328:
308:, which is slightly less heavy but has a longer total length. An adult black-breasted buzzard measures 51 to 61 cm (20 to 24 in) in height including its short square tail. The buzzard's outstretched wingspan measures 141 to 156 cm (4 ft 8 in to 5 ft 1 in), rendering the bird distinctive in flight as its wings are conspicuously long relative to its stout body and tail. Buzzards appear sexually monomorphic (identical in physical appearance), although the adult female is slightly larger, weighing approximately 1,330 g (2.93 lb) compared to the 1,196 g (2.637 lb) of the adult male. The weight range for the species is from 1,150 to 1,600 g (2.54 to 3.53 lb). It is most closely related to the
361:
426:
409:
forks high up in the canopies. Both parents contribute equally to nest-building and often work together in unison on the nest structure. Nests are constructed from dead sticks and leafy branches, with materials gathered from the ground or broken off trees and carried to the nest site in feet or beak. Nest dimensions have been measured at 1.2m long x 0.8m wide x 0.4m deep. Nest dimensions are larger than that of any other raptor species, including the larger-bodied wedge-tailed eagle.
86:
1844:
42:
320:
across the back and shoulders. Birds in the immature and juvenile phases of growth display pale brown colouring, with dark to black streaks increasing with age. Chicks have white coloured down, described as ‘hair-like’ on their heads. Adult birds may be individually identified during flight by broken or missing flight feathers, or when perched closely together by subtle differences in the red of the back and shoulders.
61:
454:
declines in raptor species of the arid and semi-arid regions of
Australia include broad-scale landscape changes due to extensive pastoralism and clearing of native vegetation; overgrazing by stock, feral animals and increased kangaroo populations; altered fire regimes; the introduction of destructive feral predators such as the
494:
A program of landscape conservation that engages all land managers and stakeholders and includes the protection of existing habitat and revegetation of lost habitat, is considered the first step in protecting the black-breasted buzzard, its relatives and the overall biodiversity of arid and semi-arid
453:
There has been a significant decline amongst
Australian raptor species including the black-breasted buzzard since European settlement in the late 1700s. Historic records indicate the black-breasted buzzard became extinct in some areas of its former range by as early as the 1930s. Causes of population
449:
in South
Australia. Recent studies have assessed the black-breasted buzzard as one of many avian species of particular conservation concern in the Western Division of New South Wales. The global population estimate for the black-breasted buzzard is uncertain, varying between 1000–10,000 individuals.
368:
The black-breasted buzzard hunts a variety of reptiles, small mammals and birds, and raids bird nests to steal eggs and nestlings, including those of other raptor species. Not regarded as a specialist or highly proficient hunter, the buzzard's diet often includes carrion of large mammals that may be
340:
The black-breasted buzzard is widely but sparsely distributed throughout northern and inland
Australia in areas with less than 500 mm annual rainfall. The buzzard's range stretches from north-eastern South Australia, north-western New South Wales, northern Queensland, the Northern Territory and
319:
The black-breasted buzzard is striking in appearance due to the distinctive markings of the adult plumage. From the underside, the mainly black colouring of the body and wings is contrasted by thick white panels near the end of the wings. From above, the black plumage is broken by a rich mottled red
412:
The black-breasted buzzard lays its eggs from August to
October, with breeding believed to be stimulated by increased day length, as well as by increased food availability often linked to rainfall events. A usual clutch comprises two eggs laid at an interval of approximately 8–13 days and incubated
408:
The black-breasted buzzard is usually monogamous, forming lifelong pair-bonds. The buzzard nests in trees of notable height and girth, larger and more independent from others generally available. The trees may be dead with bare exposed limbs, or live and foliated, with nests positioned in prominent
473:
Inadvertent poisoning of raptors through ingestion of prey killed by toxins is a well-known threat to raptor species worldwide and a likely contributor to their decline in
Australia. Such toxins are frequently introduced to the environment by humans to combat pest animals and plague insects. Other
416:
Fresh leafy branches, separate from the basic nest structure, are added periodically during the breeding cycle. This greenery is thought to serve medicinal purposes, such as to aid in parasite and pathogen control, and or to reduce bacteria. Other hypotheses suggest the greenery may play a role in
485:
Climate change leading to increased periods of drought in the arid and semi-arid areas of
Australia is a concern for the survival of many raptors species, particularly those with specialist diets dependent on a limited array of prey species. The black-breasted buzzard has a varied diet including
490:
of creek lines and drainage channels. As these tend to dry up under drought conditions, resultant habitat loss is likely to threaten the buzzard's reproductive viability and survival. More frequent and intense wildfire events will also increasingly contribute to the decline of large trees and
323:
The common call of the black-breasted buzzard is described as a repeated hoarse yelping or short sharp yap or yelp. Adult females also make a soft drawn-out wheezing call to solicit their mate to copulate, undertake nest-building, forage for food and defend the nest. Young buzzards also use a
413:
for a period of 32–38 days. Nestlings remain in the nest for between 68–73 days before fledging around
December. The female tends the nest for the majority of time while the male hunts and returns food. Usually only one chick per nest survives to fledge each season.
