Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery

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each day to the doings of the upper classes) – were as much a crowd-puller as the political speakers, and Rosebery's planning used that to full effect. One meeting was so packed that many were fainting: 70,000 people applied for tickets in a hall capable of holding 6,500. Lady Rosebery reported, "I had never heard Archie (Lord Rosebery) speak in public politically before, but after the first minute I felt I could never be nervous at his making a speech the audience show him great affection." However it was not just Gladstone and Rosebery the huge crowds had come to see, but also the dutifully supporting and smiling families. Lady Rosebery went on to describe how "They (the crowds) patted me on the back till my shoulders were sensitive." Thus in Rosebery's first serious involvement in politics, Disraeli was defeated and the newly elected MP for Midlothian became Prime Minister for the second time (the caretaker liberal leader

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husband's more radical views. Immediately following his wife's death Rosebery retired from politics, writing in October 1891 "The sole object of my ambition has disappeared with the death of my wife." Proof of the widespread belief in society that Lady Rosebery was the stable element of the partnership was confirmed shortly after her death, by Queen Victoria, following a then rare public speech by Rosebery, in which he supported Home Rule for Ireland. The Queen was shocked and thought the speech "almost communistic" and went on to attribute Rosebery's "shocking and disappointing" behaviour to the fact that "poor Lady Rosebery is not there to keep him back". While Queen Victoria always personally liked Rosebery, she mistrusted his politics.

952:. There was little evidence and Dilke denied the charge, which could have been ultimately forgotten, if Virginia had not suddenly decided to sign a confession giving such lurid details that a great scandal was unavoidable. She claimed that not only had Dilke slept with her and taught her "French vices", but also slept with her mother and partaken in a three-in-a-bed orgy with Virginia and a maid. Dilke denied everything, but his hopes of high political office were ruined forever. Dilke claimed the whole thing was an embroidery of lies and conspiracies by his political enemies. Rumours began to circulate that the Roseberys, and Lady Rosebery in particular, were at the bottom of Dilke's misfortune. 1232:. The Durdans was bequeathed to her daughter, Sybil, in 1929 and was sold together with its contents in 1955. Lord and Lady Rosebery's library there was given to the nation at this time. Mentmore, the grandest of the Roseberys' homes, was sold by Lady Rosebery's grandson, the 7th Earl of Rosebery, in 1977, together with the Rothschild art collection, which Lady Rosebery had not only been intensely interested in but had enlarged considerably. She personally catalogued the collection, and prophetically wrote in the preface "In time to come, when, like all collections, this will be dispersed (and I hope this will be long after my death) this book may be of value." 940:. However, as a minority administration it was not expected to last, and a swift return of the former administration was anticipated. During this period serious (if unproven) charges of plotting and ruthless ambition were about to be levelled against Lady Rosebery. Sir Charles Dilke, considered as a likely replacement for Gladstone, and thus a rival to Rosebery in government, was implicated in one of the most scandalous and ruinous divorce cases of the era. Involvement in any divorce was social suicide in the 19th century, but the facts which emerged were enough to ensure it was political suicide as well. A friend of the Roseberys, 1037: 845:

had declined the offer on the grounds that it was too lowly, it would give substance to the claims being made that he was conceited and petulant. Whatever the truth, and it may be Rosebery's own explanation that he "disliked hard work", Lady Rosebery continued to solicit Gladstone for a job for Rosebery within the cabinet. In August 1880, when Gladstone told her firmly that "There is nothing I can give him," she claimed she had not been seeking a cabinet post and Gladstone had misunderstood her. At the same time she was canny enough to mention that Sir

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protective of her, attempting to ensure that she was never exposed to the risk of sickness or even the sight of poverty. As a result, she was never allowed to enter the cottages on the Rothschilds' estates. Lady Battersea claimed that Hannah was so sheltered that the phrase "'the poor'" was "merely a phraseology for her". Whatever the faults of her education, she possessed great confidence, impressing her Rothschild relations, who noted her poise and competence when she hosted a large house party at Mentmore for the

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places, but clearly starting to irritate. On being told that Lady Rosebery was very keen for her husband to become Foreign Secretary, Gladstone replied "She would think herself capable of being Queen of the Realm and think the place only just good enough for her." Rosebery was now on the path to political greatness, but Gladstone's government fell the same year. Lady Rosebery was not to see her husband achieve the highest political office.

3797: 678: 548:. The newspaper went on to describe Rosebery as looking like a prosperous farmer. Lady Rosebery was very taken with California, from where she wrote: "The inhabitants are very entertaining ... the women are very handsome, think nothing of dresses costing £80, "fix up" their faces very frequently and are generally divorced." Having toured and been fêted in America, the party moved on to Australia via 190: 744: 376: 2797: 974: 68:, was one of the most celebrated figures in Britain, an influential millionaire and politician, whose charm, wit, charisma and public popularity gave him such standing that he "almost eclipsed that of Royalty". The Countess remains an enigmatic figure, and is often regarded as notable only for financing her husband's three ambitions: to marry an heiress, win 568:

bouts of depression. It was even whispered that his Barnbougle Castle retreat was really a venue for clandestine assignations with young men. Rosebery's possible homosexuality has been much discussed in recent times. Nothing conclusive has ever been found one way or the other, but it is possible that he had homosexual experiences while in the care of a

289: 637:(he was recovering from what is now thought to have been a nervous breakdown). His wife dutifully accompanied him. However, Rosebery, clearly aware of his wife's frustrated maternal instincts, reported that Hannah savoured every detail of the daily letters from London concerning the baby, and that she never complained at the forced separation. 1239:" (a group attempting to halt the sale of Mentmore to keep the collection within Britain) failed largely due to widespread public ignorance of both house and collection. A few pieces of furniture and paintings were taken to Dalmeny, (the only house to remain in the family) where they are displayed today, and three pictures including 892:

Rosebery resigned he would have nothing but horse racing to interest him, and that Lady Rosebery should be patient as her husband was young. Rosebery, accepting that a cabinet place was not going to be forthcoming, resigned from Government. Lady Rosebery, realising further appeal to the Gladstones was pointless, tried a new avenue—

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enraptured by him, and would frequently ignore her neighbours at a dinner party to listen to her husband's conversation further down the table, a faux pas almost considered a crime in Victorian society. Those who saw the couple alone at home "could not doubt the affection as well as the comprehension that united them".

455:, and other prominent social and intellectual figures of the time. Henry James, an occasional guest in the Roseberys' homes, delivered one of the most unflattering condemnations of Lady Rosebery describing her as "... large, coarse, Hebrew-looking with hair of no particular colour and personally unattractive". 530:(the original Rosebery family seat), close to, and within sight of, Dalmeny House. Once renovation was complete in 1882, Rosebery used it as a private retreat from his family, and began to spend his nights there alone. Always an insomniac, he claimed that the "stillness of the waters" "were conducive to sleep". 515:: "I cannot pretend to be much excited by an event which occurs to almost every human being and which may cause me a great deal of annoyance." Rosebery then left his newborn child and wife (who was again pregnant) for a year-long tour of Australia. On another occasion, when the Roseberys were travelling in 1168:

well as herself to form right conclusions. Having the power of seeing through people quickly, she gauged the characters of her fellow creatures with great perspicacity and she thus knew whom to trust and of whom to beware. She had a high sense of duty and would never allow pleasure to interfere with duty.

