1654:"English people" and 637:Cowichan First Nation 9200:North Straits Salish 8965:Serbo-Croatian (0.3) 8833:in 2021 in millions) 8771:Samoan Sign Language 8488:Navajo Sign Language 8423:Afro-Seminole Creole 8192:Central Sierra Miwok 7771:North Straits Salish 7195:Mescalero-Chiricahua 6715:Philadelphia English 6465:Quebec Sign Language 5908:Indigenous languages 5328:on February 24, 2001 5235:Central Coast Salish 4935:Laurie Bauer, 2007, 4172:. "He tried to fly." 4153:and compound verbs. 4087:"big"), nouns (e.g. 3915:DET dog OBL-DET John 3651:Halkomelem contains 2329:modifier apostrophes 83:. Knowledge (XXG)'s 47:specify the language 45:This article should 9420:Immigrant languages 8831:(number of speakers 8829:Immigrant languages 8527:Inuit Sign Language 6752:Utah Mormon English 6680:New Orleans English 6598:Appalachian English 6434:Pennsylvania German 5880:Languages of Canada 5103:on November 2, 2012 4584:Subordinate clauses 4473:ergative–absolutive 4267:inclusive/exclusive 4145:. "I did it again." 3993:Ordering of affixes 3986:inclusive/exclusive 3907:'the woman's book' 3546:"spilled, capsized" 2746: 2565: 2411: 2141: 1403:⟨x̌ʷ⟩ 1232:⟨q̓ʷ⟩ 1212:⟨k̓ʷ⟩ 1152:⟨t̓θ⟩ 538:-speaking people), 9298:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala 9270:Southern Tsimshian 9112:Babine-Witsuwitʼen 8606:Pennsylvania Dutch 8485:Cree Sign Language 8297:Havasupai–Hualapai 8243:Kings River Yokuts 8222:Buena Vista Yokuts 8202:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts 6710:Pennsylvania Dutch 6633:High Tider English 6618:California English 6470:Inuk Sign Language 6429:Newfoundland Irish 6394:Tagalog (Filipino) 6367:Minority languages 6239:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala 5997:Babine-Witsuwitʼen 5887:Official languages 5566:Salishan languages 4968:"Musqueam's Story" 4729:What is your name? 4590:subordinate clause 3896:'the woman's dog' 3841:'your (singular)' 3805:Possessive affixes 3416:Salishan languages 2744: 2564:Cowichan alphabet 2563: 2409: 2135: 1994:"make it appear"). 1552:⟨w̓⟩ 1542:⟨y̓⟩ 1534:⟨l̓⟩ 1524:⟨n̓⟩ 1514:⟨m̓⟩ 1393:⟨x̌⟩ 1383:⟨xʷ⟩ 1222:⟨q̓⟩ 1202:⟨k̓⟩ 1192:⟨č̓⟩ 1182:⟨ƛ̓⟩ 1172:⟨c̓⟩ 1162:⟨t̓⟩ 1142:⟨p̓⟩ 1121:⟨qʷ⟩ 1101:⟨kʷ⟩ 1049:⟨tθ⟩ 887:⟨aꞏ⟩ 859:⟨oꞏ⟩ 833:⟨eꞏ⟩ 809:⟨uꞏ⟩ 788:⟨iꞏ⟩ 477:Salishan languages 456:and including the 27:Shalishan language 9445: 9444: 9359: 9358: 9043:Official language 9002: 9001: 8824: 8823: 8715: 8714: 8545: 8544: 8459:Manual Indigenous 8454: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8340: 8339: 7715:Northeastern Pomo 7702:Southeastern Pomo 7475:Northern Kalapuya 6775: 6774: 6603:Baltimore English 6506: 6505: 6424:Doukhobor Russian 6321: 6320: 5846: 5845: 5840:extinct languages 5829: 5828: 5816:Colville-Okanagan 5759: 5758: 4919:(21st ed., 2018) 4838: 4837: 4660: 4659: 4656:same as singular 4504:. "They will go." 4440: 4439: 4369:ʔi cən cʼécʼəw-ət 4347: 4346: 4187:swə́yʼqeʔ čxʷ ƛʼe 3922: 3921: 3876: 3875: 3782:Lexical suffixes 3717:"bury something") 3407: 3406: 2762:Stó꞉lō (Upriver) 2721: 2720: 2543: 2542: 2398:marks high tone, 2390:Using the letter 2321: 2320: 1804:"finish it all." 1796:"salvage it" and 1563: 1562: 1507: 1493:⟨r⟩ 1483:⟨w⟩ 1471:⟨y⟩ 1461:⟨l⟩ 1449:⟨n⟩ 1437:⟨m⟩ 1428: 1413:⟨h⟩ 1373:⟨x⟩ 1363:⟨š⟩ 1353:⟨ɬ⟩ 1343:⟨s⟩ 1331:⟨θ⟩ 1321:⟨f⟩ 1312: 1287:⟨j⟩ 1273:⟨d⟩ 1261:⟨b⟩ 1252: 1242:⟨ʔ⟩ 1133: 1111:⟨q⟩ 1091:⟨k⟩ 1081:⟨č⟩ 1069:⟨c⟩ 1059:⟨t⟩ 1039:⟨p⟩ 1030: 1011: 1004: 999: 992: 987: 980: 973: 896: 895: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 738: 706:⟨ꞏ⟩ 536:Southern Wakashan 512:Strait of Georgia 464:Delta upriver to 444:northward beyond 354: 353: 336:rendering support 332:phonetic symbols. 111: 110: 18:Halq'emeylem 16:(Redirected from 9475: 9383:Plains Sign Talk 9067: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9006: 8726: 8697:Louisiana Creole 8556: 8465: 8349: 7640:Plateau Penutian 7468:Central Kalapuya 6795: 6788: 6570:American English 6564: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6510: 6419:Hutterite German 5912: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5850: 5770: 5636:Northern Straits 5595: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5536: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5440: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5324:. Archived from 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5288: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5099:. Archived from 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5027:978-0-7748-13242 5013: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4946: 