372:
It uses a variety of methods to search for food, including soaring in transects over low vegetation, undertaking cooperative hunting with conspecifics and observing from high up on unconcealed perches. The buzzard may drop, pounce, dive or glide to attack its prey.
1116:
Tosh, D. G.; Shore, R. F.; Jess, S.; Withers, A.; Bearhop, S.; Montgomery, W. I.; McDonald, R. A. (2011). "User behaviour, best practice and the risks of non-target exposure associated with anticoagulant rodenticide use".
470:); and the cessation of traditional Aboriginal hunting and land management practices. Intense periods of drought through the 1900s and 2000s are known to have compounded the impacts on already stressed raptor communities.
1372:
Arthington, A. H.; Olden, J. D.; Balcombe, S. R.; Thoms, M. C. (2010). "Multi-scale environmental factors explain fish losses and refuge quality in drying waterholes of Cooper Creek, an
Australian arid-zone river".
486:
carrion that may afford it some resilience in the face of intense drought when carcasses of perished large mammals become abundant. However, it also has a year-round preference for living and nesting in the
474:
potential causes of decline include direct persecution by humans in the form of illegal egg collection and shooting which has been recorded in a number of
Australian raptor species, for example the osprey (
417:
courtship, and or assist in nestling development. Although known to occur in a variety of avian species from a range of climates and habitats around the world, this behaviour is not yet fully understood.
400:). Stones are either dropped onto or thrown at the eggs to break them open, allowing the buzzard to access the contents for food. The buzzard may also use its beak to crack eggs directly.
1274:; Wintle, B. A.; Gordon, A.; Fox, J.C.; Chisholm, R.; Brown, B.; Regan, T.; Mooney, N.; Read, S. M.; Burgman, M. A. (2009). "Modelling human impacts on the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (
341:
the north-western exterior of Western Australia. The buzzard does not occur in Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory or Tasmania, due to their wetter temperate climates.
348:
and tall-open woodlands surrounded by mid-dense shrublands. In a study of raptor habitat association in central Australia, it was most commonly observed in River Red Gum (
3284:
731:, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
3323:
1082:
Koeman, J. H.; van Genderen, H. (1966). "Some preliminary notes on residues of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in birds and mammals in the Netherlands".
3377:
327:
1449:
778:
Aumann, T. (2001). "Habitat use, temporal activity patterns and foraging behaviour of raptors in the south-west of the Northern Territory, Australia".
376:
Skilled in terrestrial hunting, the black-breasted buzzard is famous for its use of stones to crack the eggs of large ground-nesting birds such as the
1052:(2004). "Historical changes in the bird fauna at Coomooboolaroo, northeastern Australia, from the early years of pastoral settlement (1873) to 1999".
3258:
3297:
3392:
629:
1312:"Evolutionary refugia and ecological refuges: Key concepts for conserving Australian arid zone freshwater biodiversity under climate change"
1014:
Smith, P. J.; Pressey, R. L.; Smith, J. E. (1994). "Birds of particular conservation concern in the Western Division of New South Wales".
3387:
1417:
974:
602:
3397:
276:). It is a versatile hunter known for its special skill in cracking eggs. The species is common throughout most of its range.
1442:
3302:
1188:
1843:
1155:
Herholdt, J. J. (1998). "Survival, threats and conservation management of raptors in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park".
