22:
604:子窠). Once the fire goes off it completely spews the rear pellet wad forth, and the sound is like a bomb that can be heard for five hundred or more paces." The pellet wad mentioned is possibly the first true bullet in recorded history depending on how bullet is defined, as it did occlude the barrel, unlike previous co-viatives (non-occluding shrapnel) used in the fire lance. Fire lances transformed from the "bamboo- (or wood- or paper-) barreled firearm to the metal-barreled firearm" to better withstand the explosive pressure of gunpowder. From there it branched off into several different gunpowder weapons known as "eruptors" in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, with different functions such as the "filling-the-sky erupting tube" which spewed out poisonous gas and porcelain shards, the "hole-boring flying sand magic mist tube" (
538:
1145:
1173:
1009:
1097:
781:
the gun and tested it using four period-accurate mixes of gunpowder, firing both 1.88 kg (4.1 lb) arrows and 184 g (6.5 oz) lead balls with 50 g (1.8 oz) charges of gunpowder. The velocities of the arrows varied from 63 m/s (210 ft/s) to 87 m/s (290 ft/s) with max ranges of 205 m (673 ft) to 360 m (1,180 ft), while the balls achieve velocities of between 110 m/s (360 ft/s) to 142 m/s (470 ft/s) with an average range of 630 m (2,070 ft). The first
English source about handheld firearm (hand cannon) was written in 1473.
1270:
1301:
1243:
1081:
1227:
1335:
1289:
1161:
1129:
1211:
58:
554:
581:—is dated to 1128, much earlier than any recorded or precisely dated archaeological samples, so it is possible that the concept of a cannon-like firearm has existed since the 12th century. This has been challenged by others such as Liu Xu, Cheng Dong, and Benjamin Avichai Katz Sinvany. According to Liu, the weight of the cannon would have been too much for one person to hold, especially with just one arm, and points out that fire lances were being used a decade later at the
1313:
1199:
1065:
585:. Cheng Dong believes that the figure depicted is actually a wind spirit letting air out of a bag rather than a cannon emitting a blast. Stephen Haw also considered the possibility that the item in question was a bag of air but concludes that it is a cannon because it was grouped with other weapon-wielding sculptures. Sinvany concurred with the wind bag interpretation and that the cannonball indentation was added later on.
570:
1113:
818:
should go to the turner and ask him to make a wooden madfa'a whose size must be in proportion with its muzzle. Introduce the mixture (drug) strongly; add the bunduk (balls) or the arrow and put fire to the priming. The madfa'a length must be in proportion with the hole. If the madfa'a was deeper than the muzzle's width, this would be a defect. Take care of the gunners. Be careful
890:
1144:
817:
Description of the drug (mixture) to be introduced in the madfa'a (cannon) with its proportions: barud, ten; charcoal two drachmes, sulphur one and a half drachmes. Reduce the whole into a thin powder and fill with it one third of the madfa'a. Do not put more because it might explode. This is why you
1096:
780:
with gunpowder weapons of some sort. By 1338 hand cannons were in widespread use in France. One of the oldest surviving weapons of this type is the "Loshult gun", a 10 kg (22 lb) Swedish example from the mid-14th century. In 1999, a group of
British and Danish researchers made a replica of
1047:
attached to the barrel and a touch hole drilled through the side wall instead of the top of the barrel. The flash pan had a leather cover and, later on, a hinged metal lid, to keep the priming powder dry until the moment of firing and to prevent premature firing. These features were carried over to
731:
is dated a decade earlier to 1288, corresponding to the military conflict involving Li Ting, but the dating method is based on contextual evidence; the gun bears no inscription or era date. Another cannon bears an era date that could correspond with the year 1271 in the
Gregorian Calendar, but
1594:
In 1259 Chinese technicians produced a 'fire-lance' (huo ch' iang): gunpowder was exploded in a bamboo tube to discharge a cluster of pellets at a distance of 250 yards. It is also interesting to note the Mongol use of suffocating fumes produced by burning reeds at the battle of
Liegnitz in
1172:
1300:
4337:
1269:
1039:
Projectiles used in hand cannons were known to include rocks, pebbles, and arrows. Eventually stone projectiles in the shape of balls became the preferred form of ammunition, and then they were replaced by iron balls from the late 14th to 15th centuries.
1288:
928:, dated to textual sources from 1342 to 1352, cannot be proven to be true hand-guns or bombards, and contemporary accounts of a metal-barrel cannon in the Islamic world do not occur until 1365. Needham also concludes that in its original form the term
632:
reports that the cannons of Li Ting's soldiers "caused great damage" and created "such confusion that the enemy soldiers attacked and killed each other." The hand cannons were used again in the beginning of 1288. Li Ting's "gun-soldiers" or
1080:
775:
appeared in 1326 in a register of the municipality of
Florence and evidence of their production can be dated as early as 1327. The first recorded use of gunpowder weapons in Europe was in 1331 when two mounted German knights attacked
788:
between 1240 and 1280, and appeared in battles between
Muslims and Mongols in 1299 and 1303. Hand cannons may have been used in the early 14th century. An Arabic text dating to 1320–1350 describes a type of gunpowder weapon called a
21:
4286:
1551:
The other was the 'flame-spouting lance' (t'u huo ch'iang). A bamboo tube of large diameter was used as the barrel (t'ung), ... sending the objects, whether fragments of metal or pottery, pellets or bullets, in all
1154:
pole gun found in Java, 1421. It weighed 2.252 kg, length of 357 mm, and caliber of 16 mm. This gun features a rain cover connected with hinge, which is now missing. The hinge is still preserved.
944:
dates the textual appearance of cannon in Middle-Eastern sources to the 1360s. David Ayalon and Gabor Ágoston believe the
Mamluks had certainly used siege cannon by the 1360s, but earlier uses of cannon in the
1631:
In 1259 Chinese technicians produced a 'fire-lance' (huo ch'iang): gunpowder was exploded in a bamboo tube to discharge a cluster of pellets at a distance of 250 yards. We are getting close to a barrel-gun.
992:. The production of early hand cannons was not uniform; this resulted in complications when loading or using the gunpowder in the hand cannon. Improvements in hand cannon and gunpowder technology—
752:
on their backs; then by night he crossed the river, moved upstream, and fired off (the weapons). This threw all the enemy's horses and men into great confusion ... and he gained a great victory.
