156:
770:
cause of their lack of order and control. No guidelines in the
Hamidiye cavalry led some of its members to not be a part of the indulgences that came with the corruption. Ottoman soldiers described the some Hamidiye as "miserable, hungry, and sometimes poorly clothed." The Hamidiye's performance was due to their "lack of professionalism superimposed on an emotionally charged mission requiring highly disciplined troops." The cavalry was not prepared for all they were intended to do because they were not trained properly and based their raids on anti-Armenian ideologies. These factors led to the slow disintegration of the Hamidiye.
719:. Zeki Pasha was given the task of collecting sufficient taxes in order to recruit Kurds into the Hamidiye. If one was a member of the Hamidiye and a crime was committed against him, the government would take immediate action to punish the criminals. The plunder, murder, and theft that the Hamidiye carried out went unpunished, but if a non-Hamidiye group did similar actions they were punished. Other groups who associated themselves with the Hamidiye received benefits as well, they rose in power with the money and land they acquired illegally. Abdul Hamid II. wanted to create a relationship of commitment and loyalty with the
668:
from a "policy of non-commitment." The sultan understood the fragility of the
Ottoman military, and the Empire's weaknesses of its domestic control. Pan-Islamism became Sultan Abdülhamid's solution to the empire's loss of identity and power. His efforts to promote Pan-Islamism were for the most part unsuccessful because of the large non-Muslim population, and the European influence onto the empire. Abdul Hamid II's policies essentially isolated the Ottoman Empire, which further aided in its decline. Several of the elite who sought a new constitution and reform for the empire were forced to flee to Europe. After the
766:(periods when they took care of their livestock). They were supplied with the most advanced weapons from the state, and were given armed escorts. The Hamidiye stole money from the villages they plundered without fear of government sanction. The plunder, murder, and theft that the Hamidiye carried out went unpunished, but if a non-Hamidiye group did similar actions they were punished. Other groups who associated themselves with the Hamidiye received benefits as well, they rose in power with the money and land they acquired illegally.
779:
49:
806:, an Armenian-American, the Ottoman armed forces and Hamidiye units slaughtered Assyrians in the Tur Abdin region in 1915. It is estimated that ten thousand Assyrians were killed, and according to a document from the same years, "the skulls of small children were smashed with rocks, the bodies of girls and women who resisted rape were chopped into pieces live, men were mostly beheaded, and the clergy skinned or burnt alive".
798:
According to some estimates, about ten to twenty thousand
Armenians were slaughtered by the Hamidiye units. According to Janet Klein, Hamidiye units were involved in the large scale massacres and violence against Armenians in the period 1894-96 and 1915, and they were also "implicated in mass murder,
761:
The
Ottoman Empire understood the threat this created and is in large part why they chose the Kurds to make-up the Hamidiye. The Kurdish population could potentially unite with the Russians, but with the formation of the Hamidiye they would protect the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire. Some argue that
794:
that occurred from 1894 to 1896. They were told to take control of many lands populated by
Armenians to weaken "internal enemies" along with the hidden agenda of eventually eliminating the Armenians. Regions with high Armenian revolutionary actions were targets for the Hamidiye. The Hamidiye created
680:
The
Hamidiye regiments were established in 1891 following a decree published in November 1890. There are several reasons advanced as to why the Hamidiye light cavalry was created. The establishment of the Hamidiye was in one part a response to the Russian threat, although some scholars believe that
769:
The
Hamidiye were not held responsible for their actions. They were assured freedom of action in raids that involved non-Hamidiye parties. The Hamidiye obtained wealth illegally with secret help from the Ottoman government. The corruption, chaos, and destruction caused by the Hamidiye is a direct
765:
The