3122:
3144:
85:
3328:
3162:
1435:
1401:
714:
360:
1412:
425:
3183:
3084:
300:), the black-breasted buzzard is one of Australia's largest birds of prey and one of the world's largest
877:
Aumann, T (2001). "Breeding biology of raptors in the south-west of the Northern Territory, Australia".
438:
184:
1938:
1928:
562:
Illustrations of the genera of birds, embracing their generic characters; with sketches of their habits
2417:
1730:
1548:
538:
3245:
3175:
3131:
1427:
1323:
344:
Found to occur in wooded and open habitats, the black-breasted buzzard is most commonly observed in
2139:
1666:
1422:
441:. While it is not listed as a conservation concern by the Australian Commonwealth, it is listed as
50:
2426:
2129:
1683:
3196:
3136:
2815:
2778:
2754:
2211:
2079:
1253:
1214:
1095:
1049:
942:
Wimberger, P. H. (1984). "The Use of Green Plant Material in Bird Nests to Avoid Ectoparasites".
894:
393:
309:
285:
269:
210:
80:
3149:
2171:
2119:
2059:
1703:
1629:
1407:
3289:
2744:
2251:
2191:
2099:
2089:
2069:
1997:
1740:
1720:
331:
The distinctive shape and colour of the buzzard in full flight, Mary River, Northern Territory.
3382:
3315:
3219:
2511:
2181:
2150:
1780:
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1349:
1134:
625:
598:
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2007:
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240:
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1819:
1562:
1459:
345:
137:
41:
986:
668:
Nunn, P. J.; Pavey, C. R. (2014). "Breeding biology of a pair of Black-breasted Buzzards
1327:
567:
515:
2375:
1905:
1527:
1463:
1344:
1311:
912:
Dubiec, A.; Gozdz, I.; Mazgajski, T. D. (2013). "Green plant material in avian nests".
1065:
3371:
3310:
3054:
3005:
2935:
2917:
2687:
2639:
2403:
2347:
2340:
2320:
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1955:
1948:
1916:
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434:
70:
65:
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1218:
898:
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2822:
2805:
2653:
2553:
2546:
2532:
2463:
2297:
2201:
2109:
1966:
1787:
1585:
1193:) in the 21st century: Populations, migration, management, and research priorities"
847:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
293:
265:
147:
3211:
1130:
3341:
1291:
672:
near Alice Springs, Northern Territory, including response to nest destruction".
3271:
3116:
3019:
2849:
2707:
2667:
2646:
2623:
2525:
2518:
2504:
2286:
2265:
2039:
2028:
1896:
1639:
1617:
1599:
1209:
352:) open woodland, demonstrating a significant preference for this habitat type.
3349:
3026:
2971:
2944:
2910:
2876:
2860:
2842:
2768:
2732:
2574:
2567:
2483:
2437:
2389:
2361:
2354:
2241:
2222:
1987:
1885:
1750:
1606:
1578:
1494:
1168:
261:
201:
3107:
3012:
2894:
2721:
2660:
2632:
2601:
2560:
2474:
2396:
2368:
2331:
2306:
2272:
2017:
1804:
1710:
1656:
1592:
1571:
955:
455:
97:
1353:
1138:
17:
3101:
3040:
2989:
2964:
2924:
2761:
2698:
2678:
2581:
2490:
2453:
2382:
2231:
1693:
1673:
1649:
1482:
732:
305:
301:
117:
3263:
3170:
2998:
2788:
2592:
2539:
2161:
1099:
478:) in South Australia. and Europe and the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (
463:
364:
A captive buzzard demonstrates how it uses a stone to crack an emu egg.
1335:
822:
260:) is a large raptor endemic to mainland Australia. First described by
3157:
2903:
2714:
2608:
2279:
1794:
1476:
385:
107:
3276:
3237:
3078:
1386:
1249:
1091:
890:
791:
3336:
3232:
2497:
1488:
424:
359:
326:
1414:
Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive - Black-breasted Buzzard
2258:
840:
127:
3250:
3082:
1859:
1513:
1431:
805:
Aumann, T (1990). "Use of stones by the Black-breasted Buzzard
566:
The actual publication date is disputed as either 1845 or 1846
429:
The semi-arid habitat of the black-breasted buzzard, Australia.
1232:
Dennis, T. E. (2007). "Distribution and status of the Osprey (
509:
507:
377:
1310:
Davis, J.; Pavlova, A.; Thompson, R.; Sunnucks, P. (2013).