4940: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4883: 4678: 4599: 4570: 4546: 4536: 4526: 4515: 4502: 4500:némʼ ceʔ ʔéꞏɬtən 4492: 4481: 4394: 4301: 4226:kʼʷámʼkʼʷəmʼ cən 4170: 4162: 4161: 4143: 4119: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4021: 3978:personal affixes 3887: 3872:'your (plural)' 3812: 3800:Personal affixes 3731: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3641: 3628: 3620: 3598: 3590: 3582: 3574: 3545: 3537: 3520: 3507: 3498: 3480: 3471: 3418:, Halkomelem is 2747: 2566: 2412: 2410:Stó꞉lō alphabet 2382: 2374: 2366: 2358: 2350: 2142: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1917: 1907: 1899: 1841: 1821: 1820: 1813: 1812: 1802: 1794: 1780:followed by the 1767: 1751: 1743: 1735: 1706:Stress and pitch 1684: 1659: 1653: 1636:"coffee" and in 1612: 1602: 1592: 1582: 1572: 1553: 1550: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1525: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1503: 1494: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1472: 1469: 1462: 1459: 1450: 1447: 1438: 1435: 1424: 1414: 1411: 1404: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1384: 1381: 1374: 1371: 1364: 1361: 1354: 1351: 1344: 1341: 1332: 1329: 1322: 1319: 1308: 1288: 1285: 1274: 1271: 1262: 1259: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1233: 1230: 1223: 1220: 1213: 1210: 1203: 1200: 1193: 1190: 1183: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1163: 1160: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1140: 1129: 1122: 1119: 1112: 1109: 1102: 1099: 1092: 1089: 1082: 1079: 1070: 1067: 1060: 1057: 1050: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1026: 1007: 1002: 995: 990: 983: 976: 969: 927: 909: 905: 888: 885: 878: 860: 857: 850: 841: 834: 831: 824: 810: 807: 800: 789: 786: 779: 763: 758: 753: 748: 741: 734: 711: 707: 627:programs at the 594:(Derby people).) 534:, an originally 508:Vancouver Island 438:Vancouver Island 434:British Columbia 423: 417: 411: 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 320: 309: 300: 279: 263: 256: 236: 199: 161:British Columbia 137: 131: 125: 113: 106: 103: 97: 90: 78: 72: 68: 62: 58: 52: 40: 39: 32: 21: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9448: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9415: 9392: 9355: 9334: 9279: 9275:Coast Tsimshian 9246: 9152: 9083: 9061: 9060:Oral Indigenous 9054: 9038: 9033: 9003: 8998: 8832: 8830: 8820: 8795: 8775: 8757: 8721: 8711: 8673: 8635: 8592: 8551: 8541: 8505: 8460: 8446: 8415: 8409: 8336: 8283: 8276: 8178: 8150: 8132: 8077:Northern Paiute 8028: 8024:Coast Tsimshian 8010: 7958: 7832: 7727: 7673: 7634: 7607: 7555: 7518: 7487: 7451: 7356: 7308: 7215:Upper Kuskokwim 7141: 7134: 7084: 7056: 7019: 6981: 6782: 6781:Oral Indigenous 6771: 6767:Yeshiva English 6623:Chicano English 6572: 6553: 6542: 6537: 6507: 6502: 6486: 6448: 6414:Canadian Gaelic 6362: 6317: 6313:Coast Tsimshian 6281: 6253: 6215: 6152: 6104: 6071: 5983: 5903: 5882: 5877: 5847: 5842: 5825: 5794: 5765:Interior Salish 5755: 5737: 5698: 5584: 5568: 5563: 5515: 5513: 5504: 5466: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5421: 5419: 5413: 5402: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5274: 5270:Galloway (2009) 5269: 5265: 5257: 5250: 5249: 5242: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4909: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4843: 4733:tewat teʼ skwix 4689:Hello/Greetings 4676: 4586: 4555: 4469: 4384: 4363:cʼéw-ət cən ceʔ 4276: 4255: 4228:. "I'm strong." 4183:. "I am a man." 4104:auxiliary verbs 4029: 3995: 3807: 3649: 3609: 3564: 3521:"easy to split" 3487:durative aspect 3456: 3412: 2742: 2726: 2126: 2095:"long-faced" ). 2067:Vowel gradation 1950:"descendants"). 1876: 1874:Morphophonemics 1833: 1708: 1606: 1596: 1586: 1576: 1566: 1551: 1541: 1533: 1523: 1513: 1492: 1482: 1470: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1412: 1402: 1392: 1382: 1372: 1362: 1352: 1342: 1330: 1320: 1286: 1272: 1260: 1241: 1231: 1221: 1211: 1201: 1191: 1181: 1171: 1161: 1151: 1141: 1120: 1110: 1100: 1090: 1080: 1068: 1058: 1048: 1038: 1020: 925: 899: 886: 858: 832: 808: 787: 705: 702: 682: 624: 528:Cowichan Tribes 446:Gabriola Island 428:peoples of the 364: 360: 334:Without proper 322: 321: 312: 275: 259: 252: 237: 232: 226: 200: 197:Language family 195: 189:25 in US (1997) 188: 184: 183:Native speakers 107: 101: 98: 92: 91:for Halkomelem. 