475:
707:
261:
720:
38:
490:, a bass bridge near the right and a treble bridge on the left side. The bass bridge holds up bass strings, which are played to the left of the bridge. The treble strings can be played on either side of the treble bridge. In the usual construction, playing them on the left side gives a note a fifth higher than playing them on the right of the bridge.
467:
425:
stone carvings dated to 669 BC, showing the instrument being played while hanging from the player's neck. This instrument was traded and travelled to different parts of the Middle East. Musicians modified the original design over the centuries, yielding a wide array of musical scales and tunings. The
660:
sound, or can be covered with adhesive tape, leather, or fabric for a softer sound. Two-sided hammers are also available. The heads of two sided hammers are usually oval or round. Most of the time, one side is left as bare wood while the other side may be covered in leather or a softer material such
582:
The shift from the bass bridge to the treble bridge is required because the bass bridge's fourth string G is the start of the lower tetrachord of the G scale. The player could go on up a couple notes (G – A – B), but the next note will be a flatted seventh (C natural in this case), because this note
538:
pattern. Typically, the lowest note (often a G or D) is struck at the lower right-hand of the instrument, just to the left of the right-hand (bass) bridge. As a player strikes the courses above in sequence, they ascend following a repeating sequence of two whole steps and a half step. With this
608:
being available. To fill in the gaps, many modern dulcimer builders include extra short bridges at the top and bottom of the soundboard, where extra strings are tuned to some or all of the missing pitches. Such instruments are often called "chromatic dulcimers" as opposed to the more traditional
655:
such as maple, cherry, padauk, oak, walnut, or any other hardwood), but can also be made from any material, including metal and plastic. In the
Western hemisphere, hammers are usually stiff, but in Asia, flexible hammers are often used. The head of the hammer can be left bare for a sharp
530:
for tuning, since the dulcimer's strings are wound around tuning pins with square heads. (Ordinarily, 5 mm "zither pins" are used, similar to, but smaller in diameter than piano tuning pins, which come in various sizes ranging upwards from "1/0" or 7 mm.)
594:(B in this case), one has to go to the left of the treble bridge. Moving from the left side of the bass bridge to the right side of the treble bridge is analogous to moving from the right side of the treble bridge to the left side of the treble bridge.
449:
In
Western Europe, a hammered dulcimer first appears in textual and iconographic sources from the early 15th century. The hammered dulcimer was extensively used during the Middle Ages in England, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain.
459:
631:
was developed in the mid 1930s from the diatonic hammered dulcimer by Tobi Reizer and his son along with Franz Peyer and
Heinrich Bandzauner. In the postwar period it was one of the instruments taught in state-sponsored music schools.
331:. The hammered dulcimer is set before the musician, who in more traditional styles may sit cross-legged on the floor, or in a more modern style may stand or sit at a wooden support with legs. The player holds a small spoon-shaped
557:– G. This is the lower tetrachord of the D major scale. At this point the player returns to the bottom of the instrument and shifts to the treble strings to the right of the treble bridge to play the higher tetrachord: A – B – C
493:
The dulcimer comes in various sizes, identified by the number of strings that cross each of the bridges. A 15/14, for example, has 15 strings crossing the treble bridge and 14 crossing the bass bridge, and can span three
575:, so he or she must switch to the left side of the treble bridge (and closer to the player) to continue the D major scale. See the drawing on the left above, in which "DO" would correspond to D (see
498:. The strings of a hammered dulcimer are usually found in pairs, two strings for each note (though some instruments have three or four strings per note). Each set of strings is tuned in
279:
1718:
635:
Hammered dulcimers of non-European descent may have other tuning patterns, and builders of
European-style dulcimers sometimes experiment with alternate tuning patterns.
270:
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blades, with leather-covered wooden blocks attached to the ends (these were modeled after the hammers used by his grandfather, Jesse Martin). The Irish player
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scale to another. Shifting down three courses transposes the D-major scale to A-major, but of course the first Do-Re-Mi would be shifted off the instrument.
278:
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The whole pattern can be shifted up by three courses, so that instead of a D-major scale one would have a G-major scale, and so on. This transposes one
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1900:
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Versions of the hammered dulcimer, each of which has its own distinct manner of construction and playing style, are used throughout the world:
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1880:
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1342:(ongoing historic research by John & Katie Howson about dulcimer players and makers from Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Essex, UK.)
