1916:. The members in New York contributing to the American kolel were incorporated Dec. 17, 1897, as "The American Congregation, the Pride of Jerusalem." The receipts were, in 1898, $ 943; in 1899, $ 1,255; in 1900, $ 1,762. The central committee, which controlled the general funding of the community and kept the community unified for decades, feared the consequences of the separation. Being unable to convince those clamoring for separation the Central Committee effected a settlement in 1901 on a basis of two-thirds for themselves and one-third for the Kolel America from all collections made in the United States and Canada. The two-thirds were to be used for general expenses, and the balance divided into three parts, one part for the Perushim, one part for the Hasidim, and the remainder for Safed and Tiberias.
116:
1904:, the United States consul at Jerusalem, in his approval of the project dated Feb. 10, 1879, said that "a responsible agency for the distribution of their charities may be the means of great and lasting good," and promised cooperation to the best of his power. But the Central Committee in Constantinople would not allow this new kolel to break off. Funds from America were a great source of income for the general population. If they were to become a separate entity the small number of Americans living in Ottoman Southern Syria would receive an allotment far far greater than the native Jews. The Central Committee instead, satisfied the few American claimants for assistance from the general fund.
48:
1082:, money, and accounts of a deceased Jew who left no resident heirs. There were many evasions, and in several instances the well-to-do, before taking up their residence in the Holy Land, stipulated a certain sum which was to be paid to the community upon their death in place of the fulfilment of the decree. This so-called "inheritance tax" was strenuously opposed by the richer classes, and it was spasmodically abolished and reenacted. The income from this tax, however, never amounted to one-third of the
1109:, he says: "They are sent abroad to acquaint our people in foreign countries of Jewish conditions in the Holy Land, and to enlist sympathy and support for the standard-bearers of the Tabernacle of God, who keep alive Jewish hopes and inspirations in the Land of Israel." He points out that the fact that "Christians will remit thousands of pounds annually for the maintenance of a Christian settlement is a challenge to the Jews who neglect to provide for the beloved sons of Zion."
1798:, the Hakam Bashi, and Rabbi Samuel Salant, Chief Ashkenazi Rabbi of Jerusalem. The North-American Relief Society for the indigent Jews of Jerusalem, whose members were Portuguese and German Jews, sent about $ 750 per annum through the chief rabbi of England, with instructions to divide the amount between the two parties. Contributions intended only for Ashkenazim were sent to Rabbi Samuel Salant.
1613:
2408:
2118:
1951:; (3) it fostered divisions between the Sephardim and Ashkenazim; (4) it gave the controlling rabbis too much power to hamper and prevent modern schools for manual labor and secular knowledge; (5) the distributions were made unjustly, with many who do not need or deserve aid being beneficiaries, while others, like the
1523:, who issued proclamations to the effect that the contributions put in the boxes bearing the name of Rabbi Meir Ba'al HaNeis should not be used for candles in the synagogues, as was the custom in some cases, nor for anything but the specific purpose of supporting the poor in the Holy Land. The headquarters for the
1168:, the Jerusalem Jewish community borrowed from Gentiles at an enormous rate of interest, up to 45% per annum, mortgaging their communal property; and when they failed to meet the obligations at maturity, the leaders of the congregation were imprisoned and held for ransom. Rabbi David Melammed, a
1200:
s family during his absence, to advance his initial travelling expenses, and to allow him to keep a 45% commission on all contributions coming directly from him or that were due to his influence, and a 10% commission on all income from his territory during the ten years following his return.
1104:
entertained by the general public, and in reply to a
Spanish contributor, (1) shows why the Holy Land is religiously superior to other countries, (2) urges the duty of settling there even prior to the fulfillment of the prophecies, (3) speaks of the calamities and tribulations of the Jews in
1966:
All these accusations may have had some basis of fact. The rabbis, however, disclaimed any intention on their part to oppose agriculture and industry for the young and coming generation, so long as a proper religious training was not neglected. They insisted that the purpose of the
1023:, ruled that residents of Jerusalem and of the Holy Land have a superior claim upon Jewish charity. The prior, longstanding, and still legitimate opposing view is that residents of one's own city or adopted country have the superior claim. Both views are based on
1447:, imploring every male and female, adult and minor, whether living in cities or villages, to donatee a fixed sum every week for the support of their countrymen, who had settled in the Holy Land. The amount was to be paid quarterly, in addition to funds raised at
1779:, as secretary of the Central Committee and working under the Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem Shmuel Salant, reorganized it in 1885, introduced a modern system of bookkeeping, and issued printed reports of the receipts and expenditures of the
1403:
was the safe delivery of the funds to
Tiberias and Jerusalem, as the roads via Constantinople were infested by bands of robbers. He had to wait sometimes for three or four months for a protected vessel sailing from Constantinople to
1907:
After several other attempts, the
Americans, with the help of the American Consul in Southern Syria (also Consul to Palestine or Consul to Eretz Israel), finally succeeded in organizing their kolel (Aug., 1895), and induced Rabbi
1308:, written in Jerusalem, the Ashkenazim accused the Sephardim of bad faith, declaring that, in spite of assurances to the contrary, the Ashkenazim were discriminated against and compelled to rely entirely upon their own resources.