88: 76: 70: 66: 64:transliteration 60: 56: 50: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9481: 9479: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9450: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9411:Chinook Jargon 9407: 9405: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9369: 9367: 9365:Sign languages 9361: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9342: 9340: 9339:Other/isolates 9336: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9325:Nuu-chah-nulth 9322: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9295: 9289: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9256: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9185: 9184: 9183: 9173: 9168: 9162: 9160: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9143: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9091: 9089:Dené–Yeniseian 9085: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9075: 9073: 9064: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9046: 9044: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9009: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8836: 8834: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8811: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8785: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8723: 8720:Manual settler 8717: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8688: 8686: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8649:Caló (Chicano) 8645: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8564: 8562: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8532:Keresan Pueblo 8529: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8471: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8428:Chinook Jargon 8425: 8419: 8417: 8414:Mixed or trade 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8400: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8346: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8236:Gashowu Yokuts 8232: 8225: 8218: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8188: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8160: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8142: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8123: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8107:Ute-Chemehuevi 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8038: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8020: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7827:Upper Chehalis 7823: 7816: 7809: 7806:Lower Chehalis 7802: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7746:Columbia-Moses 7743: 7737: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7718: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7664: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7644: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7624: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7500:Cochiti Pueblo 7497: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7463: 7461: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7366: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7228: 7227: 7225:Western Apache 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7144: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7094: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6927:Mohegan-Pequot 6923: 6920:Miami-Illinois 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6608:Boston English 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6504: 6503: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6453:Sign languages 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6348:Chinook Jargon 6345: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6249:Nuu-chah-nulth 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5821:Montana Salish 5818: 5813: 5811:Columbia-Moses 5808: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5725:Upper Chehalis 5721: 5718:Lower Chehalis 5714: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5464:External links 5462: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5454:Suttles, Wayne 5451: 5431: 5428: 5411: 5400: 5399: 5387: 5378: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5339: 5309: 5283: 5272: 5263: 5240: 5225: 5210: 5206:Suttles, Wayne 5198: 5191: 5174: 5167: 5150: 5132: 5114: 5083: 5058: 5051: 5033: 5026: 5008: 4997: 4984: 4959: 4941: 4928: 4900: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4852:Brent Galloway 4849: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4703:lichexw we eyo 4700: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4585: 4582: 4574: 4573: 4568:cʼéwətàləm ceʔ 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4539: 4529: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4275: 4272: 4254: 4253:Person markers 