480:
830:
655:
491:
862:
914:. Kippenberger lost his position on the party Central Committee and the quasi-military underground operation he had directed was dissolved. He was ordered to be relocated from Paris to Moscow where he was provided with factory work. Sources are silent over whether, on moving to Moscow, he ever met up with his former wife, Thea, and their two daughters, Margot and Jeanette, who had emigrated there in July 1933, since when Thea had been working as a teacher in the
647:
735:
74 Bellermannstrasse, only a few minutes walk from where the two lived. When the assassins arrived, Kippenberger told them the news and ordered them to leave Berlin at once. The parliamentarian's wife Thea, an unemployed schoolteacher and as staunch a
Communist Party member as her husband, shepherded the young murderers to the Belgian border. Agents of the Communist International (
1026:, condemned in 1942 to a lifelong term of forced labour. She was given work in forestry, tasked with collecting the sawdust caused by the felling of trees. There was one day off work each month which was used for delousing. Later she was denounced and subjected to six months of intensive interrogation. Nevertheless, she survived. Her situation eased after the end of the
961:, in 1923. Their daughters were born in 1924 and 1928. The marriage ended in divorce in 1930. After a raid on their Berlin apartment, Thea hastily took the children to a safe location in the countryside, from where they escaped via Czechoslovakia. Thea arrived in Moscow with their daughters in July 1933, six months after the
699:
continued as riot squads combed the tenements, arresting hundreds of residents suspected of having fired weapons. The battle lasted until one o'clock the next morning. In addition to the two police officers, the casualties included one
Communist who died of a gunshot wound and seventeen others who were seriously wounded."
1068:
There is less information in the public domain concerning the younger daughter. After they had been taken away from their parents at the end of 1937 Jeanette had learned
Russian much more quickly than Margot, which may have indicated a particular talent for languages. Jeanette Kippenberger worked for
326:
amnestied those who had taken part in the
Hamburg Uprising, Kippenberger returned to Germany, where he became, according to John Koehler, "the most important link between the Soviet secret service and Germany's Communist Party, functioning at various times under the code names Alex, Adam, and Wolf."
734:
According to John
Koehler, "Kippenberger was alarmed when word reached him that Sergeant Willig had survived the shooting. Not knowing whether the sergeant could talk and identify the attackers, Kippenberger was taking no chances. He directed a runner to summon Mielke and Ziemer to his apartment at
1010:
One afternoon in
November 1937 two secret policemen turned up at their school in Moscow and removed Margot and Jeanette Kippenberger from their lessons. Early the next year, aged 14, Margot wrote a desperate letter to one of her mother's friends asking what had happened to her mother. There was no
1049:, where he died in 1984. Although Margot had been informed of her parents' fates, she was under firm instructions to keep the information to herself. Her insistence on discussing the matter led to constant tensions with the authorities. Her indignant letter sent in 1979 to the national newspaper,
846:
arrested Max
Thunert, one of the lookouts in the murders of Captains Anlauf and Lenck. Within days, fifteen other conspirators were in police custody. On 14 September 1933, Berlin newspapers reported that all fifteen had confessed to their roles in the murders. Arrest warrants were issued for ten
447:
his focus was on defence matters: he was a member of the parliamentary military commission. He continued to sit in the
Reichstag till 1933. Outside the chamber he built up the so-called "Betriebsberichterstattung (BB-Ressort)", originated in 1927 within the party's illegal military apparatus, but
698:
fired indiscriminately from the roofs of surrounding apartment houses. As darkness fell, police searchlights illuminated the buildings. Using megaphones, officers shouted, 'Clear the streets! Move away from the windows! We are returning fire!' By now the rabble had fled the square, but shooting
330:
Sources differ over whether he returned from the Soviet Union at the end of 1924 and then lived illegally (unregistered) in