888:, a position Gladstone refused on account of Rosebery's inexperience in Government. It appeared that Rosebery was showing his true colours and he was accused of behaving like a spoilt child, with doubts cast over the honourableness of his reasons for refusing the Under Secretaryship of the India Office. 585:

Rosebery, an orphan and only child, appears to have been desperate to lavish affection. Once upon entering a book shop she told her children they were entering a toy shop, and when the disappointed children pointed out the obvious she replied "to your father this is a toy shop." Lord Rosebery's friend

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version of the Taj Mahal in miniature. For the remainder of his life he wore black and used black edged writing paper. Once, when talking with his daughter Sybil, he asked her what mourning she thought her mother would have worn had the situation been reversed. Sybil replied, "She would not have worn

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More revealing is a comment Lady Rosebery herself made to her husband, "I sometimes think it is wrong that I have thought less of the children in comparison to you" shortly before her death in 1890, suggesting that when a choice between her children and husband was forced on her, she always chose her

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The relationship between the couple appears at times to have been almost that of a mother and child. Rosebery, a self-centred, reserved man, prone to depression, pessimism and insecurity, had a difficult relationship with his mother, who had been distant and openly preferred his younger brother. Lady

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Rosebery's frequent absences from his wife fuelled gossip that he was a secret homosexual. It has been claimed that the inscrutable air that Rosebery wore was a mask to disguise his secret homosexual life. The worry of this illegal secret, it was claimed, and fear of exposure, caused his insomnia and

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This factor also worked in reverse; while Hannah de Rothschild was keen to marry Rosebery, she was also aware of many obstacles, the foremost being that she was devoted to her faith, and to leave it would be a severe moral wrench. Another obstacle was the Rothschild family itself: it was their custom

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Her judgement of a whole was singularly sound and calm; indeed there was a sort of intuitive wisdom about the advice which she would recommend or the consequences of which she would foretell. Hers was a singularly well balanced mind; her shrewdness and foresight were most certainly to lead others as

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Her interest in education has been one of her most obvious surviving charitable legacies. She founded schools in all the villages surrounding the Roseberys' estates. The Mentmore estate alone was serviced by three schools founded by her at Wingrave, Cheddington and Mentmore itself. Not only were the

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The impartiality demanded by Rosebery's new office forced him to sell many of his business interests, which had come by the way of the Rothschild family, to be seen to be avoiding a conflict of interest. However, his wife's ambition and part in his rise to power was not only being recognised in high

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during the Midlothian campaign and now also appeared to be suffering a minor nervous breakdown. Political leaders urged Lady Rosebery to influence him, but she defended his decision, while stressing that his deterioration in health was only temporary. She had to be careful—if it appeared her husband

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Throughout all this, Gladstone was supported not only by the popular and charismatic Rosebery but also by an array of well-dressed women including Lady Rosebery and Gladstone's daughter Mary. These fashionable people – the celebrities of their day (newspapers at the time gave many column inches

727:. Rosebery's secretary Thomas Gilmour noted: "She is thoroughly genuine and very tender and devoted to Lord Rosebery, it is easy to see that she is very proud of him, and she is a woman of considerable force of character and great energy, she may prove to be a powerful ally in his political career." 1078:

There is no evidence that Lady Rosebery drove her husband to follow her own political agenda, or that of her family. For her the rewards seem to have been the pleasure of seeing a husband she undoubtedly adored in the high office of which she felt him worthy. There is no doubt that she tempered her

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which had weakened her. It was only after her death that the doctors who had treated her disclosed to Rosebery that her kidney condition would have killed her within two years even if she had not contracted typhoid. She was buried in accordance with the rites of the Jewish faith on 25 November 1890

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Like many other women of her class and era, Lady Rosebery patronised a great number of charities. Upon her inheriting her fortune, one of her first acts was to found a lifeboat station in memory of her father, in 1875, at a cost of £2,000. However, her chief causes appear to have all been connected

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which the upper classes employed as the norm. These people were employed regardless of the mother's affection towards her children; it was inconceivable that a countess would nurse her own children, and to do so would have been breaking social conventions. Hence her seeming lack of attention to her

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As a mother, Lady Rosebery was presented with a dilemma: she was in fact already practically a mother to her husband who had no great feeling for a proximity to small babies. This was particularly evident in June 1880 when shortly after the birth of their first child Sybil, Rosebery wished to visit

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recorded her "notable faculty of getting other people to work and quickening their energies". It seems she was the driving force of the relationship, with her feet firmly on the ground. She made herself the link between the world and her "thin skinned and neurotic" husband. While her husband sulked

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mother and, in later life, a hostess with her father during her mother's long periods of indisposition. She was indulged by both parents and her formal education was neglected in favour of music and singing lessons, subjects in which she was 'skilled' and had a 'decided gift'. Her parents were very

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Deidre, Lady Rosebery, in her history of Dalmeny House gives the name of the yacht as Zenaide; however, contemporary reports of Baroness Meyer's death name the yacht as Czarina (see:Cheltenham Looker-On – Saturday 17 March 1877). Several items of table silver from the yacht in the Mentmore sale of

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Railway Station. Inviting him into her carriage for the journey to London, she pleaded her husband's case for three hours to her captive listener. The Roseberys then immediately left England and their children for a long trip to America and Australia. On their return in 1885 Rosebery was appointed

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housemaster at Eton in his youth. No evidence exists that his wife was aware of these rumours against her husband, or even that she would have understood them, bearing in mind her sheltered upbringing and limited education. Sex education was not part of a 19th-century upper-class girl's schooling.

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Published commentators on the Roseberys claim their marriage was happy, and there is no known evidence that Hannah was anything other than happy in her marriage, and quite a lot to suggest she was indeed blissfully happy. However, much evidence suggests that Rosebery, while professing to be happy,

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advised the Prince and Princess of Wales against attending a Rothschild ball with the words "The Prince ought only to visit those of undoubted position in Society." However, this did not prevent the Prince from accepting Rothschild's invitations and gifts privately. While one could be friends with

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phrase "Le jeu est fait, rien ne va plus"; literally, "the game has been made, nothing more can be done." In the game, the dealer invites the players to stake with the formula, 'Messieurs, faites vos jeux!' After a pause he exclaims 'Le jeu est fait, rien ne va plus!' after which no stake can be

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Of Hannah Rosebery's homes, the lease on Lansdowne House was surrendered shortly before her death, when the Roseberys purchased 38 Berkeley Square. This property was transformed into one of London's most luxurious town houses. However, Lady Rosebery did not live to see the work completed. Her son

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During their marriage the Roseberys travelled extensively, usually without their children. In September 1883, the couple left their children in the care of the nannies and nursery maids, supervised by Rosebery's sister Lady Leconfield, for a long tour of America and Australia. Lady Rosebery owned

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Lady Rosebery, "conscious of her husband's supreme ability", wanted him in the cabinet and was furiously agitating her husband's discontent until Rosebery threatened to resign his Home Office position. Lady Rosebery had an angry row with Gladstone's wife, where Mrs Gladstone pointed out that if

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announced its "most poignant grief" at the prospect, and cryptically added, "If the flame seize on the cedars, how will fare the hyssop on the wall: if the leviathan is brought up with a hook, how will the minnows escape," demonstrating what a threat to the social fabric of the Jewish faith the

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The formal engagement of marriage was announced on 3 January 1878, a day Rosebery forever afterwards regarded as sacred. Writing to a friend in January 1878, Rosebery described his wife as "very simple, very unspoilt, very clever, very warm-hearted and very shy... I never knew such a beautiful

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In his futile quest to exonerate himself, and grasping at rumour, Dilke wrote to Rosebery accusing Lady Rosebery of having paid Virginia to make the confession. An outraged Rosebery denied all on his wife's behalf, while in December 1885 Lady Rosebery's only response on being told of Virginia

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There were times when Lady Rosebery's devotion to her husband was tested. Rosebery may have not been antisemitic before his marriage; however, the acerbic wit for which he was famous led him to make remarks that could have been taken in such a way, once his marriage had secured the Rothschild

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It has been said of Hannah de Rothschild that she grew up with a good sense and presence of mind, enabling her to deputise for her mother on grand social occasions at Mentmore and in London. This gave her confidence and the experience to be the perfect political wife. Marriage to her altered

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Rosebery's status, too: while his wife acquired Christian respectability and a title, Rosebery moved from being one of many wealthy and capable young noblemen to being one with unfathomable riches. This, coupled with his good looks, appealed to the public's imagination and gave him glamour.