4251: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4236:ʔukʼʷámʼkʼʷəmʼ 4229: 4211: 4210: 4191: 4190: 4184: 4174: 4173: 4147: 4146: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4117:cən cʼécʼəw-ət 4069:affixes (e.g. 4028: 4025: 4024: 4023: 3994: 3991: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3699:"get buried," 3691: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3631: 3630: 3622: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3599:"little hands" 3592: 3584: 3576: 3563: 3560: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3523: 3522: 3510: 3509: 3508:"be biting it" 3500: 3483: 3482: 3473: 3455: 3452: 3448:glottalization 3411: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2741: 2738: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2402:mid tone, and 2394:as a carrier, 2319: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2138:hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ 2125: 2124:Writing system 2122: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2107: 2096: 2070: 2064: 2041: 2036:"know it" and 2018: 1995: 1975: 1974:"black bear"). 1964: 1963: 1962: 1951: 1940: 1929: 1910: 1875: 1872: 1832: 1829: 1707: 1704: 1615: 1614: 1604: 1594: 1584: 1574: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1546: 1544: 1536: 1528: 1526: 1518: 1516: 1508: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1429: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1405: 1395: 1385: 1375: 1365: 1355: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1323: 1313: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1265: 1263: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1234: 1224: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1184: 1174: 1164: 1154: 1144: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1113: 1103: 1093: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1061: 1051: 1041: 1031: 1024: 1013: 1012: 1005: 1000: 993: 988: 981: 974: 966: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 924: 921: 912: 911: 894: 893: 891: 889: 879: 872: 870: 868: 862: 861: 851: 844: 842: 835: 825: 818: 812: 811: 801: 794: 792: 790: 780: 773: 767: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 739: 731: 730: 724: 719: 714: 701: 698: 681: 678: 656:Brent Galloway 623: 620: 611: 610: 595: 576:Tsleil-Waututh 555: 458:Lower Mainland 421:hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ 415:Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓ 352: 351: 338:, you may see 324: 323: 311: 310: 302: 301: 293: 292: 287: 281: 280: 273: 265: 264: 257: 249: 248: 247:Language codes 244: 243: 238: 234:Writing system 231: 228: 227: 225: 224: 223: 222: 221: 220: 203: 201: 194: 191: 190: 185: 182: 179: 178: 172: 168: 167: 163:into Northern 157: 153: 152: 143: 142:Native to 139: 138: 135:hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ 129:Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓ 118: 117: 109: 108: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9480: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9030: 9025: 9023: 9018: 9016: 9011: 9010: 9007: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8931: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8919: 8916: 8913: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8827: 8817: 8816: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8718: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8548: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8457: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8343: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8207:Valley Yokuts 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8002: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7987:Southern Tiwa 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7946:Tutelo-Saponi 7943: 7941: 7940: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7741:Coeur d'Alene 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7722:Northern Pomo 7719: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7707:Southern Pomo 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7515:Laguna Pueblo 7514: 7511: 7509:Western Keres 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7439:Susquehannock 7436: 7434: 7433: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7425:Neutral Huron 7422: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7352:Chevak Cup’ik 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7275:Plains Apache 7272: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7081: 7080:Upper Chinook 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6906:Nawathinehena 