Germany or stayed in the Soviet Union till 1926 (or beyond). There is also a suggestion that in Moscow, as well attending a military academy, he studied at the "Communist
431:
in the general election. He was successful, despite being arrested during the election campaign. As an elected member of the
Reichstag he enjoyed certain immunities, and once the election result became known he had to be released. He sat as a communist party member for electoral district 29
877:. Their co-defendants received sentences ranging from nine months to fifteen years incarceration at hard labor. Klause's sentence was commuted to life in prison based upon his cooperation. Bröde hanged himself in his cell. As a result, only Matern was left to be executed by
677:
and fired a full magazine at the assailants. Captain Franz Lenck was shot in the chest and fell dead in front of the entrance. Willig crawled over and cradled the head of Captain Anlauf, who had taken two bullets in the neck. As his life drained away, the Captain gasped,
702:
Captain Anlauf's wife had died three weeks earlier of kidney failure. The KPD's murder of Captain Anlauf thus left their three daughters as orphans. The Captain's oldest daughter was forced to drastically rush her planned wedding to keep her sisters from being put in an
793:
politicians had either fled abroad or else been arrested. The Communist Party structure was shattered. Kippenberger took on and preserved much of its paramilitary apparatus under conditions of enhanced secrecy and certain important tasks were accomplished, but the
707:. Captain Franz Lenck was survived by his wife. Senior Sergeant Max Willig was hospitalized for fourteen weeks, but made a full recovery and returned to active duty. In recognition for Willig's courage, the Berlin Police promoted him to Lieutenant.
1465:
693:
According to Koehler, "Back at Bülowplatz, the killings had triggered a major police action. At least a thousand officers poured into the square, and a bloody street battle ensued. Rocks and bricks were hurled from the rooftops. Communist
638:. Both parties wanted the parliament dissolved because they were hoping that new elections would oust the SPD, the sworn enemy of all radicals. That fact explained why the atmosphere was particularly volatile this Sunday."
587:?" Mielke responded that he had seen Captain Anlauf many times during police searches of Party Headquarters. Kippenberger then instructed them to wait at a nearby beer hall which would permit them to overlook the entire
608:, you take care of them." Mielke and Ziemer were informed that, after the assassinations were completed, a diversion would assist in their escape. They were then to return to their homes and await further instructions.
1865:
854:, John Koehler wrote, "However, all suspects were in the custody of the regular Berlin city criminal investigation bureau, most of whose detectives were SPD members. Some of the suspects had been nabbed by Nazi
889:
In the context of increasingly shrill attacks on him from Ulbricht, Pieck and their supporters, on 12 February 1935 the party politburo set up a commission of enquiry into Hans Kippenberger. In October 1935 a
685:
Meanwhile, Mielke and Ziemer made their escape by running into the theater and out an emergency exit. They tossed their pistols over a fence, where they were later found by Homicide Detectives from the elite
994:, Hans and Thea Kippenberger were posthumously rehabilitated by a Moscow tribunal on 30 September 1957. However, both their deaths and their subsequent rehabilitations remained officially undisclosed by the
969:
and a large number of other people, came as a shock to the children. In February 1938 Thea, who by this time worked as a teacher, was arrested. A special NKVD tribunal sentenced her to a lengthy term in the
833:
German policemen lay a wreath on the monument to Captains Anlauf and Lenck during the Day of the German Police, 16 January 1937. Despite the fact that Captains Anlauf and Lenck were members of the SPD, the
782:
a short distance outside Berlin on 7 February 1933. The meeting would subsequently be celebrated as both the first and last meeting of the Communist Party Central Committee held in Nazi Germany.
858:
men and probably beaten before they were turned over to police. In the 1993 trial of Mielke, the court gave the defense the benefit of the doubt and threw out a number of suspect confessions."
891:
196:
preacher. He attended school up to the middle level, and then became an intern at a printing machine factory, still in Leipzig, shortly afterwards embarking on a traineeship for bank work.
