241:, enters numbers in response to questions posed by the game. The resources that the player must manage are people, acres of land, and bushels of grain. These are managed over the course of ten rounds, each of which represents a year. Each person can farm a set amount of land, which produces grain. Grain, in turn, can be used to feed people, who otherwise die the following round, or planted for the following year's crop. The player may also buy or sell land to their neighbors each turn in exchange for grain. Each round begins with an adviser stating "Hamurabi: I beg to report to you" the current status of the city, including the prior year's harvest and change in population, followed by a series of questions as to how many bushels of grain to spend on land, seeds, and feeding the people.
245:
random amounts. Each year also presents the possibility of a plague reducing the population by half. The game ends after ten rounds, or earlier if the entire population of the city dies or at least 45 percent of the people starve in a single round. The end-game appraisal, added in the 1973 version of the game, compares the player to historical rulers—such as "Your heavy-handed performance smacks of
34:
465:, which became the best selling computer book of all time, with well over a million copies sold. The popularity of both the book and the programming language itself meant that Ahl's version of the game became the more widely known version over the relatively obscure original, as evidenced by the 1973 French FOCAL version considering "
303:
475:
noted that the game was a modification of a game "written in FOCAL at DEC", but listed the author as "unknown". The 1978 edition of the book, which was the first million-selling computer book, noted that the game's name was intended to be "Hammurabi", but not only was one "m" dropped in the file name
374:
since at least 1958. By 1961, there were over 89 different business and economic simulation games in use, with various graphical capabilities. The final game was, according to Dyment, "the largest piece of FOCAL-8 code that could fit in a 4K machine: there was literally not room for a single extra
244:
The game's variations are driven by random numbers: the price of land is randomly decided each round from between 17 and 26 bushels per acre, the amount of bushels generated each round is randomly decided, random amounts of bushels are eaten by rats, and new people come to the city each year in
399:
by James R. B. Howard II and Jimmie B. Fletcher, "a modification of the 'King of
Sumeria' game" with additional features. The French version of the game, however, despite being listed as "Sumer (French)", described itself not as a translation of the original game, but as a translation of
390:
recalled in 1989 that "half the people I know wrote a
Hammurabi program back in the 1970s; for many, it was the first program they'd ever written in their lives". The 1973 DECUS catalog additionally lists a French-language version by Belgians J. F. Champarnaud and F. H. Bostem for the
361:
The game was originally described as: "This is a simulation program/game which will run on a minimal PDP-8 system. The economy of a
Sumerian city in the year 3000 B. C. is simulated in the fashion of a modern-day 'business game.'"
439:
and added an end-of-game performance appraisal. Unlike FOCAL, BASIC was widely available on many platforms and the new version was soon found on many of them. In 1973 he re-published the game as part of the collection in
165:, manages how much of their grain to spend on crops for the next round, feeding their people, and purchasing additional land, while dealing with random variations in crop yields and plagues.
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1139:
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character". As a result, the game uses shortened forms for much of the text, including spelling the player-controlled ruler, changed from Luduga to the
Babylonian king
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1619:
1250:
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480:, but Ahl consistently misspelled the name inside of the game, following Dyment's spelling, leading to the generally accepted name of the game to be
175:, a much more in-depth text-based economic simulation intended for children, developed from 1964 to 1966 by designer and elementary school teacher
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revolution followed, and BASIC was the standard language on these machines. Ahl re-published his book once again, this time under the title
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as well as an early strategy game. A conversion of this game was included on the BBC Micro's
Welcome Tape and Welcome Disc as
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680:
548:
500:
by Lee
Schneider and Todd Voros, written for mainframe computers in 1972 and in BASIC in 1975, which was then expanded to
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143:
733:
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619:
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371:
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211:, quickly became the more prominent version due to the popularity of both the book and the programming language.
