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650:(1907–1948), also known as the "Eastern Jewel", was a Manchu princess raised in Japan, who spied for the Japanese in Manchuria. After the war, she was arrested and convicted of treason and executed. She has been featured in numerous Chinese and Japanese novels, films, television programs, and video games, with the Chinese frequently depicting her as a wanton villain and seductress while the Japanese portrayed her as a tragic heroine. Due to her Manchu ethnicity and Japanese background, some feel that she should not be considered a hanjian.
39:
315:, or collaborationists, when observing the era of the Sino-Japanese War: “the educated and intellectuals, who simply wanted to get power and wealth for themselves, and the poor and uneducated, whose poverty drove them to collaborate and whose ignorance saved them from even thinking they had to justify what they were doing.” Due to this notion and the modern ambiguity of the term, each of these two categories had various motives with the majority being different but some overlapping.
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however, paid particular attention to “female collaborators” and deployed a highly gendered vocabulary to attack hanjian suspects of both sexes. Complementing the legal purge of collaborators, such literature brought extreme pressure on individuals targeted as hanjian and influenced how political crimes should be exposed and transposed onto other aspects of social life.
303:
is one that emerged from a “conflation of political and ethnic identities, which was often blurred in the expression of
Chinese nationalism.” It was/is applied to individuals who are designated collaborators and by which were not all ethnically Han. The modern usage of the term stems from the Second
678:, who changed his nationality to Chinese in 1931, though he was of Japanese ethnicity. He took over Jinan and led a massacre of around 400 people in 1939. In 1945, he created the ultimately unsuccessful Zhang Zongchang Unit. After the war, he was arrested for war crimes and executed by firing squad.
420:
The centerpiece of anti hanjian laws, “Regulations on
Handling Hanjian Cases (chuli hanjian anjian tiaoli),” promulgated in August 1937, identified collaborators based on their wartime conduct and stipulated punishments regardless of their age, gender, or ethnicity. Popular anti-hanjian discourse,
353:
sought to be the dominant governmental force in China and believed it could do so by collaborating and being submissive to Japan in what they deemed their “Peace
Movement.” Wang found resistance to his government when he visited cities, such as Shanghai, and “intellectuals who showed sympathy for
304:
Sino-Japanese War in which circumstances forced political figures in China to choose between resistance and collaboration. Nuance in understanding not just why some
Chinese chose to cooperate with Japanese but as well as inquiring why cooperation made sense to people at that time has opened up
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by describing it as “negotiating with the
Japanese in an attempt to preserve China’s resources, protect its people, and slowly erode Japan’s control over China.” He fled to Japan after the war but was extradited back to China, where he was convicted of treason and
295:. Clockwise from top right: a hanjian being beaten by a mob; a hanjian who sends a signal to enemy aircraft will die in an air raid; the severed head of a hanjian put on display as a warning to others; a hanjian will be arrested and shot.
560:
478:, a prominent Chinese industrialist and philanthropist in Southeast Asia, proposed to the provisional Republic of China government to treat all Chinese who attempted to negotiate with the Japanese as
577:. He was arrested by the PRC government in 1949 and charged with treason but was pardoned later. As he was an ethnic Mongol and not a Han Chinese, some feel that he should not be deemed as a hanjian.
664:, but after Chinese authorities discovered her Japanese ancestry she was acquitted and deported to Japan. As she was the daughter of Japanese immigrants, some do not consider her to be a hanjian.
397:. Because martial law was enforced, formal trials were not necessary, and the condemned were executed swiftly, while thousands of men, women and children watched with evident approval.
794:
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as acting chairman after Wang's death in
November 1944. Chen was accused of “plotting with the enemy” and “opposing the central government.” Chen defended his work with the
563:(or North China Autonomous Government). After the war, he was arrested by the ROC government and tried for treason but committed suicide before his trial ended.
108:, in Chinese legal language, primarily referred to illicit sex. Implied by this term was a Han Chinese carrying on an illicit relationship with the enemy.