4279:
964:
antagonism towards early riflemen in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East. Similarly, the refusal of their
4357:
4342:
1226:
4272:
1306:
The
Tannenberg handgonne is a cast bronze firearm. Muzzle bore 15–16 mm. Found in the water well of the 1399 destroyed Tannenberg castle. Oldest surviving firearm from Germany.
1242:
1032:
The hand cannon could be held in two hands, but another person is often shown aiding in the ignition process using smoldering wood, coal, red-hot iron rods, or slow-burning
897:
The earliest surviving documentary evidence for the use of the hand cannon in the
Islamic world are from several Arabic manuscripts dated to the 14th century. The historian
1312:
3510:
1334:
1294:
The Mörkö gun is an early
Swedish firearm discovered by a fisherman in the Baltic Sea at the coast of Södermanland near Nynäs in 1828. It has been dated to ca. 1390.
732:
contains an irregular character in the reign name. Other specimens also likely predate the Xanadu and Heilongjiang guns and have been traced as far back as the late
859:
during the 13th century, but did not acquire a cannon until a monk took one back to Japan from China in 1510, and firearms were not produced until 1543, when the
793:
which uses gunpowder to shoot projectiles out of a tube at the end of a stock. Some scholars consider this a hand cannon while others dispute this claim. The
924:
in the 1370s. According to Joseph Needham, fire lances or proto-guns were known to Muslims by the late 13th century and early 14th century. However the term
608:鑽穴飛砂神霧筒) which spewed forth sand and poisonous chemicals into orifices, and the more conventional "phalanx-charging fire gourd" which shot out lead pellets.
4372:
3736:
940:), then after the invention of gunpowder it meant the tube of fire lances, and eventually it applied to the cylinder of hand-gun and cannon. Similarly,
96:
91:
2617:
1029:, a handle, and sometimes a socket to insert a wooden stock. Extant samples show that some hand cannons also featured a metal extension as a handle.
3476:
1210:
537:
4520:
76:
2770:
Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes
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573:
Bronze cannon with inscription dated the 3rd year of the Zhiyuan era (1332) of the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368); discovered in Beijing in 1935.
2285:"Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries; Transmission of Practical Chemistry"
611:
Hand cannons first saw widespread usage in China sometime during the 13th century and spread from there to the rest of the world. In 1287
4347:
1128:
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86:
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2030:
1897:
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1198:
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1008:
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868:
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2316:
Iqtidar, Alam "Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India Journal of Asian History" Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 3.
2020:
4321:
4248:
2895:
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols",
426:
3105:, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press,
4312:
3500:
2811:
1036:. The hand cannon could be placed on a rest and held by one hand, while the gunner applied the means of ignition himself.
643:) were able to carry the hand cannons "on their backs". The passage on the 1288 battle is also the first to coin the name
532:
418:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4317:
3469:
3268:
1736:
654:
813:
in 1343. Shihab al-Din Abu al-Abbas al-Qalqashandi described a metal cannon firing an iron ball between 1365 and 1376.
4640:
4605:
4327:
1278:
handgun, 1380. 18 cm-long and weighing 1.04 kg, it was fixed to a wooden pole to facilitate manipulation.
4460:
3718:
2506:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
1112:
121:
2257:"Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries"
4650:
4440:
3835:
2229:
856:
784:
Although evidence of cannons appears later in the Middle East than Europe, fire lances were described earlier by
685:
217:
1279:
4630:
3583:
1020:
902:
802:
728:
352:
3313:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
3303:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
4635:
4508:
4253:
4070:
3462:
1461:
Sinvany, B. A. K. (2020). "Revisiting the Dazu 'Bombard' and the World's Earliest Representation of a Gun".
717:
546:
302:
909:
in 1260. However, Hassan's claim contradicts other historians who claim hand cannons did not appear in the
4397:
3731:
3618:
3515:
252:
700:(fire tubes) at the Battle of Tsushima in 1274 and the second coastal assault led by Holdon in 1281. The
4475:
4417:
4410:
4405:
4304:
3918:
3489:
2807:
2401:
Holmes, Robert (2015). "Medieval Europe's first firearms: Handgonnes & hand cannons, c. 1338-1475".
2284:
623:
393:
3064:
War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500
3010:"L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises"
2256:
3129:
The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K
2831:
4495:
4465:
3563:
3505:
2877:
Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World
2678:
840:
528:
297:
116:
1106:
on the right, and a rider holding gunpowder cartridges in the middle, from Rzevuski MS, c. 1320–1350
3971:
3923:
3723:
2223:
973:
906:
777:
737:
57:
4525:
4470:
4139:
3786:
3703:
3032:
2750:
2647:
2418:
2280:
2252:
1975:
1889:
1827:
1819:
1478:
1443:
1435:
1233:
950:
905:(1256–1327), report the use of hand cannons by Mamluk-Egyptian forces against the Mongols at the
898:
578:
516:
154:
69:
4264:
577:
The earliest artistic depiction of what might be a hand cannon—a rock sculpture found among the
1102:
Arabic illustration showing soldiers holding a fire tube on the left, a naphtha flask/bomb and
843:
soldiers were using hand cannons at the very latest by 1390 when they employed them in killing
553:
4128:
4033:
3873:
3825:
3756:
3661:
3403:
3385:
3367:
3339:
3254:
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2721:
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2517:
2410:
2053:
2047:
2026:
1893:
1767:
1742:
1614:
1608:
1577:
1534:
1528:
582:
257:
227:
207:
2862:
836:
acquired knowledge of gunpowder from China by 1372 and started producing cannons by 1377. In
4149:
3992:
3987:
3933:
3713:
3693:
3613:
3558:
3155:
3024:
2629:
1967:
1811:
1470:
1427:
386:
337:
212:
174:
109:
988:
were relatively easy to produce; smiths often used brass or bronze when making these early
4645:
4455:
4113:
4065:
4000:
3553:
3439:
1086:
Arabic illustration showing a gunpowder arrow on the left, fireworks in the middle, and a
848:
785:
758:
628:
322:
312:
307:
287:
3432:
2541:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
2137:
Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century".
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4559:
4445:
4235:
4197:
3776:
3708:
3098:
2827:
2778:
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837:
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in 1331 made use of "iron pellets shot with fire." According to Paul E. J. Hammer, the
794:
615:
347:
144:
2307:
Hammer, Paul E. J. "Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660" Routledge, 2017, p. 505.