795:, one-third was distributed to poor widows and orphans, and for temporary relief to helpless men, and one-third was used to defray Jewish community expenses. The distributions were made semiannually, before the
1399:, and in a businesslike manner rendered receipts for past donations signed by the leaders in Tiberias, with requests for further assistance. Contributions poured in, and the only difficulty experienced by the
1212:
to increase their remittances, and; to opening up new sources of income. The term of this contract would generally be from three to ten years, but could be longer. In a mission to an important city, a
1027:, which refers to supporting the poor person "within any of your gates, in your land". Caro's ruling was based on the presumption that the only land which God gave the Jewish people was the Holy Land.
1116:
for 1,500 souls in
Southern Syria, including 1,000 in Jerusalem, to be 10,000 lire. Toward this sum there was an income from communal taxes of 2,000 lire; from legacies 2,000 lire; collected by
1176:, rendered a decision to the effect that inasmuch as the representative Jews of Hebron were held under bail for taxes and other indebtedness of the community, they came under the category of "
1840:
had become obsolete by that time, and to strengthen their position in
America the Sephardim, following the example of their opponents, began to issue, in 1891, similar reports, entitled "
1562:
1650:") for Jerusalem, in 1866, to represent the general interests of all Ashkenazim in the Holy Land; the Sephardim continued the management of their affairs under the guidance of the
2506:
Parfitt, Tudor (1987) The Jews in
Palestine, 1800-1882. Royal Historical Society studies in history (52). Woodbridge: Published for the Royal Historical Society by Boydell.
2399:
Parfitt, Tudor (1987) The Jews in
Palestine, 1800-1882. Royal Historical Society studies in history (52). Woodbridge: Published for the Royal Historical Society by Boydell.
1632:
to care for them, and raised concerns in the general
Ashkenazi Jewish community regarding community-wide expenses, such as rabbinical salaries, Turkish military taxes, and
1128:
were not liked, that they were abused no less than were the sages in
Jerusalem, who were suspected and accused of "leading a luxurious life and spending the funds of the
630:
1090:, who as a result became so numerous, and such frequent visitors in the European congregations, that they were regarded as wandering tramps, a nuisance and a reproach.
1241:, who represented no community, but travelled on their own behalf, also contributed largely to bring discredit upon the office and duty they had fraudulently assumed.
949:
around 1257 or not. According to the opinion that he did emigrate, along with 300 disciples, they soon found themselves without means of support, and that one Rabbi
2536:
357:
2551:
1208:
would contractually obligate himself to devote his attention and best endeavors: to arousing people to charity by offering public lectures; to urging local
160:
1367:
sent to Poland in 1783, the
Sephardic central committee writes that Ashkenazim in the Holy Land were taken care of and given a proportionate share of the
1598:
instituted new apportionment policies, privileging certain of their beneficiaries ("men of learning and distinction") with an advance share over others (
200:
1180:," whose claims, therefore, took precedence over all other charitable matters having a special fund for disposal, and were not a perversion of charity.
2531:
1865:
701:
857:
991:
in order to obtain necessary credentials. However, Constantinople and Jerusalem were at the time under the jurisdiction of the warring states of
2541:
841:
1527:
of the Perushim were then relocated from Shklov to Vilna, and a second European headquarters, that of the combined central committee for the
1455:, and other religious rejoicings. This proclamation was approved by other rabbis in Poland, and the result was a substantial increase in the
1790:
At the time of the earliest reports, the contributions intended for division between the Sephardim and the Ashkenazim were usually sent to
1959:
managers opposed the introduction of agriculture as a means of ameliorating the condition of the poor, and that they were hostile to the
1844:" (The Guide for Charity). The Sephardim, tired of opposing the Ashkenazim in North America, retired, and confined their attention to
2164:
2546:
2180:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1572:
845:
833:
1725:
having found themselves in an unproductive competition for American funds, the two groups arrived at a compromise by which:
2024:
1707:
955:
853:
849:
837:
694:
613:
1981:
for the residents of the Holy Land by analogy, pointing out that the Christians supported their cloisters and nunneries.