Hamidiye shaped the "social, economic, and political transformations" in Kurdish societies. The Hamidiye received several benefits for their participation. They were able to seize much of the lands they occupied, whether lawful or not. The Hamidiye were protected during their annual migrations
667:
was particularly concerned with the centralization of the empire. His efforts to centralize the
Sublime Porte were not unheard of among other sultans. The Ottoman Empire's local provinces had more control over their areas than the central government. Sultan Abdul Hamid II's foreign relations came
814:
The uniform ranking system was based on the 1861 patterns of cuff chevrons. Several ceremonies took place for the
Hamidiye, where they wore elegant uniforms showing their ranks and accomplishments. The new uniforms were to take the place of the colorful uniforms previously worn by the Kurds. Its
693:
were left under the control of several non-state actors with spheres of interest of Kurdish tribes and Armenian revolutionaries. The Armenian revolutionaries posed a threat because they were seen as disruptive, and they could work with the Russians against the Ottoman Empire. The first Armenian
702:
was made up of Armenian university students whose aim was "to create an independent Armenian state." The Hamidiye Light Cavalry was created to "combat local and cross-border challenges to Ottoman authority." The biggest patron of the Hamidiye was
2410:
739:, was put in charge of the Hamidiye following the massacres against Armenians in 1895–1896. The Kurdish Hamidiye commanders were given exceptional rights to negotiate with the Sultan. Notable commanders were I
2568:, Akademischer Verlag, München 1998 (Edition Anacon), zugleich Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München, München 1996, p. 36,
541:
2655:
Verheij, Jelle (1998). Les Frères de terre et d'eau: sur le role des Kurdes dans les massacres arméniens de 1894-1896, in: Bruinessen, M. van & Blau, Joyce, eds., Islam des Kurdes special issue of
3245:
3275:
534:
370:
155:
3280:
815:
purpose was to create an identity for the Hamidiye who were spread across the frontiers of the empire. Other than this, the Ottoman army was greatly influenced by the
3270:
527:
3250:
2654:
165:
360:
3265:
3122:
502:
672:, the Ottoman Empire began to contract and it lost certain territories. New groups of radicals began to threaten the power of the Ottoman Empire.
3255:
134:
428:
827:
Circassian swords and Caucasian dagger. They sometimes consisted of grey tunics or waist-belts, grey trousers with a narrow red stripe, and
762:
the creation of the Hamidiye "further antagonized the Armenian population" and it worsened the very conflict they were created to prevent.
2635:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century
3260:
497:
2590:
2914:
Manfred Berg, Simon Wendt, Globalizing Lynching History: Vigilantism and Extralegal Punishment from an International Perspective, 127.
2851:
515:
3040:
2936:
2775:
2642:
2615:
2573:
2517:
2493:
2466:
2423:
473:
659:
and centralized era in modern Ottoman History". Sultan Abdul Hamid II is also considered the last sultan to have full control over
463:
735:(age 32–40). An Ottoman diplomat, close advisor to the sultan, and contributor to the creation of the Hamidiye Light Cavalry was
699:
695:
663:. His reign struggled with the culmination of 75 years of change throughout the empire and an opposing reaction to that change.
2483:
307:
143:
3103:
Klein, Janet. The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
2535:. London: Zed Books, 1992, p. 185. Van Bruinessen mentions the "occasional" recruiting of a Turkish tribe (the Qarapapakh)
335:
325:
712:
438:
433:
423:
418:
383:
468:
453:
443:
485:
2824:
Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (2012-08-03). "Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915": p. 61
2668:
Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (2012-08-03). "Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915": p. 94
1171:
285:
185:
31:
3094:
Ernest Edmondson Ramsaur, Jr. The Young Turks: Prelude to the Revolution of 1908, Beirut, Khayats, 1965, p.10.
458:
723:
that were chosen to make up the Hamidiye Cavalry. The Hamidiye was divided into groups according to age: the
669:
778:
2630:
1907:
947:
803:
754:
or Kör Hüseyin Pasha. Over time the Russians forged relationships with Armenian revolutionaries, and with
492:
413:
365:
3126:
1317:
1292:
1264:
262:
831:
with the imperial arms. The uniforms slightly varied depending on the region the Hamidiye was located.