6903: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6737:Texan English 6735: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6648:Maine English 6646: 6644: 6643:Miami English 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Cajun English 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6551: 6548:Languages in 6545: 6541: 6534: 6529: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6338:Broken Slavey 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806:Coeur d’Alene 5804: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5512:. May 4, 2012 5511: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5437: 5432: 5429: 5417: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5260:. p. 41. 5256: 5255: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5199: 5194: 5192:9780986840166 5188: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5170: 5168:9780986840166 5164: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5084: 5071: 5070: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5052:0-7748-0664-8 5048: 5044: 5037: 5034: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4993:c̓uubaʕsaʔtx̣ 4988: 4985: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4867:Wayne Suttles 4865: 4863: 4862:Patricia Shaw 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4684:Halq̓eméylem 4683: 4680: 4679: 4673: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4630:Second-person 4628: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4425:Second-person 4423: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4332:Second-person 4330: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4181:swə́yʼqeʔ cən 4179: 4178: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4144: 4142: 4141:cən nəwɬ x̌té 4136: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4079: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4009:prefixes and 4008: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3918:'John's dog' 3917: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3711:"plant," and 3709: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3597: 3593: 3591:"little hand" 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3544: 3540: 3538:"split, torn" 3536: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3479: 3474: 3472:"split, tear" 3470: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3444:reduplication 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3420:polysynthetic 3417: 3409: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2795:ə ~ ʌ ~ ɪ ~ ʊ 2794: 2792:ə ~ ʌ ~ ɪ ~ ʊ 2791: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2730:Musqueam Band 2723: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2378: 2370: 2362: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1990:"appear" and 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1919: 1911: 1909:"my father"). 1908: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1839:txʷstx̌ʷásʔal 1830: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774:minimal pairs 1770: 1768: 1766: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1547: 1545: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1519: 1517: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 998: 994: 989: 986: 982: 979: 975: 972: 968: 967: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 928: 922: 920: 916: 904: 903: 898: 897: 892: 890: 884: 880: 877: 873: 871: 869: 867: 864: 863: 856: 852: 849: 845: 843: 840: 836: 830: 826: 823: 819: 817: 814: 813: 806: 802: 799: 795: 793: 791: 785: 781: 778: 774: 772: 769: 768: 762: 757: 752: 747: 744: 740: 737: 733: 732: 728: 723: 718: 712: 709: 699: 697: 695: 691: 687: 679: 677: 674: 672: 668: 665:A Halkomelem 663: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629:Stó꞉lō Nation 621: 619: 617: 608: 604: 600: 596: 593: 589: 586:(Coquitlam), 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 526:(Chemainus), 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504: 503: 501: 497: 493: 492:anglicization 489: 484: 482: 478: 473: 471: 470:Fraser Canyon 467: 466:Harrison Lake 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 442:Saanich Inlet 439: 435: 431: 427: 426:First Nations 422: 416: 410: 403: 358: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 331: 325: 319: 316: 308: 303: 299: 294: 291: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 272: 271: 266: 262: 258: 255: 250: 245: 242: 239: 235: 229: 219: 216: 215: 213: 212: 211: 208: 207: 206: 202: 198: 192: 186: 180: 177: 173: 169: 166: 162: 159:Southwestern 158: 154: 151: 150:United States 147: 144: 140: 