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While the marriage was based on warmth and esteem on Rosebery's side and adoration on Hannah's, it seems that Rosebery often found his wife's devotion irritating, and this sometimes caused him to be impatient with her. He was often abrupt with her in public. She, by contrast, was completely

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Rosebery was not a natural politician. He was an idealist who disliked the rancour of politics, in fact "his innate dislike of politics was something Lady Rosebery always fought against." However, he was a gifted orator, and this was an era when platform speaking was beginning to replace

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Within a few years of the mansion's completion, attracted by the good hunting and proximity to London, Hannah's relatives began to build estates nearby, all within a carriage drive of each other; thus, Hannah grew up in an almost private world of unimaginable splendour and security.

1337:) has argued that it is apocryphal. McKinstry (p. 540) considers that if it was conceived by Rosebery, he probably told it to Samuel Ward, the American political lobbyist, at a meeting of the Mendacious Club during the 1870s. The ambition is told as fact in Samuel Ward's biography 366:

be elevated to the peerage; the Queen refused, and expressed a reluctance to make a Jew a peer, saying that "to make a Jew a peer is a step she could not consent to" and furthermore stating that to give "a title and mark of her approbation to a Jew" was something she would not do.

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in fact considered Rosebery's wife to be the more ambitious of the pair, and even advised her "If you keep him up to the mark, is sure to have his page in history." The subtle driving of her often languid and lethargic husband to achieve his "page in history" was to become her

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As early as 1876, there were rumours of an engagement. However, several hurdles had to be overcome before a marriage could take place. While the Jewish Rothschilds were accepted into society, and indeed were close friends of some members of the royal family including the

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in Gladstone's third but brief term of office. Dilke's political career was ruined, and for years afterwards he continued to expound the Rosebery conspiracy theory. Nothing was ever proven against Lady Rosebery and no tangible evidence exists to substantiate the claim.

331:, whose family name was Primrose, were old, if undistinguished, members of the Scottish aristocracy. Rosebery was considered to be strikingly handsome and immensely cultivated. He was highly intelligent, and a brilliant future was forecast for him by his tutors at both 1127:

thought him maimed by her death, and later said of her "she was a remarkable woman on whom Rosebery leaned, she was ever a pacifying and composing element in his life which he was never able to find again because he could never give full confidence to anyone else."

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specially acquired by Rosebery for the purpose. The scenes at these meetings have been described as something between a carnival and an evangelist's revival meeting. While in the grounds of Dalmeny House itself, the public were treated to a great firework display.

404:, in 1866. In fact, she was to be the third daughter of the family's English branch to marry outside of the Jewish faith, but such was the fame of the bridegroom and the resultant publicity that the Jewish elders and press felt an example needed to be made. The 1151: 1139: 840:. Rosebery immediately declined the post, giving as his reason that it would appear that he was being repaid for running Gladstone's campaign (as though the Viceregal position would not). When pressed further he cited ill health—he had been suffering from 447:. Lansdowne House was one of the finest of the aristocratic palaces in London, well suited to be the home of the political salon which Hannah Rosebery was to establish. Here political and social leaders of the day mixed with royalty, authors such as 884:. He had sought the position feeling that Scotland was neglected by the Liberal Government who were more interested in Ireland. However, immediately upon assuming the job he began to demand a place in the cabinet. The office he sought was that of 423:. To show "official" disapproval, no male member of the Rothschild family attended the ceremonies. However, any shortcomings in the guest list were compensated for by the guest of honour—the Prince of Wales—and Disraeli, who gave the bride away. 442:

For the first few years following their marriage, the Roseberys resided in London in the Piccadilly house Lady Rosebery had inherited from her father. As the couple's social and political interests increased from 1882, they leased the larger

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Rosebery's own mother was horrified at the thought of a Jewish woman, even a Rothschild, in the family. Rosebery too felt there was an impassable barrier of faith; at this time, it was inconceivable that any children could be reared as Jews.

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who, in his diaries, noted several examples of antisemitism by Rosebery. McKinstry (on the same page) also provides strong evidence to the contrary citing speeches made by Rosebery and his general behaviour including his sarcastic sense of

470:. Though small by comparison to their other homes, this mansion was described by Henry James as the most homely and comfortable of the Roseberys' many homes and as a delightful house full of books and sporting pictures, with just a few 499: 813: 83:

society that her vast fortune could not. She subsequently became a political hostess and philanthropist. Her charitable work was principally in the sphere of public health and causes associated with the welfare of working-class

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with "I can never look on him as a great motive power, besides he does not mention Archie to me." This was the same Lord Spencer who had advised the Prince and Princess of Wales against visiting the homes of wealthy Jews.

415:, can be taken to mean that the elders, respected, and more notable Jews should set a good example by strictly following the teachings of the Jewish articles of faith, which forbid marriage to members of other religions. 665:" philosophies of her era. However, in spite of their prolonged absences from their children, the Roseberys do not appear to have been very distant or remote figures in the earliest stages of their children's lives. 1172:

Before their marriage and his full-time entry into politics, Rosebery's future wife had written with extraordinary foresight and ambition to him: "I work only to help you, if you are Prime Minister, let me imitate

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Crawford's confessions was: "Dilke's behaviour is very astonishing in some reports, though it is not an actual surprise to me." Early the following year Gladstone was returned to power and Rosebery was appointed

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Young, p. 18, in his authorised biography of Lady Rosebery's son states "Most people at the time (of Hannah Rosebery's marriage) were casually antisemitic, despite the Prince of Wales hob-nobbing with Jewish

1253:. The remainder of the collection was dispersed in a week-long sale and is now scattered across the globe. A further sale of the "Continental Library," to which she had added, was conducted in 1995 at the 1020:. She also donated to numerous other charities connected with Jewish causes. However, within a week of her death her husband began to cancel many of these subscriptions, prompting charges of antisemitism. 790:

The Roseberys' house party would leave Dalmeny and tour towns and cities across Midlothian and Scotland, with Gladstone and the speakers often addressing vast crowds from the back of an American-designed

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to an earldom. Ferguson p. 774 suggests that although the Queen admitted to an aversion "to making a person of the Jewish religion a peer" her true reasons were as much social and political as religious

511:," which must have been disconcerting for the child's Jewish mother. Rosebery, who has been described as febrile and supercilious, replied in a letter of congratulations on the birth of his heir from 247:

Mayer Amschel de Rothschild died in 1874, leaving his daughter not only Mentmore (with its priceless art collection), his London mansion, and innumerable investments, but also the sum of two million

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has been quoted in 1912 as saying "many things would have gone otherwise had Lady Rosebery lived. Her loss is today as great a calamity from every point of view as it was at the time of her death."