1869:
1861:
1845:
1480:
829:
180:
1877:
1900:
The American Jews in the Holy Land, following the examples of the other kolelim, strove to organize their own kolel.
1105:
Jerusalem, and (4) explains why the funds contributed in all parts of the world are insufficient. Referring to the
888:
437:
289:
265:
241:
195:
175:
1416:
being exhausted, the Hasidim had to borrow money in anticipation of the next remittances. The requirements of the
2040:
1810:
1582:
in Jerusalem. The principal motivation for the splintering was the prospect of enlarging each individual group's
1554:
1512:
1384:
1347:
of the central committee at Constantinople, and received 3,000 lire. Out of this sum they paid 2,000 lire to the
1269:
592:
576:
283:
1699:
1360:
687:
128:
2150:
1260:. The share, however, they asserted, was not in proportion to their numbers. They complained to the Ashkenazi
1281:
983:
supposes, a title of honor indicating his knowledge of the 24 books of the Bible) to European countries. The
2426:
2136:
1320:
568:
560:
450:
2035:
1817:
did not exceed $ 5,000 per annum up to 1885. But through the energetic work of Rivlin the increase of the
1440:
536:
1301:
2045:
1695:
1646:
1412:; and thence a safe-conduct with armed soldiers to Tiberias and Jerusalem was necessary. Meanwhile, the
1120:
2,000 lire; leaving a deficiency of 4,000 lire; Jewish indebtedness already amounted to sixty thousand "
185:
950:
1787:" (the sun of righteousness), contain items of history relative to almost every country in the world.
1594:
claiming an exclusive right to the funds collected from their particular homeland. Additionally, some
1068:; this had the effect of reminding testators of their duty toward the community of Jerusalem. Another
1795:
1754:. Under the terms of this compromise, the distribution by the Central Committee, irrespective of the
1012:
960:
was then sent to solicit relief in the Ottoman lands. This would make R' Yaakov the first documented
235:
190:
1948:
1821:
halukkah from America was soon apparent, and was largely due to the reports and the activity of the
2302:
1932:
1791:
1340:
662:
642:
414:
165:
1230:
would undertake the promotion of a business enterprise. He would also serve as a news-trafficker.
919:
1909:
1691:
1132:
in drinking coffee and smoking tobacco." Nevertheless, he was ready to state under oath that the
637:
313:
224:
169:
1973:
2213:
2242:
1520:
1237:
who thought chiefly of personal gain, and cared little for the cause they represented. Pseudo-
1079:
647:
619:
1600:
2246:
2017:
1960:
1935:
was published in 1906, the Hebrew and Jewish press were almost unanimous in criticizing the
1901:
1432:
1256:
began arriving in the Holy Land in significant numbers, and began to receive a share of the
934:
750:) was an organized collection and distribution of charity funds for Jewish residents of the
669:
625:
552:
544:
386:
229:
2421:
2131:
1971:
was only to give aid to the helpless, and especially to learned men. Indeed, the editor of
1654:
of Jerusalem. The Ashkenazi Central Committee employed its own special representatives, or
863:
One ubiquitous and passive method of fund-raising was the institution of the household and
2168:
2013:
1472:
1436:
1253:
1074:
was afterward issued which practically amounted to a confiscation, for the benefit of the
980:
767:
739:
584:
429:
277:
271:
155:
1912:
in Jerusalem to accept their rabbinate and to receive all contributions for the American
2161:
2417:
2249:
2127:
1444:
1177:
1136:
barely supplied one-third of their actual necessaries of life. The main sources of the
1020:
988:
800:
792:
751:
652:
337:
301:
247:
132:
124:
115:
53:
899:
were supported in large part by voluntary contributions from congregations elsewhere.
2525:
2412:
2122:
1952:
1885:
1873:
1641:
1637:
1617:
1516:
1065:
1000:
513:
352:
332:
1003:, was prohibited under Turkish law from allowing money to be imported to Jerusalem.
1776:
1667:
1409:
946:
927:
896:
493:
342:
307:
2187:
1739:
15% of the remainder was to be advanced for the poor of both parties in Jerusalem;
1233:
Over time, the position would develop a level of disrepute due to those among the
776:, to supervise collections and to remit funds semiannually to the managers of the
1443:, who issued a proclamation, dated "22 Adar I., 5556 1796," and addressed to all
2387:
2285:
2228:
1990:
1881:
1711:
1651:
1093:
1061:
657:
518:
443:
393:
347:
259:
253:
149:
1809:
was the next best center, sending about $ 500 yearly through the congregations
1940:
1888:, etc. The result was that the two factions entirely separated as regards the
1830:
1818:
1715:
1452:
1016:
915:
872:
508:
488:
295:
107:
1300:
revenue from that source to his own section of the Holy Land. In a letter of
1086:, and to supply the deficiency there was no alternative but to resort to the
1024:
788:
s policy was to divide funds equally in thirds: one-third was distributed to
66:
Levant, Italy, Germany, France, Netherlands, England, Russia, Poland, America
2289:
2057:
1944:
1837:
1806:
1671:
1536:
1500:
1484:
1250:
1145:
996:
968:
864:
808:
781:
755:
674:
503:
419:
1612:
1305:
2390:
in his Diary ("Publications Am. Jew. Hist. Soc." No. 10, pp. 18–32).