136: 130: 124: 119: 114: 105: 95: 86: 82: 75: 65: 55: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 9170: 9145: 9138: 8813: 8806: 8788: 8780: 8669:Sabine River 8664:Puerto Rican 8616:Plautdietsch 8550:Oral settler 8493: 8441:Mohawk Dutch 8439: 8402: 8395: 8271:Plains Miwok 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8125: 8118: 8003: 7951: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7750: 7720: 7713: 7692:Eastern Pomo 7687:Central Pomo 7666: 7659: 7627: 7600: 7548: 7512:Acoma Pueblo 7480: 7473: 7466: 7456: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7301: 7296:Upper Umpqua 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7220:Upper Tanana 7190:Lower Tanana 7127: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7089: 7049: 6987:Austronesian 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6941:Narragansett 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6842:Massachusett 6568:Dialects of 6552:are extinct. 6549: 6492: 6479: 6439:Plautdietsch 6175: 6100:Inuvialuktun 5835: 5748: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5691: 5674: 5665: 5660: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5590:Coast Salish 5514:. Retrieved 5509: 5443:. Retrieved 5420:. Retrieved 5404: 5403: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5354: 5330:. Retrieved 5326:the original 5321: 5312: 5300:. Retrieved 5296: 5286: 5275: 5266: 5253: 5234: 5228: 5219: 5213: 5201: 5182: 5177: 5158: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5101:the original 5096: 5086: 5074:. Retrieved 5068: 5061: 5042: 5036: 5017: 5011: 5000: 4992: 4987: 4975:. Retrieved 4971: 4962: 4954:www.ydli.org 4953: 4944: 4936: 4931: 4914: 4891:. Retrieved 4881: 4857:Donna Gerdts 4832: 4822: 4812: 4802: 4792: 4782: 4772: 4762: 4752: 4742: 4732: 4722: 4712: 4702: 4699:How are you? 4692: 4666: 4661: 4651: 4647:Third-person 4646: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4613:First-person 4612: 4587: 4575: 4565: 4556: 4541: 4531: 4524:cʼéwətəs ceʔ 4521: 4510: 4507: 4497: 4487: 4476: 4470: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4434: 4430:-Samə ~ -amə 4429: 4424: 4417: 4413:-Samx ~ -amx 4412: 4408:First-person 4407: 4385: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4315:First-person 4314: 4292:intransitive 4277: 4256: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4219:intensifiers 4212: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4175: 4165: 4157: 4148: 4138: 4134: 4114: 4110: 4101: 4067:inflectional 4063:derivational 4039:can be bare 4035:. Predicate 4030: 4002:inflectional 3998:Derivational 3996: 3975: 3960: 3950: 3937:intransitive 3926:semantically 3923: 3881:oblique case 3877: 3821:Translation 3808: 3773: 3750: 3669:derivational 3665:inflectional 3650: 3642:"large bird" 3632: 3629:"white" (PL) 3610: 3602: 3565: 3549: 3524: 3511: 3502:Progressive 3484: 3475:Progressive 3457: 3440: 3413: 2727: 2557: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2384: 2376: 2368: 2360: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2333:letter colon 2322: 2137: 2127: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2060: 2056: 2053:reduplicated 2037: 2033: 2014: 2006: 2002: 2001:(e.g. as in 1991: 1987: 1984:assimilating 1971: 1967: 1961:"finished"). 1958: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1932: 1928:"one kind"). 1921: 1913: 1902: 1894: 1877: 1856: 1849: 1836: 1834: 1831:Phonotactics 1816: 1808: 1806: 1797: 1789: 1771: 1762: 1761:(e.g. as in 1755:glottal stop 1746: 1738: 1730: 1720: 1709: 1688: 1675: 1670: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1616: 1607: 1597: 1587: 1577: 1567: 917: 913: 900: 703: 683: 675: 664: 659: 649: 625: 612: 559: 496:Halq̓eméylem 495: 494:of the name 487: 485: 481:Coast Salish 474: 462:Fraser River 409:Halq̓eméylem 356: 355: 327: 268: 217: 210:Coast Salish 123:Halq̓eméylem 99: 81:ISO 639 code 77:}} 71:{{ 67:}} 61:{{ 57:}} 51:{{ 46: 29: 9252:Tsimshianic 9079:Plains Cree 8899:Hindi (0.9) 8707:Angloromani 8659:New Mexican 8588:New England 8229:Coast Miwok 8102:Tübatulabal 8034:Uto-Aztecan 8016:Tsimshianic 8005:Piro Pueblo 7925:Mitchigamea 7881:Omaha–Ponca 7846:Assiniboine 7761:Lushootseed 7613:Palaihnihan 7446:Wenrohronon 7142:Yeniseian?) 