717:. NSW Government, Office of Environment and Heritage. 2012.
1187:
Bierregaard, R.O.; Poole, A. F.; Washburn, B. E. (2014).
284:
Intermediate in body size between the well-known larger
268:(hawks and eagles) and is most closely related to the
727:
Debus, S., P. F. D. Boesman, and J. S. Marks (2020).
2811:
2801:
2784:
2774:
2750:
2740:
2459:
2449:
2414:
2247:
2237:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1873:
1800:
1776:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1662:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1559:
1544:
3091:
2988:
2954:
2934:
2893:
2859:
2832:
2731:
2697:
2677:
2622:
2591:
2473:
2436:
2413:
2330:
2296:
2221:
1974:
1965:
1915:
1895:
1872:
1818:
1616:
1558:
1535:
1526:
324:wheezing call to solicit food from their parents.
1157:Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa
539:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695014A93484613.en
729:Black-breasted Kite (Hamirostra melanosternon)
1443:
369:sourced along roads, tracks and creek lines.
8:
1403:NSW Government - Threatened Species Profile
839:Debus, S.; Boesman, P.; Marks, J.S. (2015).
1419:Atlas of Living Australia - Species Profile
3079:
2442:
1971:
1869:
1856:
1532:
1523:
1510:
1450:
1436:
1428:
1409:Birdlife International - Species Factsheet
809:to gain access to egg contents for food".
491:potential black-breasted buzzard habitat.
59:
40:
31:
1343:
1208:
595:Birds of Prey of Australia: A Field Guide
537:
849:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
745:Australasian Eagles and Eagle-like Birds
503:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1150:
1148:
1111:
1109:
1077:
1075:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
733:https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.bkbkit1.01
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
969:
967:
965:
937:
935:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
834:
832:
773:
709:
707:
663:
661:
264:in 1841, it forms part of the family
217:
7:
1424:Birds in Backyards - Species Profile
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
437:ranks the black-breasted buzzard of
3378:IUCN Red List least concern species
1119:Journal of Environmental Management
525:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
715:"Black-breasted Buzzard – Profile"
618:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008).
25:
621:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1842:
926:10.3184/175815513x13615363233558
84:
597:. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing.
514:BirdLife International (2016).
1375:Marine and Freshwater Research
1197:The Journal of Raptor Research
1:
1131:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.12.014
1066:10.1016/s0006-3207(03)00231-3
3393:Diurnal raptors of Australia
1292:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.05.010
1028:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90432-4
674:Australian Field Ornithology
851:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
624:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
564:. London. part 8, sign. B4.
3414:
3388:Endemic birds of Australia
1210:10.3356/0892-1016-48.4.301
1086:. 3 (supplement): 99–106.
1084:Journal of Applied Ecology
2445:
1868:
1855:
1840:
1522:
1509:
1471:
1169:10.1080/00359199809520387
983:Atlas of Living Australia
841:"Black-breasted Buzzard (
216:
209:
190:
183:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
3355:Hamirostra-melanosternon
3163:hamirostra-melanosternon
3150:Hamirostra_melanosternon
3137:Hamirostra_melanosternon
3123:Hamirostra melanosternon
3093:Hamirostra melanosternon
1466:and their extinct allies
532:: e.T22695014A93484613.
518:Hamirostra melanosternon
382:Dromaius novaehollandiae
350:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
336:Distribution and habitat
257:Hamirostra melanosternon
236:Gypoictinia melanosterna
228:Hamirostra melanosternon
194:Hamirostra melanosternon
3398:Birds described in 1841
1280:Biological Conservation
1236:) in South Australia".
1054:Biological Conservation
1016:Biological Conservation
977:Hamirostra melanosteron
843:Hamirostra melanosteron
807:Hamirostra melanosteron
670:Hamirostra melanosteron
445:in New South Wales and
35:Black-breasted buzzard
3202:black-breasted-buzzard
985:. 2015. Archived from
914:Avian Biology Research
560:Brown, Thomas (1846).
430:
365:
332:
298:Hieraaetus morphnoides
252:black-breasted buzzard
1316:Global Change Biology
1048:Woinarski, J. C. Z.;
956:10.1093/auk/101.3.615
428:
363:
330:
231:Brown, 1845 or 1846
176:H. melanosternon
1328:2013GCBio..19.1970D
1276:Aquila audax fleayi
747:. CSIRO Publishing.
