33:
615:子窠). Once the fire goes off it completely spews the rear pellet wad forth, and the sound is like a bomb that can be heard for five hundred or more paces." The pellet wad mentioned is possibly the first true bullet in recorded history depending on how bullet is defined, as it did occlude the barrel, unlike previous co-viatives (non-occluding shrapnel) used in the fire lance. Fire lances transformed from the "bamboo- (or wood- or paper-) barreled firearm to the metal-barreled firearm" to better withstand the explosive pressure of gunpowder. From there it branched off into several different gunpowder weapons known as "eruptors" in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, with different functions such as the "filling-the-sky erupting tube" which spewed out poisonous gas and porcelain shards, the "hole-boring flying sand magic mist tube" (
549:
1156:
1184:
1020:
1108:
792:
the gun and tested it using four period-accurate mixes of gunpowder, firing both 1.88 kg (4.1 lb) arrows and 184 g (6.5 oz) lead balls with 50 g (1.8 oz) charges of gunpowder. The velocities of the arrows varied from 63 m/s (210 ft/s) to 87 m/s (290 ft/s) with max ranges of 205 m (673 ft) to 360 m (1,180 ft), while the balls achieve velocities of between 110 m/s (360 ft/s) to 142 m/s (470 ft/s) with an average range of 630 m (2,070 ft). The first
English source about handheld firearm (hand cannon) was written in 1473.
1281:
1312:
1254:
1092:
1238:
1346:
1300:
1172:
1140:
1222:
69:
565:
592:—is dated to 1128, much earlier than any recorded or precisely dated archaeological samples, so it is possible that the concept of a cannon-like firearm has existed since the 12th century. This has been challenged by others such as Liu Xu, Cheng Dong, and Benjamin Avichai Katz Sinvany. According to Liu, the weight of the cannon would have been too much for one person to hold, especially with just one arm, and points out that fire lances were being used a decade later at the
1324:
1210:
1076:
596:. Cheng Dong believes that the figure depicted is actually a wind spirit letting air out of a bag rather than a cannon emitting a blast. Stephen Haw also considered the possibility that the item in question was a bag of air but concludes that it is a cannon because it was grouped with other weapon-wielding sculptures. Sinvany concurred with the wind bag interpretation and that the cannonball indentation was added later on.
581:
1124:
829:
should go to the turner and ask him to make a wooden madfa'a whose size must be in proportion with its muzzle. Introduce the mixture (drug) strongly; add the bunduk (balls) or the arrow and put fire to the priming. The madfa'a length must be in proportion with the hole. If the madfa'a was deeper than the muzzle's width, this would be a defect. Take care of the gunners. Be careful
901:
1155:
828:
Description of the drug (mixture) to be introduced in the madfa'a (cannon) with its proportions: barud, ten; charcoal two drachmes, sulphur one and a half drachmes. Reduce the whole into a thin powder and fill with it one third of the madfa'a. Do not put more because it might explode. This is why you
1107:
791:
with gunpowder weapons of some sort. By 1338 hand cannons were in widespread use in France. One of the oldest surviving weapons of this type is the "Loshult gun", a 10 kg (22 lb) Swedish example from the mid-14th century. In 1999, a group of
British and Danish researchers made a replica of
1058:
attached to the barrel and a touch hole drilled through the side wall instead of the top of the barrel. The flash pan had a leather cover and, later on, a hinged metal lid, to keep the priming powder dry until the moment of firing and to prevent premature firing. These features were carried over to
742:
is dated a decade earlier to 1288, corresponding to the military conflict involving Li Ting, but the dating method is based on contextual evidence; the gun bears no inscription or era date. Another cannon bears an era date that could correspond with the year 1271 in the
Gregorian Calendar, but
1605:
In 1259 Chinese technicians produced a 'fire-lance' (huo ch' iang): gunpowder was exploded in a bamboo tube to discharge a cluster of pellets at a distance of 250 yards. It is also interesting to note the Mongol use of suffocating fumes produced by burning reeds at the battle of
Liegnitz in
1183:
1311:
4348:
1280:
1050:
Projectiles used in hand cannons were known to include rocks, pebbles, and arrows. Eventually stone projectiles in the shape of balls became the preferred form of ammunition, and then they were replaced by iron balls from the late 14th to 15th centuries.
1299:
939:, dated to textual sources from 1342 to 1352, cannot be proven to be true hand-guns or bombards, and contemporary accounts of a metal-barrel cannon in the Islamic world do not occur until 1365. Needham also concludes that in its original form the term
643:
reports that the cannons of Li Ting's soldiers "caused great damage" and created "such confusion that the enemy soldiers attacked and killed each other." The hand cannons were used again in the beginning of 1288. Li Ting's "gun-soldiers" or
1091:
786:
appeared in 1326 in a register of the municipality of
Florence and evidence of their production can be dated as early as 1327. The first recorded use of gunpowder weapons in Europe was in 1331 when two mounted German knights attacked
799:
between 1240 and 1280, and appeared in battles between
Muslims and Mongols in 1299 and 1303. Hand cannons may have been used in the early 14th century. An Arabic text dating to 1320–1350 describes a type of gunpowder weapon called a
32:
4297:
1562:
The other was the 'flame-spouting lance' (t'u huo ch'iang). A bamboo tube of large diameter was used as the barrel (t'ung), ... sending the objects, whether fragments of metal or pottery, pellets or bullets, in all
1165:
pole gun found in Java, 1421. It weighed 2.252 kg, length of 357 mm, and caliber of 16 mm. This gun features a rain cover connected with hinge, which is now missing. The hinge is still preserved.
955:
dates the textual appearance of cannon in Middle-Eastern sources to the 1360s. David Ayalon and Gabor Ágoston believe the
Mamluks had certainly used siege cannon by the 1360s, but earlier uses of cannon in the
1642:
In 1259 Chinese technicians produced a 'fire-lance' (huo ch'iang): gunpowder was exploded in a bamboo tube to discharge a cluster of pellets at a distance of 250 yards. We are getting close to a barrel-gun.
1003:. The production of early hand cannons was not uniform; this resulted in complications when loading or using the gunpowder in the hand cannon. Improvements in hand cannon and gunpowder technology—
763:
on their backs; then by night he crossed the river, moved upstream, and fired off (the weapons). This threw all the enemy's horses and men into great confusion ... and he gained a great victory.