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442:
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106:
350:. The game is sometimes erroneously attributed to Merrill in 1969, but 1969 and 1973 program catalogs by the
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centered on resource management in which the player, identified in the text as the ancient
Babylonian king
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1408:
997:
629:
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902:
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The
Production and Evaluation of Three Computer-based Economics Games for the Sixth Grade: Final Report
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667:(Report). Westchester County Board of Cooperative Educational Services. pp. 1, 13–15. ED014227.
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363:
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127:
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92:
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419:-area home were uninterested in using FOCAL. He hired a Brooklyn programmer to write a version of
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835:
They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and
Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry
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624:
87:
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496:, several simulation games have been created as expansions of the core game. These include
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was working in the educational sales department and found that customers outside DEC's
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influenced many later strategy and simulation games and is also an antecedent to the
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1059:. Vol. 4, no. 2. People's Computer Company. September 1975. pp. 6–7.
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187:
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Multiple versions of the game were created for the FOCAL language, but around 1971
161:
The game consists of ten rounds wherein the player, as the ancient
Babylonian king
33:
1224:
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678:
Wing, Richard L. (1966). "Two Computer-Based Economics Games for Sixth Graders".
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354:(DECUS) list Dyment as the original developer, though they also renamed it to
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988:"Fifty Years of BASIC, the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal"
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838:
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408:)", due to another version of the game which was already released by then.
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programming language. Fellow employee Doug Dyment heard a description of
269:
began studying the use of computers in education, using a grant from the
734:"The Sumerian Game: The Most Important Video Game You've Never Heard Of"
524:
added the concept of city building management to the basic structure of
803:
250:
190:
147:
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292:
1132:"From SimCity to, well, SimCity: The history of city-building games"
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769:
428:
420:
351:
344:
310:
301:
59:
862:
Greenlaw, Paul S.; Herron, Lowell W.; Rawdon, Richard H. (1962).
552:(1987) are two games that critics mentioned as being similar to
366:" were text-based business management simulation games, such as
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246:
1239:
987:
266:
180:
291:, set in 3500 B.C., has players act as rulers of the city of
446:, which became a best-seller with over 10,000 copies sold.
273:
to produce "economic games" for sixth-grade students. One,
866:
Business simulation in industrial and university education
295:. In 1966 Addis revised the game and interspersed it with
540:
inspired more complicated economic simulation games;
339:, and as an early program for the language developed
299:
of taped audio lectures and slide projector images.
283:, written and designed by elementary-school teacher
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1459:
1382:
1329:
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423:for the PDP-8. Around 1971, he ported a version of
102:
86:
69:
53:
43:
26:
1026:"David H. Ahl biography from Who's Who in America"
883:
881:
863:
431:and published it in DEC's educational newsletter,
922:"DECUS Program Library Catalog for PDP-8, FOCAL8"
763:"DECUS Program Library Catalog for PDP-8, FOCAL8"
395:version of the language, and a 1978 catalog adds
658:
656:
654:
370:, which was used in business schools such as at
727:
725:
723:
721:
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799:"Game Mechanics That Are Older Than You Think"
1251:
1229:can be played for free in the browser at the
589:(2nd ed.). Workman Publishing. pp.
8:
287:and programmed by William McKay of IBM. The
193:it to DEC BASIC and in 1973 published it in
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207:. His expanded version of the game, titled
1610:Video games developed in the United States
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1244:
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916:
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912:
32:
23:
931:. July 1973. p. F-28. Archived from
1109:. Creative Computing Press. p. 96.
1079:. Creative Computing Press. p. 11.
963:Digital Equipment Computer Users Society
929:Digital Equipment Computer Users Society
772:. July 1973. p. F-1. Archived from
770:Digital Equipment Computer Users Society
492:In addition to the multiple versions of
352:Digital Equipment Computer Users Society
130:. It was first developed under the name
1600:Public-domain software with source code
981:
979:
757:
755:
753:
565:
7:
1056:People's Computer Company Newsletter
506:(1976). Other derivations include
14:
1620:Video games with textual graphics
1282:Cathode-ray tube amusement device
797:Winterhalter, Ryan (2010-12-15).