1751:
1633:
1487:
to the Holy Land, and joined the rolls of the needy at the trough of the
1468:
1396:
1380:
1070:
1056:
796:
468:
424:
2411: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2121: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2002:
1742:
the remainder was to be divided: 60% for both parties in Jerusalem and
1675:
1549:
1504:
1328:
1153:
1051:
938:
923:
911:
789:
498:
205:
91:
2062:
1743:
1710:, of Hebron, who was in Newport in 1771 and 1773, after visiting the
1568:
1507:, and succeeded in establishing an adequate share for his group. The
1476:
1448:
1421:
1392:
1332:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1222:
1173:
1149:
1141:
992:
930:, delivering decisions and messages, and probably soliciting relief.
892:
871:, frequently labeled so that the charity be given in memory of Rabbi
825:
772:
770:
city or district would form a standing committee, presided over by a
473:
458:
375:
98:
1054:, early in the seventeenth century, adopted an rabbinic ordinance ("
35:
Charity fund distribution for Jewish residents of the Land of Israel
1997:
system continued to splinter, with the formation of groups such as
1955:
and the extremely poor, were ignored. It was even claimed that the
2366:
2314:
2261:
1826:
1813:
and Shearith Israel. Altogether the American contributions to the
1747:
1662:
in the Holy Land. This opened up many new funding sources for the
1405:
1348:
1312:
1217:
987:
was directed to go first to a Jewish central committee located in
942:
483:
478:
463:
1196:
would typically contractually obligate itself to provide for the
1532:
1293:
120:
2481:, 1883, No. 94; 1885, No. 16; 1888, No. 164; 1889, Nos. 82–83;
1794:, chief rabbi of England, who forwarded the proper amounts to
1315:
remained united with the Sephardim and drew from the general
806:
The Jerusalem management would send representatives (sing. "
2032:
the general united charity of Rabbi Meir Baal Haneis Salant
1963:
for fear it might interfere with them and end their power.
2020:
under the auspices of a number of organizations, such as:
933:
There exists a scholarly historical dispute whether Rabbi
2516:
867:'charity-box', an innovation of late seventeenth century
1803:
New York Society for the Relief of the Poor in Palestine
1553:) of Jerusalem began to splinter, beginning with the ֽֽ
1531:
of both the Sephardim and Perushim, was relocated from
1783:
to gabbaim and contributors. These reports, known as "
1495:
proved inadequate, Rabbi Israel appointed himself the
2461:
Reports American Congregation, the Pride of Jerusalem
1732:
the Ashkenazim in Jerusalem were to receive from the
16:
Charity that supported Jewish residents of the Yishuv
2357:
Introduction to his "Pe'at ha-Shulhan," Safed, 1837.
1379:
A group of the hasidim from South Russia settled in
1183:
1124:" (florins?). Hagiz was aware of the fact that the
967:During the famine of 1441, the Jewish community of
78:
70:
60:
39:
31:
2212:
2012:system was not abolished with the founding of the
1927:A good deal of criticism was levelled against the
1729:Jerusalem was to be the point for all remittances;
1319:. A letter dated 1778, and written from Safed by
824:) on fund-raising missions throughout the
1578:, until there existed no fewer than twenty-five
1439:in Tiberias. He secured the assistance of Rabbi
1939:, principally for the reasons: (1) it promoted
1015:(d. 1575), author of the authoritative code of
1427:A subscription fund-raising campaign for the
1249:During the middle of the eighteenth century,
695:
8:
2517:Kupath Rabbi Meir Baal Haness - Kollel Polin
2211:Emanuel, Simha (2008). Haker, Joseph (ed.).
2001:for the support of scholars originally from
1766:", and averaged about one dollar per person.
1620:, head of the Central Committee in Jerusalem
1264:of Europe, and eventually created their own
19:
1758:affiliation, was to be known as the "minor
1644:organized an Ashkenazi Central Committee ("
1636:for Turkish officials. In response, Rabbis
1351:for taxes and 250 lire for expenses of the
1046:To provide for a permanent increase of the
2215:ר’ יחיאל מפריס: תולדותיו וזיקתו לארץ-ישראל
1805:forwarded to Rivlin about $ 1,250 yearly.