480:Aquila audax fleayi
220:Buteo melanosternon
51:Conservation status
3197:BirdLife-Australia
743:Debus, S. (2017).
593:Debus, S. (2012).
431:
398:Ardeotis australis
394:Australian Bustard
366:
333:
314:Lophoictinia isura
310:Square-tailed kite
286:wedge-tailed eagle
274:Lophoictinia isura
270:square-tailed kite
3365:
3364:
3085:Taxon identifiers
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
2618:
2617:
2512:Cryptoleucopteryx
1939:Amphiserpentarius
1851:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1814:
1813:
1336:10.1111/gcb.12203
1286:(11): 2438–2448.
1244:(3803): 294–299.
1234:Pandion haliaetus
1191:Pandion haliaetus
823:10.1071/mu9900141
780:Wildlife Research
631:978-1-4200-6444-5
476:Pandion haliaetus
248:
247:
242:
232:
224:
165:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3405:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3176:2775A1ED16269C5D
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3080:
2813:
2803:
2786:
2776:
2752:
2742:
2461:
2451:
2443:
2418:Archaehieraxinae
2416:
2314:Erythrotriorchis
2249:
2239:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2169:
2159:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2025:
2015:
2008:Apatosagittarius
2005:
1995:
1985:
1972:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1875:
1870:
1857:
1846:
1802:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1701:
1691:
1681:
1664:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1561:
1549:Parasarcoramphus
1546:
1533:
1524:
1516:Accipitrimorphae
1511:
1501:Accipitrimorphae
1452:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1391:
1390:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1322:(7): 1970–1984.
1307:
1296:
1295:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1125:(6): 1503–1508.
1113:
1104:
1103:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1050:Catterall, C. P.
1045:
1032:
1031:
1011:
998:
997:
995:
994:
971:
960:
959:
939:
930:
929:
909:
903:
902:
874:
853:
852:
836:
827:
826:
802:
796:
795:
775:
748:
741:
735:
725:
719:
718:
711:
682:
681:
665:
636:
635:
615:
609:
608:
590:
569:
565:
557:
551:
550:
548:
546:
541:
511:
346:riparian forests
292:and the smaller
238:
230:
222:
196:
163:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3087:
3077:
3060:
2984:
2950:
2930:
2889:
2855:
2828:
2727:
2693:
2673:
2614:
2587:
2469:
2432:
2409:
2326:
2292:
2217:
1961:
1911:
1891:
1877:Horusornithidae
1864:
1862:Accipitriformes
1847:
1834:
1820:Accipitriformes
1810:
1612:
1563:Teratornithidae
1554:
1518:
1505:
1467:
1456:
1399:
1394:
1387:10.1071/mf09096
1371:
1370:
1361:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1250:10.1071/mu07009
1231:
1230:
1226:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1092:10.2307/2401448
1081:
1080:
1073:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1013:
1012:
1001:
992:
990:
973:
972:
963:
941:
940:
933:
911:
910:
906:
891:10.1071/mu00073
876:
875:
856:
838:
837:
830:
804:
803:
799:
792:10.1071/wr99091
777:
776:
751:
742:
738:
726:
722:
713:
712:
685:
667:
666:
639:
632:
617:
616:
612:
605:
592:
591:
572:
559:
558:
554:
544:
542:
513:
512:
505:
501:
423:
406:
390:Grus rubicundus
358:
338:
282:
205:
198:
192:
179:
162:
138:Accipitriformes
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3113:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2809:
2799:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2748:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2376:Lophotriorchis
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1980:
1978:
1976:incertae sedis
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1707:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1670:
1660:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1539:
1537:incertae sedis
1530:
1528:Cathartiformes
1520:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1457:
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1454:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1398:
1397:External links
1395:
1393:
1392:
1381:(8): 842–856.
1359:
1297:
1272:Bekessy, S. A.
1263:
1224:
1203:(4): 301–308.
1174:
1163:(2): 201–218.
1144:
1105:
1071:
1060:(3): 379–401.
1033:
1022:(3): 315–338.
999:
979:(Gould, 1841)"
961:
950:(3): 615–618.
931:
920:(2): 133–146.
904:
885:(4): 305–315.