347:, as elsewhere in Europe, antisemitic feelings were prevalent in the upper echelons of society; this was particularly so among those closest to the Queen at court where, following the death of the 1086:. It seems that the Queen's antipathy to Jews was confined to elevating them to the peerage. This view had softened by 1885. In 1890 she accepted a luncheon invitation from Lady Rosebery's cousin 526:

Rosebery's behaviour could be eccentric. Gladstone remarked that Rosebery was, perhaps, rather too concerned with his health. Early in the marriage Rosebery decided to renovate the small ruined

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Two quotes by Queen Victoria from Ferguson, p. 773. Queen Victoria was eventually persuaded to elevate Hannah de Rothschild's cousin Nathaniel de Rothschild to the peerage in 1884. The present

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retired in favour of Gladstone). It was also obvious that Lady Rosebery was a very evident and valuable political electioneering asset. As the Marquess of Crewe put it "she had cut her spurs".

285:, claimed to have met Hannah when their carriages crashed and he 'sprang out and saved her'; however, this version of their meeting is believed to be a romanticised fabrication of Rosebery's. 169:

as "the most conspicuous and significant aspect of Victorian architecture in Buckinghamshire". In addition to Mentmore, Baron and Baroness Meyer de Rothschild had a large house in London, 107

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Widowhood changed Rosebery, both mentally and physically: he aged overnight, and began to refer to himself as an old man. Two years after her death, friends were still concerned that he was

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Like many of her Rothschild relatives she was also deeply involved with the welfare of young working-class women of the Jewish faith who inhabited the poorer areas of London, in particular

142:, France and Germany, certainly rivalled those of the crowned heads of Europe, Mentmore in particular being one of the most outstanding art collections of its kind anywhere in the world. 4031: 957: 3746: 419:

character." The marriage was celebrated in London on 20 March 1878 at the Board Room of Guardians in Mount Street, and also in a Christian ceremony at Christ Church in Down Street,

1394:, p. 5 reports her laying the foundation stone. The ceremony of laying of a foundation stone is purely ceremonial, and merely requires the person chosen to touch the stone with a 3786: 1024:

children educated at her expense by trained teachers, each was also provided with seasonal gifts of new clothes. Cheddington School remains in its original building with her

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McKinstry, p. 68, footnote 35, explains that there is no written record of the often quoted ambition. It is frequently thought to have been conceived at Eton. The author

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and owning two Epsom Derby-winning horses. He succeeded his father as 6th Earl of Rosebery and died in 1974. Margaret married her father's old friend and biographer the

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is seated centre (holding his hat) with Mrs Gladstone seated next to him. Hannah Rosebery stands third from right. Lord Rosebery is seated on the ground on the right.

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From the outset of the marriage, political members of the Rothschild family took an interest in Rosebery, and he was soon acclaimed as one of the rising hopes of the

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or withdrew with hurt pride from a situation, she came to the forefront to plead his case or cause. If she was aware of his faults she gave no indication of it.

295:—"A strikingly handsome man and immensely cultivated", but "A dowryless marriage would have meant a reduced scale of living of a kind galling to a proud nature." 4026: 1426:

1977, were also engraved "Czarina" (See Mentmore Vol II; p. 220). The yacht was later brought by Mr Albert Brassy (See: Northern Whig – Monday 6 September 1886)

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system, which was to revolutionise health care for the rural poor and sick in Britain. She was also interested in general improvements in standards of nursing.

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and the like. In this way women, especially widowed mothers, remained in their homes able to care for their often large families while still earning an income.

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referred to the Rothschilds' dining tables as "resplendent with the Hebrew gold" going so far as to say a visiting Russian royal needed a "corrective" visit to

2801: 1197:. Such was still the fame of her parents that London traffic was brought to a standstill on her wedding day in 1899. Lady Crewe became one of the first women 458:

The Roseberys divided their year among their various homes: London for the social season and parliament, Mentmore at weekends to entertain both political and

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Jews and accept their hospitality, their social status was still not sufficiently elevated to include marriage into the peerage without unfavourable comment.

76:(the second and third of these possibly apocryphal ambitions were achieved after her death). In truth, she was her husband's driving force and motivation. 1828: 1082:

The Queen had thoroughly liked Lady Rosebery and wrote Rosebery several letters of condolence, likening his loss to the untimely death of her own consort,

1065:. Rosebery found this particularly hard to bear, and wrote to Queen Victoria of the pain he experienced when "another creed steps in to claim the corpse". 861: 717: 264: 54: 3865: 3433: 3077: 2596: 1194: 3009: 1113: 893: 865: 574: 482:, Rosebery's Scottish seat, amassing a great library of rare and continental volumes and a collection of artefacts formerly belonging to the Emperor 3835: 3762: 3004: 1245: 320: 300: 292: 260: 65: 58: 4041: 3453: 3448: 3428: 1898: 825: 936:

Gladstone resigned as Prime Minister in 1885 following a Government defeat over the Irish home rule question. The new Tory government was led by

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Sotheby's Sale catalogue of the collection. Coincidentally, the deputy chairman of Sotheby's UK, as of 2010, is Lady Rosebery's great-grandson

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has been summarised by one of her father's biographers: "Even more eccentric than her father, she spent much of her time living in a caravan."

776: 732: 552:. In Australia, Rosebery chose to indulge his habit of solitude, installing his wife in a hotel in Sydney, while he went off alone to tour the 779:

seat in 1874, when Disraeli had been swept to power. The campaign was based at Dalmeny where Lady Rosebery hosted a series of large political

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Finally her soliciting paid off and in 1881, Rosebery was offered a government position acceptable to him, that of Under Secretary at the

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fortune. Rosebery seems to have disliked his first son, who he claimed looked "Jewish." On seeing his son for the first time he remarked "

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As an only child growing up in what were, in all but name, palaces, her childhood appears to have been lonely. She was a companion to her

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house-parties. In August the household would move north to Dalmeny for the grouse shooting. In between, occasional days and the weeklong

3991: 3656: 3463: 1850: 820:, he later said of her: "She would think herself capable of being Queen of the Realm and think the place only just good enough for her." 560: 3986: 3491: 3044: 2856: 767:, it was masterminded by the Roseberys. Rosebery used his influence to have Gladstone invited to stand as parliamentary candidate for 3776: 362:

following acceptance of Rothschild hospitality. Queen Victoria herself expressed antisemitic views in 1873 when it was proposed that

138:, and the equals of royalty. Whether or not this was strictly true, the many Rothschild homes and their art collections, in England, 3323: 1894: 1334: 519:, Rosebery is reported to have announced "I will travel ahead, Hannah and the rest of the heavy baggage will follow the next day." 251:

in cash (equivalent to £235 million in present-day terms). Thus, Hannah de Rothschild became the wealthiest woman in England.