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510:, the purpose of using multiple strings per course is to make the instrument louder, although as the courses are rarely in perfect unison, a
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original santur was likely made with wood and stone and strung with goat intestines. The
Babylonian santur was the ancestor of the
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there are also chromatic dulcimers with crossed strings, which are in a whole tone distance in every row. This chromatic
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Pete
Rushefsky, "Jewish Strings: An Introduction to the Klezmer Tsimbl" (Related to the Hammered Dulcimer)
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Several traditional players have used hammers that differ substantially from those in common use today.
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Hammered dulcimers and other similar instruments are traditionally played in Iraq, India, Iran,
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354:(song). The dulcimer, in which the strings are beaten with small hammers, originated from the
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563:– D. The player can continue up the scale on the right side of the treble bridge with E – F
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684:(1915–1983) used hammers made of thick steel wire, which he made himself from old bicycle
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547:, or groups of four notes. For example, on an instrument with D as the lowest note, the D
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373:(Hungary, Slovenia, Romania, Slovakia, Poland, Czech Republic, Switzerland , Austria and
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651:) that players use to strike the strings. Hammers are usually made of wood (most likely
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is played starting in the lower-right corner and ascending the bass bridge: D – E – F
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An early version of the hammered dulcimer accompanied by lute, tambourine and bagpipe
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https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071302/http://www.new-renaissance.net/dulcimer
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The same thing happens as the player goes up the treble bridge – after getting to
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is drawn from the G tetrachord. This D major scale with a flatted seventh is the
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Smithsonian
Institution booklet on making a hammered dulcimer (by Sam Rizzetta)
17:
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1290:, PhD thesis. History and playing traditions around the world; web-version at
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Rizzetta, Sam. "Luthier
Spotlight Sam Rizzetta and Music, Dulcimer Sessions".
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The tetrachord markers found on the bridges of most hammered dulcimers in the
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The piano, like the dulcimer, uses a hammering action to strike the strings.
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Concertino for Santur and
Orchestra, by Faramarz Payvar and Hossein Dehlavi.
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Smithsonian
Institution booklet on hammered dulcimer history and playing
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The instrument is referred to as "hammered" in reference to the small
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1283:. A comprehensive history of the hammered dulcimer and its variants.
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The strings of the hammered dulcimer are often tuned according to a
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Major scale pattern on a diatonic hammered dulcimer tuned in 5ths
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385:. The instrument is also played in the United Kingdom (Wales,
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1170:(First ed.). Lanham, Md. London: Scarecrow Press.
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This tuning results in most, but not all, notes of the
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Tuning of a hammered dulcimer (southeastern Slovenia)
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1258:, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2001. Page 81.
413:, a type of hammered dulcimer, originates from the
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616:were introduced by the American player and maker
1311:, the encyclopedia of Persian music instruments
1131:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 1983, pp. 72-73.
569:– G – A – B, but the next note will be C, not C
335:hammer in each hand to strike the strings. The
42:A musician playing a diatonic hammered dulcimer
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1361:
8:
1331:Hammered dulcimers from polish collections (
30:
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979:Spain (and Spanish-speaking countries) –
401:saw a revival in the late 20th century.
1098:
1728:Traditional Polish musical instruments
1219:"Traditional or Fifth-Interval Tuning"
1193:"Hammer Dulcimer: History and Playing"
1015:(རྒྱུད་མང་, literally "many strings")
289:
29:
7:
1075:Santur§Santurs from around the world
358:, in which the strings are plucked.
1145:. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.
789:Croatian – cimbal, cimbale, cimbule
672:(1920–2018), a player from upstate
417:. The earliest evidence comes from
1676:Musical Instrument Factory of Riga
1030:United Kingdom – hammered dulcimer
676:, used flexible hammers made from
25:
1064:List of hammered dulcimer players
1033:United States – hammered dulcimer
1317:(archive from 27 December 2009).
1273:The Hammered Dulcimer: A History
1256:The Hammered Dulcimer: A History
1129:The Hammered Dulcimer in America
343:("sweet song") derives from the
290:Problems playing this file? See
275:
36:
1333:Polish folk musical instruments
1166:Gifford, Paul M. (2001-06-13).
1109:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
518:. A hammered dulcimer, like an
397:, where its traditional use in
186:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
27:Percussion-stringed instrument
1:
1901:Ukrainian musical instruments
1871:Hungarian musical instruments
365:, China, Korea, and parts of
1891:American musical instruments
1881:Romanian musical instruments
1846:Austrian musical instruments
1275:, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
1011:Tibet - rgyud-mang or yangzi
976:Slovenia – cimbale, oprekelj
1856:English musical instruments
1141:Touma, Habib Hasan (1996).