702:
688:
103:
18:
1547:After 1850, the Ashkenazi congregations (
1112:Hagiz estimated the appropriation of the
1658:, whom they sent to countries lacking a
1611:
2281:
2279:
2074:
1511:of the Perushim was increased by Rabbi
604:
527:
405:
366:
323:
214:
140:
106:
1355:, the balance (750 lire) going to the
1188:s employment contract and compensation
975:, whose name is curiously recorded as
2537:Jews and Judaism in Ottoman Palestine
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
1359:. In the credentials issued to Rabbi
74:Fundraising, donations, charity boxes
7:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2552:Jews and Judaism in Ottoman Galilee
2305:'s "Mayim Hayyim," Amsterdam, 1718)
1977:defended the public support of the
1736:fund an advance of $ 500 per annum;
1628:caused anxiety to those who had no
1467:In 1801, about two dozen Ashkenazi
1100:, deplores the low estimate of the
743:
2451:, Nos. 1–20, Jerusalem, 1885–1900;
1892:, each working in its own sphere.
1586:portion at the expense of general
1268:organization, with the aid of the
14:
2420:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
2130:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1947:; (2) it encouraged idleness and
1698:congregation in 1759), and Rabbi
1624:The splintering of the Jerusalem
1475:, led by Rabbi Menahem Mendel of
883:The conceptual antecedent of the
2532:Jewish charities based in Israel
2430:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2406:
2140:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2116:
1721:By 1871, Sephardi and Ashkenazi
1192:The Jerusalem management of the
1064:not made in the presence of the
910:) was applied during the
114:
46:
2463:, Nos. 1–3, New York 1898–1900;
2457:, Nos. 1–9, Jerusalem, 1891–99;
2445:, Nos. 1–8, Amsterdam, 1854–59;
2330:MS. in New York Public Library.
1836:The agreement of 1871 with the
1825:, who covered every state from
1678:, and particularly in America.
902:The term "messenger of Zion" ("
631:Applicability of religious laws
2016:in 1948; it continues amongst
1771:Accountability and bookkeeping
887:may date back to the earliest
1:
2542:Jews and Judaism in Jerusalem
2025:Kupath Rabbi Meir Baal Haness
1708:Raphael Hayyim Isaac Carregal
999:, so the committee chairman,
614:History of Palestine (region)
191:Hebron massacre (August 1834)
2455:Reports Ha-Morch li-Tzedaḳah
2339:Schwarz, "Tebu'at ha-Aretz".
1848:, the Barbary States (today
1481:Yisroel ben Shmuel of Shklov
1226:"-preacher. Occasionally, a
1140:at that time in Europe were
1050:, the Jewish communities of
848:, with occasional visits to
186:Plunder of Safed (June 1834)
2273:Lunez, "Jerusalem." ii. 87.
1608:Ashkenazi Central Committee
1513:Aryeh Loeb Katzenellenbogen
1284:, leader of the Hasidim in
1007:Ruling of Rabbi Joseph Caro
762:General method of operation
2568:
1694:of Safed (who visited the
1491:. When their share of the
1420:at that time exceeded 700
242:Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi
176:Revival of Tiberias (1563)
96:
89:
2469:, No. 1, Jerusalem, 1901;
2041:Kolel Chibas Yerushalayim
1700:Samuel Cohen of Jerusalem
1385:Menahem Mendel of Vitebsk
1270:Council of the Four Lands
1216:might sometimes accept a
1164:To meet the drain on the
907:
821:
813:
24:
2449:Reports Shemesh Tzedaḳah
2437:Konṭres Emet, Meha-Aretz
2348:"Hibat ha-Aretz," p. 61.