854:
828:
817:(3): 141–144.
797:
786:(4): 365–378.
749:
736:
720:
683:
637:
630:
610:
603:
570:
552:
502:
500:
497:
488:riparian zones
422:
419:
405:
402:
357:
354:
337:
334:
304:alongside the
281:
278:
246:
245:
244:
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58:
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37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3410:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:Chondrohierax
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2936:Lophospizinae
2933:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:Macheiramphus
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:Dryotriorchis
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2404:Stephanoaetus
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2321:Megatriorchis
2318:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:Palaeoplancus
2134:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2050:Gigantohierax
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:Pelargopappus
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1917:Sagittariidae
1914:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:Pleistovultur
1765:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1667:Cathartidarum
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
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1587:
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1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
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1557:
1551:
1550:
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1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1484:
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1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1368:
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1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
989:on 2015-12-24
988:
984:
980:
978:
970:
968:
966:
962:
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953:
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945:
938:
936:
932:
927:
923:
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884:
880:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
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844:
835:
833:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
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793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
740:
737:
734:
730:
724:
721:
716:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
638:
633:
627:
623:
620:
614:
611:
606:
604:9780643104372
600:
596:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
571:
568:
563:
556:
553:
540:
535:
531:
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526:
521:
519:
510:
508:
504:
498:
496:
492:
489:
483:
481:
477:
471:
469:
468:Vulpes vulpes
465:
461:
457:
451:
448:
444:
440:
439:Least Concern
436:
435:IUCN Red List
427:
420:
418:
414:
410:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
370:
362:
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347:
342:
335:
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Aquila audax)
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
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223:Gould, 1841
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185:Binomial name
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66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3092:
3053:
3048:Lophoictinia
3046:
3039:
3034:Henicopernis
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2979:Urotriorchis
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:Melieraxinae
2943:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2884:Microspizias
2882:
2875:
2868:
2848:
2841:
2834:Haliaeetinae
2823:Polyboroides
2821:
2814:
2806:Neophrontops
2804:
2794:
2787:
2777:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2743:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2686:
2666:
2659:
2654:Pithecophaga
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2607:
2600:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2554:Morphnarchus
2552:
2547:Leucopternis
2545:
2538:
2533:Helicolestes
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2464:Garganoaetus
2462:
2452:
2427:Archaehierax
2425:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:Accipitrinae
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2240:
2230:
2210:
2202:Titanohierax
2200:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2149:
2138:
2130:Palaeocircus
2128:
2118:
2110:Palaeohierax
2108:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2027:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1975:
1967:Accipitridae
1954:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1904:
1884:
1803:
1793:
1788:Sarcoramphus
1786:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1702:
1692:
1684:Diatropornis
1682:
1672:
1665:
1655:
1648:
1638:
1628:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1586:Cathartornis
1584:
1577:
1570:
1547:
1536:
1400:
1378:
1374:
1319:
1315:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1160:
1156:
1122:
1118:
1083:
1057:
1053:
1019:
1015:
991:. Retrieved
987:the original
982:
976:
947:
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907:
882:
878:
848:
842:
814:
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622:
619:
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594:
561:
555:
543:. Retrieved
529:
523:
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472:
467:
459:
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446:
442:
433:The current
432:
421:Conservation
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404:Reproduction
397:
389:
381:
375:
371:
367:
349:
343:
339:
322:
318:
313:
297:
294:little eagle
289:
283:
273:
266:Accipitridae
256:
255:
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249:
235:
227:
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193:
191:
175:
174:
158:
157:
148:Accipitridae
29:
3272:iNaturalist
3117:Wikispecies
3020:Eutriorchis
2850:Icthyophaga
2816:Palaeoborus
2779:Mioneophron
2755:Arikarornis
2708:Chelictinia
2668:Terathopius
2647:Eutriorchis
2624:Circaetinae
2526:Geranospiza
2519:Geranoaetus
2505:Buteogallus
2287:Trigonoceps
2266:Necrosyrtes
2212:Vinchinavis
2080:Mioaegypius
2040:Dynatoaetus
2029:Cruschedula
1956:Sagittarius
1897:Pandionidae
1829:See below ↓
1640:Brasilogyps
1618:Cathartidae
1600:Taubatornis
545:19 November
495:Australia.