4290:
975:
antagonism towards early riflemen in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East. Similarly, the refusal of their
4368:
4353:
1237:
4283:
1317:
The
Tannenberg handgonne is a cast bronze firearm. Muzzle bore 15–16 mm. Found in the water well of the 1399 destroyed Tannenberg castle. Oldest surviving firearm from Germany.
1253:
1043:
The hand cannon could be held in two hands, but another person is often shown aiding in the ignition process using smoldering wood, coal, red-hot iron rods, or slow-burning
908:
The earliest surviving documentary evidence for the use of the hand cannon in the
Islamic world are from several Arabic manuscripts dated to the 14th century. The historian
1323:
3521:
1345:
1305:
The Mörkö gun is an early
Swedish firearm discovered by a fisherman in the Baltic Sea at the coast of Södermanland near Nynäs in 1828. It has been dated to ca. 1390.
743:
contains an irregular character in the reign name. Other specimens also likely predate the Xanadu and Heilongjiang guns and have been traced as far back as the late
870:
during the 13th century, but did not acquire a cannon until a monk took one back to Japan from China in 1510, and firearms were not produced until 1543, when the
804:
which uses gunpowder to shoot projectiles out of a tube at the end of a stock. Some scholars consider this a hand cannon while others dispute this claim. The
935:
in the 1370s. According to Joseph Needham, fire lances or proto-guns were known to Muslims by the late 13th century and early 14th century. However the term
619:鑽穴飛砂神霧筒) which spewed forth sand and poisonous chemicals into orifices, and the more conventional "phalanx-charging fire gourd" which shot out lead pellets.
4383:
3747:
951:), then after the invention of gunpowder it meant the tube of fire lances, and eventually it applied to the cylinder of hand-gun and cannon. Similarly,
107:
102:
2628:
1040:, a handle, and sometimes a socket to insert a wooden stock. Extant samples show that some hand cannons also featured a metal extension as a handle.
3487:
1221:
548:
4531:
87:
2781:
Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes
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1075:
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584:
Bronze cannon with inscription dated the 3rd year of the Zhiyuan era (1332) of the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368); discovered in Beijing in 1935.
2296:"Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries; Transmission of Practical Chemistry"
622:
Hand cannons first saw widespread usage in China sometime during the 13th century and spread from there to the rest of the world. In 1287
4358:
1139:
3455:
2992:
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97:
3121:
3100:
2041:
1908:
1757:
1209:
411:
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1019:
3020:
879:
4101:
2327:
Iqtidar, Alam "Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India Journal of Asian History" Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 3.
2031:
4332:
4259:
2906:
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols",
437:
3116:, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press,
4323:
3511:
2822:
1047:. The hand cannon could be placed on a rest and held by one hand, while the gunner applied the means of ignition himself.
654:) were able to carry the hand cannons "on their backs". The passage on the 1288 battle is also the first to coin the name
543:
429:
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4393:
4388:
4328:
3480:
3279:
1747:
665:
824:
in 1343. Shihab al-Din Abu al-Abbas al-Qalqashandi described a metal cannon firing an iron ball between 1365 and 1376.
4651:
4616:
4338:
1289:
handgun, 1380. 18 cm-long and weighing 1.04 kg, it was fixed to a wooden pole to facilitate manipulation.
4471:
3729:
2517:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
1123:
132:
2268:"Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries"
4661:
4451:
3846:
2240:
867:
795:
Although evidence of cannons appears later in the Middle East than Europe, fire lances were described earlier by
696:
228:
1290:
4641:
3594:
1031:
913:
813:
739:
363:
3324:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
3314:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
4646:
4519:
4264:
4081:
3473:
1472:
Sinvany, B. A. K. (2020). "Revisiting the Dazu 'Bombard' and the World's Earliest Representation of a Gun".
728:
557:
313:
920:
in 1260. However, Hassan's claim contradicts other historians who claim hand cannons did not appear in the
4408:
3742:
3629:
3526:
263:
711:(fire tubes) at the Battle of Tsushima in 1274 and the second coastal assault led by Holdon in 1281. The
4486:
4428:
4421:
4416:
4315:
3929:
3500:
2818:
2412:
Holmes, Robert (2015). "Medieval Europe's first firearms: Handgonnes & hand cannons, c. 1338-1475".
2295:
634:
404:
3075:
War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500
3021:"L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises"
2267:
3140:
The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K
2842:
4506:
4476:
3574:
3516:
2888:
Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World
2689:
851:
539:
308:
127:
1117:
on the right, and a rider holding gunpowder cartridges in the middle, from Rzevuski MS, c. 1320–1350
3982:
3934:
3734:
2234:
984:
917:
788:
748:
68:
4536:
4481:
4150:
3797:
3714:
3043:
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2658:
2429:
2291:
2263:
1986:
1900:
1838:
1830:
1489:
1454:
1446:
1244:
961:
916:(1256–1327), report the use of hand cannons by Mamluk-Egyptian forces against the Mongols at the
909:
589:
527:
165:
80:
4275:
588:
The earliest artistic depiction of what might be a hand cannon—a rock sculpture found among the
1113:
Arabic illustration showing soldiers holding a fire tube on the left, a naphtha flask/bomb and
854:
soldiers were using hand cannons at the very latest by 1390 when they employed them in killing
564:
4139:
4044:
3884:
3836:
3767:
3672:
3414:
3396:
3378:
3350:
3265:
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2555:
2528:
2421:
2064:
2058:
2037:
1904:
1778:
1753:
1625:
1619:
1588:
1545:
1539:
593:
268:
238:
218:
2873:
847:
acquired knowledge of gunpowder from China by 1372 and started producing cannons by 1377. In
4160:
4003:
3998:
3944:
3724:
3704:
3624:
3569:
3166:
3035:
2640:
1978:
1822:
1481:
1438:
397:
348:
223:
185:
120:
999:
were relatively easy to produce; smiths often used brass or bronze when making these early
4656:
4466:
4124:
4076:
4011:
3564:
3450:
1097:
Arabic illustration showing a gunpowder arrow on the left, fireworks in the middle, and a
859:
796:
769:
639:
333:
323:
318:
298:
3443:
2552:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
2148:
Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century".