3996: 3829: 3581: 3398: 2916: 316: 166: 2753: 2288: 3943: 3646: 2759: 2243:

McKinstry, p. 148 attributes the quote to the Journal of Lewis Harcourt, Vol 376, 2 February 1886. Harcourt was the son of Sir

2005: 1210:, the second of the Roseberys' sons, entered politics and a promising future was foretold for him. However, on the outbreak of 1174: 3591: 3536: 3298: 3275: 3260: 3240: 922: 869: 850: 832:

victory. Rosebery was, as expected, offered a position in Government by Gladstone. It had been rumoured that the position of

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is his great-grandson. However, he was not the first Jew to be so honoured, as in 1876 the Queen had elevated her favourite

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Shortly after his wife's death, Rosebery left his grieving children and went alone on a tour of Spain. Following a visit to

149:

Juliana Cohen in 1850. The marriage provided the impetus for Meyer to create what he described as "an enduring monument", a

3255: 1207: 987: 478:. Together the Earl and Countess of Rosebery added greatly to not only the Mentmore collection but also to that housed at 131: 4021: 3521: 3476: 3471: 3353: 3338: 3308: 3230: 3162: 3142: 3069: 3024: 1002: 641:

husband. However, the same comment also hints that she was not unaware that her choice was at the cost of her children.

542:. Their arrival in New York was widely reported, and a full and flattering description of Lady Rosebery was reported in 3694: 644:

When assessing Lady Rosebery's behaviour to her children it should be remembered that she lived in an era of plentiful

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Her qualities were portrayed in literature when Lady Rosebery was reputed to be the model for Marcella Maxwell in

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were later to claim that Rosebery had paid for Gladstone's campaign. Rosebery later admitted to spending £50,000.

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Gladstone was always the nemesis to Hannah Rosebery's ambitions for her husband. Although her money financed the

1189:, who was less successful in politics than his father and brother, distinguished himself by becoming captain of 3699: 3664: 3611: 3413: 3343: 2866: 2861: 981:

of Lady Rosebery (as Hannah de Rothschild) which was placed on all the schools and cottages which she had built

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Cowles, p. 145. Crewe gives the date as 1 January, but 3 January is the date given by Rosebery in his letter.

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Hannah de Rothschild was born in 1851 into a world of great wealth and luxury. She was the granddaughter of

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to keep their fortune within the family. Ironically, Hannah herself had opposed the marriage of her cousin

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Harry sold the house in 1938, and it was demolished. A year later a bomb landed on the empty site during

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in 1868, aged 21, together with an income of £30,000 a year. He owned 40,000 acres (160 km) in

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McKinstry, p. 84. Quote attributed to a letter from Lady Rosebery to Lady Leconfield 4 December 1879.

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while only 17 years of age. A year later, in 1869, Hannah made her formal entrance into society as a

79:

Her marriage into the aristocracy, while controversial at the time, gave her the social cachet in an

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Having firmly assisted and supported her husband on his path, she suddenly died in 1890, aged 39.

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or a cabinet place would be proffered, but it turned out to be the job of Under Secretary of the

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was at times irritated and bored by Hannah, who was always keen to accommodate his every whim.

3906: 3551: 3443: 3152: 3137: 2842: 2716: 2643: 2624: 2582: 1627: 1452:) as saying "She was never allowed to enter a cottage, to go where sickness and sorrow dwelt." 1330: 1289: 1124: 824:

Her political mettle and ambitions for her husband were however to be more severely tested in

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McKinstry, p. 149. Quote attributed to Lady Rosebery writing to Hamilton on 16 December 1885.

3859: 3192: 3187: 3107: 2886: 2743: 1705: 1250: 1106: 685: 614: 603: 406: 328: 162: 154: 3731: 1901:, after he "outed" her husband, causing him to flee the country and leave her. Mark Amory, 3933: 3704: 3127: 3117: 2994: 2979: 2881: 2307: 1866:

McKinstry, p. 120, attributes this to a letter to Constance Leconfield of 20 October 1883.

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This first became evident in the great campaign to re-elect Gladstone, culminating in the

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Jewish elders saw in the prospect of such a marriage. The quotation, originally from the

853:, both radicals opposed to Gladstone's policies, were "visiting them" and "thoughtful". 3916: 3102: 2896: 2600: 1854: 1639:

McKinstry, p. 74 states:"Anti-Semitism was a powerful force in late Victorian England".

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he wrote on the sepulchral wonders of the building, but added "for the dead alone the

153:

of monumental proportions. His daughter Hannah, aged just five months, helped lay the

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on its walls, while Wingrave School, which opened in 1877, survives in new premises.

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The Continental Library of Archibald, 5th Earl of Rosebery and Midlothian, K.G., K.T

743: 677: 559: 189: 3438: 3112: 3082: 3054: 2989: 1541: 1297: 1273: 1269: 1229: 1150: 837: 661:

children was not unusual – she was following the upper class conventions and "

332: 327:. His mother was a distant figure, and their relationship was always strained. The 224: 135: 1258: 375: 53:). After inheriting her father's fortune in 1874, she became the richest woman in 2323:, which made it almost impossible for her to survive a prolonged bout of typhoid. 1489: 925:. Dilke claimed Lady Rosebery had paid his mistress to announce he had enjoyed a 259:

Hannah de Rothschild was first introduced to her future husband, the 28-year-old

3014: 1211: 1202: 1155: 1098: 1013: 990:, a charity which encouraged Scottish women to work profitably from home making 877: 792: 780: 516: 463: 452: 448: 80: 69: 1490:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1044:. After her death her widower always travelled with this portrait close to him. 2520: 1369:

Mentmore; Sir Frances Watson KCVO; Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co, London, 1977

1235:

Her two-volume work and the collection it described remained so unknown that "

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specifically to the assistance and welfare of women. She was president of the

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McKinstry says (p. 198) that she was also suffering from a kidney condition,

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These came in the form of whispers and anonymous letters. McKinstry, p. 150.

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albeit eating in a separate dining room to the Jewish members of the party.

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records how Rosebery loved to play and romp on the floor with the children.

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Archibald, 5th Earl of Rosebery, born in 1847, had inherited his title from

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The more public and precise accusations of Rosebery's homosexuality by the

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Even as late as 1931, in a similar situation, the uncomprehending wife of

3097: 3034: 2969: 1162:. The tomb’s enclosing mausoleum was destroyed by German bombing in 1941. 1105:

is of course supreme". On his return home he had designed for his wife a

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Lord Rosebery writing just after his wife's death; Crewe, Vol 2, p. 379.

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Lord Privy Seal, complete with the seat in the cabinet which he sought.

275:. The Disraelis were close friends and neighbours of the Rothschilds in 181:, upon which Hanna's mother died in 1877, the year before her marriage. 2739:(London), 20 November 2001. Faringdon-online. Accessed 20 October 2006. 2440:

Attributed by McKinstry, p. 76, to a memorandum by Sir Edward Hamilton.

1875:

McKinstry, p. 149, reports these claims but does not say who made them.

1120: 1053: 1049: 553: 539: 459: 352: 308: 139: 2044:

McKinstry, p. 75. Quote from diary of Thomas Gilmour, 7 February 1885.

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Rosebery the popular idol; his image was used to decorate cigar boxes.

2964: 2959: 1395: 1277: 1272:(Hebrew: Hannah's Orchard), a local council founded in 1929 on the 716:. But brilliant as he was, Rosebery tended to lethargy and boredom. 688:

and the setting for Lord and Lady Rosebery's political houseparties.

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Crewe, Young and McKinstry all write the marriage was a happy one.

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had to be educated in the subject by her vindictive brother, the

1727:

McKinstry, p. 127, states this was for a rent of £3000 per year.

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in 1861, the Rothschilds became pointedly excluded. The Queen's

312: 145:

Hannah de Rothschild's father Baron Meyer Amschel de Rothschild

85: 3735: 2815: 1435:

Reminiscences, Battersea, Constance, Alpha Edition, 2019. p. 51

856:

Lady Rosebery also began to befriend those politicians such as

581:, did not occur until three years after Lady Rosebery's death. 99: 64:

During the final quarter of the 19th century, her husband, the

21: 634: 2811: 1923:

Sotheby's, Sale Catalogue (1995), p. 13. Quote attributed to

1146:

is of course supreme." Designs for Lady Rosebery's mausoleum.