886:Latgalia (Latvia) – cymbala
692:(1900–1986), a player from
486:A dulcimer usually has two
381:(Ukraine and Belarus), and
323:typically stretched over a
1917:
1886:Arabic musical instruments
1876:Polish musical instruments
1866:Celtic musical instruments
1861:German musical instruments
1286:Kettlewell, David (1976),
771:Canada – hammered dulcimer
1896:Welsh musical instruments
1851:Early musical instruments
1271:Gifford, Paul M. (2001),
1199:. Smithsonian Institution
967:Serbia – цимбал (tsimbal)
700:hammers bound with wool.
446:and hammered dulcimers.
255:
215:
35:
1242:Encyclopedia Smithsonian
1197:Encyclopedia Smithsonian
1107:"Definition of DULCIMER"
715:Variants and adaptations
710:A piano hammering action
996:Switzerland – Hackbrett
526:, or piano, requires a
514:usually results like a
1340:East Anglian Dulcimers
1143:The Music of the Arabs
724:
711:
614:English-speaking world
609:"diatonic dulcimers".
483:
471:
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350:(sweet) and the Greek
264:
1168:The Hammered Dulcimer
722:
709:
482:, a chromatic version
477:
469:
461:
263:
171:Percussion instrument
1841:Hammered box zithers
1646:Appalachian dulcimer
862:Japan – darushimaa (
629:Salzburger hackbrett
480:Salzburger hackbrett
221:Appalachian dulcimer
64:Four-hammer dulcimer
1620:Tambourine de Bearn
1540:Epinette des Vosges
1477:West and South Asia
1043:(lit. "36 strings")
756:Belgium – hakkebord
688:wrapped with wool.
543:is broken into two
317:stringed instrument
241:Tambourine de Bearn
210:Related instruments
196:sounded by hammers)
32:
1254:Gifford, Paul M.,
1036:Uzbekistan – chang
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712:
577:Movable do solfège
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472:
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454:Strings and tuning
319:which consists of
265:
1828:
1827:
1694:
1693:
1664:
1663:
1550:Hammered dulcimer
1177:978-0-8108-3943-4
804:France – tympanon
792:Czech Republic –
307:(also called the
305:hammered dulcimer
301:
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179:string instrument
49:String instrument
31:Hammered dulcimer
16:(Redirected from
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1651:Mexican salterio
1433:Indonesian siter
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1041:đàn tam thập lục
941:Poland – cymbały
889:Latvia – cimbole
694:Norfolk, England
690:Billy Bennington
670:Paul Van Arsdale
647:(referred to as
599:equally tempered
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502:and is called a
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1221:. Dusty Strings
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585:mixolydian mode
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159:: чимбал çimbal
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620:in the 1960s.
541:diatonic scale
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379:Eastern Europe
371:Central Europe
367:Southeast Asia
363:Southwest Asia
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166:Classification
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149:: Tam Thập Lục
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1281:0-8108-3943-1
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744:Bangladesh –
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528:tuning wrench
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512:chorus effect
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395:United States
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217:Alpine zither
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34:
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1819:
1630:Violinzither
1549:
1504:Iraqi santur
1332:
1308:
1288:The Dulcimer
1287:
1272:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1196:
1186:
1167:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1101:
1053:
1014:
892:Lithuania –
726:
702:
667:
648:
642:
634:
628:
622:
618:Sam Rizzetta
611:
603:
596:
589:
581:
533:
506:. As with a
492:
485:
479:
448:
408:
360:
351:
347:
340:
337:Graeco-Roman
308:
304:
302:
251:Sound sample
229:board zither
1773:Hurdy-gurdy
999:Thailand –
992:hammarharpa
983:, dulcémele
970:Slovakia –
944:Portugal –
935:Pakistan –
908:Mongolia –
811:, Hackbrett
782:, formerly
765:Cambodia –
549:major scale
545:tetrachords
436:harpsichord
415:Middle East
393:), and the
391:Northumbria
387:East Anglia
383:Scandinavia
329:sound board
325:trapezoidal
194:chordophone
175:chordophone
86:: Dulcémele
71:: Hackbrett
55:Other names
1835:Categories
1735:Percussion
1610:Scheitholt
1605:Psalterium
1509:Swarmandal
1428:Ichigenkin
1244:. Mel Bay.
