537:, the lead White House aide in resolving both the Interior building takeover and the Wounded Knee incident, said: "Hank Adams' role in the peaceful resolution of some very difficult problems is still vividly clear in my mind.". Adams worked mainly behind the scenes on both of these issues. Adams said of his work: "Some of the things you prevent from happening are as important as many of the things you are able concretely to achieve."
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370:, including Native Americans in tribal regalia, to the United States Supreme Court in Washington DC on May 29, 1968. His efforts resulted in 25 tribal leaders gaining entrance to the building, where they chanted and drummed during hours of waiting. They wanted to directly hand their complaint to the justices, but the latter declined to meet with them.
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goals for Native
American sovereignty and self-determination. Adams's leadership and commitment to clarifying the key issues eventually helped to change government policy. Since then, federally recognized tribes have made gains in autonomy and self-governance, and Congress has passed legislation to support this.
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The group asked for a re-opening of treaty negotiations and asked for the federal judiciary to accept the Native
American right to interpret treaties, and to abolish laws that threatened Indian sovereignty and life. Although Nixon's representatives did not accept this list, it established a record of
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In 1968 Adams became the leader of the
Survival of American Indians Association (SAIA). This collection of 200 members was concerned with protecting traditional Indian fishing rights, which were under pressure from sports and commercial fishermen and local governments. Native Americans asserted that
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affirmed that Native
Americans in the Northwest had the right to continue to fish in traditional territories and in traditional ways exempt from state restrictions. This included fishing at traditional grounds off the reservations. Adams was active on the issue as a strategist and worked in concert
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in 1972, Adams was the main negotiator on behalf of the
Indians. During negotiations with the White House for the events that occurred during the takeover, Adams was key to gaining amnesty from prosecution for the protesters. Months later, Adams participated in the 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee
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in 1973. In both cases Adams played important roles in negotiating peaceful resolutions of volatile situations. He continued his work to press for tribal sovereignty, as well as with tribes to restore the role of their elders. In 2006 he was honored with the 'American Indian
Visionary Award' by
268:. While growing up, Adams regularly fished and worked as a fruit and vegetable picker on nearby farms, where he gained a strong work ethic. Adams was student-body president, editor of the school newspaper and yearbook, and played football and basketball at Moclips-Aloha High School in
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in
Washington. This had been traditional Nisqually territory before the tribe ceded it to the United States. Adams was arrested several times for protest actions between 1968 and 1971. In 1971, he was shot in the stomach at point-blank range by a gunman during the Northwest
341:. In April 1964, he refused to be inducted into the military unless traditional Indian treaty rights were honored by the federal government. Although his rebellion attracted media attention, he later served a two-year term in the Army from 1965 to 1967.
206:(1979), reaffirmed native treaty fishing rights on ceded territory. It resulted in tribes becoming the co-managers of salmon and other fishing resources with the state of Washington and reserving a portion of the annual harvest for them.
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established to assimilate Native
American children into European-American society in the United States. He was renamed as John Adams, and his children retained the surname. Hank Adams, also known as Yellow Eagle, had one sister, Lois.
248:, and his mother Jessie, a rodeo rider and horsewoman, divorced when he was young. The family was given an English surname when his grandfather, Two Hawk Boy, was sent away at age nine to Fort Peck Indian Boarding School, one of the
319:, to call attention to the state's attempt to limit Indian treaty fishing rights. More than 1,000 Native Americans and supporters attended the event. He invited Brando to the event, whose visit garnered national media attention.
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Adams was instrumental in working to assert and protect Native
American fishing and hunting rights on traditional territories free of state restrictions. He fostered change through protests and court challenges. The ruling in
33:
553:, a series of actions where Indigenous Americans sought to uphold their fishing rights. Adams dedicated this film to his sister-in-law, Valerie Bridges, who died in a drowning incident while demonstrating for fishing rights.
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He was among the Native
Americans in April 1968 who occupied the National Mall in Washington D.C. and "reached out across the racial divide in common cause with other poor people". Adams led a group of over 100 residents of
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Adams continued to work on the fishing rights issue, also lobbying representatives in Washington. He compiled and presented information critical to making the case for Native American fishing rights in the legal challenge
610:, the lead White House aide in resolving both the BIA occupation and Wounded Knee incident, said of Adams: "Hank Adams' role in the peaceful resolution of some very difficult problems is still vividly clear in my mind."