4595:
4570:
4456:
4246:
4208:
3787:
3719:
3109:
2838:
2789:
1286:
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848:
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in 1331 made use of "iron pellets shot with fire." According to Paul E. J. Hammer, the
805:
626:
358:
155:
2318:
Hammer, Paul E. J. "Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660" Routledge, 2017, p. 505.
580:
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1990:
1493:
1458:
1336:
1264:
957:
952:
258:
203:
175:
1842:
1813:
DeVries, Kelly (1998). "Gunpowder Weaponry and the Rise of the Early Modern State".
502:
without any form of firing mechanism. It may also be considered a forerunner of the
4524:
4373:
4193:
4168:
4118:
4059:
4031:
3977:
3792:
3682:
3554:
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1023:
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932:
623:
568:
368:
328:
278:
160:
137:
37:
2691:
Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
2525:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
3281:
Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450-1680. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis
931:
who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world, and believes cannons only reached
912:
argues that several 14th-century Arabic manuscripts, one of which was written by
4231:
4223:
4026:
4021:
4016:
3879:
3841:
3634:
3589:
3559:
3221:
1584:
1377:
1331:
1007:, shot ammunition, and development of the flash pan—led to the invention of the
921:
744:
692:
495:
343:
293:
253:
1826:
695:, proto-cannons, or signal flares. Hand cannons may have also been used in the
4563:
4541:
4514:
4134:
4096:
4087:
3972:
3959:
3949:
3909:
3889:
3772:
3709:
3659:
3609:
3579:
3253:
The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850)
2250:
2246:
1856:
von Kármán, Theodore (1942). "The Role of Fluid Mechanics in Modern Warfare".
1485:
1382:
1037:
888:
735:
727:
shaped like a bell." Mongol troops of Yuan dynasty carried Chinese cannons to
600:
499:
490:
as well as the most mechanically simple form of metal barrel firearms. Unlike
487:
483:
378:
373:
283:
213:
2425:
2205:[ Yangliu (artillery art) holding a big tube launching performance].
2202:
1982:
4608:
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3649:
3614:
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3549:
3039:
2967:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
2846:
1367:
1199:
1055:
1004:
976:
875:
821:
816:
certainly used cannons by 1342. According to J. Lavin, cannons were used by
611:: "It is made from a large bamboo tube, and inside is stuffed a pellet wad (
491:
273:
233:
208:
17:
4554:
4203:
4036:
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3644:
3639:
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3536:
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863:
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383:
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248:
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3696:
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1541:
Chinese ideas about nature and society: studies in honour of Derk Bodde
1450:
1260:
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980:
968:
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period (1214–1227), but these too lack inscriptions and era dates (see
523:
511:
503:
479:
353:
338:
243:
180:
170:
1969:
Zaky, A. Rahman (1967). "Gunpowder and Arab Firearms in Middle Ages".
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3654:
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60:
41:
3201:
Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
1442:
834:
Rzevuski MS, possibly written by Shams al-Din Muhammad, c. 1320–1350
1624:(reprint ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 198.
866:'s voyage. Japan was already aware of gunpowder warfare due to the
2493:
2491:
1018:
899:
844:
817:
809:
734:
The oldest extant hand cannon bearing a date of production is the
579:
563:
547:
507:
31:
3132:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
2821:
Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the
719:"which caused a flash of light and a loud noise when fired." The
699:. Japanese descriptions of the invasions talk of iron and bamboo
1429:
Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988). "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard".
1203:) and the bolt-like arrow and metal fins which was shot from it.
703:
causing "light and fire" and emitting 2–3,000 iron bullets. The
629:
troops deployed hand cannons in putting down a rebellion by the
553:
4279:
3469:
2543:
High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics
1882:
Sean McLachlan. "Medieval Handgonnes." Osprey Publishing, 2011.
1575:
Turnbull, Stephen; McBride, Angus (1980). Angus McBride (ed.).
2629:"Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History"
3411:
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud
3223:
Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879
1583:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Osprey Publishing. p.
67:
2591:(2nd ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications.
2033:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
1949:
1947:
3461:
Maitre Jehan de Montsiler – the first recorded hand gunner
2221:"第38回 日本古武道演武大会 | 秘伝トピックス | 武道・武術の総合情報サイト Web秘伝"
1538:
Bodde, Derk (1987). Charles Le Blanc, Susan Blader (ed.).
1351:
A 10-shot hand cannon (handgonne), unknown age and origin.
882:
to the Japanese. The art of firing the hand cannon called
3003:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
2014:
2012:
1706:
1704:
1679:
1677:
1664:
1662:
839:
Cannons are attested to in India starting from 1366. The
2084:
2082:
2080:
1934:
1932:
1796:
1794:
971:
who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world and cites
862:
use of hand cannon for marriage ceremony in 1413 during
738:, which contains an era date corresponding to 1298. The
681:
was used instead of the earlier and more ambiguous term
3347:
Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612–1639
3142:, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1412:
1410:
3065:
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
1777:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120.
2236:
Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East
3429:
Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact
2969:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng,
2729:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
2395:
2393:
1775:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
4505:
4444:
4437:
4407:
4314:
4222:
4159:
4053:
3991:
3816:
3691:
3535:
3220:
1576:
599:The first cannons were likely an evolution of the
518:, the hand cannon evolved to become the matchlock
510:from the 13th century onward and later throughout
3375:The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas
2922:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India
1193:(ca. 1474) showing an early type of hand cannon (
858:king Che Bong Nga. Chinese observer recorded the
3773:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
3095:, Volume 5, Part 4, Cambridge University Press,
1054:Later hand cannons have been shown to include a
964:by the 1320s, however evidence is inconclusive.
3808:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
3262:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500
2843:"Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources"
2589:A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery
1858:Proceedings of the Second Hydraulics Conference
826:
753:
2949:Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact
4291:
3481:
3284:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press
3185:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
2748:Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective
782:The earliest reliable evidence of cannons in
686:
672:
659:
649:
552:A Chinese-style "bowl-mouth cannon" found in
405:
8:
2985:Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan
1101:on the right, from Rzevuski MS, c. 1320–1350
960:are vague with a possible appearance in the
494:firearms it requires direct manual external
2864:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation
2810:Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare
1752:. Boydell & Brewer. 17 September 2015.
1544:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 304.
914:Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Ansari al-Dimashqi
603:. In 1259 a type of "fire-emitting lance" (
4441:
4298:
4284:
4276:
3488:
3474:
3466:
3395:, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
2880:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
2848:History of Science and Technology in Islam
2791:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
2446:
2372:
2300:History Of Science And Technology In Islam
2272:History Of Science And Technology In Islam
1525:
979:forces to use firearms contributed to the
607:突火槍) made an appearance. According to the
412:
398:
51:
3393:The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
3367:, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press
995:Early European hand cannons, such as the
927:Iqtidar Alam Khan argues that it was the
36:Swiss soldier firing a hand cannon, with
3211:Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology
2060:Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660
3243:The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition)
2931:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
2497:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2360:
2177:
2165:
2112:
2088:
2018:
2003:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1938:
1923:
1870:
1800:
1710:
1683:
1668:
1653:
1513:
1416:
1401:
1394:
1276:
1215:A socketed Ming hand cannon, 1505–1521.
1071:
59:
3895:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
3832:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
3665:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
3365:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
1695:
1329:Hand cannon being fired from a stand,
3900:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
3182:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
3173:, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons
3171:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
2831:Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650–1830
2819:"Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys."
2609:The Big Bang: A History of Explosives
2189:
2124:
1734:
514:in the 14th century. In 15th century
506:. The hand cannon was widely used in
7:
3456:Ulrich Bretschler's Blackpowder Page
3158:Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600
2399:
2384:
2348:
2336:
2136:
2100:
1749:Journal of Medieval Military History
1722:
943:refers to the tube or cylinder of a
560:in 1293 or a Javanese version of it.
48:late 15th century (produced in 1874)
3735:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
1621:The history of the Mongol conquests
1474:Journal of Chinese Military History
691:), which may refer to the tubes of
108:Siege artillery in the US Civil War
103:Field artillery in the US Civil War
2720:Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder
2671:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
2639:(3), Aldershot: Ashgate: 785–786,
1243:Indonesian iron bedil tombak from
556:, presumably brought there by the
161:Cannons of Maritime Southeast Asia
98:Naval artillery in the Age of Sail
25:
4369:Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms
3114:Science and Civilisation in China
3093:Science and Civilisation in China
2627:Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006),
967:Khan claims that it was invading
759:), concealing those who bore the
687:
673:
660:
650:
3299:Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500
3251:Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016),
3160:, Marlborough: The Crowood Press
2987:, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies,
2957:Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590
2209:(in Chinese). 20 September 2019.
1344:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1279:
1252:
1236:
1220:
1208:
1182:
1177:Chinese hand cannon, dated 1424.
1170:
1154:
1138:
1122:
1106:
1090:
1074:
707:, written around 1300, mentions
27:Early firearm, 13th-15th century
3373:Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008),
3339:, University of Wisconsin Press
3063:McNeill, William Hardy (1992),
1618:Saunders, John Joseph (2001) .
729:Java during their 1293 invasion
4260:Category:Early modern firearms
3768:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
3739:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
3005:, Cambridge University Press,
2794:, Cambridge University Press,
2731:, Cambridge University Press,
2673:, Cambridge University Press,
2554:, Princeton University Press,
2527:, Cambridge University Press,
2036:. Routledge. 27 January 2014.
1036:The hand cannon consists of a
466:
461:
457:
450:
441:
433:
1:
3725:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
3705:Belton M1777 repeating musket
3337:Viêt Nam Borderless Histories
3203:, Utah State University Press
3199:Patrick, John Merton (1961),
3067:, University of Chicago Press
3019:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976).
2933:, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
2823:Geological Society of America
2694:, Swindon: English Heritage,
2541:Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010),
1011:in late 15th-century Europe.
677:) for metal-barrel firearms.
544:Timeline of the Gunpowder Age
88:Artillery in the Song dynasty
45:
3851:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
3427:Willbanks, James H. (2004),
3308:Warfare in Pre-British India
3213:, Greenwood Publishing Group
2866:, Cambridge University Press
1081:Hand cannon from the Mongol
755:Li Ting chose gun-soldiers (
93:Artillery in the Middle Ages
4617:Self Strengthening Movement
3992:Medieval large calibre guns
3640:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
3610:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
3227:, Boston: David R. Godine,
2929:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008),
2920:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004),
2788:Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999),
2057:Hammer, Paul E. J. (2017).
1897:The Gun and Its Development
486:. It is the oldest type of
4678:
4349:Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms
3730:M1696 French common musket
3363:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967),
3345:Turnbull, Stephen (2003),
3335:Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006),
3179:Partington, J. R. (1999),
2727:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002),
2063:. Routledge. p. 505.
1827:10.1177/096834459800500201
1773:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002).
1029:
537:
133:List of cannon projectiles
4255:
4073:Byzantine rocket launcher
3847:Breech-loading swivel gun
3660:Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun
3507:
3444:Handgonnes and Matchlocks
3291:New Principles of Gunnery
3289:Robins, Benjamin (1742),
3241:Petzal, David E. (2014),
3138:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006),
3073:Morillo, Stephen (2008),
2924:, Oxford University Press
2872:Johnson, Norman Gardner.
2829:Harding, Richard (1999),
2722:, Oxford University Press
2587:Benton, James G. (1862).
1486:10.1163/22127453-12341355
1247:, West Java, age unknown.
697:Mongol invasions of Japan
522:, which became the first
482:and the successor of the
229:Breech-loading swivel gun
4308:Chinese military history
3683:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
3630:Meriam kecil hand cannon
3595:Heilongjiang hand cannon
3555:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
3391:Wagner, John A. (2006),
3091:Needham, Joseph (1980),
3055:McLachlan, Sean (2010),
3001:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
2908:Journal of Asian History
2862:Hobson, John M. (2004),
1983:10.3989/GLADIUS.1967.186
1032:Heilongjiang hand cannon
924:until the 14th century.
740:Heilongjiang hand cannon
571:bronze hand cannon, 1351
364:Self-propelled artillery
4354:Northern & Southern
4265:Category:Early firearms
4082:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
3130:Nicolle, David (1990),
3040:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103
2983:Lidin, Olaf G. (2002),
2965:Liang, Jieming (2006),
2959:, Osprey Publisher Ltd.