1041:(East Germany) in May 1958. Their marriage never having been officially recognised (because Margot was foreign) Igor was not permitted to accompany them, but following a personal appeal to
666:
walked toward the Babylon Cinema, which was located at the corner of Bülowplatz and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße. As they reached the door of the movie house, the policemen heard someone scream, "
673:
As Captain Anlauf turned toward the sound, Mielke and Ziemer opened fire at point blank range. Sergeant Willig was wounded in the left arm and the stomach. However, he managed to draw his
1921:
1911:
1931:
910:
left Kippenberger unambiguously on the losing side. In Walter Ulbricht he had acquired a powerful and uncompromising enemy at the top of the party. Ulbricht enjoyed the backing of
531:, the Party's leader in the Berlin-Brandenburg region. Enraged by police interference and by Neumann and Kippenberger's failure to follow the policy, Ulbricht snarled, "At home in
813:
on 3 March 1933 had left a vacuum at the top of the party. To the extent that the quasi-military apparatus under Kippenberger remained effective, it supported the opponents of
479:
1869:
1466:"Ein Geschichtskrimi über Betriebsspionage: Das "BB-Ressort" der KPD – erste umfassende Dokumentation eines ungewöhnlichen Geheimapparats Doppelt verratene Hochverräter"
291:
It was thanks to his careful oversight and military training that the communist fighter groups were able to retreat in good order. Despite being elected to the regional
1946:
1906:
1045:
he joined them in 1960. The family nevertheless felt themselves treated as outsiders, and while Margot built her life in the new country, Igor soon returned to the
991:
1061:, where she lived in a small apartment, supported by a small pension provided to survivors of Nazi persecution. There was no pension in respect of her time in the
448:
from 1932 consciously separated from it. It was a quasi-military body comprising approximately 300 members who undertook economic-espionage tasks on behalf of the
789:
at the end of February 1933 was immediately blamed on the KPD, and before the end of the year participants in the Ziegenhals meeting and most of the other active
243:
114:
934:
accelerated, Hans Kippenberger and his girlfriend Christina Kerff (born Chrisina Lenderoth) were arrested at Moscow's Soyuznaya Hotel (across the road from the
829:
654:
180:
members at the time, he also operated under "party names", by which he may be identified in sources. These included "A. Neuberg", "Leo Wolf" and "Ernst Wolf".
1073:
in East Berlin between 1956 and 1973 as a typist. specialising in Russian language work. She was given a new job, in September 1973, as a translator with the
490:
1926:
535:
we would have done something about the police a long time ago. Here in Berlin we will not fool around much longer. Soon we will hit the police in the head."
1941:
1916:
411:, two steel springs that telescoped into a tube seven inches long, which when extended became a deadly, fourteen-inch weapon. Not to be outdone by the
299:
of Hamburg issued a warrant for Kippenberger's arrest. Badly wounded, for several months he lived illegally (unregistered with the local city hall) in
1936:
622:
According to John Koehler, "As was often the case when it came to battling the dominant SPD, the KPD and the Nazis had combined forces during the pre-
1019:
and placed in an orphanage for "homeless street children" which at this time was receiving more and more of the children of "enemies of the people".
553:, which made it the most dangerous in the city. The captain almost always led the riot squads that broke up illegal rallies of the Communist Party."
1070:
1074:
549:
According to John Koehler, "Of all the policemen in strife-torn Berlin, the reds hated Anlauf the most. His precinct included the area around
1829:
1501:
1378:
542:, the forty-two-year-old Captain of the Berlin Police's Seventh Precinct. Captain Anlauf, a widower with three daughters, had been nicknamed
469:
390:
33:
911:
230:, employed as a foreign languages correspondent for various firms, and working with the English, French, Italian and Spanish languages.