569:
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1979:
1482:
1447:
1325:
1253:
946:
941:
247:
192:
164:
1831:
1802:
DeVries, Kelly (1998). "Gunpowder Weaponry and the Rise of the Early Modern State".
491:
without any form of firing mechanism. It may also be considered a forerunner of the
4513:
4362:
4182:
4157:
4107:
4048:
4020:
3966:
3781:
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1012:
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921:
612:
557:
357:
317:
267:
149:
126:
26:
2680:
Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
2514:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
3270:
Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450-1680. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis
920:
who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world, and believes cannons only reached
901:
argues that several 14th-century Arabic manuscripts, one of which was written by
4220:
4212:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3868:
3830:
3623:
3578:
3548:
3210:
1573:
1366:
1320:
996:, shot ammunition, and development of the flash pan—led to the invention of the
910:
733:
681:
484:
332:
282:
242:
1815:
684:, proto-cannons, or signal flares. Hand cannons may have also been used in the
4552:
4530:
4503:
4123:
4085:
4076:
3961:
3948:
3938:
3898:
3878:
3761:
3698:
3648:
3598:
3568:
3242:
The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850)
2239:
2235:
1845:
von Kármán, Theodore (1942). "The Role of Fluid Mechanics in Modern Warfare".
1474:
1371:
1026:
877:
724:
716:
shaped like a bell." Mongol troops of Yuan dynasty carried Chinese cannons to
589:
488:
479:
as well as the most mechanically simple form of metal barrel firearms. Unlike
476:
472:
367:
362:
272:
202:
2414:
2194:[ Yangliu (artillery art) holding a big tube launching performance].
2191:
1971:
4597:
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3638:
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3538:
3028:
2956:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
2835:
1356:
1188:
1044:
993:
965:
864:
810:
805:
certainly used cannons by 1342. According to J. Lavin, cannons were used by
600:: "It is made from a large bamboo tube, and inside is stuffed a pellet wad (
480:
262:
222:
197:
4543:
4192:
4025:
3863:
3815:
3791:
3633:
3628:
3533:
3525:
997:
860:
852:
508:
440:
372:
292:
237:
2633:
2422:
1823:
1566:
889:
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4162:
4118:
4095:
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4044:
3908:
3853:
3685:
3666:
3485:
1530:
Chinese ideas about nature and society: studies in honour of Derk Bodde
1439:
1249:
1033:
969:
957:
933:
917:
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period (1214–1227), but these too lack inscriptions and era dates (see
512:
500:
492:
468:
342:
327:
232:
169:
159:
1958:
Zaky, A. Rahman (1967). "Gunpowder and Arab Firearms in Middle Ages".
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3643:
1361:
1351:
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772:
619:
504:
434:
49:
30:
3190:
Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
1431:
823:
Rzevuski MS, possibly written by Shams al-Din Muhammad, c. 1320–1350
1613:(reprint ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 198.
855:'s voyage. Japan was already aware of gunpowder warfare due to the
2482:
2480:
1007:
888:
833:
806:
798:
723:
The oldest extant hand cannon bearing a date of production is the
568:
552:
536:
496:
20:
3121:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
2810:
Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the
708:"which caused a flash of light and a loud noise when fired." The
688:. Japanese descriptions of the invasions talk of iron and bamboo
1418:
Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988). "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard".
1192:) and the bolt-like arrow and metal fins which was shot from it.
692:
causing "light and fire" and emitting 2–3,000 iron bullets. The
618:
troops deployed hand cannons in putting down a rebellion by the
542:
4268:
3458:
2532:
High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics
1871:
Sean McLachlan. "Medieval Handgonnes." Osprey Publishing, 2011.
1564:
Turnbull, Stephen; McBride, Angus (1980). Angus McBride (ed.).
2618:"Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History"
3400:
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud
3212:
Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879
1572:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Osprey Publishing. p.
56:
2580:(2nd ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications.
2022:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
1938:
1936:
3450:
Maitre Jehan de Montsiler – the first recorded hand gunner
2210:"第38回 日本古武道演武大会 | 秘伝トピックス | 武道・武術の総合情報サイト Web秘伝"
1527:
Bodde, Derk (1987). Charles Le Blanc, Susan Blader (ed.).
1340:
A 10-shot hand cannon (handgonne), unknown age and origin.
871:
to the Japanese. The art of firing the hand cannon called
2992:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
2003:
2001:
1695:
1693:
1668:
1666:
1653:
1651:
828:
Cannons are attested to in India starting from 1366. The
2073:
2071:
2069:
1923:
1921:
1785:
1783:
960:
who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world and cites
851:
use of hand cannon for marriage ceremony in 1413 during
727:, which contains an era date corresponding to 1298. The
670:
was used instead of the earlier and more ambiguous term
3336:
Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612–1639
3131:, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1401:
1399:
3054:
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
1766:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120.
2225:
Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East
3418:
Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact
2958:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng,
2718:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
2384:
2382:
1764:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
4494:
4433:
4426:
4396:
4303:
4211:
4148:
4042:
3980:
3805:
3680:
3524:
3209:
1565:
588:The first cannons were likely an evolution of the
507:, the hand cannon evolved to become the matchlock
499:from the 13th century onward and later throughout
3364:The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas
2911:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India
1182:(ca. 1474) showing an early type of hand cannon (
847:king Che Bong Nga. Chinese observer recorded the
3762:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
3084:, Volume 5, Part 4, Cambridge University Press,
1043:Later hand cannons have been shown to include a
953:by the 1320s, however evidence is inconclusive.
3797:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
3251:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500
2832:"Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources"
2578:A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery
1847:Proceedings of the Second Hydraulics Conference
815:
742:
2938:Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact
4280:
3470:
3273:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press
3174:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
2737:Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective
771:The earliest reliable evidence of cannons in
675:
661:
648:
638:
541:A Chinese-style "bowl-mouth cannon" found in
394:
8:
2974:Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan
1090:on the right, from Rzevuski MS, c. 1320–1350
949:are vague with a possible appearance in the
483:firearms it requires direct manual external
2853:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation
2799:Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare
1741:. Boydell & Brewer. 17 September 2015.
1533:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 304.
903:Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Ansari al-Dimashqi
592:. In 1259 a type of "fire-emitting lance" (
4430:
4287:
4273:
4265:
3477:
3463:
3455:
3384:, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
2869:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
2837:History of Science and Technology in Islam
2780:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
2435:
2361:
2289:History Of Science And Technology In Islam
2261:History Of Science And Technology In Islam
1514:
968:forces to use firearms contributed to the
596:突火槍) made an appearance. According to the
401:
387:
40:
3382:The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
3356:, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press
984:Early European hand cannons, such as the
916:Iqtidar Alam Khan argues that it was the
25:Swiss soldier firing a hand cannon, with
3200:Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology
2049:Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660
3232:The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition)
2920:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
2486:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2349:
2166:
2154:
2101:
2077:
2007:
1992:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1927:
1912:
1859:
1789:
1699:
1672:
1657:
1642:
1502:
1405:
1390:
1383:
1265:
1204:A socketed Ming hand cannon, 1505–1521.
1060:
48:
3884:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
3821:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
3654:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
3354:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
1684:
1318:Hand cannon being fired from a stand,
3889:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
3171:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
3162:, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons
3160:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
2820:Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650–1830
2808:"Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys."
2598:The Big Bang: A History of Explosives
2178:
2113:
1723:
503:in the 14th century. In 15th century
495:. The hand cannon was widely used in
7:
3445:Ulrich Bretschler's Blackpowder Page
3147:Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600
2388:
2373:
2337:
2325:
2125:
2089:
1738:Journal of Medieval Military History
1711:
932:refers to the tube or cylinder of a
549:in 1293 or a Javanese version of it.
37:late 15th century (produced in 1874)
3724:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
1610:The history of the Mongol conquests
1463:Journal of Chinese Military History
680:), which may refer to the tubes of
97:Siege artillery in the US Civil War
92:Field artillery in the US Civil War
2709:Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder
2660:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
2628:(3), Aldershot: Ashgate: 785–786,
1232:Indonesian iron bedil tombak from
545:, presumably brought there by the
150:Cannons of Maritime Southeast Asia
87:Naval artillery in the Age of Sail
14:
4358:Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms
3103:Science and Civilisation in China
3082:Science and Civilisation in China
2616:Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006),
956:Khan claims that it was invading
748:), concealing those who bore the
676:
662:
649:
639:
3288:Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500
3240:Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016),
3149:, Marlborough: The Crowood Press
2976:, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies,
2946:Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590
2198:(in Chinese). 20 September 2019.
1333:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1268:
1241:
1225:
1209:
1197:
1171:
1166:Chinese hand cannon, dated 1424.
1159:
1143:
1127:
1111:
1095:
1079:
1063:
696:, written around 1300, mentions
16:Early firearm, 13th-15th century
3362:Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008),
3328:, University of Wisconsin Press
3052:McNeill, William Hardy (1992),
1607:Saunders, John Joseph (2001) .
718:Java during their 1293 invasion
4249:Category:Early modern firearms
3757:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
3728:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
2994:, Cambridge University Press,
2783:, Cambridge University Press,
2720:, Cambridge University Press,
2662:, Cambridge University Press,
2543:, Princeton University Press,
2516:, Cambridge University Press,
2025:. Routledge. 27 January 2014.
1025:The hand cannon consists of a
455:
450:
446:
439:
430:
422:
1:
3714:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
3694:Belton M1777 repeating musket
3326:Viêt Nam Borderless Histories
3192:, Utah State University Press
3188:Patrick, John Merton (1961),
3056:, University of Chicago Press
3008:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976).
2922:, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
2812:Geological Society of America
2683:, Swindon: English Heritage,
2530:Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010),
1000:in late 15th-century Europe.
666:) for metal-barrel firearms.
533:Timeline of the Gunpowder Age
77:Artillery in the Song dynasty
34:
3840:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
3416:Willbanks, James H. (2004),
3297:Warfare in Pre-British India
3202:, Greenwood Publishing Group
2855:, Cambridge University Press
1070:Hand cannon from the Mongol
744:Li Ting chose gun-soldiers (
82:Artillery in the Middle Ages
4606:Self Strengthening Movement
3981:Medieval large calibre guns
3629:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
3599:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
3216:, Boston: David R. Godine,
2918:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008),
2909:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004),
2777:Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999),
2046:Hammer, Paul E. J. (2017).
1886:The Gun and Its Development
475:. It is the oldest type of
4667:
4338:Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms
3719:M1696 French common musket
3352:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967),
3334:Turnbull, Stephen (2003),
3324:Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006),
3168:Partington, J. R. (1999),
2716:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002),
2052:. Routledge. p. 505.
1816:10.1177/096834459800500201
1762:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002).
1018:
526:
122:List of cannon projectiles
4244:
4062:Byzantine rocket launcher
3836:Breech-loading swivel gun
3649:Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun
3496:
3433:Handgonnes and Matchlocks
3280:New Principles of Gunnery
3278:Robins, Benjamin (1742),
3230:Petzal, David E. (2014),
3127:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006),
3062:Morillo, Stephen (2008),
2913:, Oxford University Press
2861:Johnson, Norman Gardner.
2818:Harding, Richard (1999),
2711:, Oxford University Press
2576:Benton, James G. (1862).
1475:10.1163/22127453-12341355
1236:, West Java, age unknown.
686:Mongol invasions of Japan
511:, which became the first
471:and the successor of the
218:Breech-loading swivel gun
4297:Chinese military history
3672:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
3619:Meriam kecil hand cannon
3584:Heilongjiang hand cannon
3544:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
3380:Wagner, John A. (2006),
3080:Needham, Joseph (1980),
3044:McLachlan, Sean (2010),
2990:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
2897:Journal of Asian History
2851:Hobson, John M. (2004),
1972:10.3989/GLADIUS.1967.186
1021:Heilongjiang hand cannon
913:until the 14th century.
729:Heilongjiang hand cannon
560:bronze hand cannon, 1351
353:Self-propelled artillery
4343:Northern & Southern
4254:Category:Early firearms
4071:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
3119:Nicolle, David (1990),
3029:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103
2972:Lidin, Olaf G. (2002),
2954:Liang, Jieming (2006),
2948:, Osprey Publisher Ltd.