2214:
1431:was introduced by Rabbi
1361:Abraham ha-Kohen of Lask
1178:captives held for ransom
979:(a surname, and not, as
90:Not to be confused with
84:Joseph Caro, Moses Hagiz
25:
2439:, Amsterdam, 1843–1844;
2427:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2137:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1702:(1775). An interesting
1682:Halukka in the Americas
1282:Abraham Gershon Kutawer
1245:Ashkenazi participation
1160:Borrowing from Gentiles
922:, who traveled between
766:Sympathizing Jews in a
537:Great Academy of Paris
181:Sack of Tiberias (1660)
97:For web framework, see
2547:Diaspora organizations
2036:Kolel Shomrei HaChomos
1690:to America were Rabbi
1621:
1383:. Their leader, Rabbi
1321:Israel Perez Polotzker
1220:or the position of a "
206:Moshavot establishment
161:Manuel I decree (1496)
156:Alhambra decree (1492)
1999:Tomchei Yotsei Anglia
1615:
1471:, disciples of Rabbi
1339:came to the house of
2467:Report Kolel America
2181:"Lookstein Bionotes"
1989:In the aftermath of
1842:Ha-Moreh li-Tzedaḳah
1796:Raphael Meir Panigel
1543:Jerusalem Ashkenazim
1441:Mordecai of Niesvizh
1335:, states that their
1060:") invalidating any
1013:Joseph Caro of Safed
451:Mishkenot Sha'ananim
2497:Jued. Volkskalender
2432:Its bibliography:
1933:Jewish Encyclopedia
1792:Nathan Marcus Adler
1302:Aryeh Judah Meisels
1272:, headquartered in
1034:in the 17th century
663:Haredim and Zionism
236:Obadiah MiBartenura
201:Jerusalem expansion
196:Safed attack (1838)
21:
2503:, Bruenn, 1903–04.
2264:, Deuteronomy 116
2167:2008-10-13 at the
2046:Kollel Zibenbergen
1985:Modern equivalents
1920:Objections to the
1910:Joshua Loeb Diskin
1622:
1567:, followed by the
1311:The Ashkenazim of
638:History of Zionism
577:Johanan ben Zakai
314:Haim Aharon Valero
2386:are mentioned by
2301:his responsa, in
1764:halukkah ketannah
1521:Chaim of Volozhin
1483:, emigrated from
1296:and diverted the
995:and the Egyptian
951:Yaakov haShaliach
889:Rabbinical period
873:Meir Ba'al ha-Nes
712:
711:
648:Pre-Modern Aliyah
620:History of Israel
333:Etrog cultivation
150:Nachmanides Aliya
123:community in the
88:
87:
2559:
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2410:
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2186:. Archived from
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2153:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2120:
2119:
2114:
1961:Zionist movement
1902:Joseph G. Wilson
1785:shemesh tzedaḳah
1686:Among the early
1566:
1435:, leader of the
1433:Abraham Kalisker
1375:Tiberias Hasidim
1025:Deuteronomy 15:7
959:
937:transferred his
935:Yechiel of Paris
914:(fourth century
909:
823:
815:
745:
704:
697:
690:
670:Edah HaChareidis
626:Four Holy Cities
605:Related articles
596:
593:Tifereth Israel
588:
580:
572:
564:
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548:
540:
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446:
396:
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230:Joseph Saragossi
172:massacres (1517)
118:
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49:
22:
2567:
2566:
2562:
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2522:
2521:
2513:
2499:, pp. 151
2493:, xiv., No. 17;
2487:, 1889, No. 21;
2475:, 1880, No. 41;
2418:Singer, Isidore
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2169:Wayback Machine
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2054:
2014:State of Israel
1987:
1925:
1898:
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1610:
1560:
1545:
1473:Elijah of Vilna
1465:
1377:
1280:. Later, Rabbi
1247:
1190:
1162:
1044:
1036:
1009:
981:Heinrich Graetz
977:Esrim veArba'ah
953:
904:sheliah Tziyyon
881:
764:
720:, also spelled
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449:
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278:Yehuda he-Hasid
272:Moses ibn Habib
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2511:External links
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1949:thriftlessness
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1811:Chizuk Emoonah
1772:
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1609:
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1461:
1445:Jews of Poland
1376:
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2413:public domain
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2303:Ezekiel Silva
2298:
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2255:
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2227:. Jerusalem:
2226:
2223:(in Hebrew).
2222:
2217:
2207:
2204:
2193:on 2014-05-02
2189:
2182:
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2129:
2124:
2123:public domain
2113:
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2028:
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2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:Orthodox Jews
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
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1964:
1962:
1958:
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1953:Yemenite Jews
1950:
1946:
1942:
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1930:
1923:
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1911:
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1896:Kolel America
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1642:Meir Auerbach
1639:
1638:Shmuel Salant
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1618:Shmuel Salant
1614:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
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1555:Dutch-German
1552:
1551:
1542:
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1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:and by Rabbi
1518:
1517:Brest-Litovsk
1514:
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1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
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1478:
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1453:circumcisions
1450:
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1434:
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1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
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1391:regularly to
1390:
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1374:
1372:
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1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:Baruch Ananio
1338:
1334:
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1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1028:
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1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1001:Moses Capsali
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
905:
900:
898:
895:academies in
894:
890:
886:
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859:
855:
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847:
843:
839:
835:
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804:
802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
783:
780:, located in
779:
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515:
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510:
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448:
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297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:Haim Abulafia
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:Moses Galante
264:
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2496:
2490:
2485:Habatztzelet
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2436:
2425:
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2378:
2370:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2321:ii. 148–157.