395:
2737:
Dr. Bayram Kodaman, The Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments (Abdulhamid II and Eastern Anatolian Tribes)
637:
regiments, particularly during the bloody suppression of the revolt of the Armenians of Sasun (1894).
2839:
2754:
Power in the Periphery: The Hamidiye Light Cavalry and the Struggle over Ottoman Kurdistan, 1890-1914
2702:
Dr. Bayram Kodaman, The Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments (Abdulhamid II and Eastern Anatolian Tribes)
707:. They were named after him and under the direct order of him and his brother-in-law Zeki Pasha, the
480:
297:
3112:
The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies, Richard G. Hovannisian, Transaction Publishers
1646:
744:
740:
302:
292:
644:'s reign, the cavalry was not dissolved but given a new name, the Tribal Light Cavalry Regiments.
390:
791:
630:
2844:
Penser, agir et vivre dans l'Empire ottoman et en Turquie: Études réunies pour François Georgeon
1215:
923:
736:
448:
2530:
3195:
3036:
2932:
2847:
2771:
2638:
2611:
2569:
2513:
2489:
2462:
2459:
A People Without a State: The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism, page 81
2419:
2253:
2231:
2163:
1880:
1750:
1445:
1288:
1165:
787:
686:
2272:
1469:
1312:
1234:
1111:
2749:
2182:
2158:
2090:
2022:
1770:
1578:
1356:
1283:
1259:
1044:
876:
355:
942:
2415:
1049:
623:
247:
48:
2139:
2117:
2095:
2049:
749:
2443:
2438:
2405:
1722:
704:
664:
660:
652:
641:
619:
603:
599:
587:
579:
564:
147:
73:
3239:
2544:
2485:
A People Without a State: The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism
2341:
2319:
1021:
881:
3021:
Edward J. Erickson, Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913, 14
690:
348:
257:
83:
1583:
252:
1976:
1680:
1658:
1605:
1474:
993:
816:
708:
591:
583:
572:
180:
175:
2794:
2693:
Stephen Duguid, The Politics of Unity: Hamidian Policy of Eastern Anatolia, 139
2027:
1559:
610:
and were supposedly tasked to patrol the Russo-Ottoman frontier. However, the
207:
118:
1703:
1142:
1116:
1025:
997:
969:
795:
an "Armenian Conspiracy" to justify their reasons for killing the Armenians.
2371:
2187:
1497:
1450:
1404:
988:
755:
682:
615:
242:
2637:. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, p. 217.
839:
The Hamidiye Regiments were stationed in the following towns and villages:
3199:
2564:, in: Matthias S. Laubscher (Ed.), Münchener Ethnologische Abhandlungen,
2532:
Agha, Shaikh and State - The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan
2363:
2209:
1935:
1426:
1382:
1240:
1016:
863:
716:
656:
607:
560:
312:
267:
2512:, Heyne, München 1994 (engl. Original: London 1992), pp. 249, 258, 389.
17:
1957:
1885:
1861:
1839:
1146:
1120:
1089:
858:
824:
598:
cavalry formations that operated in the south eastern provinces of the
571:, Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments) were well-armed, irregular, mainly
222:
197:
93:
614:
were more often used by the Ottoman authorities to harass and assault
2367:
2297:
2071:
1981:
1911:
1817:
1727:
1651:
828:
820:
272:
237:
227:
217:
212:
202:
192:
2606:
Jongerden, Joost (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.).
2589:
Vgl. deutschsprachige Knowledge (XXG), Artikel "Yörük", Abschnitt "
3216:
The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone
2723:
M.Sükrü Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, 130.
2714:
M.Sükrü Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, 129.
2679:
The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone
2562:
Meinungen und Materialien zur Geschichte der Karakeçili Anatoliens
2003:
1795:
1627:
777:
720:
575:
2411:
The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
1930:
595:
232:
3031:
Klein, Janet (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.).