588:, BIA headquarters in Washington, D.C. Adams later said that since the film showed violence against Native American women during protests, it may have contributed to the occupiers trashing the Interior building.
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380:
In 1971, Adams wrote a 15-point proposal for national changes with the goal of establishing a "system of bilateral relationships between Indian tribes and the federal government." This was the basis of the
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Red Power as a form of activism was not something that the National Indian Youth Council originated in the 1960s. Every generation of Indian people has fought valiantly against what has been happening to
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their rights to fish superseded state regulations. Near the end of 1968, Adams became directly involved in the struggle and fought against state fishing regulation of Native Americans on the
315:, who later became involved in the Native American rights movement and supported protesters at several events. Adams organized a protest march for March 3, 1964 on Washington's capital
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The courts acted to uphold the treaty-protected fishing rights. They empowered tribes to partner with the state of Washington to co-manage the salmon and other fishing resources.
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and pursued full-time work on suicide prevention for Native American youth. That year also marked the start of his long partnership fighting for treaty rights with activist
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460:, listing a series of demands. Angered by the refusal of the Nixon administration to meet with them, protesters conducted an unplanned occupation of the
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549:, a documentary film. Filmed between 1968 and 1970, this work documented the struggles between Native Americans and government officials during the
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414:. At the trial, Adams served in the unprecedented role of lay lawyer, directly representing tribal fishermen in front of Judge Boldt at the
620:), an historian, major Native American writer, and rights activist, said Adams was one of the most important Indians of the last 60 years.
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Adams was a member of the Franks Landing Indian Community of the Nisqually people. He died on December 21, 2020, in Olympia, Washington.
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for indigenous American tribes. The Trail of Broken Treaties caravan stopped in Minneapolis, Minnesota where Adams drafted a proposal of
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activist known as a successful strategist, tactician, and negotiator. He was instrumental in resolving several key conflicts between
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Pan-Tribal Activism in the Pacific Northwest: The Power of Indigenous Protest and the Birth of Daybreak Star Cultural Center
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The day before the march, a "fish-in" protest in Washington state was organized at Franks Landing, the first of a series of
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1262:"From Sit-Ins to Fish-Ins: Broadening the American Civil Rights Movement to Include Native Americans and Other Minorities"
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808:""A Sickness which has Grown to Epidemic Proportions": American Indian Anti-and Decolonial Thought During the Long 1960s"
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On May 16, 2024, a Google Doodle was created to celebrate his commitment to social justice and the environment.
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Adams was considered by many in the Indian community as one of the most influential people in the movement.
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In 1968 and 1972, Adams sought the Republican nomination as candidate for the House of Representatives from
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In order to heighten awareness of the treaty fishing disputes in the Pacific Northwest, Adams produced
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1428:(Online Exhibition). Curated by Danielle Moretti-Langholtz, Ph.D. College of William and Mary. 2020
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in 1971 for "courageous actions in support of equal opportunity" and for his "tireless activism".
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The Hank Adams Reader: An Exemplary Native Activist and the Unleashing of Indigenous Sovereignty
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epidemic. He left university in November 1963 immediately after the assassination of President
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1354:"'Trail of Broken Treaties' raises environmental health concerns - Timeline - Native Voices"
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Hank Adams, who had served as the tribes' unofficial tactician and political organizer . . .
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521:. Adams helped to end the occupation in a peaceful manner. He was the intermediary between
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Adams continued to work with issues related to the Boldt Decision throughout his lifetime.
311:(NIYC) in 1963. While serving as Special Projects Director from 1963 to 1967, he met actor
272:, graduating in 1961. He worked part of the time in a sawmill on the Quinault Reservation.
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1176:"The Fish-in Protests at Franks Landing - Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project"
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that AIM and other organizations later submitted to federal officials in 1972 during the
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1381:
Indian Self Rule: First-Hand Accounts of Indian-White Relations from Roosevelt to Reagan
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O'Neil, Floyd A.; Josephy, Alvin M.; Hart, E. Richard (1986). Philp, Kenneth R. (ed.).
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was digitally remastered and made available to the public after it was acquired by the
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Framing Red Power: Newspapers, the Trail of Broken Treaties, and the Politics of Media
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His family moved to Washington State toward the end of World War II. They settled in
1321:"Longtime police brutality drove American Indians to join the George Floyd protests"
354:. Sports fishermen were irate that Native Americans were challenging their fishing.