452:, also reporting back on social, political and economic developments more generally during what was a period of rising tension inside
378:
591:. He further reminded them that Captain Anlauf was accompanied everywhere by Senior Sergeant Max Willig, whom the KPD had nicknamed,
1901:
1746:
397:
1078:
995:
861:
556:
On the morning of Sunday 9 August 1931, Kippenberger and Neumann gave a last briefing to the hit-team in a room at the Lassant
331:
University of National Minorities in the West". During 1924/25 he was still being sought - apparently without success - by the
1089:
254:. By 1922 he was employed full-time by the Party and part of what one source identifies as the Party's "secret apparatus".
774:. Hans Kippenberger was one of those who participated in the (illegal) meeting of the party central committee held at the
382:
1971:
1966:
1976:
520:
444:
428:
377:
at Party meetings and specialized in cracking heads during street battles with political enemies." Besides the ruling
208:
166:
1438:
1305:
1241:
662:
At eight o'clock that evening, Mielke and Ziemer waited in a doorway as Captain Anlauf, Sergeant Willig, and Captain
865:"Wanted" poster, September 1933. "Help with the Search for the Red Murderers." Kippenberger is second from top left.
1131:
1038:
999:
806:
790:
524:
436:
348:
251:
177:
162:
118:
1961:
903:
1136:
869:
On 19 June 1934, the 15 conspirators were convicted of murder. The three deemed most culpable, Michael Klause,
366:. This clandestine training was conducted in the sparsely populated, pastoral countryside surrounding Berlin."
1493:
Der Geheimapparat der KPD im Visier der Gestapo: das BB-Ressort : Funktionäre, Beamte, Spitzel und Spione
1011:
reply. It would be another 22 years before she would learn of her parents' fates. The children were taken to
805:
during 1933 and 1934. Meanwhile, despite having to operate underground or, increasingly, out of Paris, the
747:. When their ship docked, they were met by another Comintern representative, who escorted them to Moscow."
1088:
Margot and Jeannette Kippenberger died respectively in 2005 and 2016. Both their bodies are buried in the
719:
443:
district of Berlin, Kippenberg was accepted as a candidate for party Central Committee membership. In the
212:
193:
1896:
1790:
946:
315:
258:
80:
949:
terrorist organisation". Hans Kippenberger was shot, once, in the back of the head, on 3 October 1937.
650:
The "Babylon Cinema," the site of the assassinations of Captains Anlauf and Lenck, as it appears today.
1100:
quarter. It was noted in at the end of 2017 that their graves were not yet marked by any grave stone.
1956:
1951:
1663:
771:
612:
588:
550:
502:
498:
494:
311:
204:
250:, and when this broke apart he was part of the Pro-Soviet faction that joined with the newly formed
1332:
616:
801:
Kippenberger, operating for some purposes under the code name "Leo", was feverishly sought by the
1839:
1388:
975:
775:
319:
292:
847:
other conspirators who had fled, including Mielke, Ziemer, Ulbricht, Kippenberger, and Neumann.
1368:
965:
in Germany. The standard of their Moscow accommodation, shared with Thea Kippenberger's friend
486:, mastermind of the Anlauf-Lenck murders, General Secretary of the East German SED (1949–1971).
1825:
1819:
1497:
1374:
1214:
1053:, on the centenary of Stalin's birth, was naturally never published. She remained under close
1050:
1042:
899:
810:
374:
296:
1794:
1469:
1027:
440:
281:
273:
1209:. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin.
1851:
1400:
1339:. Linke Presse Verlags- Förderungs- und Beteiligungsgenossenschaft junge Welt e.G., Berlin
1227:
962:
895:
838:
is given by many of those present. In 1951, Mielke ordered the demolition of the monument.
814:
768:
764:
756:
635:
631:
576:
to fellow lookout Max Thunert and said, "Now we're getting serious... We're going to give
528:
509:
483:
323:
200:
1754:
272:
He became a leader in the Communist Party student group and played a leading role in the
1202:
1023:
855:
786:
743:
supplied them with money and forged passports. Aboard a merchant ship, they sailed for
453:
280:
quarter Kippenberger led a fighting group of workers, also managing to plant Communist
269:
although it is not clear that he was formally enrolled as a student at the university.