2927:
Klein, Janet (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.).
2766:
Klein, Janet (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.).
3230:"Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913"
2745:
2743:
2551:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, vol. 2, p. 246.
2633:"The Armenian Question in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1914" in
2811:
Joost Jongerden; Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij (ed.),
799:
deportation and looting" during the First World War.
606:
in 1891, they were intended to be modeled after the
3192:
Osmanlı-Rus ve İran Savaşlar'ında Kürtler 1801-1900
112:
107:
99:
89:
79:
69:
61:
39:
3246:Cavalry units and formations of the Ottoman Empire
3276:Military units and formations established in 1890
3225:. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leidin, Netherlands, 2012
3223:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975
3083:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975
3033:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915
2997:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975
2966:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975
2953:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975
2929:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915
2813:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975
2789:
2787:
2768:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915
2608:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915
685:socialist/nationalist revolutionaries. After the
2549:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
655:'s reign has the reputation of being "the most
786:The Hamidiye played a significant role in the
3221:Klein Janet, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij,
3081:Janet Klein, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij,
2995:Janet Klein, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij,
2964:Janet Klein, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij,
2951:Janet Klein, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij,
2733:
2731:
2729:
2710:
2708:
2689:
2687:
2510:Verfall und Untergang des Osmanischen Reiches
535:
8:
3218:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
2681:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
782:Officers of the Karapapakh Hamidiyeh cavalry
27:1890–1908 Ottoman irregular cavalry regiment
2578:Ziya Gökalp´in İlk Yazı Hayatı - 1894-1909
845:
633:of 1894-96 had been often ascribed to the
542:
528:
128:
3281:1890 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
2591:Herkunft und Einwanderung nach Kleinasien
3145:
3143:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2922:
2920:
2865:
2863:
602:. Established by and named after Sultan
2601:
2599:
2576:. U. a. mit Verweis auf Ş. Beysanoğlu,
2397:
847:
142:
131:
3271:Kurdish people from the Ottoman Empire
36:
3251:History of the Ottoman Empire in Asia
2897:
2895:
2881:
2879:
2834:
2832:
2830:
7:
2457:Eppel, Michael (13 September 2016).
2414:. New York: HarperCollins. p.
681:the central reason was to suppress
618:living in Eastern Provinces of the
2795:"Social Democrat Hunchakian Party"
25:
563:(literally meaning "belonging to
790:and largely responsible for the
700:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
696:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
154:
47:
3266:People of the Armenian genocide
774:Armenian and Assyrian genocide
569:Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları
1:
3256:History of the Kurdish people
2580:, Istanbul 1956, pp. 164-168.
2488:. University of Texas Press.
2482:Eppel, Michael (2016-09-13).
2461:. University of Texas Press.
30:For the Ottoman warship, see
1139:Hamdiki, Başımi, Hal Hesini
694:revolutionary party was the
676:Creation of Hamidiye cavalry
1519:Malazgirt (Diknuk, Dinbut)
3297:
3261:History of the Zaza people
844:
29:
3176:The Margins of the Empire
3151:The Margins of the Empire
3070:The Margins of the Empire
3057:The Margins of the Empire
3010:The Margins of the Empire
2984:The Margins of the Empire
2903:The Margins of the Empire
2887:The Margins of the Empire
2871:The Margins of the Empire
823:and they were armed with
46:
2657:Cahiers de l'Autre Islam
2529:Van Bruinessen, Martin.
186:Six Divisions of Cavalry
32:Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye
3194:. Ankara: SİPAN, 1995,
2846:. Peeters. p. 25.
2631:Hovannisian, Richard G.
2593:", Versions-ID 31139363
670:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
3123:"WW1 Turkish Flaherty"
3035:. Brill. p. 152.
2931:. Brill. p. 151.
2770:. Brill. p. 150.
783:
567:", full official name
2610:. Brill. p. 61.