2318:
2310:
2297:
2269:
2257:
2237:
2224:
2221:שלם / Shalem
2220:
2206:
2195:. Retrieved
2188:the original
2175:
2157:
2146:
2135:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1956:
1936:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1889:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1814:
1802:
1800:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1777:Yosef Rivlin
1774:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1733:
1722:
1720:
1703:
1687:
1685:
1668:South Africa
1663:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1556:
1548:
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1528:
1524:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1466:
1456:
1428:
1426:
1417:
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1400:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1297:
1290:meshulachhim
1289:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:, a typical
1092:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1010:
984:
976:
972:
966:
961:
932:
928:Eretz Israel
920:Hama ben Ada
903:
901:
897:Eretz Israel
884:
882:
868:
862:
817:
807:
805:
785:
777:
771:
765:
748:distribution
747:
734:
733:
728:
727:
722:
721:
716:
715:
713:
415:Musta'arabim
380:
367:Philanthropy
308:Jacob Saphir
223:Nachmanides
40:Headquarters
2473:Ha-Tzefirah
2388:Ezra Stiles
2384:meshulachim
2373:ii. 148–157
2286:Moses Hagiz
2250:Yoreh De'ah
2229:Yad Ben Zvi
2151:Beitzah 25b
2029:Kolel Polen
1991:World War I
1931:. When the
1823:meshulachim
1723:meshulachim
1712:West Indies
1692:Moses Malki
1688:meshulachim
1656:meshulachim
1652:hakam bashi
1590:fund, each
1561: [
1353:meshulachim
1343:, the head
1337:meshulachim
1239:meshulachim
1235:meshulachim
1126:meshulachim
1118:meshulachim
1107:meshulachim
1094:Moses Hagiz
1088:meshulachim
1032:Meshulachim
954: [
918:) to Rabbi
912:Amoraic era
891:, when the
869:meshulachim
842:Netherlands
818:meshulachim
803:festivals.
658:Three Oaths
519:Petah Tikva
444:Mea Shearim
406:Communities
394:Judah Touro
260:Joseph Nasi
254:Jacob Berab
215:Key figures
43:Jerusalem,
20:The Halukka
2526:Categories
2422:"ḤALUḲḲAH"
2371:Jerusalem,
2319:Jerusalem,
2197:2015-09-13
2132:"ḤALUḲḲAH"
2069:References
1974:Ha-Lebanon
1941:mendicancy
1831:California
1819:Ashkenazic
1479:and Rabbi
1198:meshulach'
1186:meshulach'
1017:Jewish Law
746:, meaning
528:Synagogues
514:Shefa-'Amr
509:Kafr Yasif
387:Montefiore
338:Winemaking
296:Haim Farhi
141:Key events
108:Old Yishuv
80:Key people
2479:Ha-Melitz
2290:Amsterdam
2243:Bet Yosef
2058:Meshulach
1945:pauperism
1886:Turkestan
1838:Sephardim
1807:Baltimore
1718:, 1764).
1704:meshulach
1672:Australia
1573:Hungarian
1537:Amsterdam
1501:Lithuania
1497:meshulach
1485:Lithuania
1401:meshulach
1389:meshulach
1387:, sent a
1365:meshulach
1251:Ashkenazi
1228:meshulach
1218:rabbinate
1214:meshulach
1206:meshulach
1170:meshulach
1146:Amsterdam
1102:meshulach
1098:meshulach
1078:, of the
997:Mamelukes
985:meshulach
973:meshulach
969:Jerusalem
962:meshulach
908:שליח ציון
865:synagogue
809:meshulach
786:halukkah'
782:Jerusalem
756:Holy Land
438:Jerusalem
420:Sephardim
316:(d. 1923)
310:(d. 1886)
304:(d. 1873)
298:(d. 1820)
292:(d. 1788)
286:(d. 1744)
280:(d. 1700)
274:(d. 1696)
268:(d. 1689)
262:(d. 1579)
256:(d. 1546)
250:(d. 1545)
244:(d. 1528)
238:(d. 1515)
232:(d. 1507)
2252:. 251, 3
2231:: 86–99.