262:
158:
1270:
798:
nevertheless succeeded in infiltrating his information and communications structures.
1890:
1198:
1127:
1097:
1030:, formally in May 1945, and she married Igor Tschnernavin, a Soviet citizen in 1948.
927:
907:
874:
843:
818:
583:
Kippenberger then asked Mielke and Ziemer, "Are you sure that you are ready to shoot
513:
501:
the KPD's headquarters from 1926 to 1933. Today it is the Berlin headquarters of the
222:
Early in 1919 he embarked on a commercial traineeship which led to a clerical job in
199:
In 1915, Kippenberger he volunteered for military service, and spent the rest of the
50:
1082:
1062:
1046:
1034:
878:
850:
In response to claims that the confessions were obtained under torture by the Nazi
760:
674:
646:
573:
565:
449:
363:
304:
216:
69:
1491:
966:
1058:
931:
835:
663:
658:
The funeral of Captains Anlauf and Lenck was attended by thousands of Berliners.
539:
359:
32:
1697:
215:. When Kippenberger was discharged in January 1919, he had reached the rank of
870:
627:
623:
569:
460:
the "BB-Ressort" was "the German Communist Party's most dangerous structure".
457:
412:
401:
394:
285:
1022:
The older daughter, Margot Kippenberger, was transferred to a labour camp in
538:
Enraged by Ulbricht's words, Kippenberger and Neumann decided to assassinate
362:
veterans taught the novices how to handle pistols, rifles, machine guns, and
1033:
After her parents' rehabilitation Margot Kippenberger was able to leave the
1016:
1012:
935:
744:
736:
715:
704:
557:
344:
106:
Bank administrator, foreign correspondent, political militant and politician
722:, where Mielke boasted: "Today we celebrate a job that I pulled!" (German:
335:
police in connection with the part he had played in the Hamburg uprising.
898:
and his allies took over the party leadership. The resignation of two of
310:
While living in Moscow, Kippenberger was personally recruited by General
945:, Kippenberger was declared guilty of "espionage and participation in a
1700:. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte" e.V., Königs-Wusterhausen
1273:. Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte" e.V., Königs-Wusterhausen
979:
958:
851:
802:
795:
740:
332:
300:
277:
239:
227:
223:
189:
46:
1439:"Kippenberger, Hans, Bankangestellter in Berlin, Wahlkr. 29 (Leipzig)"
1367:
Hermann Weber; Jakov Drabkin; Bernhard H. Bayerlein (1 January 2015).
915:
695:
593:
532:
416:
568:
and Erich Ziemer were selected as the shooters. During the meeting,
1057:
surveillance till March 1981 when she was permitted to relocate to
516:
officers in retaliation for every KPD member killed by the police.
407:
According to Koehler, the KPD's Selbstschutz men "always carried a
276:
which erupted in October 1923. In the city's politically left-wing
1054:
971:
860:
828:
809:
had lost none of its appetite for internal feuding. The arrest of
653:
645:
489:
478:
942:
821:
in the increasingly polarised leadership struggle that ensued.
343:
Towards the end of the 1920s, Kippenberger was ordered by the
1698:"Teilnehmer an der Tagung des ZK der KPD am 07. Februar 1933"
1868:. Nachbarschaftsheim Schöneberg e.V., Berlin. Archived from
1293:
The Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police
1445:. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. 1933. p. 316
1312:. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. 1928. p. 365
1631:
1629:
1412:
1410:
211:, was wounded several times, and was decorated with the
1248:. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. 1933. p. 5
998:
in what had, by this time, become the Soviet sponsored
1813:
1811:
724:"Heute wird ein Ding gefeiert, das ich gedreht habe!"