528:, making it an antecedent to the
469:" to be the more prominent name.
1625:Video games based on real people
197:. This was later republished in
1142:from the original on 2016-02-03
1032:from the original on 2015-09-24
1000:from the original on 2016-02-05
986:McCracken, Harry (2014-04-29).
833:Smith, Alexander (2019-11-27).
514:(1975) by James A. Storer, and
279:(1964), was a model of ancient
663:Wing, Richard L. (June 1967).
453:was released, and soon after,
435:. The new version was renamed
1:
958:Program Library PDP-8 Catalog
732:Willaert, Kate (2019-09-09).
681:American Behavioral Scientist
321:Digital Equipment Corporation
144:Digital Equipment Corporation
1615:Video games set in antiquity
1585:Early history of video games
1267:Early history of video games
1194:. Vol. 9, no. 12.
1130:Moss, Richard (2015-10-11).
901:. Vol. 14, no. 1.
837:. Vol. 1: 1971 – 1982.
263:Westchester County, New York
343:, programming it for a DEC
1651:
1275:Analog and lightbulb games
694:10.1177/000276426601000306
517:Santa Paravia en Fiumaccio
372:Carnegie Mellon University
183:programmer William McKay.
142:by Doug Dyment in 1968 at
1635:Single-player video games
1163:. BBC Micro Games Archive
965:. August 1978. p. 83
31:
520:(1978) by George Blank;
443:101 BASIC Computer Games
271:U.S. Office of Education
195:101 BASIC Computer Games
1534:Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.
1509:John Makepeace Bennett
1161:"Yellow River Kingdom"
630:Crown Publishing Group
411:In 1970, DEC employee
316:
158:programming language.
38:Screenshot of gameplay
1384:Early mainframe games
478:eight-character limit
382:Multiple versions of
337:University of Alberta
305:
281:Sumerian civilization
1605:Strategy video games
1331:Early Chess programs
586:BASIC Computer Games
534:Yellow River Kingdom
473:BASIC Computer Games
463:BASIC Computer Games
335:after a talk at the
289:early mainframe game
204:BASIC Computer Games
150:for fellow employee
1539:William Higinbotham
1198:. pp. 361–379.
905:. pp. 109–124.
530:city-building genre
368:The Management Game
235:strategy video game
217:city-building genre
128:resource management
124:strategy video game
1519:David Champernowne
1460:First arcade games
1106:Big Computer Games
1076:Big Computer Games
317:
154:'s newly invented
1567:
1566:
1417:The Sumerian Game
1186:"NCC Reflections"
1184:(November 1984).
1116:978-0-916688-40-0
1086:978-0-916688-40-0
848:978-1-138-38990-8
639:978-1-4000-8246-9
600:978-0-89480-052-8
583:(November 1978).
379:, as "Hamurabi".
333:The Sumerian Game
276:The Sumerian Game
172:The Sumerian Game
112:
111:
64:personal computer
1642:
1580:1968 video games
1348:Los Alamos Chess
1289:Bertie the Brain
1260:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1231:Internet Archive
1200:
1199:
1182:Pournelle, Jerry
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1028:. Swapmeetdave.
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891:(January 1989).
889:Pournelle, Jerry
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811:. Archived from
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632:. pp. 1–2.
625:Dreaming in Code
620:Rosenberg, Scott
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169:was inspired by
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388:Jerry Pournelle
341:King of Sumeria
325:Richard Merrill
323:(DEC) employee
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201:form in 1978's
199:Microsoft BASIC
152:Richard Merrill
133:King of Sumeria
97:text-based game
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21:1968 video game
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893:"To the Stars"
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841:. p. 27.
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738:A Critical Hit
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512:Pollution Game
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425:The Sumer Game
406:The Sumer Game
386:were created.
