315:("The Prince and the Bard"), written 12 years earlier. The story, ostensibly set in the 17th century, employed historical figures and events as allegories to critique the contemporary communist regime. However, a colleague, Eginald Schlattner, revealed the double meaning embedded in the narrative, interpreting it as a veiled attack on communism. This revelation provided the Security forces with the justification to prosecute Bergel, demonstrating the regime's intolerance for subversive dissent cloaked in historical or literary guise.
319:
around "Fürst und
Lautenschläger," particularly the climactic confrontation between the prince and the bard. In the story, the prince attempts to coerce the bard into praising him, offering freedom in exchange for flattery. The bard's defiant response—"Your Highness, I am not a whore, and neither is my art!"—serves as a powerful statement of artistic and personal integrity. This exchange was interpreted by the authorities as a direct challenge to the regime's authority and an assertion of individual freedom against oppressive power.
323:
the revolt of various social strata in Brașov against the rule of
Bathory. He asserted that the bard's notion of "red freedom" was a metaphor for the revolutionary spirit and the inherent desire for liberation from oppressive regimes. This explanation underscored Bergel's commitment to portraying resistance and the quest for freedom, themes that resonated deeply within the broader context of communist Romania.
236:, the capital of Romania. This academic pursuit reflected his deepening interest in cultural and intellectual fields, which would later inform his literary and journalistic work. However, his educational aspirations were once again derailed by the oppressive political climate. In 1954, Bergel was arrested in
124:. His early years were marked by significant geographical mobility, as his family relocated multiple times within Transylvania during his childhood and adolescence. This period of movement exposed Bergel to a diverse array of cultural and social environments, shaping his worldview and later literary themes.
247:
Bergel's arrest led to a one-year prison sentence, although he was released before serving the full term. Despite his release, he was prohibited from resuming his studies, effectively barring him from further academic advancement. This interruption marked a significant setback in Bergel's educational
410:
Throughout his imprisonment and forced residence, Bergel maintained his literary endeavors, although many of his manuscripts were confiscated and lost, and others became part of his criminal file. His continued commitment to writing, even under duress, exemplified his dedication to his craft and his
270:
In 1951, Bergel married
Susanne Schunn, a union that would prove to be a cornerstone of his personal life. Together, they had a daughter and two sons, creating a family unit that provided emotional support amidst the tumultuous backdrop of his early career. Balancing his family responsibilities with
462:
with his wife
Susanne and their children. The early years of his life in Germany were fraught with challenges, as he navigated the complexities of establishing himself in a new country. Despite these difficulties, Bergel successfully resumed his literary career, contributing significantly to German
326:
Eginald
Schlattner, a witness during the trial, corroborated Bergel's interpretation of "Fürst und Lautenschläger." He acknowledged that the story could be read in multiple ways, highlighting its political undertones as a critique of the oppressive regime. Schlattner noted that Bergel had provided
322:
Bergel's defense during the trial emphasized the historical context of his work. When questioned by the judge about the portrayal of personalities shaping history rather than the masses, Bergel clarified that his intent was to depict the universal struggle against tyranny, specifically referencing
212:
Upon his return to
Romania, Bergel was conscripted into military service, fulfilling his obligation between 1948 and 1949. This period coincided with the establishment of the communist regime in Romania, a time characterized by political repression and social transformation. After completing his
318:
During his trial, the military court, which prosecuted Bergel as part of the "group of German writers," sentenced him on
September 15, 1959, in Brașov. He received a harsh sentence of 15 years of hard labor and an additional five years of loss of citizenship rights. The specific charge revolved
474:
that catered to the
Transylvanian German community in Germany. In this role, he played a pivotal part in maintaining the cultural and intellectual ties between Transylvanian Germans and their homeland, providing a platform for discourse and expression amidst the diaspora.
162:(also known as Hermannstadt). Sibiu, another key city in Transylvania, was a center of intellectual and cultural activity, providing Bergel with a stimulating environment to further his studies. However, his education was abruptly interrupted by the tumultuous events of
271:
his professional aspirations, Bergel sustained himself through literary and publishing activities. This period saw him engaging deeply with the literary community, contributing to German-language publications and cultivating his voice as a writer and journalist.
327:
him with a "code" for interpreting the narrative correctly, wherein the tyrant symbolized the current government. This acknowledgment further solidified the authorities' perception of Bergel's work as subversive, justifying the severe punishment he received.
197:
in 1946. Following his graduation, he secured employment as a teacher. This role allowed him to engage with the younger generation, fostering an environment of learning and intellectual growth despite the lingering political tensions of the time.