7005:Refaluwasch 6892:Gros Ventre 6277:Assiniboine 6166:Bella Coola 6085:Inuinnaqtun 5623:Lushootseed 5573:Bella Coola 5445:October 24, 5422:October 24, 5145:FirstVoices 5127:FirstVoices 5107:October 21, 5076:October 24, 4939:, Edinburgh 4783:lheqʼa꞉tses 4773:X̱eʼo꞉thels 4713:tsel we eyo 4553:Constraints 4534:ni cʼéwətəs 4457:cʼéwəθàlʼxʷ 4263:dual number 4151:complements 4019:xʷqʷénəctəs 3705:"bury it," 3673:grammatical 3527:resultative 3505:qʼíqʼəkʼʷət 3493:Perfective 3466:Perfective 3436:Compounding 3428:progressive 2628:Nʼ nʼ (ʼn) 2613:Lʼ lʼ (ʼl) 2406:low tone. 2140:) alphabet 2049:resultative 2045:progressive 2034:ɬə́qʼəlləxʷ 2030:alternation 1737:"hand" and 1723:uninflected 1505:glottalized 616:Puget Sound 520:Snaw-naw-as 518:(Nanaimo), 454:Nanoose Bay 342:instead of 9452:Categories 9378:Francosign 9171:Halkomelem 9071:Algonquian 8920:Urdu (0.5) 8888:Portuguese 8858:Vietnamese 8748:Protactile 8730:Francosign 8397:Chitimacha 8250:Lake Miwok 7751:Halkomelem 7247:Holikachuk 7122:Purisimeño 6867:Potawatomi 6586:Vernacular 6176:Halkomelem 5989:Athabaskan 5979:Potawatomi 5916:Algonquian 5610:Halkomelem 5302:August 23, 4916:Ethnologue 4911:Halkomelem 4873:References 4723:kwʼas ho꞉y 4640:-eꞏp ~ -əp 4618:-eꞏn ~ -ən 4594:coordinate 4296:transitive 4259:possessive 4013:suffixes. 3982:dual forms 3945:transitive 3866:-ɛ́ / -ʔɛ́ 3836:-ɛ́ / -ʔɛ́ 3607:Adjectives 3556:diminutive 3543:skʼʷəkʼʷíɬ 3460:perfective 3432:possessive 3410:Morphology 2740:Comparison 2724:Typography 2712:Yʼ yʼ (ʼy) 2700:Wʼ wʼ (ʼw) 2622:Mʼ mʼ (ʼm) 2555:tetragraph 2136:Musqueam ( 2111:sqʼəqʼəxán 2005:"big" and 1999:affixation 1980:metathesis 1916:xʷnəcʼáwəθ 1880:morphology 1868:fricatives 1859:laryngeals 1825:intonation 1786:transitive 1630:obstruents 923:Consonants 729:(rounded) 584:Kwikwetlem 568:Tsawwassen 524:Stzꞌuminus 516:Snuneymuxw 488:Halkomelem 357:Halkomelem 218:Halkomelem 165:Washington 116:Halkomelem 9437:Ukrainian 9404:and mixed 9315:Kwakʼwala 9308:Oowekyala 9132:Chilcotin 9062:languages 8722:languages 8702:Spanglish 8685:languages 8611:Hutterite 8568:Louisiana 8552:languages 8469:Hand Talk 8461:languages 8416:Languages 8264:Palewyami 8215:Bay Miwok 8184:Yuk-Utian 8062:Kitanemuk 7896:Winnebago 7820:Tillamook 7648:Nez Perce 7602:Apalachee 7574:Chickasaw 7561:Muskogean 7458:Kalapuyan 7405:Tuscarora 7362:Iroquoian 7205:Tanacross 7180:Jicarilla 7155:Deg Xinag 7129:Ventureño 7101:Barbareño 7091:Chumashan 7070:Kathlamet 7062:Chinookan 7015:Tokelauan 6934:Nanticoke 6847:Menominee 6817:Blackfoot 6783:languages 6444:Ukrainian 6379:Cantonese 6244:Kwakʼwala 6143:Tuscarora 6110:Iroquoian 6090:Inuktitut 6062:Tsuutʼina 6012:Chipewyan 6007:Chilcotin 5934:Blackfoot 5929:Algonquin 5838:indicate 5750:Tillamook 5742:Tillamook 5676:Pentlatch 5661:Semiahmoo 5516:August 8, 4719:Thank you 4709:I am fine 4693:kwéleches 4604:Singular 4459:"help us" 4453:"help me" 4451:cʼéwəθàmx 4399:Singular 4351:predicate 4306:Singular 4288:arguments 4215:particles 4207:swə́yʼqeʔ 4201:("good") 4099:"what"). 4090:swə́yʼqeʔ 4072:kʷə́xnəct 4033:predicate 4007:aspectual 3989:section. 3971:modifiers 3952:Aspectual 3753:"already" 3518:sə́qʼsəqʼ 3499:"bite it" 3424:predicate 2781:e ~ ɛ ~ æ 2778:e ~ ɛ ~ æ 2689:Tthʼ tthʼ 2100:péꞏltʼθeʔ 2093:xʷƛʼáqtəs 2086:umlauting 1924:xʷncʼáwəθ 1851:Resonants 1819:cʼéwəθàmx 1811:cʼéwəθàmx 1778:obstruent 1772:Although 1691:tenseness 1657:kinjájqən 1644:/ts/ and 1623:ejectives 1310:voiceless 1304:Fricative 1028:voiceless 1022:Affricate 690:phonology 680:Phonology 592:Snokomish 548:Penelakut 486:The word 460:from the 270:Glottolog 254:ISO 639-3 171:Ethnicity 9320:Liqʼwala 9303:Heiltsuk 9293:Ditidaht 9285:Wakashan 9242:Lillooet 9237:Squamish 9188:Okanagan 9181:Scw'exmx 9176:Thompson 9158:Salishan 9147:Tsetsaut 9102:Dane-zaa 8969:Armenian 8942:Gujarati 8936:Japanese 8800:Isolates 8626:Alsatian 8578:Missouri 8510:Isolates 8352:Isolates 8312:Maricopa 8307:Kumeyaay 8138:Wakashan 8097:Timbisha 8092:Shoshoni 8057:Kawaiisu 8052:Ivilyuat 8042:Comanche 7813:Quinault 7786:Thompson 7776:Okanagan 7766:Nooksack 7733:Salishan 7653:Sahaptin 7629:Atsugewi 7621:Achumawi 7594:Muscogee 7589:Mikasuki 7482:Yoncalla 7432:Nottoway 7390:Onondaga 7375:Cherokee 7314:Eskaleut 7282:Tsetsaut 7165:Gwich’in 7160:Dena'ina 7115:Obispeño 7000:Hawaiian 6995:Chamorro 6955:Powhatan 6885:Etchemin 6822:Cheyenne 6791:Families 6374:Mandarin 6229:Ditidaht 6221:Wakashan 6211:Thompson 6206:Squamish 6196:shíshálh 6186:Okanagan 6181:Lillooet 6158:Salishan 6133:Onondaga 6067:Tutchone 6022:Gwichʼin 5799:Southern 5780:Lillooet 5773:Northern 5732:Quinault 5703:Tsamosan 5687:Squamish 5682:shíshálh 5667:T'Sou-ke 5651:Songhees 5630:Nooksack 5332:July 22, 5297:The Tyee 4972:Musqueam 4893:June 29, 4841:See also 4813:teqa꞉tsa 4681:English 4490:némʼ ceʔ 4290:in both 4246:qʼáqʼəyʼ 4205:("you") 4164:("try") 4129:speaker. 