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Editorial: "To honor Hank Adams, we must all honor the promises of tribal treaties"
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Originally released 1971, digitally re-mastered by Salmon Defense, run time 1:00:05
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1201:"Police brutalize tribal fishermen in Washington State - Timeline - Native Voices"
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732:"Hank Adams, champion for American Indian sovereignty, treaty rights, dies at 77"
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1384:. University Press of Colorado, Utah State University Press. pp. 228–242.
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Tactician, strategist, and negotiator of several key events including the
1422:"Rising: The American Indian Movement and the Third Space of Sovereignty"
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1632:
1577:"Hank Adams wins Indian Country Today's American Indian Visionary Award"
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offices at the Department of Interior headquarters in Washington, D.C.
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499:
Hank Adams, Indian Self Rule (1986), Chapter 4: Activism and Red Power
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for two years, from 1961 to 1963. While in school, he commuted to the
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for much of his life, he participated in protests and negotiations in
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A skilled strategist and tactician, Adams effectively combined . . .
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In 1964 and 1965, Adams was active as the research secretary for the
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In 2006 he was honored with the American Indian Visionary Award by
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protest caravan across the country. The protesters called for more
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United States District Court for the Western District of Washington
1009:, Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, accessed January 10, 2016
476:
Adams was instrumental in saving Indian lives in two of the major
1226:""The Most Important Indian"—In Memory of Hank Adams (1943–2020)"
334:. Brando was arrested at the "fish-in" and was swiftly released.
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also known as Poverty Flats. His father Louis Adams, a bronc and
1586:, January 2006, at Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission website
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In 1968, Adams served on the national steering committee of the
1234:. The National Museum of the American Indian. December 23, 2020
509:
In February 1973, AIM protesters led what became known as the
1464:
Nature's Allies: Eight Conservationists Who Changed Our World
976:"Activist Tells of BIA Sacking; Brutality Movie Called Spark"
377:. He was unsuccessful but supported Republican candidates.
818:(2: Red Power at 50: Re-Evaluations and Memory): 199–223.
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1015:
410:. This was settled in 1974 and is widely known as the
1153:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–7.
1062:"Hank Adams, The 'Most Important Indian,' Dies At 77"
1642:
S. Robinson, "Hank Adams Receives 'Visionary' Award"
996:
S. Robinson, "Hank Adams Receives 'Visionary' Award"
850:"Boldt decision has rippling effects 40 years later"
806:
Cobb, Daniel M.; Barger, Sarah; Skopp, Lily (2020).
1518:"9 ARE HONORED FOR PUBLIC SERVICE (Published 1981)"
1084:
1082:
1030:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. pp.
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448:(AIM) and accompanied members of AIM on their 1972
160:(May 16, 1943 – December 21, 2020) was an American
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1652:Editorial: "Honoring an American Indian Visionary"
1026:Native Americans Today: A Biographical Dictionary
882:
880:
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650:Adams received an Abraham Lincoln Award from the
889:"American Indian Activist Hank Adams Dies at 77"
786:Washington Secretary of State: Legacy Washington
584:The film was shown in 1972 to occupiers of the
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240:in Montana on May 16, 1943. His birthplace was
172:officials after 1960. Born on a reservation in
1180:Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
701:"Hank Adams: Indian Country's prolific genius"
482:occupation of Bureau of Indian Affairs offices
529:occupation, and representatives of President
8:
1150:Encyclopedia of the American Indian Movement
1638:, 2009–2016, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
1714:Military personnel from Washington (state)
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834:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
513:, a 71-day occupation protest within the
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663:, the third person to receive the award.
326:actions Native Americans modeled on the
1704:Members of the American Indian Movement
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626:On May 16, 2024, he was honored with a
375:Washington's 3rd congressional district
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899:from the original on December 25, 2020
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332:African American civil rights movement
1625:, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library,
1556:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
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1114:Marritz, Robert O. (March 10, 2009).
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730:Mapes, Lynda V. (December 28, 2020).
641:American Institute for Public Service
339:National Congress of American Indians
146:American Indian Visionary Award, 2006
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472:Occupation of Main Interior Building
16:Native American activist (1943–2020)
1729:Native American people from Montana
1094:UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography
887:Trahant, Mark (December 25, 2020).