569:(1902–1966), commonly known as Prince De, a Mongol leader who collaborated with the Japanese. He was installed by the Japanese as the head of state of
1303:
596:
96:
is distinct from the general word for traitor, which could be used for any country or ethnicity. As a
Chinese term, it is a digraph of the
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Popularly, most hanjian in
Chinese films and drama series, skits, Hanjian are mostly the translators. Sometimes they are also called the
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405:
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titled "Fate of
Hanjians", published by the Capital City Resistance War Supporters Association of All Citizens, was posted throughout
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Xia, Yun (2013). "Engendering
Contempt for Collaborators: Anti-Hanjian Discourse Following the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945".
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into being an ambiguous term in modern history rather than the black and white one that it is so often used as.
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559:(1879–1945), who collaborated with the Japanese during World War II and helped to establish the pro-Japan
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Passivity, resistance, and collaboration : intellectual choices in occupied Shanghai, 1937–1945
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88:) is a pejorative term for those seen as traitors to the Chinese state and, to a lesser extent,
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1195:"Globalizing Hanjian: The Suzhou Trials and the Post–World War II Discourse on Collaboration"
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is often reserved for those who were either scholars or within government. The most infamous
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1236:"GlobalizingHanjian: The Suzhou Trials and the Post–World War II Discourse on Collaboration"
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commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. He died of heart and stomach problems in jail.
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that if he surrenders, the Japanese officer will have a great beautiful offer for him.
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613:. He was convicted of treason after the war and sentenced to death, but
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interpretation issued in January 1946 that advised against such action.
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527: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Collaboration : Japanese agents and local elites in wartime China
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Collaboration : Japanese agents and local elites in wartime China
848:. The translator represents the Army officer to send a message to the
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670:(1892–1948), also known as Zhang Zongyuan, was a sworn brother of
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of the Wang Jingwei government, is seen as China's most prominent
609:(1897–1948), the second-in-command of the Wang Jingwei government
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Reorganized Nationalist Government of the Republic of China
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Reorganized Nationalist Government of the Republic of China
232:
1078:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 112.
1045:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 231.
1012:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 245.
656:(1920–2014), also known as "Li Xianglan" was one of the
343:
Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
797:
one part of the lyrics is 殺漢奸 meaning "kill traitors".
406:
Taiwanese soldiers who fought in the Japanese military
25:, the paleographic dictionary by Guo Zhongshu (d. 977)
211:
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34:
Nanking residents with armbands of the Japanese flag
842:主角与配角, lit. the main actor and the supportive actor
717:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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486:, and was praised by Chinese resistance fighters.
1169:"Taiwan in Time: The Taiwanese 'hanjian' problem"
1121:, September 15, 1937 second evening issue, page 1
466:by mass murder of ethnic Chinese opposed to the
795:Anti-Communist and Anti-Russian Aggression Song
561:Provisional Government of the Republic of China
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112:is often worded as "collaborator" in the West.
591:, who advocated peace negotiations during the
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42:Chinese civilians assisting Japanese soldiers
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623:(1892–1946), who served as the head of the
104:is the majority ethnic group in China; and
960:
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377:espionage helped the Japanese and ordered
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1251:
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777:Learn how and when to remove this message
631:Chen held important positions within the
543:Learn how and when to remove this message
482:. His proposal was adopted by the Second
425:Several Taiwanese were prosecuted by the
597:Reorganized National Government of China
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37:
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412:are also considered to be hanjian. The
365:was defeated in various battles by the
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354:Wang risked ostracism, if not death.”
114:
7:
715:adding citations to reliable sources
587:politician and former close aide of
525:adding citations to reliable sources
1154:
891:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
490:Notable people who are considered
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1304:Political pejoratives for people
1234:Zanasi, Margherita (June 2008).
1193:Zanasi, Margherita (June 2008).
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501:
468:Japanese occupation of Singapore
416:issued an important law in 1937:
349:regime after its president. The
341:government in mainland China is
16:Traitor to the Han Chinese state
702:needs additional citations for
512:needs additional citations for
408:against Chinese forces and the
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1240:The American Historical Review
1199:The American Historical Review
1167:Han Cheung (13 January 2019).
