342:, so they are the most active at night. They will occasionally come out during the day to feed, as long as there are humid and moist conditions. They prefer cool and misty nights and are most active when temperatures are between 8 degrees celsius to 14 degrees celsius. They do not travel far, and will usually stay within a 5 meter radius for multiple years at a time. Individuals will also hide and rest in the same spot, typically in a damp rock or log crevice. The frogs will co-habit these retreat sites, with multiple frogs residing inside at a time. This species typically live very closely to one another which would signal socialith. However, since their habitats have become so small, it is unclear whether they do this for social reasons or simply because there is not much space to spread out. Leiopelma hamiltoni also live for an extremely long time, compared to other frog species. Tagged frogs had been found to have lived up to 30 years after their initial tagging. Scientists have estimated that their likely life span is around 23–33 years. They also have unique hunting habits, as they catch their prey by catching it directly with their mouths, rather than with their tongues.
432:
to nineteen. There are three layers to the eggs. These layers include an inner vitelline membrane, a gel like middle layer, and a protective coat on the surface. The parents, but usually the males, will often seek out and find the site where they want to lay their eggs. They will then occupy and guard the site where they will lay eggs for weeks or sometimes months before the eggs are even fertilized. The species on Maud Island will typically lay their eggs in
December each year. Once the eggs are laid, the male will stay with them, protecting them from any potential predators. The eggs take between 7–9 weeks to fully develop and hatch. Once they hatch, they do not immediately start swimming like most tadpole frog species. Instead, they climb onto their father's back and stay with him while they continue to develop there. They are very inactive while they are with the father, as he carries them around everywhere. After the frogs hatch, it takes them around 3–4 years to reach full maturity. During their development they have narrow fin tails and their hindlimbs develop first. Only their forelimbs are covered by the gular fold.
472:
another member of the species: the intruder will leave and retreat if it is smaller than the frog whose territory it inhabits. Many anurans may use chemical signaling: even though several frogs use croaking and other auditory communication, chemical signaling may be important as an addition or even a substitute in quieter or silent species. The frogs will strategically deposit feces in response to certain signals. These fecal signals alert others of home ranges and social status. Also, the feces signaling can ward off competitors and intruders. The feces typically will repel a comparator as long as the competitor is smaller than the individual who produced the feces. Also, feces repel individuals from farther locations better than local individuals. Therefore, size plays an important role in interactions and communications between
Leiopelma hamiltoni. Size indicates how many resources an individual might have or how strong one might be. Size is an
450:
the size of the frog. Smaller frogs have higher squeaks. Also, temperature affects how long the frog will squeak for. In colder temperatures, they will squeak for longer amounts of time. The squeaks are suspected of coming from forced expulsion of air from their lungs when startled, as they have no true voice box. Other than in the case of a predator attack, Leiopelma hamiltoni make no other sounds. If they are attacked, they will get into a stiff-legged stance and try to make themselves look as big as possible. They will extend their legs and raise their body, and then butt their heads. This head-butting, accompanied with the striped glands along its back, are components of an anti-predator defense adapted by terrestrial species. They will also emit a mal-tasting secretion from their granular glands if they are attacked to prevent a predator from eating it.
330:. Maud island is very small with steep hills, only spanning about 760 acres. The estimated population size of Leiopelma hamiltoni on Maud Island is around 19,000, with the minimum population estimate being around 6,500. The population is much smaller on Stephans Island, with a population estimate of about 200 to 300 individuals. They reside in a small patch at the peak of Stephan's Island which is known as “frog bank”. However, fossils show that the species may have previously had a larger range, with fossils being found scattered all over New Zealand. Remains have been found at Waitoma, Hawkes Bay, and Wairarapa, which are all located on the North Island of New Zealand. Much of the island has been modified due to farming, forcing all the frogs to live in the same section of rainforest that remains.
279:
spotted having a green color. They also have black spots covering their bodies. Unlike other frogs, they have very little to no webbing on their hind toes and also do not have external eardrums. They have a row-like design down the back and sides of their body which are made up of callus-like glands in their skin. This coloration allows the frogs to blend in well with their surroundings. These rows start right at the back side of the eye, with the middle row being the largest and most distinct. The end of this middle row terminates at what scientists called the paratoid gland. The lines are also seen on the legs, feet, and arms but are less prominent than the ones on its back.