1093:References
1046:Yiddish –
1039:Vietnam –
1019:Ukraine –
950:Romania –
931:hakkebrett
844:Ireland –
820:Hungary –
807:Germany –
798:Denmark –
750:Belarus –
738:Austria –
663:piano felt
539:tuning, a
423:Babylonian
399:folk music
313:percussion
292:media help
154:: ขิม Khim
136:: Yanggeum
123:: Tympanon
91:: Tsymbaly
81:: Salterio
76:: Σαντούρι
1590:Langeleik
1403:Đàn tranh
1391:East Asia
1384:By region
1005:Turkey –
988:hackbräde
986:Sweden –
962:дульцимер
956:Russia –
929:Norway –
925:hakkebord
902:Mexico –
850:Israel –
814:Greece –
800:hakkebræt
759:Brazil –
740:Hackbrett
653:hardwoods
327:resonant
204:Antiquity
201:Developed
190:314.122-4
106:: Cymbały
1804:Trombita
1742:Harmonia
1656:Tremoloa
1639:Americas
1625:Tsymbaly
1600:Psaltery
1595:Langspil
1535:Cimbalom
1525:Autoharp
1463:Yanggeum
1413:Geomungo
1408:Gayageum
1309:Nay-Nava
1088:– Greece
1086:Santouri
1058:See also
1021:tsymbaly
981:salterio
946:saltério
904:salterio
898:cimbolai
894:cimbalai
871:yanggeum
869:Korea –
858:salterio
856:Italy –
826:India –
822:cimbalom
816:Σαντούρι
774:China –
761:saltério
682:John Rea
674:New York
572:♯
566:♯
560:♯
554:♯
520:autoharp
516:mandolin
444:cimbalom
419:Assyrian
356:psaltery
341:dulcimer
237:Psaltery
225:autoharp
192:(Simple
101:: Cimbál
96:: Țambal
62:Dulcimer
59:Cimbalom
1820:Cymbały
1778:Mazanki
1761:Strings
1570:Kanklės
1560:Kantele
1468:Yazheng
1458:Yangqin
1423:Guzheng
1377:Zithers
1113:29 July
1082:– China
1080:Yangqin
1071:– India
1069:Santoor
1025:цимбали
958:цимбалы
937:santoor
910:yoochin
880:Laos –
846:tiompan
838:Iraq –
832:Iran –
828:santoor
776:yangqin
746:santoor
696:, used
678:hacksaw
649:hammers
645:mallets
639:Hammers
623:In the
496:octaves
488:bridges
432:yangqin
405:History
375:Bavaria
321:strings
311:) is a
130:Yangqin
113:Santoor
1788:Zither
1752:Kozioł
1575:Kokles
1565:Kannel
1555:Hummel
1518:Europe
1438:Kacapi
1398:Ajaeng
1305:Santur
1279:
1225:6 June
1203:3 June
1174:
1149:
1048:tsimbl
1007:santur
972:cimbal
952:ţambal
840:santur
834:santur
809:Zymbal
794:cimbál
734:santur
686:spokes
658:attack
587:in D.
504:course
500:unison
411:santur
348:dulcis
333:mallet
245:Santur
141:: ឃឹម
117:Santur
1813:Other
1686:Tōkai
1580:Kusle
1545:Gusli
1489:Nuzhe
1484:Kanun
1418:Guqin
914:ёочин
864:ダルシマー
508:piano
440:qanun
352:melos
345:Latin
339:word
1797:Wind
1783:Suka
1768:Basy
1747:Koza
1585:Krez
1448:Koto
1443:Khim
1277:ISBN
1227:2022
1205:2013
1172:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1115:2012
1001:khim
918:ёчин
882:khim
767:khim
698:cane
625:Alps
524:harp
478:The
428:harp
421:and
409:The
303:The
143:Khim
1307:on
916:or
661:as
579:).
177:),
1837::
1453:Se
1195:.
990:,
896:,
875:양금
784:洋琴
780:扬琴
665:.
592:La
522:,
442:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
389:,
369:,
243:,
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
157:tt
152:th
147:vi
139:kh
134:ko
128::
126:zh
121:fr
115:,
111::
109:fa
104:pl
99:cs
94:ro
89:uk
84:es
79:it
74:gr
69:de
1720:e
1713:t
1706:v
1369:e
1362:t
1355:v
1335:)
1294:.
1229:.
1207:.
1180:.
1155:.
1117:.
1027:)
1023:(
964:)
920:)
912:(
877:)
873:(
866:)
786:)
778:(
315:-
294:.
173:(
20:)
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