2547:and Ezel Kural Shaw,
804:Richar G. Hovannisian
781:
731:(age 20–32), and the
691:six eastern provinces
653:Sultan Abdul Hamid II
648:Historical background
3228:Edward J. Erickson,
1068:Şapikan and Badayan
629:A major role in the
1792:Caucasian muhajirs
1359:, Zilan, Hecidıran
1194:Bergiri (Muradiye)
498:Sieges and landings
303:Auspicious Incident
2840:Georgeon, François
1775:Mahmudiye (Saray)
792:Hamidian Massacres
784:
727:(ages 17–20), the
631:Armenian massacres
626:in some sources).
396:Ahmet Ali Çelikten
2545:Shaw, Stanford J.
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
1753:(Şeyhlu kışlağı)
1730:(Örtülü kışlağı)
788:Armenian genocide
711:commander of the
689:in 1877-1878 the
687:Russo-Ottoman war
552:
551:
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
3288:
3203:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3125:. Archived from
3119:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2924:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2883:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2836:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2763:
2757:
2747:
2738:
2735:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2603:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2558:
2552:
2542:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2454:
2448:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2402:
1655:
846:
842:
841:
758:tribal leaders.
753:
544:
537:
530:
356:Imperial Arsenal
330:
170:
158:
129:
103:16,500+ in 1892.
51:
37:
21:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3236:
3235:
3211:
3206:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2677:*Klein, Janet.
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2649:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2588:
2584:
2559:
2555:
2543:
2539:
2528:
2524:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2406:Balakian, Peter
2404:
2403:
2399:
2395:
1649:
852:Group or tribe
837:
812:
776:
747:
678:
650:
624:Western Armenia
548:
508:
507:
409:
401:
400:
386:
376:
375:
351:
341:
340:
331:
328:
318:
317:
298:Sekban-i Djedid
288:
278:
277:
171:
168:
146:
144:Military of the
138:
127:
114:
57:
53:A major in the
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3214:Klein, Janet.
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3180:
3167:
3155:
3139:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3041:
3023:
3014:
3001:
2988:
2970:
2957:
2944:
2937:
2916:
2907:
2891:
2875:
2859:
2853:978-9042925984
2852:
2826:
2817:
2804:
2799:hunchak.org.au
2783:
2776:
2758:
2752:Janet Klein's
2739:
2725:
2716:
2704:
2695:
2683:
2670:
2661:
2647:
2623:
2616:
2595:
2582:
2560:Öhrig, Bruno,
2553:
2537:
2522:
2508:Palmer, Alan,
2501:
2494:
2474:
2467:
2449:
2444:Burning Tigris
2431:
2424:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
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2328:
2325:
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2300:
2295:
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2256:
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2240:
2237:
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2222:
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2207:
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2200:
2199:
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2172:
2169:
2166:
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2156:
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2036:
2033:
2030:
2025:
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2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
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1990:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
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1905:
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1898:
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1500:
1495:
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1472:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
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1448:
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1438:
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1432:
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1417:
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1399:
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1388:
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1360:
1354:
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1323:
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1315:
1309:
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1298:
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1277:
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1224:
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1198:
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1189:
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1163:
1159:
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1123:
1114:
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1037:
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986:
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975:
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945:
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936:
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932:
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904:
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898:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
879:
874:
870:
869:
866:
861:
856:
853:
850:
836:
833:
811:
808:
775:
772:
705:Abdul Hamid II
677:
674:
665:Abdul Hamid II
661:Ottoman Empire
649:
646:
642:Abdul Hamid II
620:Ottoman Empire
604:Abdul Hamid II