246:"Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands"
1666:. Dynamosport.de – Private website on the BFC Dynamo
1373:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1158.
626:
campaign. At one point in this particular campaign,
615:
by a violent rally demanding the dissolution of the
1140:. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. p. 633
1081:'s translation bureau. She was able to relocate to
634:even shared a speaker's platform with KPD agitator
165:). Between 1928 and 1933 he sat as a member of the
142:
132:
124:
110:
102:
94:
86:
76:
57:
39:
23:
1265:
1263:
690:. Mielke and Ziemer then returned to their homes.
1337:Vor 90 Jahren: Der bewaffnete Aufstand in Hamburg
1205:. "Kippenberger, Hans * 15.1.1898, † 3.10.1937".
710:After the murders, the act was celebrated at the
146:Friedrich Wilhelm Johann Kippenberger (1871–1941)
755:The political backdrop was transformed with the
1922:Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
1912:Independent Social Democratic Party politicians
1664:"Erich Mielke – Freund und Genosse (in German)"
1932:Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union
415:, these street-fighters were often armed with
303:till March 1924 when Kippenberger fled to the
1741:
1739:
1737:
1242:"Kommunistische Partei (Reichstag portraits)"
957:Hans Kippenberger married Thea Niemand, from
8:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
512:, the KPD had a policy of assassinating two
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
974:. During 1939, Thea Kippenberger died in a
427:In May 1928 he stood for membership of the
1598:
1596:
611:That evening, Captain Anlauf was lured to
369:According to John Koehler, members of the
31:
20:
347:to create a secret paramilitary wing for
157:(15 January 1898 – 3 October 1937) was a
1037:with her five children, arriving in the
873:, and Friedrich Bröde were sentenced to
439:conference, held in 1929 in the central
351:. In response, Kippenberger created the
295:in 1924, after the Hamburg uprising the
1747:"Margot Kippenberger ... Autobiography"
1108:
600:Kippenberger concluded, "When you spot
257:Meanwhile, he attended lectures at the
1947:Murders of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck
1907:Communist Party of Germany politicians
1847:
1837:
1396:
1386:
1223:
1212:
992:change in the political wind direction
404:, and "radical nationalist parties."
1789:Gregor Eisenhauer (20 January 2006).
1331:Thomas Eipeldauer (19 October 2013).
519:On 2 August 1931, KPD Members of the
470:Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck
244:Independent Social Democratic Party (
7:
1490:Siegfried Grundmann (January 2008).
926:On 5 November 1935, as the scope of
1927:Communists in the German Resistance
456:. Seen from the perspective of the
1464:Volker Müller (10 February 2009).
1207:Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten
393:, which was the armed wing of the
14:
1942:German spies for the Soviet Union
1917:Members of the Hamburg Parliament
1753:. 5 November 1958. Archived from
1653:Koehler (1999), page 415. Note 6.
1644:Koehler (1999), page 415. Note 7.
226:. From June 1921 he was based in
1937:Great Purge victims from Germany
1818:John O Koehler (5 August 2008).
1357:<Koehler (1999), pages 36-37.
355:, or "Party Self Defense Unit."
1271:"Hans Kippenberger (1898–1937)"
1132:"Kippenberger, Hans, Politiker"
990:Two decades later, following a
385:units, the arch-enemies of the
1092:"Old St. Matthew's Churchyard"
580:something to remember us by."
527:received a dressing down from
398:German National People's Party
188:Hans Kippenberger was born in
1:
682:" ("So Long... Goodbye...").
546:, or "Pig Face" by the KPD.
238:Kippenberger had already, in
18:German politician (1898–1937)
1824:. Basic Books. p. 416.
1614:Koehler (1999), pages 41–42.