485:
increase in predators, as species like the black rat have been introduced to the island. Much of their forest has also been destroyed, so they do not have much space to exist. They are only able to reside at the very top of
Stephans Island, as that is the only cluster of trees on the island. Conservationsists have tried translocating groups of these frogs to other areas, in hopes that they can prosper and reproduce in a different environment. They have also built a fence around the “frog bank” on Stephans Island to keep predators away.
95:
31:
50:
216:
72:
449:
Hamilton's frogs are not able to make a sound in order to communicate with each other or to ward off predators. However, when they are attacked, they can make a squeaking or chirping sound. This squeaking sound varies between individuals. The pitch of the squeak seemed to be inversely correlated with
441:
for each frog is slightly different, so the odor that comes from it is also distinct for each frog. This is how they can distinguish between relatives and how tell members of their species from potential threats. They also use the smell of their feces to claim territories and also ward off predators.
431:
Leiopelma hamiltoni breed in amplexus and fertilization takes place externally while the male and female frog are in contact with one another. They lay their eggs in cool, moist, areas on land, typically in depressions under rocks and logs. The eggs tend to stick together in clusters of around seven
366:
are not evenly distributed throughout the rainforests. They typically live in much lower sections of the forest, around 300 meters above sea level, as there are more rocks and materials to hide in. Hamilton's frogs are a terrestrial species and are typically found in the coastal rain forests on this
440:
This species of frog does not have any eardrums or earholes on the outside of its head, so they are unable to hear noises unless they are at an extremely low frequency. Since they can't hear, they use the odors emitted from its feces in order to communicate with other members. The chemical make up
414:
Leiopelma hamiltoni are insectivores and feed solely on insects, including crickets, flies, moths, springtails, and other small bugs. Their tongs are stuck to the top of their mouths, so they are unable to catch insects with their tongue like many other frog species do. Instead they have to catch
484:
Farming and deforestation on Maud Island has destroyed much of the land that the frogs used to live on, however they have managed to keep a stable number on their own in the cluster of land that they currently reside in. The frogs on
Stephans Island are endangered however. They are at risk due to
274:
They are mostly light brown in colour, although some green individuals have also been observed. A single dark stripe runs along each side of the head and through the eye. There is no webbing between the hind toes, and the fingers are not webbed. These frogs have a snout length of 5.5 mm, and
471:
smells. This was determined in a 2002 study done where any other sensory signal was eliminated, so chemical signaling was the only response to the frogs’ behavior. Fecal signals identified home territories. This signaling can be used to determine if there is an intrusion into one's terriroty by
278:
Leiopelma hamiltoni is a very small frog species, with males being even smaller than females. Males have a snout-vent length of up to 43 millimeters and up to 49 millimeters for females. They are typically a brown color which can range from very light brown to almost black. Some have also been
354:
ground-dwelling species. There is growing observational evidence that it may live in some trees as well. It shelters in damp crevices during the day, and prefers rocks and boulders for survival. They can be difficult to locate because of this night-time activity, plus they are well
969:
Demographic profiles of terrestrial
Leiopelma (Anura: Leiopelmatidae) on Maud Island and in Coromandel: growth, home-range, longevity, population trends, survivorship, and translocation. Proceedings of the Society for Research on Amphibians and Reptiles in New Zealand,
258:. New Zealand's frog species all are in the family Leiopelmatidae. The male remains with the eggs to protect them and allows the tadpoles to climb onto his back where they are kept moist. It is named in honour of Harold Hamilton the collector of the type specimen. The
945:
Newman, D. 1990. Activity, Dispersion, and
Population Densities of Hamilton's Frog (Leiopelma hamiltoni) on Maud and Stephens Islands, New Zealand. Herpetologica, Lee, J., B. Waldman. 2002. Communication by Fecal Chemosignals in an Archaic Frog, Leiopelma hamiltoni.