426:
In August 1968, Bergel was rehabilitated along with four fellow writers, a move that signified a temporary thaw in the regime's repression of intellectuals. This rehabilitation paved the way for his eventual emigration to the
411:
refusal to be silenced by the regime. After submitting 61 requests for pardon without success, Bergel was eventually released in 1962 as part of a general amnesty for political prisoners. This release allowed him to leave
489:," a publication focused on Southeastern German studies. This role allowed him to delve deeper into regional studies and contribute to the scholarly discourse surrounding Southeastern Europe and its diasporas.
406:
himself was a symbol of resistance against the communist regime, and their encounter likely reinforced Bergel's resolve to continue his intellectual and literary pursuits despite the oppressive circumstances.
311:
The year 1959 marked a significant turning point in Bergel's life, as he faced his third arrest by
Romanian authorities. This arrest was precipitated by the publication of his historical short story
330:
Despite the severity of his sentence, Bergel's resilience remained unbroken. He served nearly three years of his 15-year sentence, enduring the harsh conditions of 18 different prisons and forced
201:
In 1947, driven by personal aspirations and perhaps a desire for greater freedom, Bergel attempted to leave
Romania clandestinely. However, his escape was thwarted when he was apprehended in
193:
With the war subsiding, Bergel returned to Sibiu to resume his interrupted education. Demonstrating resilience and dedication, he successfully completed his studies and earned his
181:, a fate that befell many individuals during the chaotic post-war period. Following this escape, Bergel spent several months in hiding, seeking refuge with shepherds in the
399:
244:) on charges of "incitement to rebellion." This accusation was a common tactic used by the communist regime to suppress dissent and control intellectual discourse.
143:, an institution renowned for its academic rigor and emphasis on cultural studies. The education he received here laid the foundation for his later pursuits in the
846:"Erich Einhellinger: Sozialberatung an der Berufssdiule. (Reihe: Pädagogische Studienhilfen, Nr. 15), Chr. Kaiser Verlag, München 1959, 52 S., 3, – DM"
378:. These experiences of imprisonment and forced labor were indicative of the brutal repression faced by political prisoners under the communist regime.
174:, the country plunged deeper into conflict. These geopolitical upheavals directly impacted Bergel, forcing him to suspend his seminary studies.
440:
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The immediate aftermath of the war presented Bergel with perilous circumstances. In January 1945, he narrowly escaped deportation to the
795:
819:
482:(Bavarian Radio Broadcasting) as an external collaborator, further extending his influence within German media and literary circles.
1064:
255:, Bergel formed connections with influential figures who would later support his literary and professional endeavors, including
769:
89:
672:) (1996), handelt von einer Familie in Siebenbürgen. Teil 2.: Die Rückkehr der Wölfe (Întoarecerea lupilor).973-577-113-6
486:
205:. The Romanian authorities extradited him back to his homeland, where he faced severe consequences for what was deemed a
303:
at the musical theater in Brașov, leveraging his musical talents to sustain himself during this period of instability.
534:
390:—a region notorious for its harsh living conditions and use as a site for political exile. During his time in
339:
467:
167:
76:(June 26, 1925 – February 26, 2022) was a German-language writer, historian, and journalist originally from
343:
256:
267:. These relationships were instrumental in promoting Bergel's work and advocating for his rehabilitation.
209:. Bergel was sentenced to 14 months in prison, but managed to escape from prison after serving 10 months.
140:
93:
371:
299:, Bergel temporarily shifted his professional focus to the performing arts. He took up employment as a
386:
From 1962 to 1964, following his release from prison, Bergel was subjected to forced residence in the
1074:
1069:
485:
From 1991 onwards, Bergel continued to engage with the intellectual community as a co-editor of the "
479:
264:
194:
85:
412:
391:
387:
276:
288:, allowing him to influence and contribute to contemporary discourse. However, his tenure at the
260:
53:
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was cut short when he was dismissed without notice, a move attributed to political motivations.
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284:. This role positioned him at the heart of the German-speaking literary and cultural scene in
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45:
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trajectory, reinforcing the challenges faced by intellectuals under the communist regime.
136:
432:
213:
military duties, Bergel turned to athletics, dedicating himself to performance sports in
587:
206:
1058:
455:
375:
367:
355:
656:
Prefață de Peter Motzan, traducere de Mariana Lăzărescu, Editura Arania, Brașov 1995
135:, a prominent city in Transylvania known for its rich cultural heritage and vibrant
538:
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49:
443:. Their intervention was crucial in facilitating Bergel's departure from Romania.
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431:. Bergel's application for emigration was supported by notable figures such as
334:. His incarceration took him to various locations, including the lead mines at
127:
In 1939, amidst the escalating tensions in Europe that would soon culminate in
335:
331:
229:
221:
152:
144:
869:
796:"Şcoala Memoriei 2003, Hans Bergel - Lotul scriitorilor germani. Braşov 1959"
347:
233:
678:, 321 pagini, Editura Fundației Culturale Române, 1998, ISBN: 973-577-113-6
447:
416:
363:
281:
220:
Parallel to his athletic endeavors, Bergel pursued higher education in the
214:
132:
547:
1972. ("Zarurile vieții: Patru portrete ale unor transilvăneni de seamă")
420:
423:
in the local orchestra, marking a temporary respite from his struggles.