3795: 625:(later 6th Earl of Rosebery), born in 1882; and finally the 42:; 27 July 1851 – 19 November 1890) was the daughter of 2621:

The World's Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild

2510:

rishonim.house| Pardes Hanna-Karkur Founders' House Museum

1827:

McKinstry, p. 91, quoting from a letter from Gladstone to

1804:'s account of a conversation between himself and Rosebery. 1927:

by James S. Bain, published in London by Macmillan, 1940.

1280:, was named after Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery. 534:

large investments in North America, including ranches in

319:

had died when he was eight and he had been brought up by

195:

Hannah de Rothschild and her mother in the Grand Hall at

118:, the English branch of the Rothschilds' banking empire. 61:, and was thereafter known as the Countess of Rosebery. 1214:

he joined the army, and was killed leading a charge at

1341:

by Lately Thomas, published in 1965 (Cambridge, Mass).

900:, who was already quarrelling with Gladstone over the 860:

who empathised with her husband, while others such as

2568:

Binney, Marcus. John Robinson. William Allan (1977).

2457: 2455: 948:, sued his wife Virginia for divorce naming Dilke as 775:

had nominally retired from politics after losing his

633:

Germany for three months, to take a cure at a German

1849:

Constance Leconfield, née Primrose, was the wife of

932:

with her and a maid. The ensuing scandal ruined him.

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1895 vote of no confidence in the Rosebery ministry

3769: 3655: 3462: 3284: 3221: 3068: 2925: 2849: 2265:

Luton Times and Advertiser – Saturday 7 August 1875

1460: 1458: 2689:Valynseele, Joseph and Henri-Claude Mars (2004). 2274:McKinstry, p. 77 mentions (among others) chiefly 1329:in his biography of Rosebery (published in 1995; 904:problem, and whom she allegedly met by chance at 379:Hannah de Rothschild as a young woman at Mentmore 2247:, another rival and political enemy of Rosebery. 88:women living in the poorer districts of London. 4032:Deaths from typhoid fever in the United Kingdom 2461:McKinstry, photograph caption following p. 130. 2054: 2052: 2050: 1925:A Bookseller Looks Back: The Story of the Bains 1884:McKinstry, pp. 25–31, discusses this at length. 1800:McKinstry, p. 76, attributes the remark to Sir 1745:McKinstry, p. 94, attributes the quote to Edel. 1473:London Evening Standard – Wednesday 12 May 1869 1165: 2111: 2109: 1965: 1963: 1935: 1933: 1777:An untranslatable bilingual pun on the French 1764: 1762: 1760: 1682: 1680: 1001:Queen Victoria appointed her president of the 466:would be spent at their home "The Durdans" in 435:Hannah de Rothschild aged 20, photographed by 3747: 2827: 2612:Henry James: The Conquest of London 1870–1883 1514: 1512: 807: 279:. In 1901 Rosebery, in an interview with the 130:regarded themselves as the nearest thing the 8: 2671:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2488:Binney, Marcus. John Robinson. William Allan 3379:Kathleen (Nica de Koenigswarter) Rothschild 2173: 2171: 2125: 2123: 2121: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1670: 1668: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1377: 1375: 1300:close to Lady Rosebery's home at Mentmore. 1003:Queen Victoria Jubilee Institute for Nurses 629:, born the same year as his elder brother. 3754: 3740: 3732: 3434:Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild 3369:Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery 3078:Rothschild properties in the Home counties 2834: 2820: 2812: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1265:Town named after Hannah Primrose in Israel 563:Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery 3010:Palestine Jewish Colonization Association 1486:inflation figures are based on data from 1444:McKinstry, p. 69, quotes Hannah's cousin 808:Gladstone's second government (1880–1885) 25:Hannah, Countess of Rosebery, painted by 4037:Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery 3763:Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery 3183:Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt 1561: 1559: 59:Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery 57:. In 1878, Hannah de Rothschild married 4007:English people of German-Jewish descent 3454:Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild 3449:Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild 3429:Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild 1407:Cardiff Times; Saturday 7 February 1874 1309: 868:she identified as aloof. She dismissed 3374:Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild 3304:Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet 2750:London newspapers of 20 November 1890. 2664: 212:At 23, Hannah de Rothschild inherited 3842:Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery 3256:Salomon Albert Anmselm von Rothschild 3246:Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild 3005:Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation 2802:Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery 2754:Hannah de Rothschild's Infants School 2623:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2581:. London: First Futura Publications. 2289:Hannah de Rothschild's Infants School 771:, near to Rosebery's Dalmeny estate. 613:The marriage produced four children: 167:this enclave of Rothschild properties 33:Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery 7: 4027:Burials at Willesden Jewish Cemetery 3848:Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery 3782:1895 United Kingdom general election 2733:Obituary of Lady Dorothy Heber Percy 2579:The Rothschilds, a Family of Fortune 1903:obituary of Lady Dorothy Heber Percy 1135:, Rosebery's closest friend, wrote: 1056:in 1890. She was found to also have 988:Scottish Home Industries Association 747:A house party at Dalmeny during the 325:Harry Powlett, 4th Duke of Cleveland 1851:Henry Wyndham, 2nd Baron Leconfield 1201:in Britain; she died in 1955. Lady 1110:any, she would have died at once." 216:, built by her father in the 1850s. 3045:Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway 2857:Genealogy of the Rothschild family 2715:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 2680:Sotheby's, Sale Catalogue (1995). 2572:. London: Save Britain's heritage. 1005:in Scotland, the beginning of the 783:throughout the long campaign. The 124:History of the House of Rothschild 14: 3324:Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild 3040:Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company 2706:. London: Sotheby, Parke, Bernet. 2661:. Edinburgh: Privately published. 913:After 1885, and the Dilke Scandal 509:Le Jew est fait, rien ne vas plus 3830:Archibald Primrose, Lord Dalmeny 3567:Jacqueline Rebecca de Rothschild 2795: 2657:Rosebery, Deirdre, Countess of. 2640:Rosebery, a Statesman in Turmoil 1040:Hannah, Countess of Rosebery by 880:with special responsibility for 205: 188: 106:, father of Hannah de Rothschild 16:Countess of Rosebery (1851–1890) 3647:Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle 3492:Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild 704:, he already had a seat in the 323:, who had subsequently married 4042:Spouses of British politicians 3592:Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild 3537:Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild 3299:Amschel Mayor James Rothschild 3276:Alice Charlotte von Rothschild 3241:Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild 2479:Deirdre, Lady Rosebery, p. 27. 1416:Deirdre, Lady Rosebery, p. 28. 684:was the ancestral seat of the 1: 3777:Rosebery ministry (1894-1895) 3532:Édouard Etienne de Rothschild 3261:Ludwig (Louis) von Rothschild 3236:Anselm Salomon von Rothschild 2762:, accessed 23 September 2006. 2756:, accessed 23 September 2006. 2470:Deirdre, Lady Rosebery, p. 6. 1018:Club for Jewish Working Girls 826:Gladstone's second government 126:that by the mid-19th century 112:Baron Nathan Mayer Rothschild 3522:Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild 3477:Aline Caroline de Rothschild 3472:Alphonse James de Rothschild 3354:Evelyn Achille de Rothschild 3339:Edmund Leopold de Rothschild 3309:Anthony Gustav de Rothschild 3271:Jeanne Stuart von Rothschild 3266:Eugéne Daniel von Rothschild 3231:Salomon Mayer von Rothschild 3025:British South Africa Company 2702:Watson, Sir Francis (1977). 2614:. London: Rupert Hart-Davis. 2570:Save Mentmore for the Nation 1392:SAVE Mentmore for the Nation 1296:(1909). The author lived at 1185:Lady Rosebery's eldest son, 896:, the immensely influential 623:Harry Primrose, Lord Dalmeny 236:, when she was presented to 4002:English political hostesses 3685:Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild 3617:Salomon James de Rothschild 3409:Mayer Amschel de Rothschild 3404:Lynn Forester de Rothschild 3399:Lionel Nathan de Rothschild 3389:Leopold David de Rothschild 3314:Anthony James de Rothschild 3208:Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild 2912:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2525:pardes-hanna-karkur.muni.il 1339:Sam Ward, King of the Lobby 1142:..."for the dead alone the 293:Archibald, Earl of Rosebery 4058: 3992:19th-century English women 3949:Mentmore and Crafton Studs 3582:Marie-Hélène de Rothschild 3572:James Armand de Rothschild 3527:Edmond James de Rothschild 2945:Edmond de Rothschild Group 2892:Baron Rothschild (Austria) 1191:Surrey County Cricket Club 898:Secretary of State for War 490:Relationship with Rosebery 3987:19th-century English Jews 3793: 3713: 3675:Mayer Carl von Rothschild 3670:Carl Mayer von Rothschild 3577:James Mayer de Rothschild 3329:David Mayer de Rothschild 3148:Abbaye des Vaux de Cernay 3143:Château Mouton Rothschild 2791:accessed 30 October 2006. 2785:accessed 29 October 2006. 2577:Cowles, Virginia (1975). 1160:Willesden Jewish Cemetery 1063:Willesden Jewish Cemetery 621:, born in 1881; the heir 116:N M Rothschild & Sons 104:Baron Mayer de Rothschild 44:Baron Mayer de Rothschild 3836:Lady Wilhelmina Stanhope 3700:Marguerite de Rothschild 3665:Charlotte von Rothschild 3612:Philippine de Rothschild 3517:David René de Rothschild 3414:Miriam Louisa Rothschild 3359:Sir Evelyn de Rothschild 3344:Emma Georgina Rothschild 2867:Amschel Mayer Rothschild 2862:Mayer Amschel Rothschild 2783:The British Empire.co.uk 2747:21 and 28 November 1890. 2619:Ferguson, Niall (1998). 1016:. There she founded the 627:Honourable Neil Primrose 602:The Roseberys' daughter 579:Cleveland Street scandal 3997:English philanthropists 3680:Adelheid von Rothschild 3547:Elisabeth de Rothschild 3512:Bethsabée de Rothschild 3507:Charlotte de Rothschild 3439:Nicky Hilton Rothschild 3424:Nathan Mayer Rothschild 3419:Nathaniel de Rothschild 3364:Ferdinand de Rothschild 3251:Ferdinand de Rothschild 2907:Austro-Hungarian Empire 2711:Young, Kenneth (1974). 2642:. London: John Murray. 2638:McKinstry, Leo (2005). 1488:Clark, Gregory (2017). 1446:Constance de Rothschild 1249:were purchased for the 1088:Ferdinand de Rothschild 712:there on attaining his 608:Frederic, Lord Leighton 606:(1879–1955) painted by 575:Marquess of Queensberry 398:Eliot Constantine Yorke 27:Frederic, Lord Leighton 3800: 3695:Thérèse von Rothschild 3607:Philippe de Rothschild 3497:Benjamin de Rothschild 3050:Asia Resource Minerals 3000:Chemins de Fer du Nord 2789:The Rothschild Archive 2691:Le Sang des Rothschild 2605:. London: John Murray. 2554:. accessed 29 May 2022 2431:Watson, Vol. 4, p. 83. 2395:Crewe, Vol. 2, p. 379. 2368:Crewe, Vol. 2, p. 369. 2332:Crewe, Vol. 2, p. 370. 2301:The Rothschild Archive 2186:Crewe, Vol. 1, p. 167. 2129:Crewe, Vol. 1, p. 122. 1818:Crewe, Vol. 2, p. 372. 