600:Ottoman Empire
550:
549:
547:
546:
539:
532:
524:
521:
520:
519:
518:
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
489:
488:
478:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
387:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
366:Kapudan Pashas
363:
358:
352:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
332:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
293:Nizam-i Djedid
289:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
189:
188:
183:
172:
166:Classical army
164:
163:
160:
159:
151:
150:
148:Ottoman Empire
140:
139:
132:
125:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
74:Ottoman Empire
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3293:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
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3249:
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3227:
3224:
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3217:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:Çerkez Kılıcı
3159:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3129:on 2014-01-08
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3109:
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3091:
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3042:9789004225183
3038:
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2643:0-312-10168-6
2640:
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2617:9789004225183
2613:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
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2579:
2575:
2574:3-932965-10-8
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
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2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:3-453-11768-9
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2495:9781477311073
2491:
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2486:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2468:9781477311073
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
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2432:
2427:
2425:0-06-055870-9
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2227:
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2213:
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2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
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1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:(Halilçavuş)
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
973:
971:
968:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
927:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
872:
871:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
843:
840:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
809:
807:
805:
802:According to
800:
796:
793:
789:
780:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
757:
751:
746:
745:Hacı Musa Beg
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
675:
673:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
645:
643:
640:After Sultan
638:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
559:
558:
545:
540:
538:
533:
531:
526:
525:
523:
522:
517:
514:
513:
512:
511:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
405:
404:
397:
394:
392:
391:Vecihi Hürkuş
389:
388:
385:
380:
379:
372:
371:Naval battles
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
350:
345:
344:
337:
334:
333:
327:
322:
321:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:Reform period
282:
281:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
167:
162:
161:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
141:
136:
130:
126:Military unit
120:
117:
111:
106:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
42:
38:
33:
19:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3209:Bibliography
3191:
3188:(in Turkish)
3183:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3131:. Retrieved
3127:the original
3117:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3032:
3026:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2928:
2910:
2902:
2886:
2870:
2843:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2798:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2719:
2698:
2678:
2673:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2634:
2626:
2607:
2585:
2577:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2525:
2509:
2504:
2484:
2477:
2458:
2452:
2442:
2434:
2409:
2400:
1908:Ra's al-'Ayn
838:
819:. They wore
813:
801:
797:
785:
768:
764:
760:
741:brahim Pasha
732:
728:
724:
679:
651:
639:
634:
628:
611:
568:
556:
555:
553:
516:Conscription
308:Mansure Army
258:Bashi-bazouk
84:Ottoman Army
54:
40:
1650: [
1477:(Kumdeban)
1094:Kasatkanlı
924:Cemal Verdi
817:Circassians
748: [
336:Modern Army
329:(1861–1922)
326:Modern army
181:Janissaries
169:(1451–1826)
3240:Categories
3133:2014-01-07
2750:Summary of
2393:References
2342:Viranşehir
2320:Viranşehir
1539:Moranköyü
1143:Karakilise
1117:Karakilise
1088:Taşkesen,
1026:Karakilise
998:Karakilise
970:Karakilise
948:Toprakkale
737:Şakir Pasa
709:Circassian
584:Circassian
503:Rebellions
464:Portuguese
208:Dervendjis
119:Zeki Pasha
115:commanders
108:Commanders
3190:Avyarov.
2372:Malazgirt
2360:Belideyi
2277:Söylemez
2188:Hasankale
1954:Karakeçi
1498:Malazgirt
1451:Adilcevaz
1423:Heydaran
1405:Adilcevaz
1401:Haydaran
1379:Haydaran
1191:Haydaran
1170:Bergiri (
1071:Kızıldiz
1050:Hasankale
989:Karapapak
821:cherkeska
725:ibtidaiye
715:based in
616:Armenians
578:but also
561:regiments
439:Hungarian
434:Moldavian
424:Bulgarian
419:Byzantine
408:Conflicts
253:Humbaracı
243:Timariots
65:1890-1908
3200:38764140
2842:(2013).
2447:, p. 44.
2439:Balakian
2408:(2003).