1065:
423:
Females can lay between 11 and 15 eggs, which tend to be 9.6–9.6 mm in length. They do not go through tadpole stages, but instead they develop totally within a gelatinous capsule in the egg, hatching out as froglets. They take around three years to reach
535:
New
Zealand has been protecting the Hamilton's frog species since 1921. A tuatara fence has also been built to stop tuatara from getting through. There is population monitoring also in place. There are plans to move some of the population to another island.
458:
Some predators of
Leiopelma hamiltoni are New Zealand tuatara, which is a type of reptile, and black rats. The black rats that live on the island are non-native to the area the frogs live in and pose as a severe threat to their survival.
516:). Habitat loss is another large area of concern for this frog. Because they may span a wide variety of vertical spaces, both tree and ground are vulnerable areas that are subject to change and endanger Hamilton's frogs.
371:, so during the day they tend to reside in dark and damp crevices, which is why they are commonly found in and near boulder banks where they can hide under rocks and logs and stay deep under the canopy of the trees.
1027:
Bell, B. 1994. A review of the status of New
Zealand Leiopelma species (Anura: Leiopelmatidae), including a summary of demographic studies in Coromandel and on Maud Island. New Zealand Journal of Zoology
955:
Lamb, S.D. (2021). “Captive
Hamilton's frog (Leiopelma hamiltoni) associates non-randomly under retreat sites: preliminary insights into their social networks.” New Zealand Journal of Zoology
705:
415:
prey with their mouths directly. Younger frogs have to eat small insects as they have smaller mouths with fewer teeth, so young Hamilton Frogs tend to eat mites and fruit flies.
1334:
1373:
1110:
Jonathan S. F. Lee and Bruce Waldman "Communication by Fecal Chemosignals in an Archaic Frog, Leiopelma hamiltoni," Copeia 2002(3), 679–686, (1 August 2002).
1503:
1473:
1498:
1308:
524:
520:
79:
1347:
263:
1124:
897:
547:, after a purpose built boardwalk was constructed to allow foot traffic without disrupting the habitat or having frogs climb onto the pathway.
1493:
1488:
689:
766:
1483:
1251:
612:
508:). Both of these two predators have caused the Hamilton's frog population to drop to less than 300. It is also vulnerable to the
1246:
598:
Burns, Rhys J.; Bell, Ben D.; Haigh, Amanda; Bishop, Phillip J.; Easton, Luke; Wren, Sally; Germano, Jennifer (August 2018).
544:
327:
1352:
735:
292:
925:
Local distribution, habitat, and numbers of the endemic terrestrial frog Leiopelma hamiltoni on Maud Island, New Zealand.
1259:
205:
94:
1378:
792:
1081:
399:. Juveniles with a snout-vent length of 20 mm or less lack teeth, and thus are required to eat soft-bodied
1238:
1450:
1211:
1478:
599:
1173:
1264:
189:
1414:
936:
Gill, B., and Whitaker, T. (1996). New Zealand Frogs and Reptiles. David Bateman Limited, New Zealand.
476:
as there is a correlation between body size and metabolism and gland activity or dietary differences.
1388:
1295:
855:
Gill, B., and Whitaker, T. (1996). New Zealand Frogs and Reptiles. David Bateman Limited, New Zealand
778:
1152:
580:
567:
39:
1427:
1093:
984:
838:
662:
319:
89:
54:
1339:
1396:
1272:
1085:
902:
830:
685:
654:
618:
608:
1401:
1077:
575:
252:
1437:
1365:
1157:
1003:
215:
425:
643:"Archaic, terrestrial Hamilton's frogs (Leiopelma hamiltoni) display arboreal behaviours"
871:
Antipredator behavior and skin glands in the New Zealand native frogs, genus Leiopelma.
509:
255:
30:
1467:
1360:
775:
EDGE of Existence programme (Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered species)
473:
59:
1097:
883:
467:
Hamilton's frog can communicate with other frogs through chemical signaling through
1277:
380:
308:
304:
1162:
819:"Observations on the Ecology and Reproduction of the New Zealand Leiopelmid Frogs"
1422:
1321:
1220:
1205:
396:
363:
356:
315:
296:
248:
1196:
622:
540:
408:
400:
384:
300:
1111:
1089:
1066:"Communication by Fecal Chemosignals in an Archaic Frog, Leiopelma hamiltoni"
1041:
Observations on the ecology and reproduction of the New Zealand native frogs.