2944:Konstam, Angus (2002),
2867:Encyclopædia Britannica
2697:Cowley, Robert (1993),
2677:Cocroft, Wayne (2000),
2658:Chase, Kenneth (2003),
2558:Arnold, Thomas (2001),
2539:Andrade, Tonio (2016),
2512:Ágoston, Gábor (2005),
2504:Adle, Chahryar (2003),
2489:, p. 43, 259, 578.
875:(大筒) has remained as a
712:of 1370 mentions "iron
606:zuànxuéfēishāshénwùtǒng
547:Mongol invasion of Java
303:Large-calibre artillery
4566:Ming gunpowder weapons
4521:Song gunpowder weapons
3658:Shou Chong hand cannon
3516:History of the firearm
3398:Watson, Peter (2006),
3366:, Brill Academic Pub,
3320:(3): 213–237 (226–228)
3310:(2): 153–173 (153–157)
3267:Reid, Anthony (1993),
3249:Purton, Peter (2010),
2806:Hadden, R. Lee. 2005.
2768:Easton, S. C. (1952),
2735:Curtis, W. S. (2014),
2707:Cressy, David (2013),
2622:Technology and Culture
2560:The Renaissance at War
1420:Technology and Culture
1252:), recovered from the
1016:
894:
826:
764:
704:of 1360 mentions iron
574:
561:
550:
253:Double-barreled cannon
61:
38:
4406:Ming treasure voyages
4295:Ancient and dynastic
4104:rocket arrow launcher
4098:rocket arrow launcher
4082:Fire crow rocket bomb
3709:Che Dian Chong musket
3594:Huo Chong hand cannon
3338:, Osprey Publishing,
3295:Roy, Kaushik (2015),
3208:Perrin, Noel (1979),
3198:Pauly, Roger (2004),
3145:Norris, John (2003),
2936:Kinard, Jeff (2007),
2601:, Sutton Publishing,
2595:Brown, G. I. (1998),
1178:A page of the Korean
1048:subsequent firearms.
1011:
892:
572:
556:
540:
459:), also known as the
60:
24:
4585:Breechloading musket
4091:Hale rocket launcher
3782:Spanish M1752 musket
3662:Tanegashima arquebus
3564:English horse pistol
3506:History of gunpowder
3402:, Harper Perennial,
3286:Rose, Susan (2002),
2874:Kelly, Jack (2004),
2797:Grant, R.G. (2011),
2745:Earl, Brian (1978),
2562:, Cassell & Co,
867:which were known as
529:History of gunpowder
467:, is the first true
298:Infantry support gun
4110:(Chinese petroleum)
4001:Dardanelles bombard
3972:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
3924:Obusier de vaisseau
3046:Medieval Handgonnes
2828:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2822:, UCL Press Limited
2634:10.1353/tech.0.0051
2281:Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2253:Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2192:"【古战】阳流（炮术）抱大筒发射表演"
1004:Design and features
907:Battle of Ain Jalut
893:Turkish hand cannon
881:martial arts form.
778:Cividale del Friuli
738:Wuwei bronze cannon
427:traditional Chinese
44:Part of a series on
4641:Chinese inventions
4526:Thunder crash bomb
4471:Repeating crossbow
4140:Thunder crash bomb
3787:Springfield musket
3704:Charleville musket
3604:Istinggar arquebus
3438:2015-01-19 at the
2814:on March 25, 2004.
2751:Trevithick Society
2747:Cornish Explosives
1890:Simon and Schuster
1216:Indonesian bronze
1017:
951:Emirate of Granada
899:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
895:
579:Dazu Rock Carvings
575:
562:
551:
419:simplified Chinese
62:
39:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4262:
4261:
4150:Firing mechanisms
4129:Petroleum naphtha
4034:Pumhart von Steyr
3997:Byzantine bombard
3899:Hu Dun Pao cannon
3699:Brown Bess musket
3409:978-0-06-093564-1
3391:978-0-313-32736-0
3373:978-90-04-16821-3
3345:978-1-84176-478-8
3315:Technikgeschichte
3305:Technikgeschichte
3260:978-1-84383-449-6
3253:, Boydell Press,
3223:978-0-87923-773-8
3181:978-0-8018-5954-0
3156:Partington, J. R.
3138:978-0-313-33733-8
3073:978-0-07-052584-9
3001:978-0-521-60954-8
2965:978-981-05-5380-7
2929:978-0-8108-5503-8
2887:978-0-465-03718-6
2790:978-0-521-43519-2
2772:, Basil Blackwell
2760:978-0-904040-13-5
2727:978-0-521-79158-8
2699:Experience of War
2690:978-1-85074-718-5
2669:978-0-521-82274-9
2643:978-0-7546-5259-5
2608:978-0-7509-1878-7
2587:978-1-57747-079-3
2569:978-0-304-35270-8
2550:978-0-691-13597-7
2523:978-0-521-84313-3
2328:, pp. 41–45.
1773:978-0-521-79158-8
1620:978-0-8122-1766-7
1583:978-0-85045-372-0
1540:978-962-209-188-7
1015:hand cannon, 1409
986:socket-handgonne,
702:Hachiman Gudoukun
694:Nihon Kokujokushi
653:) with the metal
411:
410:
228:Coastal artillery
4658:
4651:Medieval weapons
4431:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4266:
3934:Pierrier a boite
3667:Toradar arquebus
3614:Jiaozhi arquebus
3539:Bajozutsu pistol
3479:
3472:
3465:
3456:
3421:
3420:, ABC-CLIO, Inc.
3412:
3394:
3376:
3357:
3348:
3329:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3274:
3263:
3245:
3235:
3226:
3215:
3203:
3193:
3184:
3163:
3150:
3141:
3123:
3115:
3094:
3076:
3057:
3048:
3040:
3014:
3004:
2986:
2968:
2949:
2940:
2932:
2914:
2904:
2890:
2870:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2823:
2802:
2793:
2773:
2763:
2749:, Cornwall: The
2740:
2730:
2712:
2702:
2693:
2672:
2654:
2611:
2591:
2572:
2553:
2535:
2526:
2508:
2490:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2403:Medieval Warfare
2398:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
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2299:
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2296:
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2267:
2249:
2243:
2233:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2182:
2181:, pp. 1–14.
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2139:The China Review
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2092:, pp. 9–10.
2087:
2081:
2075:
2064:
2063:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1946:
1945:, p. 43-44.