832:). For example, Chinese actor
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603:with the help of the Japanese.
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311:There tend to be two types of
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886:Collaborationist Chinese Army
852:officer whose actor would be
573:, a Japanese puppet state in
1109:, September 14, 1937 page 7
363:National Revolutionary Army
345:, often referred to as the
1335:
1276:"陈佩斯 朱时茂经典小品《主角与配角》-我爱小宋网"
967:Journal of Women's History
595:. He set up the pro-Japan
319:Educated and intellectuals
18:
662:Japanese propaganda films
658:Seven Great Singing Stars
583:(1883–1944), a left-wing
389:. 4,000 were arrested in
285:Chinese propaganda poster
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122:
100:for "Han" and "traitor".
1314:Second Sino-Japanese War
941:Legion of the Just Ruler
830:lit. fake foreign devils
593:Second Sino-Japanese War
474:in February–March 1942,
359:Second Sino-Japanese War
128:Traditional Chinese
19:Not to be confused with
1131:Gahō Yakushin no Nippon
1041:Brook, Timothy (2007).
1008:Brook, Timothy (2007).
147:Simplified Chinese
1145:August 30, 1937 page 3
979:10.1353/jowh.2013.0006
846:Japanese Imperial Army
427:Nationalist government
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367:Imperial Japanese Army
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1212:10.1086/ahr.113.3.731
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711:improve this article
521:improve this article
92:ethnicity. The word
1074:Fu, Poshek (1993).
351:Wang Jingwei regime
54:traditional Chinese
46:In China, the word
1280:www.5ixiaosong.com
1143:The New York Times
1133:, December 1, 1937
814:lit. second devils
683:In popular culture
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98:Chinese characters
62:simplified Chinese
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850:Eighth Route Army
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1309:Qing dynasty
1284:the original
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1176:. Retrieved
1173:Taipei Times
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936:Race traitor
896:Vichy France
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709:Please help
704:verification
701:
637:Wang Jingwei
628:
581:Wang Jingwei
539:
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519:Please help
514:verification
511:
491:
479:
457:
439:
433:, despite a
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347:Wang Jingwei
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242:Southern Min
193:Hanyu Pinyin
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45:
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621:Chen Gongbo
589:Sun Yat-sen
533:August 2007
476:Tan Kah Kee
357:During the
90:Han Chinese
1298:Categories
1178:13 January
1085:0804721726
947:References
854:Zhu Shimao
834:Chen Peisi
737:newspapers
607:Zhou Fohai
585:Kuomintang
557:Wang Kemin
442:Sook Ching
440:After the
401:Uneducated
381:commander
234:Hon3 Gaan1
207:Wade–Giles
80:Wade–Giles
1262:0002-8762
1221:0002-8762
995:144816452
987:1527-2036
931:Việt gian
911:Uncle Tom
767:July 2023
726:"Hanjian"
644:executed.
571:Mengjiang
383:Chen Lifu
379:CC Clique
333:Educated
299:The term
213:Han-chien
85:han-chien
1155:Xia 2013
1094:27814882
1061:77012551
1028:77012551
921:Judenrat
901:Quisling
881:Makapili
876:Chinilpa
860:See also
802:er guizi
674:warlord
629:hanjian.
492:hanjians
480:hanjians
391:Shanghai
387:hanjians
228:Jyutping
22:Han Jian
1319:Treason
866:Treason
822:Chinese
806:Chinese
751:scholar
601:Nanjing
446:Chinese
431:hanjian
395:Nanjing
375:hanjian
339:hanjian
335:hanjian
313:hanjian
306:hanjian
301:hanjian
289:Nanjing
275:History
258:Hàn-kan
249:Hokkien
199:Hànjiān
171:traitor
118:Hanjian
110:Hanjian
94:hanjian
75:Hànjiān
49:hanjian
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824::
808::
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724:
472:Malaya
459:Sùqīng
456::
454:pinyin
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