2955:Konstam, Angus (2002),
2878:Encyclopædia Britannica
2708:Cowley, Robert (1993),
2688:Cocroft, Wayne (2000),
2669:Chase, Kenneth (2003),
2569:Arnold, Thomas (2001),
2550:Andrade, Tonio (2016),
2523:Ágoston, Gábor (2005),
2515:Adle, Chahryar (2003),
2500:, p. 43, 259, 578.
886:(大筒) has remained as a
723:of 1370 mentions "iron
617:zuànxuéfēishāshénwùtǒng
558:Mongol invasion of Java
314:Large-calibre artillery
4577:Ming gunpowder weapons
4532:Song gunpowder weapons
3669:Shou Chong hand cannon
3527:History of the firearm
3409:Watson, Peter (2006),
3377:, Brill Academic Pub,
3331:(3): 213–237 (226–228)
3321:(2): 153–173 (153–157)
3278:Reid, Anthony (1993),
3260:Purton, Peter (2010),
2817:Hadden, R. Lee. 2005.
2779:Easton, S. C. (1952),
2746:Curtis, W. S. (2014),
2718:Cressy, David (2013),
2633:Technology and Culture
2571:The Renaissance at War
1431:Technology and Culture
1263:), recovered from the
1027:
905:
837:
775:
715:of 1360 mentions iron
585:
572:
561:
264:Double-barreled cannon
72:
49:
4417:Ming treasure voyages
4306:Ancient and dynastic
4115:rocket arrow launcher
4109:rocket arrow launcher
4093:Fire crow rocket bomb
3720:Che Dian Chong musket
3605:Huo Chong hand cannon
3349:, Osprey Publishing,
3306:Roy, Kaushik (2015),
3219:Perrin, Noel (1979),
3209:Pauly, Roger (2004),
3156:Norris, John (2003),
2947:Kinard, Jeff (2007),
2612:, Sutton Publishing,
2606:Brown, G. I. (1998),
1189:A page of the Korean
1059:subsequent firearms.
1022:
903:
583:
567:
551:
470:), also known as the
71:
35:
4596:Breechloading musket
4102:Hale rocket launcher
3793:Spanish M1752 musket
3673:Tanegashima arquebus
3575:English horse pistol
3517:History of gunpowder
3413:, Harper Perennial,
3297:Rose, Susan (2002),
2885:Kelly, Jack (2004),
2808:Grant, R.G. (2011),
2756:Earl, Brian (1978),
2573:, Cassell & Co,
878:which were known as
540:History of gunpowder
478:, is the first true
309:Infantry support gun
4121:(Chinese petroleum)
4012:Dardanelles bombard
3983:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
3935:Obusier de vaisseau
3057:Medieval Handgonnes
2839:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2833:, UCL Press Limited
2645:10.1353/tech.0.0051
2292:Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2264:Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2203:"【古战】阳流（炮术）抱大筒发射表演"
1015:Design and features
918:Battle of Ain Jalut
904:Turkish hand cannon
892:martial arts form.
789:Cividale del Friuli
749:Wuwei bronze cannon
438:traditional Chinese
55:Part of a series on
4652:Chinese inventions
4537:Thunder crash bomb
4482:Repeating crossbow
4151:Thunder crash bomb
3798:Springfield musket
3715:Charleville musket
3615:Istinggar arquebus
3449:2015-01-19 at the
2825:on March 25, 2004.
2762:Trevithick Society
2758:Cornish Explosives
1901:Simon and Schuster
1227:Indonesian bronze
1028:
962:Emirate of Granada
910:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
906:
590:Dazu Rock Carvings
586:
573:
562:
430:simplified Chinese
73:
50:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4273:
4272:
4161:Firing mechanisms
4140:Petroleum naphtha
4045:Pumhart von Steyr
4008:Byzantine bombard
3910:Hu Dun Pao cannon
3710:Brown Bess musket
3420:978-0-06-093564-1
3402:978-0-313-32736-0
3384:978-90-04-16821-3
3356:978-1-84176-478-8
3326:Technikgeschichte
3316:Technikgeschichte
3271:978-1-84383-449-6
3264:, Boydell Press,
3234:978-0-87923-773-8
3192:978-0-8018-5954-0
3167:Partington, J. R.
3149:978-0-313-33733-8
3084:978-0-07-052584-9
3012:978-0-521-60954-8
2976:978-981-05-5380-7
2940:978-0-8108-5503-8
2898:978-0-465-03718-6
2801:978-0-521-43519-2
2783:, Basil Blackwell
2771:978-0-904040-13-5
2738:978-0-521-79158-8
2710:Experience of War
2701:978-1-85074-718-5
2680:978-0-521-82274-9
2654:978-0-7546-5259-5
2619:978-0-7509-1878-7
2598:978-1-57747-079-3
2580:978-0-304-35270-8
2561:978-0-691-13597-7
2534:978-0-521-84313-3
2339:, pp. 41–45.
1784:978-0-521-79158-8
1631:978-0-8122-1766-7
1594:978-0-85045-372-0
1551:978-962-209-188-7
1026:hand cannon, 1409
997:socket-handgonne,
713:Hachiman Gudoukun
705:Nihon Kokujokushi
664:) with the metal
422:
421:
239:Coastal artillery
16:(Redirected from
4669:
4662:Medieval weapons
4442:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4277:
3945:Pierrier a boite
3678:Toradar arquebus
3625:Jiaozhi arquebus
3550:Bajozutsu pistol
3490:
3483:
3476:
3467:
3432:
3431:, ABC-CLIO, Inc.
3423:
3405:
3387:
3368:
3359:
3340:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3285:
3274:
3256:
3246:
3237:
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3214:
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3195:
3174:
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3134:
3126:
3105:
3087:
3068:
3059:
3051:
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3015:
2997:
2979:
2960:
2951:
2943:
2925:
2915:
2901:
2881:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2834:
2813:
2804:
2784:
2774:
2760:, Cornwall: The
2751:
2741:
2723:
2713:
2704:
2683:
2665:
2622:
2602:
2583:
2564:
2546:
2537:
2519:
2501:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2414:Medieval Warfare
2409:
2403:
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2388:
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2260:
2254:
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2231:
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2224:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2192:, pp. 1–14.
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2150:The China Review
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2103:, pp. 9–10.
2098:
2092:
2086:
2075:
2074:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1966:
1957:
1956:, p. 43-44.