1936:Nusaybin
1881:Karakeçi
1556:Hasenan
1536:Hasenan
1516:Hasenan
1494:Hasenan
1446:Marhoran
1336:Şkeftka
1289:Zermaniz
1172:Muradiye
1166:Haydaran
1017:Terekeme
994:Eleşkirt
864:Infantry
810:Uniforms
729:nizamiye
717:Erzincan
713:4th Army
683:Armenian
657:despotic
635:Hamidiye
612:Hamidiye
608:Cossacks
557:Hamidiye
469:Habsburg
454:Croatian
449:Albanian
444:Venetian
414:European
384:Aviation
313:Hamidieh
268:Martolos
176:Kapıkulu
135:a series
133:Part of
55:Hamidiye
41:Hamidiye
18:Hamidieh
3174:Klein,
3149:Klein,
3068:Klein,
3055:Klein,
3008:Klein,
2982:Klein,
2901:Klein,
2885:Klein,
2869:Klein,
2815:, p. 62
2273:Kasıkan
2254:Hakkari
2232:Hakkari
2228:Pinyan
2206:Adaman
2164:Hakkari
2136:Berazı
2114:Berazı
1958:Siverek
1886:Siverek
1862:Siverek
1840:Siverek
1751:Bayezit
1747:Celali
1728:Bayezit
1700:Cibran
1677:Zirkan
1624:Cibran
1602:Cibran
1560:Bulanık
1470:Hasenan
1313:Şemsiki
1311:Milli,
1237:, Livi
1235:Kalıkan
1147:Diyadin
1121:Diyadin
1112:Mikaili
1090:Diyadin
920:Sipkân
903:Hosuna
900:Sipkân
859:Cavalry
849:Number
825:shashka
756:Kurdish
588:Turkmen
580:Turkish
576:Kurdish
486:Persian
474:Russian
429:Serbian
223:Seimeni
198:Voynuks
113:Notable
94:Cavalry
70:Country
3232:. 2003
3198:
3162:G, F.
3085:, 153.
3039:
2935:
2850:
2774:
2641:
2614:
2572:
2516:
2492:
2465:
2422:
2368:Patnos
2338:Milli
2316:Milli
2298:Harran
2250:Şidan
2183:Şadili
2159:Gevdan
2091:Berazı
2072:Harran
2023:Ertoşi
2004:Cezire
2000:Miran
1982:Cezire
1912:Mardin
1904:Kikan
1858:Milli
1836:Milli
1818:Mardin
1814:Milli
1771:Takori
1723:Jalali
1647:Zirkan
1584:Gümgüm
1579:Cibran
1362:Erciş
1357:Adaman
1339:Eblak
1284:Takari
1260:Mukuri
1211:Şevli
1045:Keşvan
966:Zilan
877:Sipkân
868:Total
855:Place
829:kalpak
698:. The
594:, and
493:Africa
459:Polish
273:Arnaut
238:Levend
228:Akinji
218:Seymen
213:Sekban
203:Yamaks
193:Sipahi
137:on the
80:Branch
62:Active
3178:, 38.
3153:, 37.
3072:, 26.
3012:, 87.
2999:, 160
2986:, 68.
2968:, 154
2955:, 152
2905:, 75.
2889:, 70.
2873:, 69.
2364:Erciş
2294:Kiki
2210:Erciş
2068:Kays
2046:Kays
2028:Elbak
1977:Miran
1796:Sivas
1681:Hınıs
1659:Hınıs
1654:]
1628:Varto
1606:Hınıs
1475:Hınıs
1427:Erciş
1383:Erciş
1318:Saray
1293:Saray
1265:Saray
1241:Erciş
1216:Timar
1214:Van,
1022:Tutak
943:Zilan
882:Dutak
835:Units
752:]
733:redif
721:Kurds
592:Yörük
573:Sunni
565:Hamid
361:Ships
3196:OCLC
3059:, 5.