4126:locative 3826:-əl / -l 3729:nəʔémnəs 3657:suffixes 3653:prefixes 3596:cəcécləx 3580:cəlcéləx 3496:qʼíkʼʷət 3241:x̌ʷ, x̣ʷ 2759:Cowichan 2677:Tlʼ tlʼ 2506:Tsʼ tsʼ 2442:Kwʼ kwʼ 2115:sqʼəqʼáʔ 2078:syllable 2038:cə́llexʷ 1944:smənʼéꞏm 1845:Plosives 1800:məkʼʷə́t 1792:mə̀kʼʷət 1769:"one"). 1619:aspirate 1420:Sonorant 1131:ejective 978:sibilant 943:Alveolar 696:charts. 686:Musqueam 641:Musqueam 572:Kwantlen 564:Musqueam 552:Lamalchi 544:Lyackson 502:groups: 348:Help:IPA 277:halk1245 205:Salishan 174:various 102:May 2019 9432:Russian 9402:creoles 9398:Pidgins 9346:Kutenai 9265:Nisga'a 9260:Gitxsan 9232:Sechelt 9227:Shuswap 9205:Saanich 9122:Tlingit 9117:Tahltan 9097:Carrier 9050:English 8960:Punjabi 8948:Bengali 8924:Persian 8915:Italian 8894:Haitian 8882:Russian 8852:Tagalog 8846:Chinese 8840:Spanish 8781:Kentish 8641:Spanish 8621:Bernese 8583:Muskrat 8404:Tonkawa 8374:Siuslaw 8369:Kutenai 8332:Yavapai 8322:Quechan 8292:Cocopah 8284:Cochimí 8164:Nomlaki 8156:Wintuan 8087:Serrano 8082:O'odham 8067:Luiseño 7982:Picuris 7932:Moneton 7918:Chiwere 7911:Catawba 7861:Hidatsa 7799:Cowlitz 7756:Klallam 7697:Kashaya 7661:Klamath 7584:Koasati 7579:Choctaw 7569:Alabama 7542:Nisenan 7524:Maiduan 7493:Keresan 7410:Wyandot 7337:Alutiiq 7327:Inupiat 7303:Wailaki 7289:Tututni 7268:Mattole 7185:Koyukon 7108:Cruzeño 7043:Wichita 7033:Arikara 7025:Caddoan 6962:Quiripi 6948:Pamlico 6913:Mahican 6872:Shawnee 6852:Mi'kmaq 6812:Arapaho 6807:Abenaki 6668:Western 6663:Eastern 6559:English 6550:italics 6409:Italian 6389:Spanish 6384:Punjabi 6308:Tlingit 6303:Kutenai 6293:Beothuk 6201:Shuswap 6191:Saanich 6148:Wyandot 6095:Inupiaq 6057:Tahltan 6002:Carrier 5964:Naskapi 5954:Miꞌkmaq 5924:Abenaki 5894:English 5836:Italics 5785:Shuswap 5711:Cowlitz 5646:Saanich 5616:Klallam 5598:Central 5405:General 4977:May 27, 4803:tho꞉kws 4607:Plural 4578:passive 4557:In the 4513:ʔéꞏɬtən 4479:ʔéꞏɬtən 4402:Plural 4309:Plural 3963:objects 3929:patient 3714:pə́néls 3677:lexical 3661:infixes 3647:Affixes 3626:pʼépʼqʼ 3621:"white" 3583:"hands" 3535:ssəsíqʼ 3478:səsə̀qʼ 3400:wʼ ~ ʼw 3391:wʔ ~ ʔw 3383:yʼ ~ ʼy 3374:jʔ ~ ʔj 3366:lʼ ~ ʼl 3357:lʔ ~ ʔl 3349:nʼ ~ ʼn 3340:nʔ ~ ʔn 3332:mʼ ~ ʼm 3323:mʔ ~ ?m 2686:Tth tth 2683:Tsʼ tsʼ 2657:Qwʼ qwʼ 2607:Kwʼ kwʼ 2578:Chʼ chʼ 2526:X̱w x̱w 2500:Tlʼ tlʼ 2497:Thʼ thʼ 2479:Qwʼ qwʼ 2421:Chʼ chʼ 2383:before 2082:history 2043:In the 2015:θəhínəs 1948:smənéꞏm 1905:tən mén 1897:tənəmén 1765:nə́cʼaʔ 1664:at the 1017:Plosive 985:lateral 971:central 963:Glottal 948:Palatal 722:Central 694:phoneme 671:Android 618:Basin. 500:dialect 450:Nanaimo 344:Unicode 214:Central 94:See why 9427:French 9330:Haisla 9222:Nuxalk 9210:Samish 9193:Sinixt 9140:Nicola 9127:Sekani 8987:Hebrew 8930:Telugu 8909:Polish 8903:German 8876:Korean 8870:French 8864:Arabic 8842:(41.3) 8763:BANZSL 8692:Gullah 8679:Creole 8654:Isleño 8598:German 8560:French 8433:Michif 8345:Others 8327:Tiipai 8317:Mojave 8282:Yuman– 8169:Patwin 8127:Tongva 8120:Cupeño 7964:Tanoan 7953:Woccon 7904:Biloxi 7891:Stoney 7886:Quapaw 7876:Mandan 7871:Lakota 7856:Dakota 7838:Siouan 7781:Salish 7679:Pomoan 7668:Molala 7532:Konkow 7400:Seneca 7385:Oneida 7380:Mohawk 7370:Cayuga 7210:Tolowa 7200:Navajo 7140:Dené(– 7075:Tsinúk 7051:Kitsai 7010:Samoan 6862:Ojibwe 6857:Munsee 6404:German 6399:Arabic 6358:Michif 6343:Bungee 6267:Stoney 6259:Siouan 6234:Haisla 6138:Seneca 6128:Oneida 6123:Mohawk 6118:Cayuga 6052:Tagish 6047:Slavey 6042:Sekani 6037:Nicola 6017:Dogrib 5974:Ottawa 5969:Ojibwe 5959:Munsee 5899:French 5656:Samish 5580:Nuxálk 5189: 5165: 5049: 5024: 4793:tʼx̱em 4763:lhi꞉xw 4753:isa꞉le 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8884:(1.0) 8878:(1.1) 8872:(1.2) 8866:(1.4) 8860:(1.5) 8854:(1.7) 8848:(3.4) 8683:mixed 8631:Texas 8573:Métis 8384:Yuchi 8379:Washo 8364:Karuk 8359:Haida 8174:Wintu 8146:Makah 8112:Yaqui 7977:Kiowa 7972:Jemez 7866:Kansa 7791:Twana 7550:Chico 7537:Maidu 7395:Osage 7332:Aleut 7322:Inuit 7261:Lipan 7233:Cahto 7150:Ahtna 7038:Caddo 6976:Wiyot 6969:Unami 6877:Yurok 6799:Algic 6730:Older 6298:Haida 6286:other 6272:Sioux 6171:Comox 6077:Inuit 6032:Kaska 5693:Twana 5641:Lummi 5605:Comox 5439:(PDF) 5258:(PDF) 4833:o꞉pel 4823:tu꞉xw 4444:cʼéw- 4242:x̌ə́ɬ 4199:ʔə́yʼ 4046:cákʼʷ 4041:roots 4037:heads 4011:modal 3967:heads 3956:Modal 3941:voice 3933:agent 3869:-ələp 3831:'my' 3572:céləx 3562:Nouns 3469:sə̀qʼ 3454:Verbs 2996:t͟t͟h 2706:Xw xw 2680:Ts ts 2674:Th th 2671:Tʼ tʼ 2665:Sh sh 2654:Qw qw 2651:Qʼ qʼ 2639:Ou ou 2636:Oo oo 2616:Lh lh 2604:Kw kw 2590:Hw hw 2584:Ee ee 2575:Ch ch 2572:Aa aa 2520:Xw xw 2503:Ts ts 2494:Th th 2485:Sh sh 2471:Qʼ qʼ 2465:Pʼ pʼ 2450:Lh lh 2439:Kw kw 2436:Kʼ kʼ 2418:Ch ch 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