1940:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1903:
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1500:
1487:
1486:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1337:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1280:Musée de l'Armée
1276:Western European
1272:
1245:
1229:
1213:
1201:
1175:
1163:
1147:
1131:
1115:
1099:
1083:
1067:
857:Mongol invasions
824:
809:at the siege of
762:
679:
678:
665:
664:
652:
651:
642:
641:
457:
452:
448:
443:
432:
424:
403:
396:
389:
338:Recoilless rifle
170:Majapahit cannon
41:
36:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4631:Firearm actions
4621:
4620:
4619:
4610:
4490:
4476:Siege equipment
4422:
4392:
4299:
4293:
4263:
4258:
4240:
4207:
4144:
4114:Mysorean rocket
4066:Congreve rocket
4038:
3976:
3801:
3676:
3554:Combination gun
3520:
3492:
3490:thermal weapons
3483:
3440:Wayback Machine
3429:
3424:
3415:
3410:
3397:
3392:
3379:
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3333:
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3207:
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3187:
3182:
3167:
3154:
3144:
3139:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3099:Needham, Joseph
3097:
3092:
3079:
3074:
3066:, McGraw-Hill,
3061:
3051:
3043:
3017:Arts Asiatiques
3012:
3007:
3002:
2989:
2984:
2971:
2966:
2953:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2917:
2908:
2894:
2888:
2880:, Basic Books,
2873:
2860:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2826:
2817:
2801:, DK Publishing
2796:
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2776:
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2454:
2446:
2442:
2436:Partington 1999
2434:
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2395:
2387:
2380:
2372:
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2362:Partington 1999
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2302:
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2279:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2230:History Channel
2222:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
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2019:
2018:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1934:
1926:
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1911:
1907:
1900:
1880:
1879:
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1526:
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1521:
1515:Partington 1960
1513:
1509:
1501:
1490:
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1455:
1432:10.2307/3105275
1417:
1416:
1412:
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1397:
1389:
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1341:
1338:
1329:
1324:manuscript, by
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1307:
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1292:
1283:
1273:
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1100:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1023:
1006:
982:
887:
825:
822:
797:army besieging
786:Hasan al-Rammah
769:
763:
759:History of Yuan
756:
629:History of Yuan
598:History of Song
567:
535:
525:
407:
378:
377:
323:Naval artillery
288:Helical railgun
188:
180:
179:
160:Filipino cannon
155:Japanese cannon
140:
132:
131:
112:
102:
101:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4664:
4662:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4636:Early firearms
4633:
4623:
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4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4594:
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4575:
4563:
4560:Huolongchushui
4556:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4418:Late Qing Navy
4415:
4414:
4413:
4411:treasure ships
4402:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:Three Kingdoms
4330:
4325:
4322:Warring States
4315:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4236:Wujing Zongyao
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4198:Snap matchlock
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4079:(rocket arrow)
4074:
4073:(flamethrower)
4068:
4063:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:Potzdam musket
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3737:Jazayer musket
3734:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3511:Historiography
3508:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3486:Early firearms
3484:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3428:
3427:External links
3425:
3423:
3422:
3413:
3408:
3395:
3390:
3377:
3372:
3359:
3349:
3344:
3331:
3321:
3311:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3275:
3264:
3259:
3246:
3244:, Notion Press
3237:
3227:
3222:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3165:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3095:
3090:
3077:
3072:
3059:
3049:
3041:
3005:
3000:
2987:
2983:978-8791114120
2982:
2969:
2964:
2951:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2915:
2906:
2892:
2886:
2871:
2858:
2848:
2824:
2815:
2804:
2794:
2789:
2774:
2765:
2759:
2742:
2732:
2726:
2713:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2674:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2613:
2607:
2592:
2586:
2573:
2568:
2555:
2549:
2536:
2527:
2522:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2476:
2474:, p. 289.
2464:
2462:, p. 105.
2452:
2440:
2438:, p. 123.
2428:
2393:
2378:
2366:
2364:, p. 196.
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2272:
2244:
2215:
2201:
2183:
2171:
2169:, p. 430.
2159:
2157:, p. 245.
2147:
2130:
2118:
2116:, p. 173.
2106:
2104:, p. 307.
2094:
2082:
2065:
2059:978-1351873765
2058:
2038:
2031:
2012:
2010:, p. 582.
1997:
1985:
1947:
1932:
1917:
1915:, p. 259.
1905:
1898:
1892:. p. 78.
1873:
1864:
1852:
1837:
1804:War in History
1794:
1779:
1772:
1754:
1747:
1728:
1716:
1714:, p. 220.
1704:
1702:, p. 295.
1689:
1687:, p. 109.
1677:
1675:, p. 304.
1662:
1660:, p. 294.
1647:
1635:
1619:
1599:
1582:
1556:
1539:
1519:
1517:, p. 246.
1507:
1488:
1453:
1426:(3): 594–605.
1410:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:, age unknown.
1215:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1180:Kukcho Orye-ui
1177:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1005:
1002:
981:
978:
886:
883:
838:Southeast Asia
820:
768:
765:
754:
583:Siege of De'an
566:
563:
524:
521:
409:
408:
406:
405:
398:
391:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
145:English cannon
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
124:
119:
117:Breech-loading
113:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
68:
67:
64:
63:
53:
52:
46:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4663:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4591:Xun Lei Chong
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4579:San yan chong
4576:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Jixiao Xinshu
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Miquelet lock
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:Orban bombard
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:Korean cannon
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Kabyle musket
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Jezail musket
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:Java arquebus
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Howdah pistol
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3112:0-521-30358-3
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:0-521-08573-X
3087:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2450:, p. 80.
2449:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2352:, p. 15.
2351:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2128:, p. 75.
2127:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2080:, p. 44.
2079:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2032:9781135459321
2028:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1995:, p. 43.
1994:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1930:, p. 45.
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1899:9781510720251
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1862:, p. 77.
1861:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1792:, p. 75.
1791:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1748:9781783270576
1744:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1726:, p. 32.
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:, p. 53.
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1505:, p. 51.
1504:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:(1): 99–113.
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1408:, p. 76.