834:
658:
501:
368:
351:
339:
166:
156:
136:
106:
1163:
Image of holotype specimen held at Te Papa Tongarewa Museum of New Zealand
1190:
489:
388:
259:
126:
1287:
666:
642:
1445:
1313:
1225:
842:
818:
493:
1326:
1233:
323:
288:
116:
1167:
1409:
1125:"Rare Hamilton's frog species released into the wild at Zealandia"
898:"Rare Hamilton's frog species released into the wild at Zealandia"
641:
Altobelli, Joseph T.; Lamar, Sarah K.; Bishop, Phillip J. (2021).
607:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 5.
468:
404:
392:
523:
classified the Hamilton's frog as Nationally Critical under the
244:
146:
1300:
1171:
1153:
Transfer of Hamilton's frog to new habitat on Stephens Island
314:
Leiopelma hamiltoni are typically found on the Stephens and
1082:
10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0679:CBFCIA]2.0.CO;2
303:
indicate Hamilton's frog once lived throughout the lower
983:
Local distribution, habitat, and numbers of the endemic
987:
frog Leiopelma hamiltoni on Maud Island, New Zealand.
865:
863:
861:
251:, one of only three extant species belonging to the
1180:
1064:Lee, Jonathan S. F.; Waldman, Bruce (August 2002).
963:
961:
736:"Augustus Hamilton and the gold-spangled butterfly"
601:
Conservation status of New Zealand amphibians, 2017
539:In August 2024 Hamilton's frogs were released into
287:Hamilton's frog live only on a small rocky area on
1035:
1033:
362:The community of Leiopelma hamiltoni that live on
311:. They live around rocky, moist and grassy areas.
919:
917:
915:
913:
729:
727:
636:
634:
632:
322:region of New Zealand. They are also present in
1023:
1021:
684:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 72.
682:The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
777:. Zoological Society of London. Archived from
581:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11451A66654406.en
8:
593:
591:
566:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015).
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
812:
810:
1168:
1112:https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002
367:island or in deep boulder banks. They are
275:thighs that can reach up to 14.8 mm.
214:
70:
48:
29:
20:
742:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
579:
525:New Zealand Threat Classification System
572:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
555:
264:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
997:
995:
761:
759:
757:
561:
559:
7:
1451:F5964A3D-02C6-4FA3-9EC4-E544442E6ACC
1415:CC0091BD-6AB3-EF80-A3F0-2508EA35ED01
1389:9189e2e8-d451-4392-922b-60fcacd4d7a4
359:, do not croak, and are very rare.
981:Bel, E.A., and Bell, B.D. (1994).
923:Bel, E.A., and Bell, B.D. (1994).
886:. New Zealand Frog Research Group.
14:
1504:Endemic amphibians of New Zealand
801:Endangered Species of New Zealand
1474:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
521:Department of Conservation (DOC)
93:
1499:Endangered biota of New Zealand
989:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
972:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
927:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
873:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
734:Miskelly, Colin (2016-04-25).
647:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
514:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1:
488:The Hamilton's frog two main
1494:Endemic fauna of New Zealand
1489:Amphibians described in 1919
680:Haliday & Adler (2004).
262:is in the collection of the
1520:
1484:Amphibians of New Zealand
222:
213:
195:
188:
90:Scientific classification
88:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
379:The Hamilton's frog are
869:Green, D. M. (1988).
817:Bell, Ben D. (1978).
568:"Leiopelma hamiltoni"
500:) and the introduced
350:Hamilton's frog is a
1158:Predation by tuatara
1012:Animal Diversity Web
967:Bell, B. D. (1997).
16:Species of amphibian
1252:Leiopelma-hamiltoni
1239:leiopelma-hamiltoni
1212:Leiopelma hamiltoni
1182:Leiopelma hamiltoni
1039:Bell, B.D. (1978).