699:Trahant, Mark (December 23, 2020).
1319:Phillips, Katrina (June 6, 2020).
1060:Diaz, Jaclyn (December 25, 2020).
986:project, accessed January 10, 2016
645:Jefferson Award for Public Service
149:Jefferson Award for Public Service
14:
1467:. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
1358:U.S. National Library of Medicine
1205:U.S. National Library of Medicine
848:Carson, Rob (February 15, 2014).
564:
1709:People from Wolf Point, Montana
1492:"Celebrating Hank Adams Doodle"
982:, p. A1, November 25, 1972, at
924:"Legacy Washington: Hank Adams"
480:of the early 1970s. During the
1719:Washington (state) Republicans
1260:Eskew, Glenn T. (March 2010).
1116:"Frank, Billy Jr. (1931-2014)"
779:"Hank Adams: An Uncommon Life"
652:National Education Association
1:
1724:20th-century Native Americans
1622:Hank Adams Papers (1958-1978)
928:Washington Secretary of State
824:10.1080/14775700.2020.1735921
643:honored Adams in 1981 with a
515:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
309:National Indian Youth Council
1629:Library, Special Collections
812:Comparative American Studies
238:Fort Peck Indian Reservation
1603:, Fulcrum Publishing, 2011
1309:, accessed January 10, 2016
1147:Johansen, Bruce E. (2013).
1022:Johansen, Bruce E. (2010).
423:United States Supreme Court
407:United States v. Washington
262:Quinault Indian Reservation
204:United States Supreme Court
195:United States v. Washington
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1657:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1303:"Hank Adams as negotiator"
1174:Chrisman, Gabriel (2008).
396:
389:events in Washington, DC.
209:Adams participated in the
186:Wounded Knee, South Dakota
1684:Native American activists
777:Heffernan, Trova (2016).
592:As Long as the Rivers Run
571:As Long as the Rivers Run
563:
547:As Long as the Rivers Run
30:
1426:Muscarelle Museum of Art
462:Bureau of Indian Affairs
450:Trail of Broken Treaties
446:American Indian Movement
444:Adams was active in the
440:Trail of Broken Treaties
387:Trail of Broken Treaties
277:University of Washington
228:Early life and education
211:American Indian Movement
137:American Indian Movement
97:University of Washington
1582:April 22, 2012, at the
1461:Nielsen, Larry (2017).
1269:Rikkyo American Studies
1001:April 22, 2012, at the
250:Indian boarding schools
1599:David Eugene Wilkins,
1446:: CS1 maint: others (
1390:10.2307/j.ctt46nr85.23
596:nonprofit organization
586:Main Interior Building
502:
486:Main Interior Building
363:Martin Luther King Jr.
359:Poor People's Campaign
107:Native American rights
1550:Parham, Vera (2017).
511:Wounded Knee incident
505:Wounded Knee incident
383:Twenty Point Proposal
232:Adams was born to an
215:Wounded Knee incident
198:(1974), known as the
1627:Princeton University
1307:Indian Country Today
1231:Smithsonian Magazine
660:Indian Country Today
281:Quinault Reservation
221:Indian Country Today
1665:, January 3, 2021,
618:Standing Rock Sioux
275:Adams attended the
270:Moclips, Washington
258:Taholah, Washington
242:Wolf Point, Montana
77:Olympia, Washington
58:Wolf Point, Montana
1699:Assiniboine people
1633:Jason A. Heppler,
1522:The New York Times
525:, the head of the
478:Red Power protests
324:civil disobedience
170:federal government
1654:, March 4, 2006,
1524:. June 24, 1981.
1399:978-0-87421-309-6
1283:– via CORE.
1041:978-0-313-35555-4
984:Framing Red Power
974:Donald P. Baker,
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368:Resurrection City
307:Adams joined the
283:to help combat a
266:Olympic Peninsula
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114:Years active
69:December 21, 2020
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533:'s White House.
523:Frank Fools Crow
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178:Washington state
166:Native Americans
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85:Other names
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1498:. May 16, 2024
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234:Assiniboine
1678:Categories
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1363:January 3,
1338:January 3,
1279:January 3,
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671:References
397:See also:
246:bull rider
103:Occupation
50:1943-05-16
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1530:0362-4331
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297:Nisqually
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