2165:Archived
2052:See also
1979:halukkah
1969:halukkah
1957:halukkah
1937:halukkah
1929:halukkah
1922:Halukkah
1890:halukkah
1815:halukkah
1781:halukkah
1760:halukkah
1752:Tiberias
1734:halukkah
1664:halukkah
1634:bakshish
1626:kollelim
1588:halukkah
1584:halukkah
1571:and the
1529:halukkah
1525:halukkah
1509:halukkah
1493:halukkah
1489:halukkah
1469:Perushim
1457:halukkah
1449:weddings
1429:halukkah
1418:halukkah
1414:halukkah
1397:Volhynia
1381:Tiberias
1369:halukkah
1357:halukkah
1317:halukkah
1298:halukkah
1266:hallukah
1258:halukkah
1194:halukkah
1166:halukkah
1138:halukkah
1134:halukkah
1130:halukkah
1122:shekalim
1114:halukkah
1084:halukkah
1080:chattels
1076:halukkah
1071:takkanah
1057:takkanah
1048:haluḳḳah
1040:Takkanah
906:", Heb.
820:", Heb.
812:", Heb.
801:New-Year
799:and the
797:Passover
793:scholars
778:halukkah
768:diaspora
735:chalukah
729:halukkah
643:Timeline
469:Tiberias
425:Perushim
358:Textiles
348:Printing
225:(d.1270)
2501:et seq.
2443:Ot Emet
2415::
2292:, 1697)
2125::
2010:halukka
2003:England
1995:halukka
1858:Tunisia
1854:Algeria
1850:Morocco
1762:", or "
1716:Curaçao
1696:Newport
1676:England
1601:ḳedimah
1596:kolelim
1580:kolelim
1576:kolelim
1550:kolelim
1505:Belarus
1437:Hasidim
1329:Vitebsk
1325:gabbaim
1323:to the
1288:, sent
1262:gabbaim
1254:Hasidim
1210:gabbaim
1154:Leghorn
1066:ַParnas
1052:Galilee
1042:of 1625
971:sent a
939:yeshiva
924:Babylon
885:halukka
858:America
846:England
834:Germany
822:משולחים
790:yeshiva
717:halukka
579:(1600s)
571:(1570s)
555:(1490s)
553:Abuhav
545:Ramban
499:Shechem
489:Peki'in
430:Hasidim
381:Halukka
343:Banking
324:Economy
133:Ottoman
92:Halakha
71:Methods
62:Region
32:Purpose
2382:These
2063:Shadar
1993:, the
1878:Persia
1866:Turkey
1860:, and
1775:Rabbi
1744:Hebron
1630:kollel
1616:Rabbi
1569:Warsaw
1477:Shklov
1422:ducats
1393:Poland
1345:gabbai
1333:Russia
1286:Hebron
1278:Poland
1274:Lublin
1223:maggid
1174:Hebron
1152:, and
1150:Venice
1142:London
1019:, the
1011:Rabbi
993:Turkey
893:Jewish
879:Origin
856:, and
854:Poland
850:Russia
844:, and
840:, the
838:France
826:Levant
784:. The
773:gabbai
740:Hebrew
723:haluka
675:ShaDaR
595:(1872)
587:(1700)
585:Hurva
563:(1540)
547:(1267)
539:(1258)
474:Biriya
459:Hebron
376:Kollel
166:Hebron
152:(1263)
129:Mamluk
127:under
121:Jewish
99:Haluka
51:
2367:Luncz
2315:Luncz
2262:Sifre
2245:" to
2191:(PDF)
2184:(PDF)
1914:kolel
1882:India
1874:Yemen
1870:Egypt
1862:Libya
1846:Italy
1827:Maine
1756:kolel
1748:Safed
1660:kolel
1592:kolel
1565:]
1557:kolel
1406:Haifa
1349:Pasha
1313:Safed
958:]
943:Paris
941:from
830:Italy
814:משולח
754:(the
744:חלוקה
484:Haifa
479:Jaffa
464:Safed
170:Safed
26:חלוקה
2008:The
1943:and
1801:The
1750:and
1706:was
1640:and
1533:Metz
1503:and
1499:for
1410:Acre
1395:and
1306:Apta
1294:Metz
1184:The
1062:will
947:Acre
926:and
714:The
569:Ari
504:Gaza
494:Acco
168:and
135:rule
131:and
2247:Ṭur
1864:),
1829:to
1666:in
1604:).
1535:to
1515:of
1408:or
1327:of
1304:of
1292:to
1172:of
945:to
758:).
732:or
2528::
2424:.
2369:,
2317:,
2278:^
2219:.
2134:.
2077:^
2005:.
1884:,
1880:,
1876:,
1872:,
1868:,
1856:,
1852:,
1833:.
1674:,
1670:,
1563:he
1539:.
1459:.
1451:,
1424:.
1371:.
1331:,
1276:,
1204:A
1156:.
1148:,
1144:,
964:.
956:he
916:CE
875:.
860:.
852:,
836:,
832:,
828:,
742::
726:,
2241:"
2225:8
2200:.
1714:(
738:(
703:e
696:t
689:v
101:.
94:.
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