1006:Leiopelma hamiltoni
1002:Carron, J. (2011).
795:Leiopelma hamiltoni
793:"Hamilton's Frog –
769:Leiopelma hamiltoni
708:Leiopelma hamiltoni
543:wildlife sanctuary
519:In August 2018 the
498:Sphenodon punctatus
326:from population in
240:Leiopelma hamiltoni
225:Leiopelma hamiltoni
199:Leiopelma hamiltoni
76:Nationally Critical
40:Conservation status
767:"Hamilton's Frog (
710:: Hamilton's Frog"
531:Protection efforts
463:Chemical signaling
320:Marlborough Sounds
1461:
1460:
1397:Open Tree of Life
1174:Taxon identifiers
903:Radio New Zealand
691:978-0-19-852507-3
318:, located in the
243:) is a primitive
231:
230:
181:L. hamiltoni
83:
63:
1511:
1454:
1453:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1329:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1169:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1131:. 27 August 2024
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1061:
1044:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1015:
999:
990:
979:
973:
965:
956:
953:
947:
943:
937:
934:
928:
921:
908:
907:
894:
888:
887:
880:
874:
867:
856:
853:
847:
846:
814:
805:
804:
789:
783:
782:
763:
752:
751:
749:
747:
731:
722:
721:
719:
717:
702:
696:
695:
677:
671:
670:
638:
627:
626:
606:
595:
586:
585:
583:
563:
338:These frogs are
218:
201:
98:
97:
77:
74:
73:
57:
52:
51:
33:
24:Hamilton's frog
21:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1176:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1063:
1062:
1047:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1001:
1000:
993:
980:
976:
966:
959:
954:
950:
944:
940:
935:
931:
922:
911:
896:
895:
891:
882:
881:
877:
868:
859:
854:
850:
816:
815:
808:
791:
790:
786:
765:
764:
755:
745:
743:
733:
732:
725:
715:
713:
704:
703:
699:
692:
679:
678:
674:
640:
639:
630:
615:
604:
597:
596:
589:
565:
564:
557:
553:
533:
492:are the native
482:
465:
456:
447:
438:
421:
383:. They feed on
377:
348:
336:
293:Stephens Island
285:
272:
235:Hamilton's frog
209:
203:
197:
184:
92:
84:
75:
71:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1479:Leiopelmatidae
1476:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1442:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1393:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1344:
1331:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1282:
1269:
1256:
1243:
1230:
1217:
1202:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1147:External links
1145:
1143:
1142:
1116:
1103:
1076:(3): 679–686.
1045:
1029:
1017:
991:
974:
957:
948:
938:
929:
909:
889:
884:"Conservation"
875:
857:
848:
829:(4): 340–354.
806:
784:
781:on 2010-09-21.
753:
723:
697:
690:
672:
628:
613:
587:
554:
552:
549:
532:
529:
510:chytrid fungus
481:
478:
464:
461:
455:
452:
446:
443:
437:
434:
420:
417:
376:
373:
347:
344:
335:
332:
284:
281:
271:
268:
256:Leiopelmatidae
229:
228:
220:
219:
211:
210:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
157:Leiopelmatidae
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
86:
85:
69:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1516:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1043:Herpetologica
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1007:
998:
996:
992:
988:
986:
978:
975:
971:
964:
962:
958:
952:
949:
942:
939:
933:
930:
926:
920:
918:
916:
914:
910:
905:
904:
899:
893:
890:
885:
879:
876:
872:
866:
864:
862:
858:
852:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:Herpetologica
820:
813:
811:
807:
802:
798:
796:
788:
785:
780:
776:
772:
770:
762:
760:
758:
754:
741:
737:
730:
728:
724:
712:. AmphibiaWeb
711:
709:
701:
698:
693:
687:
683:
676:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
635:
633:
629:
624:
620:
616:
614:9781988514680
610:
603:
602:
594:
592:
588:
582:
577:
573:
569:
562:
560:
556:
550:
548:
546:
542:
537:
530:
528:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
506:Rattus rattus
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
479:
477:
475:
474:honest signal
470:
462:
460:
453:
451:
444:
442:
436:Communication
435:
433:
429:
427:
418:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
365:
360:
358:
353:
345:
343:
341:
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
282:
280:
276:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
236:
226:
221:
217:
212:
207:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1181:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1106:
1073:
1069:
1040:
1011:
1005:
982:
977:
968:
951:
941:
932:
924:
901:
892:
878:
870:
851:
826:
822:
800:
794:
787:
779:the original
774:
768:
744:. Retrieved
739:
714:. Retrieved
707:
700:
681:
675:
650:
646:
600:
571:
538:
534:
518:
513:
505:
497:
487:
483:
480:Conservation
466:
457:
448:
439:
430:
422:
419:Reproduction
413:
381:insectivores
378:
361:
349:
337:
316:Maud Islands
313:
309:South Island
305:North Island
286:
283:Distribution
277:
273:
239:
238:
234:
232:
224:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
18:
1423:SeaLifeBase
1322:iNaturalist
1221:AmphibiaWeb
1206:Wikispecies
985:terrestrial
409:fruit flies
397:springtails
385:fruit flies
364:Maud Island
357:camouflaged
301:Sub-fossils
297:Cook Strait
270:Description
249:New Zealand
1468:Categories
970:Abstracts.
653:(2): 1–6.
623:1052880982
551:References
541:Wellington
401:arthropods
307:and upper
247:native to
55:Vulnerable
1135:27 August
1090:0045-8511
835:0018-0831
659:0110-6465
545:Zealandia
502:black rat
490:predators
454:Predators
369:nocturnal
352:nocturnal
340:nocturnal
328:Zealandia
223:Range of
206:McCulloch
175:Species:
168:Leiopelma
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
1340:10731995
1197:Q1033375
1191:Wikidata
1114:2.0.CO;2
1098:85810681
746:25 April
667:48621895
574:(2015).
426:maturity
389:crickets
387:, small
334:Behavior
260:holotype
153:Family:
137:Amphibia
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1446:ZooBank
1314:2429810
843:3891510
740:Te Papa
716:13 June
494:tuatara
445:Defense
346:Habitat
295:in the
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
58: (
1435:uBio:
1402:611954
1386:NZOR:
1353:202080
1301:331120
1285:ECOS:
1265:717159
1234:ARKive
1096:
1088:
1070:Copeia
946:Copeia
841:
833:
688:
665:
657:
621:
611:
395:, and
324:Karori
291:-free
289:mammal
253:family
208:, 1919
80:NZ TCS
1438:28046
1428:61554
1410:Plazi
1379:43508
1366:11451
1335:IRMNG
1327:23273
1278:3SYZY
1094:S2CID
839:JSTOR
663:JSTOR
605:(PDF)
469:fecal
405:mites
403:like
393:moths
147:Anura
1374:NCBI
1361:IUCN
1348:ITIS
1309:GBIF
1288:8375
1260:BOLD
1226:2065
1137:2024
1086:ISSN
1074:2002
831:ISSN
748:2016
718:2006
686:ISBN
655:ISSN
619:OCLC
609:ISBN
407:and
375:Diet
245:frog
233:The
1296:EoL
1273:CoL
1247:ASW
1129:RNZ
1078:doi
576:doi
1470::
1448::
1425::
1412::
1399::
1376::
1363::
1350::
1337::
1324::
1311::
1298::
1275::
1262::
1249::
1236::
1223::
1208::
1193::
1127:.
1092:.
1084:.
1072:.
1068:.
1048:^
1032:^
1020:^
1010:.
994:^
960:^
912:^
900:.
860:^
837:.
827:34
825:.
821:.
809:^
799:.
773:.
771:)"
756:^
738:.
726:^
661:.
651:45
649:.
645:.
631:^
617:.
590:^
570:.
558:^
527:.
428:.
411:.
391:,
299:.
266:.
227:.
1139:.
1100:.
1080::
1014:.
1008:"
1004:"
906:.
845:.
803:.
797:"
750:.
720:.
706:"
694:.
669:.
625:.
584:.
578::
512:(
504:(
496:(
237:(
82:)
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