1951:
1942:
1936:
1927:
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1497:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1348:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1291:Musée de l'Armée
1287:Western European
1283:
1256:
1240:
1224:
1212:
1186:
1174:
1158:
1142:
1126:
1110:
1094:
1078:
868:Mongol invasions
835:
820:at the siege of
773:
690:
689:
676:
675:
663:
662:
653:
652:
468:
463:
459:
454:
443:
435:
414:
407:
400:
349:Recoilless rifle
181:Majapahit cannon
52:
47:
21:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4642:Firearm actions
4632:
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4630:
4621:
4501:
4487:Siege equipment
4433:
4403:
4310:
4304:
4274:
4269:
4251:
4218:
4155:
4125:Mysorean rocket
4077:Congreve rocket
4049:
3987:
3812:
3687:
3565:Combination gun
3531:
3503:
3501:thermal weapons
3494:
3451:Wayback Machine
3440:
3435:
3426:
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3403:
3390:
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3178:
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3150:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3110:Needham, Joseph
3108:
3103:
3090:
3085:
3077:, McGraw-Hill,
3072:
3062:
3054:
3028:Arts Asiatiques
3023:
3018:
3013:
3000:
2995:
2982:
2977:
2964:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2928:
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2905:
2899:
2891:, Basic Books,
2884:
2871:
2861:
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2851:
2837:
2828:
2812:, DK Publishing
2807:
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2787:
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2457:
2453:
2447:Partington 1999
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2441:
2411:
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2406:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2373:Partington 1999
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2335:
2331:
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2322:
2317:
2313:
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2290:
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2276:
2274:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2241:History Channel
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2201:
2200:
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2188:
2184:
2176:
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2025:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1911:
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1890:
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1532:
1526:Partington 1960
1524:
1520:
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1501:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1443:10.2307/3105275
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1427:
1423:
1415:
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1349:
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1335:manuscript, by
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1079:
1070:
1065:
1034:
1017:
993:
898:
836:
833:
808:army besieging
797:Hasan al-Rammah
780:
774:
770:History of Yuan
767:
640:History of Yuan
609:History of Song
578:
546:
536:
418:
389:
388:
334:Naval artillery
299:Helical railgun
199:
191:
190:
171:Filipino cannon
166:Japanese cannon
151:
143:
142:
123:
113:
112:
83:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4675:
4673:
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4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4647:Early firearms
4644:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4605:
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4593:
4586:
4574:
4571:Huolongchushui
4567:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4429:Late Qing Navy
4426:
4425:
4424:
4422:treasure ships
4413:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4344:Three Kingdoms
4341:
4336:
4333:Warring States
4326:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4247:Wujing Zongyao
4244:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4209:Snap matchlock
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4090:(rocket arrow)
4085:
4084:(flamethrower)
4079:
4074:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Potzdam musket
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:Jazayer musket
3745:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3522:Historiography
3519:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3497:Early firearms
3495:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3439:
3438:External links
3436:
3434:
3433:
3424:
3419:
3406:
3401:
3388:
3383:
3370:
3360:
3355:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3286:
3275:
3270:
3257:
3255:, Notion Press
3248:
3238:
3233:
3216:
3206:
3196:
3191:
3176:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3106:
3101:
3088:
3083:
3070:
3060:
3052:
3016:
3011:
2998:
2994:978-8791114120
2993:
2980:
2975:
2962:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2926:
2917:
2903:
2897:
2882:
2869:
2859:
2835:
2826:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2724:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2685:
2679:
2666:
2653:
2624:
2618:
2603:
2597:
2584:
2579:
2566:
2560:
2547:
2538:
2533:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2487:
2485:, p. 289.
2475:
2473:, p. 105.
2463:
2451:
2449:, p. 123.
2439:
2404:
2389:
2377:
2375:, p. 196.
2365:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2283:
2255:
2226:
2212:
2194:
2182:
2180:, p. 430.
2170:
2168:, p. 245.
2158:
2141:
2129:
2127:, p. 173.
2117:
2115:, p. 307.
2105:
2093:
2076:
2070:978-1351873765
2069:
2049:
2042:
2023:
2021:, p. 582.
2008:
1996:
1958:
1943:
1928:
1926:, p. 259.
1916:
1909:
1903:. p. 78.
1884:
1875:
1863:
1848:
1815:War in History
1805:
1790:
1783:
1765:
1758:
1739:
1727:
1725:, p. 220.
1715:
1713:, p. 295.
1700:
1698:, p. 109.
1688:
1686:, p. 304.
1673:
1671:, p. 294.
1658:
1646:
1630:
1610:
1593:
1567:
1550:
1530:
1528:, p. 246.
1518:
1499:
1464:
1437:(3): 594–605.
1421:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1231:, age unknown.
1226:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1191:Kukcho Orye-ui
1188:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1016:
1013:
992:
989:
897:
894:
849:Southeast Asia
831:
779:
776:
765:
594:Siege of De'an
577:
574:
535:
532:
420:
419:
417:
416:
409:
402:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
156:English cannon
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
128:Breech-loading
124:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
84:
79:
78:
75:
74:
64:
63:
57:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4674:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4602:Xun Lei Chong
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4590:San yan chong
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Jixiao Xinshu
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Miquelet lock
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:Orban bombard
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Korean cannon
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Kabyle musket
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Jezail musket
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Java arquebus
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Howdah pistol
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3123:0-521-30358-3
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:0-521-08573-X
3098:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2461:, p. 80.
2460:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2363:, p. 15.
2362:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2139:, p. 75.
2138:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2091:, p. 44.
2090:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2043:9781135459321
2039:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:, p. 43.
2005:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1941:, p. 45.
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1910:9781510720251
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1873:, p. 77.
1872:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1803:, p. 75.
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1759:9781783270576
1755:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1737:, p. 32.
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1656:, p. 53.
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:, p. 51.
1515:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:(1): 99–113.
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1419:, p. 76.