3037:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2514:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2382:450
2379:200
2376:250
2352:825
2349:225
2346:600
2330:800
2327:250
2324:550
2308:600
2305:350
2302:250
2286:550
2283:300
2280:250
2264:650
2261:300
2258:350
2242:550
2239:400
2236:150
2220:550
2217:350
2214:200
2198:550
2195:250
2192:300
2174:500
2171:300
2168:200
2150:575
2147:300
2144:275
2140:Urfa
2128:600
2125:300
2122:300
2118:Urfa
2106:550
2103:300
2100:250
2096:Urfa
2082:550
2079:150
2076:400
2060:650
2057:200
2054:450
2050:Urfa
2038:625
2035:300
2032:375
2014:540
2011:232
2008:308
1992:540
1989:205
1986:335
1968:540
1965:230
1962:310
1946:630
1943:185
1940:445
1931:Tayy
1922:620
1919:270
1916:350
1896:530
1893:225
1890:305
1872:550
1869:247
1866:303
1850:630
1847:375
1844:255
1828:540
1825:265
1822:275
1806:775
1803:500
1800:275
1784:606
1781:301
1778:305
1762:540
1759:240
1756:300
1739:540
1736:370
1733:305
1714:550
1711:265
1708:285
1704:Kiğı
1692:875
1689:500
1686:375
1669:550
1666:250
1663:300
1638:545
1635:330
1632:315
1616:545
1613:235
1610:310
1594:540
1591:232
1588:308
1570:540
1567:232
1564:308
1548:540
1545:230
1542:310
1528:534
1525:230
1522:304
1508:540
1505:200
1502:340
1486:540
1483:205
1480:335
1461:550
1458:300
1455:250
1437:525
1434:350
1431:175
1415:550
1412:350
1409:200
1393:525
1390:350
1387:175
1371:525
1368:275
1365:250
1348:540
1345:213
1342:327
1328:650
1325:425
1322:225
1303:680
1300:380
1297:300
1275:530
1272:315
1269:215
1251:525
1248:270
1245:255
1226:550
1223:350
1220:200
1203:525
1200:350
1197:175
1183:518
1180:318
1177:200
1157:525
1154:350
1151:225
1131:500
1128:325
1125:175
1103:548
1100:350
1097:198
1080:575
1077:325
1074:250
1060:475
1057:175
1054:200
1036:500
1033:200
1030:300
1008:650
1005:150
1002:400
996:and
980:700
977:250
974:450
958:610
955:360
952:250
934:625
931:225
928:400
912:575
909:175
906:400
892:650
889:250
886:400
596:Arab
554:The
481:Asia
349:Navy
263:Deli
248:Yaya
233:Azap
100:Size
90:Type
2357:65
2335:64
2313:63
2291:62
2269:61
2247:60
2225:59
2203:58
2179:57
2155:56
2133:55
2111:54
2087:53
2065:52
2043:51
2019:50
1997:49
1973:48
1951:47
1927:46
1901:45
1877:44
1855:43
1833:42
1811:41
1789:40
1767:39
1744:38
1719:37
1697:36
1674:35
1643:34
1621:33
1599:32
1575:31
1553:30
1533:29
1513:28
1491:27
1466:26
1442:25
1420:24
1398:23
1376:22
1353:21
1333:20
1308:19
1280:18
1256:17
1231:16
1208:15
1188:14
1162:13
1136:12
1108:11
1085:10
3242::
3142:^
2973:^
2919:^
2894:^
2878:^
2862:^
2829:^
2797:.
2786:^
2742:^
2728:^
2707:^
2686:^
2598:^
2566:20
2441:.
2418:.
2416:51
2370:,
2366:,
1910:,
1652:ku
1291:,
1174:)
1145:,
1119:,
1065:9
1041:8
1024:-
1013:7
985:6
963:5
939:4
917:3
897:2
873:1
750:tr
743:,
590:,
586:,
582:,
3202:.
3136:.
3045:.
2941:.
2856:.
2801:.
2780:.
2756:.
2645:.
2620:.
2520:.
2498:.
2471:.
2428:.
622:(
543:e
536:t
529:v
34:.
20:)
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