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81:
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158:
Between 1941 and 1944 Bergel enrolled in the pedagogical seminary in
960:
Am Vorabend des Taifuns: Geschichten aus einem abenteuerlichen Leben
720:, 250 pagini, Editura Ecou transilvan, 2015, ISBN: 978-606-730-068-0
714:, 192 pagini, Editura Ecou Transilvan, 2014, ISBN: 978-606-730-027-7
466:
Between 1970 and 1989, Bergel served as the editor-in-chief of the "
1037:. Translated by Guțu, George; Nicolae, Octavian. Bucureşti: Eikon.
529:
Würfelspiele des Lebens: Vier Portraits bedeutender Siebenbürger,
300:
274:
Between 1957 and 1958, Bergel worked as a cultural editor for the
159:
708:, Berlin: Editura Noack & Block 2010, ISBN 978-3-86813-002-7
632:
Kammermusik in Bronze und Stein: Der Bildhauer Hans Guggenberger
640:. Roman. Traducere de George Guțu. Editura Arania, Brașov 1994
1012:. Translated by Guțu, George. Cluj-Napoca: Ecou Transilvan.
478:
In addition to his editorial work, Bergel collaborated with
634:(în colaborare cu Konrad Klein), Edition Wort u. Welt, 1994
551:
Die Sachsen in Siebenbürgen nach dreißig Jahren Kommunismus
398:, a prominent Romanian politician and future leader of the
726:, 684 pagini, Editura Eikon, 2016, ISBN: 978-606-711-427-0
583:("Moartea păstorului sau învățătorii din tinerețe") (1985)
366:. Additionally, he was subjected to forced labor camps in
553:("Sașii transilvăneni după 30 de ani de comunism") (1975)
626:
Zuwendung und Beunruhigung. Anmerkungen eines Unbequemen
565:("Transilvania, imagini ale unui ținut european") (1980)
84:. He is known for his works reflecting the struggles of
910:
Bukowiner Spuren: von Dichtern und bildenden Künstlern
688:
Bukowiner Spuren. Von Dichtern und bildenden Künstlern
660:
Erkundungen und Erkennungen. Notizen eines Neugierigen
470:" ("Transylvanian Newspaper"), a publication based in
702:, Editura Johannis Reeg, 2009, ISBN 978-3-937320-38-0
912:. Studien zur Literaturgeschichte. Aachen: Rimbaud.
800:
Memorialul Victimelor Comunismului şi al Rezistenţei
185:(also known as Cibin Mountains) until October 1945.
850:
Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Pädagogik
59:
28:
21:
569:Gestalten und Gewalten. Essays, Aufsätze, Vorträge
563:Siebenbürgen, Bilder einer europäischen Landschaft
602:Literaturgeschichte der Deutschen in Siebenbürgen
575:Heinrich Schunn: Ein Maler, sein Werk, seine Zeit
559:("Dansul în lanțuri", "Dansul în cătușe") (1977)
139:-speaking community. In Brașov, Bergel attended
581:Der Tod des Hirten oder die frühen Lehrmeister
400:Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party
8:
887:. Bucureşti: Ed. Fundaţia Culturală Română.
525:("În cercul de foc. Zece povestiri") (1972)
513:("România – portretul unei națiuni") (1968)
170:shifted its allegiance and rearmed against
690:. Aachen: Rimbaud 2002. ISBN 3-89086-747-2
108:Hans Bergel was born on June 26, 1925, in
18:
374:, as well as the underground fort no. 13
280:, a German-language publication based in
987:. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Ecou Transilvan.
736:
450:until March 1968, when he emigrated to
16:German writer and historian (1925–2022)
962:. Berlin: Edition Noack & Block.
700:Wegkreuzungen - Dreizehn Lebensbilder
7:
935:Wegkreuzungen: dreizehn Lebensbilder
610:("...și Crăciun e peste tot") (1988)
224:. Between 1952 and 1954, he studied
883:Bergel, Hans; Bergel, Hans (1998).
712:Judecătoarea și fiii ei - Povestiri
487:Südostdeutsche Vierteljahresblätter
419:, where he secured employment as a
402:. This meeting was significant, as
985:Judecătoarea şi fiii ei: povestiri
14:
820:"Monitorul Expres - Stiri Brasov"
590:. Der mythische Traum vom Fliegen
295:Following his departure from the
96:in 2013 for his contributions to
441:Foreign Minister of West Germany
435:, a renowned German writer, and
844:Hülshoff, Rudolf (1961-05-24).