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1326:Konrad Kyeser
1323:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:Brantas River
1251:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1150:Drawing of a
1146:
1141:
1137:
1134:Hand cannon,
1130:
1125:
1121:
1118:Hand cannon,
1114:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
994:corned powder
991:
987:
979:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
947:Islamic World
943:
942:Tonio Andrade
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
891:
884:
882:
880:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
782:
779:
774:
766:
761:
760:
753:
751:
747:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
673:
669:
659:
656:
646:
636:
631:
630:
625:
621:
617:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
571:
564:
559:
555:
548:
544:
539:
534:
530:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
444:
442:
436:
428:
420:
416:
404:
399:
397:
392:
390:
385:
384:
382:
381:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
248:Demi-culverin
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
193:Anti-tank gun
191:
190:
184:
183:
176:
175:Mughal cannon
173:
171:
168:
166:
165:Korean cannon
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
136:
135:
128:
127:Muzzleloading
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
111:
106:
105:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
71:
66:
65:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
43:
42:
33:at his feet,
32:
28:
23:
19:
4596:
4589:
4577:
4570:
4558:
4551:
4542:
4537:
4509:Flamethrower
4183:Muzzleloader
4158:Breechloader
4136:rocket arrow
4108:Meng Huo You
4059:rocket arrow
4049:incendiaries
4021:Grose Bochse
3967:Wankou Chong
3573:
3417:
3399:
3381:
3363:
3353:
3335:
3325:
3317:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3296:
3287:
3279:
3269:
3250:
3241:
3234:, WeldonOwen
3231:
3211:
3199:
3189:
3170:
3159:
3146:
3128:
3120:
3102:
3081:
3063:
3053:
3045:
3020:
3016:
2991:
2973:
2955:
2945:
2937:
2919:
2910:
2900:
2896:
2876:
2866:
2852:
2841:, retrieved
2836:
2819:
2798:
2779:
2769:
2746:
2739:, WeldenOwen
2736:
2717:
2708:
2698:
2679:
2659:
2625:
2621:
2597:
2577:
2559:
2540:
2531:
2513:
2505:
2487:Needham 1986
2472:Needham 1986
2467:
2460:Andrade 2016
2455:
2448:Andrade 2016
2443:
2431:
2409:(5): 49–52.
2406:
2402:
2396:
2391:, p. 6.
2369:
2357:
2350:Ágoston 2005
2345:
2340:, p. 3.
2333:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:
2275:
2264:. Retrieved
2260:
2247:
2224:
2218:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2174:
2167:Needham 1986
2162:
2155:Manguin 1976
2150:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2102:Needham 1986
2097:
2085:
2078:Needham 1986
2048:
2041:
2021:
2015:
2008:Needham 1986
1993:Needham 1986
1988:
1963:
1959:
1943:Needham 1986
1928:Needham 1986
1913:Needham 1986
1908:
1885:
1882:W.W. Greener
1876:
1867:
1860:Andrade 2016
1855:
1846:
1840:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1790:Andrade 2016
1763:
1757:
1737:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1700:Needham 1986
1680:
1673:Needham 1986
1658:Needham 1986
1643:Andrade 2016
1638:
1630:
1624:. Retrieved
1609:
1602:
1593:
1587:. Retrieved
1567:
1559:
1550:
1544:. Retrieved
1529:
1522:
1510:
1503:Andrade 2016
1466:
1462:
1456:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1406:Andrade 2016
1393:, p. 6.
1391:Patrick 1961
1386:
1319:
1248:A bedil (or
1218:bedil tombak
1187:
1184:chhung thung
1183:
1179:
1136:Ming dynasty
1120:Ming dynasty
1103:
1087:
1072:Yuan dynasty
1042:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1013:Ming dynasty
989:
985:
983:
955:
938:flamethrower
929:
925:
922:Mamluk Egypt
915:
896:
876:
872:
827:
816:
790:
783:
770:
757:
749:
745:
743:
722:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
674:(fire tube;
671:
667:
657:
644:
634:
627:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
587:
576:
558:Yuan dynasty
464:
460:
454:
438:
414:
412:
358:Siege cannon
318:Mountain gun
277:
268:Gun-howitzer
18:
4538:Hand cannon
4434:Traditional
4373:Jurchen Jin
4221:Huolongjing
4213:Literatures
4016:Faule Mette
4011:Faule Grete
4006:Dulle Griet
3869:Ekor lotong
3831:Baton a feu
3732:Jäger rifle
3624:Muff pistol
3579:Hand mortar
3574:Hand cannon
3549:Blunderbuss
3299:, Routledge
3290:, Routledge
3023:: 233–268.
2863:"explosive"
2534:, Wiley-VCH
1685:Purton 2010
1568:The Mongols
1367:Hand mortar
1321:Bellifortis
1074:(1271–1368)
936:projector (
911:Middle East
885:Middle East
869:tanegashima
863:introduced
832:kingdom in
734:Western Xia
682:fire lances
415:hand cannon
333:Railway gun
283:Hand mortar
278:Hand cannon
243:Demi-cannon
4625:Categories
4553:Hu dun pao
4531:Fire lance
4504:Fire arrow
4124:Pen Huo Qi
4086:Greek fire
4077:Fire arrow
3962:Xanadu Gun
3949:Swivel gun
3939:Pot de fer
3879:Fauconneau
3569:Fire lance
2843:2007-07-23
2497:References
2294:2019-04-03
2266:2016-11-20
2179:Lidin 2002
2114:Chase 2003
1810:(2): 130.
1724:Chase 2003
1626:2011-11-28
1589:2011-11-28
1552:directions
1546:2011-11-28
1372:Volley gun
1234:Majalengka
1019:See also:
865:matchlocks
861:Portuguese
725:Xanadu Gun
594:tūhuǒqiãng
590:fire lance
527:See also:
515:to have a
489:touch hole
487:through a
477:small arms
473:fire lance
368:Swivel gun
363:Smoothbore
343:Rifled gun
273:Gun-mortar
203:Autocannon
139:By country
4598:Hongyipao
4514:Petroleum
4496:Gunpowder
4427:Equipment
4231:Wubei Zhi
4203:Wheellock
4188:Snaphance
4173:Matchlock
4168:Flintlock
4134:Singijeon
3957:Veuglaire
3953:Tarasnice
3929:Organ gun
3894:Hongyipao
3859:Chongtong
3849:Carronade
3808:artillery
3772:Musketoon
3639:Pepperbox
3037:191565174
2652:111173101
2415:2211-5129
2389:Khan 2004
2374:Khan 1996
2338:Khan 2004
2326:Khan 1996
2145:: p. 178.
2126:Tran 2006
2090:Khan 2004
1980:161538306
1966:: 45–58.