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1337:Konrad Kyeser
1334:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1265:Brantas River
1262:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1161:Drawing of a
1157:
1152:
1148:
1145:Hand cannon,
1141:
1136:
1132:
1129:Hand cannon,
1125:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:corned powder
1002:
998:
990:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
958:Islamic World
954:
953:Tonio Andrade
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
902:
895:
893:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
850:
846:
842:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
793:
790:
785:
777:
772:
771:
764:
762:
758:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
680:
670:
667:
657:
647:
642:
641:
636:
632:
628:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
582:
575:
570:
566:
559:
555:
550:
545:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
455:
453:
447:
439:
431:
427:
415:
410:
408:
403:
401:
396:
395:
393:
392:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
259:Demi-culverin
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
204:Anti-tank gun
202:
201:
195:
194:
187:
186:Mughal cannon
184:
182:
179:
177:
176:Korean cannon
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
147:
146:
139:
138:Muzzleloading
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
122:
117:
116:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
82:
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
54:
53:
44:at his feet,
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4607:
4600:
4588:
4581:
4569:
4562:
4553:
4548:
4520:Flamethrower
4194:Muzzleloader
4169:Breechloader
4147:rocket arrow
4119:Meng Huo You
4070:rocket arrow
4060:incendiaries
4032:Grose Bochse
3978:Wankou Chong
3584:
3428:
3410:
3392:
3374:
3364:
3346:
3336:
3328:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3307:
3298:
3290:
3280:
3261:
3252:
3245:, WeldonOwen
3242:
3222:
3210:
3200:
3181:
3170:
3157:
3139:
3131:
3113:
3092:
3074:
3064:
3056:
3031:
3027:
3002:
2984:
2966:
2956:
2948:
2930:
2921:
2911:
2907:
2887:
2877:
2863:
2852:, retrieved
2847:
2830:
2809:
2790:
2780:
2757:
2750:, WeldenOwen
2747:
2728:
2719:
2709:
2690:
2670:
2636:
2632:
2608:
2588:
2570:
2551:
2542:
2524:
2516:
2498:Needham 1986
2483:Needham 1986
2478:
2471:Andrade 2016
2466:
2459:Andrade 2016
2454:
2442:
2420:(5): 49–52.
2417:
2413:
2407:
2402:, p. 6.
2380:
2368:
2361:Ágoston 2005
2356:
2351:, p. 3.
2344:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:
2286:
2275:. Retrieved
2271:
2258:
2235:
2229:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2185:
2178:Needham 1986
2173:
2166:Manguin 1976
2161:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2113:Needham 1986
2108:
2096:
2089:Needham 1986
2059:
2052:
2032:
2026:
2019:Needham 1986
2004:Needham 1986
1999:
1974:
1970:
1954:Needham 1986
1939:Needham 1986
1924:Needham 1986
1919:
1896:
1893:W.W. Greener
1887:
1878:
1871:Andrade 2016
1866:
1857:
1851:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1801:Andrade 2016
1774:
1768:
1748:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1711:Needham 1986
1691:
1684:Needham 1986
1669:Needham 1986
1654:Andrade 2016
1649:
1641:
1635:. Retrieved
1620:
1613:
1604:
1598:. Retrieved
1578:
1570:
1561:
1555:. Retrieved
1540:
1533:
1521:
1514:Andrade 2016
1477:
1473:
1467:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1417:Andrade 2016
1404:, p. 6.
1402:Patrick 1961
1397:
1330:
1259:A bedil (or
1229:bedil tombak
1198:
1195:chhung thung
1194:
1190:
1147:Ming dynasty
1131:Ming dynasty
1114:
1098:
1083:Yuan dynasty
1053:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1024:Ming dynasty
1000:
996:
994:
966:
949:flamethrower
940:
936:
933:Mamluk Egypt
926:
907:
887:
883:
838:
827:
801:
794:
781:
768:
760:
756:
754:
733:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
685:(fire tube;
682:
678:
668:
655:
645:
638:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
598:
587:
569:Yuan dynasty
475:
471:
465:
449:
425:
423:
369:Siege cannon
329:Mountain gun
288:
279:Gun-howitzer
29:
18:Hand cannons
4549:Hand cannon
4445:Traditional
4384:Jurchen Jin
4232:Huolongjing
4224:Literatures
4027:Faule Mette
4022:Faule Grete
4017:Dulle Griet
3880:Ekor lotong
3842:Baton a feu
3743:Jäger rifle
3635:Muff pistol
3590:Hand mortar
3585:Hand cannon
3560:Blunderbuss
3310:, Routledge
3301:, Routledge
3034:: 233–268.
2874:"explosive"
2545:, Wiley-VCH
1696:Purton 2010
1579:The Mongols
1378:Hand mortar
1332:Bellifortis
1085:(1271–1368)
947:projector (
922:Middle East
896:Middle East
880:tanegashima
874:introduced
843:kingdom in
745:Western Xia
693:fire lances
426:hand cannon
344:Railway gun
294:Hand mortar
289:Hand cannon
254:Demi-cannon
4636:Categories
4564:Hu dun pao
4542:Fire lance
4515:Fire arrow
4135:Pen Huo Qi
4097:Greek fire
4088:Fire arrow
3973:Xanadu Gun
3960:Swivel gun
3950:Pot de fer
3890:Fauconneau
3580:Fire lance
2854:2007-07-23
2508:References
2305:2019-04-03
2277:2016-11-20
2190:Lidin 2002
2125:Chase 2003
1821:(2): 130.
1735:Chase 2003
1637:2011-11-28
1600:2011-11-28
1563:directions
1557:2011-11-28
1383:Volley gun
1245:Majalengka
1030:See also:
876:matchlocks
872:Portuguese
736:Xanadu Gun
605:tūhuǒqiãng
601:fire lance
538:See also:
526:to have a
500:touch hole
498:through a
488:small arms
484:fire lance
379:Swivel gun
374:Smoothbore
354:Rifled gun
284:Gun-mortar
214:Autocannon
150:By country
4609:Hongyipao
4525:Petroleum
4507:Gunpowder
4438:Equipment
4242:Wubei Zhi
4214:Wheellock
4199:Snaphance
4184:Matchlock
4179:Flintlock
4145:Singijeon
3968:Veuglaire
3964:Tarasnice
3940:Organ gun
3905:Hongyipao
3870:Chongtong
3860:Carronade
3819:artillery
3783:Musketoon
3650:Pepperbox
3048:191565174
2663:111173101
2426:2211-5129
2400:Khan 2004
2385:Khan 1996
2349:Khan 2004
2337:Khan 1996
2156:: p. 178.
2137:Tran 2006
2101:Khan 2004
1991:161538306
1977:: 45–58.