1181:Later life of children 1170: 1163: 1147: 1048:Lady Rosebery died of 1045: 1042:George Frederick Watts 982: 933: 821: 756: 689: 619:Lady Margaret Primrose 610: 564: 503: 439: 437:Julia Margaret Cameron 380: 356:Arthur Edward Hardinge 296: 107: 46:and his wife Juliana ( 29: 3866:1st Marquess of Crewe 3799: 3690:Berthe von Rothschild 3627:Gustave de Rothschild 3622:Maurice de Rothschild 3602:Pauline de Rothschild 3384:Leopold de Rothschild 3349:Evelina de Rothschild 3334:Dorothy de Rothschild 2804:at Wikimedia Commons 2177:Crewe. Vol 1, p. 166. 2156:Crewe, Vol 1, p. 123. 1831:of 13 September 1880. 1674:Crewe, Vol 1, p. 116. 1662:Crewe, Vol 1, p. 118. 1599:Crewe, Vol 1, p. 119. 1574:Crewe, Vol 1, p. 115. 1153: 1141: 1114:Ronald Munro Ferguson 1039: 976: 920: 815: 763:. Known today as the 761:1880 general election 746: 680: 601: 562: 501: 434: 378: 337:Christ Church, Oxford 311:, Hertfordshire, and 291: 157:on 31 December 1851. 102: 24: 3956:Rosebery Charity Cup 3939:Liberal Imperialists 3632:Robert de Rothschild 3597:Nicole de Rothschild 3587:Nadine de Rothschild 3557:Hélène de Rothschild 3502:Betty von Rothschild 3487:Arthur de Rothschild 3482:Ariane de Rothschild 3394:Lionel de Rothschild 3294:Alfred de Rothschild 3178:Château de la Muette 3168:Château de Laversine 3158:Château de Ferrières 2955:S. M. von Rothschild 2950:de Rothschild Frères 2940:RIT Capital Partners 2872:Rothschild Mausoleum 2772:Hannah de Rothschild 2760:Hannah de Rothschild 2713:Harry, Lord Rosebery 2704:Mentmore Volumes I–V 2684:. London: Sotheby's. 2306:29 July 2014 at the 2256:Jewish Encyclopedia. 2006:Hannah de Rothschild 1802:George Leveson-Gower 1536:The Disraelis owned 364:Lionel de Rothschild 273:Newmarket Racecourse 4022:Scottish countesses 3705:Bina von Rothschild 3637:Alain de Rothschild 3562:Henri de Rothschild 3213:Talleyrand Building 3173:Château des Laurets 3088:Aston Clinton House 2935:Rothschild & Co 2777:Luscombe, Stephen. 2767:Jewish Encyclopedia 2610:Edel, Leon (1962). 2521:"מקור השם פרדס חנה" 1899:Duke of Westminster 1544:in Buckinghamshire. 1327:Robert Rhodes James 1294:Sir George Tressady 1246:Madame de Pompadour 1074:Rosebery as widower 818:Midlothian campaign 765:Midlothian campaign 749:Midlothian campaign 739:Midlothian campaign 615:Lady Sybil Primrose 604:Lady Sibyl Primrose 394:Annie de Rothschild 3884:Edward the Seventh 3876:In popular culture 3801: 3642:Éric de Rothschild 3542:Élie de Rothschild 3319:Charles Rothschild 3123:Tring Park Mansion 3060:Alliance Assurance 2597:Crewe, Marquess of 2545:McKinstry, p. 211. 2404:McKinstry, p. 201. 2359:McKinstry, p. 305. 2350:McKinstry, p. 217. 2341:McKinstry, p. 215. 2225:McKinstry, p. 151. 2207:McKinstry, p. 149. 2138:McKinstry, p. 148. 2067:McKinstry, p. 166. 2058:McKinstry, p. 203. 1996:McKinstry, p. 193. 1987:McKinstry, p. 197. 1957:McKinstry, p. 195. 1948:McKinstry, p. 534. 1484:Retail Price Index 1290:Mrs Humphry Ward's 1164: 1154:Hannah Rosebery's 1148: 1046: 994:or other items of 983: 934: 834:Viceroy of Ireland 822: 757: 690: 611: 565: 504: 440: 381: 297: 147:married his cousin 114:, who had founded 108: 30: 4017:Rothschild family 3964: 3963: 3907:Barnbougle Castle 3729: 3728: 3720:Rothschild family 3552:Guy de Rothschild 3444:Serena Rothschild 3203:Hôtel de Pontalba 3138:Palais Rothschild 2800:Media related to 2779:Sir Charles Dilke 2722:978-0-340-16273-6 2649:978-0-7195-6586-1 2630:978-0-297-81539-6 2588:978-0-86007-206-5 2449:McKinstry, p. 72. 2377:Ferguson, p. 774. 2196:Sir Charles Dilke 2165:McKinstry, p. 96. 2147:McKinstry, p. 88. 2115:McKinstry, p. 85. 2094:McKinstry, p. 84. 2085:McKinstry, p. 83. 2076:McKinstry, p. 89. 2035:McKinstry, p. 80. 2026:Ferguson, p. 858. 2017:McKinstry, p. 79. 1978:McKinstry, p. 78. 1969:McKinstry, p. 90. 1939:Ferguson, p. 766. 1914:McKinstry, p. 16. 1840:McKinstry, p. 93. 1768:McKinstry, p. 75. 1709:, 5 October 1877. 1686:Ferguson, p. 765. 1613:Ferguson, p. 772. 1360:Ferguson, p. 771. 1195:Marquess of Crewe 1125:Winston Churchill 958:Foreign Secretary 708:and had made his 686:Earls of Rosebery 528:Barnbougle Castle 413:Babylonian Talmud 402:Earl of Hardwicke 400:, the son of the 396:to the Christian 360:Westminster Abbey 329:Earls of Rosebery 269:Benjamin Disraeli 265:Lady Beaconsfield 242:Buckingham Palace 4049: 3895:Related articles 3860:Lady Sybil Grant 3756: 3749: 3742: 3733: 3198:Hôtel de Marigny 3188:Haras de Meautry 3108:Gunnersbury Park 2887:Baron Rothschild 2836: 2829: 2822: 2813: 2799: 2744:Jewish Chronicle 2726: 2707: 2698: 2685: 2676: 2670: 2662: 2653: 2634: 2615: 2606: 2592: 2573: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321:Bright's disease 2317: 2311: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2245:William Harcourt 2241: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2116: 2113: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1706:Jewish Chronicle 1702: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1675: 1672: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1600: 1597: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1554: 1553:McKinstry, p. 67 1551: 1545: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1464:McKinstry, p. 70 1462: 1453: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1323: 1317: 1316:McKinstry, p. 1. 1314: 1251:National Gallery 1219: 1107:Victorian Gothic 1058:Bright's disease 847:William Harcourt 733:House of Commons 617:, born in 1879; 577:, following the 407:Jewish Chronicle 261:Earl of Rosebery 209: 192: 155:foundation stone 66:Earl of Rosebery 4057: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4046: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3934:Mentmore Towers 3890: 3871: 3818: 3802: 3791: 3765: 3760: 3730: 3725: 3709: 3651: 3458: 3280: 3217: 3128:Waddesdon Manor 3118:Mentmore Towers 3064: 2995:Opus One Winery 2980:Economist Group 2927: 2921: 2882:Prix Rothschild 2877:Rothschild Park 2845: 2840: 2810: 2723: 2710: 2701: 2688: 2679: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2637: 2631: 2618: 2609: 2595: 2589: 2576: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2308:Wayback Machine 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1624:Lord Rothschild 1621: 1617: 1612: 1603: 1598: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1538:Hughenden Manor 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1389: 1385: 1381:Robinson, p. 5. 1380: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1345: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1286: 1267: 1225: 1206: 1183: 1133:Edward Hamilton 1092:Waddesdon Manor 1076: 1071: 1034: 971: 942:Donald Crawford 915: 902:Irish home rule 894:Lord Hartington 886:Lord Privy Seal 866:Lord Hartington 858:Lord Northbrook 810: 802:Lord Hartington 741: 702:hereditary peer 675: 663:stiff upper lip 596: 587:Edward Hamilton 492: 445:Lansdowne House 429: 345:Prince of Wales 301:his grandfather 277:Buckinghamshire 257: 249:pounds sterling 244:by her mother. 230:Prince of Wales 221: 220: 219: 218: 217: 210: 201: 200: 199: 193: 128:the Rothschilds 97: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3944:Liberal League 3941: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 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2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2809: 2808:External links 2806: 2793: 2792: 2786: 2775: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2740: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2708: 2699: 2686: 2677: 2654: 2648: 2635: 2629: 2616: 2607: 2593: 2587: 2574: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2512: 2503: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2312: 2293: 2281: 2276:Lord Balcarres 2267: 2258: 2249: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2188: 2179: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2117: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2019: 2010: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1929: 1916: 1907: 1895:Lord Beauchamp 1886: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1855:Petworth House 1842: 1833: 1829:Lord Granville 1820: 1806: 1793: 1784: 1770: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1697: 1695:Cowles, p.146. 1688: 1676: 1664: 1655: 1641: 1632: 1615: 1601: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1555: 1546: 1529: 1527:Crewe, p. 115. 1520: 1518:Cowles, p. 145 1508: 1495:MeasuringWorth 1475: 1466: 1454: 1450:Lord Battersea 1437: 1428: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1383: 1371: 1362: 1353: 1343: 1318: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1285: 1282: 1266: 1263: 1224: 1221: 1182: 1179: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1033: 1030: 1007:district nurse 970: 967: 938:Lord Salisbury 927:three-in-a-bed 914: 911: 862:Lord Granville 828:following the 809: 806: 740: 737: 718:Lord Granville 706:House of Lords 674: 671: 667:Margot Asquith 595: 592: 513:Mary Gladstone 491: 488: 428: 425: 349:Prince Consort 307:, and land in 267:, the wife of 256: 253: 238:Queen Victoria 211: 204: 203: 202: 194: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 177:, a luxurious 165:has described 132:Jews of Europe 122:states in his 120:Niall Ferguson 96: 93: 74:Prime Minister 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4054: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4012:Clan Primrose 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3957: 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3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3020:Creditanstalt 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2984:The Economist 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2902:French Empire 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2798: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2731:Amory, Mark. 2730: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2660: 2659:Dalmeny House 2655: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2602:Lord Rosebery 2598: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2499:Harry Dalmeny 2494: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2386:Hall, p. 172. 2383: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1936: 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