460:Felis catus
280:Description
239:Kaup, 1847
164:Brown, 1846
3372:Categories
3350:Xeno-canto
3027:Hamirostra
2972:Micronisus
2945:Lophospiza
2911:Harpyopsis
2877:Kaupifalco
2861:Harpaginae
2843:Haliaeetus
2769:Gypohierax
2733:Gypaetinae
2575:Rostrhamus
2568:Pseudastur
2484:Busarellus
2438:Buteoninae
2390:Polemaetus
2362:Ictinaetus
2355:Hieraaetus
2242:Cryptogyps
2223:Aegypiinae
2172:Proictinia
2120:Palaeastur
2060:Gobihierax
1988:Amplibuteo
1929:Amanuensis
1886:Horusornis
1751:Phasmagyps
1704:Geronogyps
1630:Aizenogyps
1607:Teratornis
1579:Argentavis
1495:Telluraves
1458:Genera of
1189:"Ospreys (
993:2015-10-15
499:References
443:Vulnerable
262:John Gould
159:Hamirostra
18:Hamirostra
3013:Elanoides
2895:Harpiinae
2745:Anchigyps
2722:Gampsonyx
2661:Spilornis
2633:Circaetus
2602:Haliastur
2561:Parabuteo
2475:Buteonini
2397:Spizaetus
2369:Lophaetus
2332:Aquilinae
2307:Accipiter
2273:Sarcogyps
2252:Gansugyps
2192:Qiluornis
2100:Necrastur
2090:Miohierax
2070:Milvoides
2018:Aviraptor
1998:Aquilavus
1805:Wingegyps
1741:Pampagyps
1721:Hadrogyps
1711:Gymnogyps
1657:Cathartes
1593:Oscaravis
1572:Aiolornis
1475:Kingdom:
456:house cat
170:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
3383:Milvinae
3337:Species+
3316:22695014
3290:10195193
3189:22695014
3184:BirdLife
3102:Wikidata
3041:Leptodon
2990:Perninae
2965:Melierax
2925:Morphnus
2870:Harpagus
2796:Neophron
2762:Gypaetus
2699:Elaninae
2679:Circinae
2582:Rupornis
2491:Butastur
2454:Bermuteo
2383:Nisaetus
2232:Aegypius
2182:Promilio
2151:Palaetus
1781:Pliogyps
1761:Perugyps
1694:Dryornis
1674:Coragyps
1650:Breagyps
1483:Chordata
1481:Phylum:
1477:Animalia
1354:23526791
1258:84883853
1219:86389001
1139:21272991
899:83965711
680:: 51–76.
306:red kite
211:Synonyms
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
3264:2480473
3238:bkbkit1
3212:bkbkit1
3171:Avibase
3108:Q998652
2999:Aviceda
2789:Neogyps
2593:Milvini
2540:Ictinia
2162:Pengana
1906:Pandion
1499:Clade:
1493:Clade:
1487:Class:
1464:condors
1345:3746109
1324:Bibcode
1100:2401448
944:The Auk
464:red fox
204:, 1841)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
3329:321098
3303:175467
3251:914566
3158:ARKive
3055:Pernis
2904:Harpia
2715:Elanus
2688:Circus
2609:Milvus
2348:Clanga
2341:Aquila
2280:Torgos
1795:Vultur
1731:Kuntur
1460:eagles
1352:
1342:
1256:
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462:) and
392:) and
386:Brolga
3342:10057
3285:IRMNG
3233:eBird
3225:3JHQ5
3209:BOW:
2498:Buteo
1254:S2CID
1215:S2CID
1096:JSTOR
895:S2CID
302:kites
202:Gould
3324:NCBI
3311:IUCN
3298:ITIS
3277:5288
3259:GBIF
2259:Gyps
1489:Aves
1350:PMID
1278:)".
1135:PMID
626:ISBN
599:ISBN
547:2021
530:2016
447:Rare
356:Diet
250:The
128:Aves
3246:EoL
3220:CoL
3145:AFD
3132:ADW
1383:doi
1340:PMC
1332:doi
1288:doi
1284:142
1246:doi
1242:107
1238:Emu
1205:doi
1165:doi
1127:doi
1088:doi
1062:doi
1058:116
1024:doi
952:doi
948:101
922:doi
887:doi
883:101
879:Emu
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534:doi
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378:Emu
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