1723:Reid 1993
1494:218937184
1459:112733319
1389:Citations
1368:Flintlock
1200:chongtong
1056:flash pan
987:in 1514.
985:Chaldiran
977:Qizilbash
822:Algeciras
492:matchlock
476:handgonne
467:shǒuchòng
274:Field gun
234:Carronade
209:Artillery
121:Operation
4555:Huochong
4497:War cart
4477:Crossbow
4472:Elephant
4467:Polearms
4204:Snaplock
4037:Mons Meg
3885:Falconet
3875:Culverin
3837:Basilisk
3803:Wall gun
3645:Petronel
3545:Arquebus
3537:Firearms
3512:Timeline
3447:Archived
3169:(1960),
3112:(1986),
2841:(2001),
2712:, Laurel
2434:48578499
2294:(2005).
2266:(2008).
2207:bilibili
1895:(2013).
1860:: 15–29.
1843:56194773
1835:26004330
1357:See also
1009:arquebus
991:Arquebus
983:rout at
864:Zheng He
860:Javanese
852:Đại Việt
832:—
766:—
520:arquebus
496:ignition
452:huǒchòng
384:Tank gun
304:Howitzer
269:Falconet
249:Culverin
219:Basilisk
40:bag and
4583:Huo Che
4492:Stirrup
4452:Chariot
4174:Doglock
4130:Naphtha
4107:Huo Che
4068:Bo-hiya
4056:rockets
4004:Basilic
3999:Bombard
3920:Lantaka
3865:Cetbang
3697:muskets
2914:: 41–45
1971:Gladius
1451:3105275
1261:cetbang
1163:Chinese
1063:Gallery
1045:matches
981:Safavid
969:Mongols
945:naphtha
929:Mongols
889:Ko-budō
814:Mamluks
757:chòngzú
721:Taiheki
709:huǒtǒng
683:huǒtǒng
666:radical
646:chòngzú
633:prince
627:Jurchen
534:History
528:trigger
524:firearm
512:Eurasia
504:handgun
480:firearm
339:Railgun
244:Coilgun
224:Bombard
198:By type
81:History
61:Cannons
4657:Cannon
4462:Swords
4457:Armour
4316:Armies
4113:Hwacha
4054:Early
3955:Prangi
3930:Mortar
3855:Cannon
3817:Early
3778:Musket
3758:Jingal
3693:Rifles
3655:Pistol
3570:Dragon
3417:
3399:
3381:
3353:
3268:
3231:
3189:
3146:
3120:
3099:
3081:
3046:
3009:
2991:
2973:
2937:
2895:
2798:
2768:
2735:
2698:
2677:
2661:
2651:
2616:
2595:
2577:
2558:
2531:
2432:
2424:
2251:Part 5
2247:Part 4
2243:, 2007
2067:
2040:
1989:
1907:
1841:
1833:
1781:
1756:
1628:
1591:
1548:
1492:
1457:
1449:
1373:Pistol
1363:Musket
1339:, 1405
1273:Europe
1149:, 1379
1133:, 1377
1038:barrel
1001:gonnes
973:Mamluk
884:Ōzutsu
856:Champa
841:Joseon
806:Nasrid
784:Europe
778:Spread
761:huǒpào
637:. The
631:Mongol
516:Europe
448::
446:pinyin
440::
432::
324:Mortar
319:Minion
42:ramrod
38:powder
4324:Shang
3044:S2CID
3024:(PDF)
2659:S2CID
2430:JSTOR
1987:S2CID
1839:S2CID
1831:JSTOR
1606:1241.
1490:S2CID
1455:S2CID
1447:JSTOR
1115:midfa
1099:midfa
941:midfa
937:midfa
845:Korea
818:Moors
810:Elche
802:midfa
679:Chòng
656:chòng
635:Nayan
576:China
508:China
472:gonne
359:Saker
4409:Navy
4399:Qing
4394:Ming
4389:Yuan
4379:Song
4374:Liao
4364:Tang
4329:Zhou
4058:and
3925:Lela
3827:Abus
3695:and
3499:and
3415:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3379:ISBN
3351:ISBN
3266:ISBN
3229:ISBN
3187:ISBN
3144:ISBN
3118:ISBN
3097:ISBN
3079:ISBN
3007:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2649:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2422:ISSN
2249:and
2065:ISBN
2038:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1068:Asia
624:Yuan
613:zǐkē
554:Java
542:and
424:The
4359:Sui
4339:Han
3036:doi
2641:doi
1979:doi
1823:doi
1482:doi
1439:doi
1197:or
751:).
725:pào
717:pào
701:pào
669:jīn
474:or
456:or
4638::
3329:44
3319:44
3042:.
3032:32
3030:.
3026:.
2912:30
2910:,
2876:.
2845:,
2764:,
2657:,
2647:,
2637:49
2635:,
2631:,
2490:^
2428:.
2416:.
2392:^
2298:.
2270:.
2239:,
2154:IV
2152:.
2079:^
2011:^
1985:.
1973:.
1961:^
1946:^
1931:^
1899:.
1837:.
1829:.
1817:.
1793:^
1703:^
1676:^
1661:^
1640:.
1603:.
1587:.
1585:31
1560:.
1502:^
1488:.
1476:.
1453:.
1445:.
1435:29
1433:.
1409:^
731:.
688:火筒
651:銃卒
530:.
464:;
462:手銃
460:;
458:手铳
444:;
442:火銃
436:;
434:火铳
46:c.
4335:)
4331:(
4299:e
4292:t
4285:v
3489:e
3482:t
3475:v
3369:.
3341:.
3247:.
3215:.
3205:.
3175:.
3162:.
3069:.
3050:.
3038::
2961:.
2916:.
2902:.
2868:.
2858:.
2814:.
2775:.
2752:.
2742:.
2714:.
2684:.
2643::
2623:.
2601:.
2565:.
2436:.
2418:5
2387:.
2308:.
2280:.
2253:)
2245:(
2223:.
2073:.
2046:.
1993:.
1981::
1975:6
1913:.
1845:.
1825::
1819:5
1787:.
1762:.
1496:.
1484::
1478:9
1461:.
1441::
1293:.
1267:.
674:金
671:(
661:銃
658:(
648:(
428:(
413:e
406:t
399:v
20:)
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