384:The Sumer Game
364:Business games
356:The Sumer Game
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139:The Sumer Game
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1136:Ars Technica
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1034:. Retrieved
1002:. Retrieved
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933:the original
896:
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817:. Retrieved
813:the original
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774:the original
741:. Retrieved
737:
688:(3): 31–35.
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455:Altair BASIC
449:In 1975 the
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413:David H. Ahl
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314:minicomputer
306:An original
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188:David H. Ahl
185:
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138:
137:
132:
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126:of land and
115:
114:
113:
79:1973 (BASIC)
76:1968 (FOCAL)
18:
1559:Alan Turing
1544:Josef Kates
1494:Mabel Addis
1476:Galaxy Game
1269:(1947-1971)
1196:McGraw-Hill
903:McGraw-Hill
546:(1983) and
451:Altair 8800
285:Mabel Addis
257:Development
177:Mabel Addis
55:Platform(s)
49:Doug Dyment
45:Designer(s)
1590:CP/M games
1574:Categories
1524:Ted Dabney
1504:Ralph Baer
1303:Carmonette
1167:2020-10-06
1146:2016-02-04
1101:Ahl, David
1071:Ahl, David
1036:2016-02-06
1022:Ahl, David
1004:2016-02-12
969:2016-02-04
942:2016-02-04
819:2016-02-06
809:Ziff Davis
783:2016-02-04
743:2019-09-10
581:Ahl, David
560:References
232:text-based
121:text-based
1630:Hammurabi
1499:David Ahl
1449:Star Trek
1409:Marienbad
1401:Spacewar!
1340:Turochamp
1220:MobyGames
1051:"Kingdom"
839:CRC Press
710:146420388
702:0002-7642
510:, a.k.a.
377:Hammurabi
319:In 1968,
297:cutscenes
261:In 1962,
239:Hammurabi
163:Hammurabi
1425:Hamurabi
1311:Hutspiel
1226:Hamurabi
1216:variants
1140:Archived
1103:(1984).
1073:(1984).
1030:Archived
998:Archived
622:(2007).
554:Hamurabi
549:Anacreon
543:M.U.L.E.
538:Hamurabi
536:(1981).
526:Hamurabi
494:Hamurabi
482:Hamurabi
467:Hamurabi
437:Hamurabi
402:Hamurabi
393:FOCAL-69
228:Hamurabi
223:Gameplay
213:Hamurabi
209:Hamurabi
116:Hamurabi
88:Genre(s)
27:Hamurabi
804:1UP.com
646:archive
607:archive
503:Dukedom
498:Kingdom
251:Ivan IV
103:Mode(s)
70:Release
1487:People
1479:(1971)
1471:(1971)
1452:(1971)
1444:(1969)
1436:(1969)
1428:(1968)
1420:(1964)
1412:(1962)
1404:(1962)
1396:(1952)
1375:(1970)
1367:(1968)
1359:(1967)
1356:Kaissa
1351:(1956)
1343:(1948)
1322:(1958)
1314:(1955)
1306:(1953)
1298:(1951)
1296:Nimrod
1292:(1950)
1284:(1947)
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845:
708:
700:
636:
597:
488:Legacy
457:. The
417:Boston
293:Lagash
191:ported
1372:Chess
1364:Blitz
936:(PDF)
925:(PDF)
777:(PDF)
766:(PDF)
706:S2CID
591:78–79
429:BASIC
421:BASIC
397:Ruben
345:PDP-8
329:FOCAL
311:PDP-8
230:is a
156:FOCAL
146:as a
119:is a
60:PDP-8
1191:Byte
1111:ISBN
1081:ISBN
993:Time
898:Byte
843:ISBN
698:ISSN
634:ISBN
595:ISBN
508:King
265:and
249:and
247:Nero
179:and
1393:OXO
1218:at
690:doi
433:Edu
427:to
308:DEC
267:IBM
253:."
181:IBM
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