1712:Reid 1993
1483:218937184
1448:112733319
1378:Citations
1357:Flintlock
1189:chongtong
1045:flash pan
976:in 1514.
974:Chaldiran
966:Qizilbash
811:Algeciras
481:matchlock
465:handgonne
456:shǒuchòng
263:Field gun
223:Carronade
198:Artillery
110:Operation
4544:Huochong
4486:War cart
4466:Crossbow
4461:Elephant
4456:Polearms
4193:Snaplock
4026:Mons Meg
3874:Falconet
3864:Culverin
3826:Basilisk
3792:Wall gun
3634:Petronel
3534:Arquebus
3526:Firearms
3501:Timeline
3436:Archived
3158:(1960),
3101:(1986),
2830:(2001),
2701:, Laurel
2423:48578499
2283:(2005).
2255:(2008).
2196:bilibili
1884:(2013).
1849:: 15–29.
1832:56194773
1824:26004330
1346:See also
998:arquebus
980:Arquebus
972:rout at
853:Zheng He
849:Javanese
841:Đại Việt
821:—
755:—
509:arquebus
485:ignition
441:huǒchòng
373:Tank gun
293:Howitzer
258:Falconet
238:Culverin
208:Basilisk
29:bag and
4572:Huo Che
4481:Stirrup
4441:Chariot
4163:Doglock
4119:Naphtha
4096:Huo Che
4057:Bo-hiya
4045:rockets
3993:Basilic
3988:Bombard
3909:Lantaka
3854:Cetbang
3686:muskets
2903:: 41–45
1960:Gladius
1440:3105275
1250:cetbang
1152:Chinese
1052:Gallery
1034:matches
970:Safavid
958:Mongols
934:naphtha
918:Mongols
878:Ko-budō
803:Mamluks
746:chòngzú
710:Taiheki
698:huǒtǒng
672:huǒtǒng
655:radical
635:chòngzú
622:prince
616:Jurchen
523:History
517:trigger
513:firearm
501:Eurasia
493:handgun
469:firearm
328:Railgun
233:Coilgun
213:Bombard
187:By type
70:History
50:Cannons
4646:Cannon
4451:Swords
4446:Armour
4305:Armies
4102:Hwacha
4043:Early
3944:Prangi
3919:Mortar
3844:Cannon
3806:Early
3767:Musket
3747:Jingal
3682:Rifles
3644:Pistol
3559:Dragon
3406:
3388:
3370:
3342:
3257:
3220:
3178:
3135:
3109:
3088:
3070:
3035:
2998:
2980:
2962:
2926:
2884:
2787:
2757:
2724:
2687:
2666:
2650:
2640:
2605:
2584:
2566:
2547:
2520:
2421:
2413:
2240:Part 5
2236:Part 4
2232:, 2007
2056:
2029:
1978:
1896:
1830:
1822:
1770:
1745:
1617:
1580:
1537:
1481:
1446:
1438:
1362:Pistol
1352:Musket
1328:, 1405
1262:Europe
1138:, 1379
1122:, 1377
1027:barrel
990:gonnes
962:Mamluk
873:Ōzutsu
845:Champa
830:Joseon
795:Nasrid
773:Europe
767:Spread
750:huǒpào
626:. The
620:Mongol
505:Europe
437::
435:pinyin
429::
421::
313:Mortar
308:Minion
31:ramrod
27:powder
4313:Shang
3033:S2CID
3013:(PDF)
2648:S2CID
2419:JSTOR
1976:S2CID
1828:S2CID
1820:JSTOR
1595:1241.
1479:S2CID
1444:S2CID
1436:JSTOR
1104:midfa
1088:midfa
930:midfa
926:midfa
834:Korea
807:Moors
799:Elche
791:midfa
668:Chòng
645:chòng
624:Nayan
565:China
497:China
461:gonne
348:Saker
4398:Navy
4388:Qing
4383:Ming
4378:Yuan
4368:Song
4363:Liao
4353:Tang
4318:Zhou
4047:and
3914:Lela
3816:Abus
3684:and
3488:and
3404:ISBN
3386:ISBN
3368:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3255:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3176:ISBN
3133:ISBN
3107:ISBN
3086:ISBN
3068:ISBN
2996:ISBN
2978:ISBN
2960:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2785:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2664:ISBN
2638:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2411:ISSN
2238:and
2054:ISBN
2027:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1057:Asia
613:Yuan
602:zǐkē
543:Java
531:and
413:The
4348:Sui
4328:Han
3025:doi
2630:doi
1968:doi
1812:doi
1471:doi
1428:doi
1186:or
740:).
714:pào
706:pào
690:pào
658:jīn
463:or
445:or
4627::
3318:44
3308:44
3031:.
3021:32
3019:.
3015:.
2901:30
2899:,
2865:.
2834:,
2753:,
2646:,
2636:,
2626:49
2624:,
2620:,
2479:^
2417:.
2405:.
2381:^
2287:.
2259:.
2228:,
2143:IV
2141:.
2068:^
2000:^
1974:.
1962:.
1950:^
1935:^
1920:^
1888:.
1826:.
1818:.
1806:.
1782:^
1692:^
1665:^
1650:^
1629:.
1592:.
1576:.
1574:31
1549:.
1491:^
1477:.
1465:.
1442:.
1434:.
1424:29
1422:.
1398:^
720:.
677:火筒
640:銃卒
519:.
453:;
451:手銃
449:;
447:手铳
433:;
431:火銃
425:;
423:火铳
35:c.
4324:)
4320:(
4288:e
4281:t
4274:v
3478:e
3471:t
3464:v
3358:.
3330:.
3236:.
3204:.
3194:.
3164:.
3151:.
3058:.
3039:.
3027::
2950:.
2905:.
2891:.
2857:.
2847:.
2803:.
2764:.
2741:.
2731:.
2703:.
2673:.
2632::
2612:.
2590:.
2554:.
2425:.
2407:5
2376:.
2297:.
2269:.
2242:)
2234:(
2212:.
2062:.
2035:.
1982:.
1970::
1964:6
1902:.
1834:.
1814::
1808:5
1776:.
1751:.
1485:.
1473::
1467:9
1450:.
1430::
1282:.
1256:.
663:金
660:(
650:銃
647:(
637:(
417:(
402:e
395:t
388:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