824:Monitorul Expres - Stiri Brasov
511:Rumänien – Porträt einer Nation
501:("Principele și bardul") (1956)
770:"Erinnerungen an Erich Bergel"
507:("Aventurile lui Japp") (1958)
439:, who was then serving as the
1:
682:Im Spiegellicht des Horizonts
616:("Motivul libertății") (1988)
523:Im Feuerkreis, 10 Erzählungen
92:rule. He won the prestigious
668:(Când vin vulturii), Roman (
608:...und Weihnacht ist überall
577:, Edition Wort u. Welt, 1983
862:10.30965/25890581-037001015
749:Uniunea Scriitorilor Brasov
519:("Vulpile de cursă") (1969)
463:literature and journalism.
429:Federal Republic of Germany
131:, Bergel's family moved to
1091:
571:("Forme și stihii") (1982)
354:, and Security prisons in
207:fraudulent border crossing
826:(in Romanian). 2024-09-21
535:Johann Martin Honigberger
370:and on the Danube island
350:, the military prison in
112:, a town situated in the
885:Când vin vulturii: roman
694:Die Wiederkehr der Wölfe
598:("Inima Venerei") (1987)
499:Fürst und Lautenschläger
313:Fürst und Lautenschläger
104:Early life and Education
1065:German-language writers
706:Am Vorabend des Taifuns
505:Die Abenteuer des Japps
468:Siebenbürgische Zeitung
382:Life after imprisonment
189:Life after World War II
1035:Întoarcerea lupilor. 2
1010:Dans în lanţuri: roman
614:Das Motiv der Freiheit
307:Trial and imprisonment
94:Andreas Gryphius Prize
1033:Bergel, Hans (2016).
1008:Bergel, Hans (2015).
983:Bergel, Hans (2014).
958:Bergel, Hans (2011).
933:Bergel, Hans (2009).
908:Bergel, Hans (2002).
666:Wenn die Adler kommen
344:Codlea transit prison
257:Alfred Margul-Sperber
86:Transylvanian Germans
937:. Bamberg: J. Reeg.
794:admin (2010-09-07).
774:www.siebenbuerger.de
724:Întoarecerea lupilor
480:Bayerischer Rundfunk
346:, the "malmezon" in
141:Honterus High School
446:Bergel remained in
251:During his time in
557:Der Tanz in Ketten
261:Oscar Walter Cisek
147:, particularly in
54:Kingdom of Romania
1044:978-606-711-427-0
1019:978-606-730-068-0
994:978-606-730-027-7
969:978-3-86813-002-7
944:978-3-937320-38-0
919:978-3-89086-747-2
894:978-973-577-113-3
676:Când vin vulturii
394:, he encountered
183:Cindrel Mountains
98:German literature
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63:February 26, 2022
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662:. Essays (1995)
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856:(1): 72–73.
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828:. Retrieved
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778:. Retrieved
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118:Transylvania
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65:(2022-02-26)
50:Transylvania
1075:2022 deaths
1070:1925 births
776:(in German)
650:Un poem de
531:Conrad Haas
332:labor camps
242:Klausenburg
226:art history
149:art history
74:Hans Bergel
23:Hans Bergel
1059:Categories
830:2024-09-21
805:2024-09-21
780:2024-09-21
755:2024-09-21
731:References
456:Gröbenzell
368:Răchitoasa
336:Baia Sprie
230:philosophy
222:humanities
153:philosophy
145:humanities
35:1925-06-26
870:0507-7230
352:Timișoara
348:Bucharest
234:Bucharest
90:communist
670:Trilogie
652:Radu Gyr
421:musician
696:(2006),
604:(1987).
545:München
452:Germany
413:Bărăgan
392:Bărăgan
372:Strâmba
360:Curtici
301:cellist
203:Hungary
168:Romania
122:Romania
82:Romania
1041:
1016:
991:
966:
941:
916:
891:
868:
646:(1995)
628:(1994)
592:, 1985
472:Munich
460:Munich
448:Brașov
417:Brașov
404:Coposu
376:Jilava
364:Brașov
362:, and
342:, the
338:, the
282:Brașov
263:, and
215:Brașov
137:German
133:Brașov
110:Râșnov
88:under
78:Râșnov
42:Râșnov
458:near
160:Sibiu
1039:ISBN
1014:ISBN
989:ISBN
964:ISBN
939:ISBN
914:ISBN
889:ISBN
866:ISSN
356:Arad
253:Cluj
238:Cluj
228:and
151:and
60:Died
29:Born
858:doi
116:of
1061::
864:.
854:37
852:.
848:.
822:.
798:.
772:.
747:.
543:,
537:,
533:,
358:,
259:,
155:.
120:,
100:.
80:,
52:,
48:,
44:,
1047:.
1022:.
997:.
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947:.
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240:(
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33:(
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