642:Murder at the Babylon Cinema
508:During the last days of the
358:According to John Koehler, "
148:Katharina Leicht (1869–1942)
1993:
1039:German Democratic Republic
1000:German Democratic Republic
807:Communist Party of Germany
467:
1370:1933–1939 ... Footnote 16
1090:Sankt-Matthäus-Kirchhof (
941:In a secret trial by the
30:
1902:Politicians from Leipzig
1718:Koehler (1999), page 45.
1635:Koehler (1999), page 41.
1623:Koehler (1999), page 42.
1516:Koehler (1999), page 33.
1416:Koehler (1999), page 38.
1137:Neue deutsche Biographie
284:into Hamburg police and
128:Thea Niemand (1901–1939)
1071:government news service
892:party congress was held
842:In mid-March 1933, the
680:Wiedersehen... Gruss...
866:
839:
778:"Sporthaus Ziegenhals"
739:) in the port city of
723:
659:
651:
505:
487:
464:The Bülowplatz Murders
381:and it's paramilitary
213:Iron Cross First Class
1791:"Margot Kippenberger"
1291:John Koehler (1999),
963:Nazi seizure of power
947:counter-revolutionary
864:
832:
759:in January 1933. The
657:
649:
493:
482:
316:military intelligence
259:University of Hamburg
167:National Parliament (
81:Execution by shooting
1333:"Auf den Barrikaden"
1306:"Kippenberger, Hans"
902:'s old lieutenants,
825:The Bülowplatz Trial
763:lost little time in
495:Karl-Liebknecht-Haus
312:Yan Karlovich Berzin
205:Imperial German Army
138:Jeanette (1928–2016)
1972:Executed communists
1967:Communist assassins
1443:Reichstags-Handbuch
1310:Reichstags-Handbuch
1246:Reichstags-Handbuch
720:Rotfrontkämpferbund
617:Prussian Parliament
207:. He served on the
192:. His father was a
98:Universität Hamburg
77:Cause of death
1977:Executed assassins
1866:"Kinder des Gulag"
1757:on 2 February 2017
976:concentration camp
867:
840:
757:Nazi power seizure
660:
652:
562:Parteiselbstschutz
506:
488:
387:Parteiselbstschutz
371:Parteiselbstschutz
353:Parteiselbstschutz
293:Hamburg Parliament
136:Margot (1924–2005)
1831:978-0-7867-2441-3
1751:Бессмертный барак
1503:978-3-320-02113-9
1380:978-3-11-033978-9
1222:Missing or empty
1085:on 14 July 1978.
1051:Neues Deutschland
1043:Nikita Khrushchev
776:Ziegenhals café (
712:Lichtenberger Hof
630:propaganda chief
523:Kippenberger and
339:Red Stormtroopers
297:public prosecutor
265:"Volkswirtschaft"
155:Hans Kippenberger
152:
151:
25:Hans Kippenberger
1984:
1962:German assassins
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1872:on 10 April 2018
1862:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1795:Der Tagesspiegel
1786:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1743:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
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1591:
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1542:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1470:Berliner Zeitung
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1398:
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1384:
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1302:
1296:
1289:
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1282:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1258:
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1255:
1253:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1195:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1124:
1002:(East Germany).
904:Hermann Schubert
881:on 22 May 1935.
551:KPD headquarters
314:into the Soviet
274:Hamburg uprising
263:socioeconomics (
64:
35:
21:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1846:
1836:
1832:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1669:
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1662:
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1657:
1652:
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1634:
1627:
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1618:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1594:
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1582:
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1570:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
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1520:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1489:
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1437:
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1432:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1395:
1385:
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1366:
1365:
1361:
1356:
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1342:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1221:
1211:
1197:
1196:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1126:
1125:
1110:
1106:
1008:
988:
955:
924:
887:
885:The Great Purge
827:
815:Walter Ulbricht
791:communist party
767:Germany into a
753:
732:
644:
636:Walter Ulbricht
632:Joseph Goebbels
529:Walter Ulbricht
510:Weimar Republic
484:Walter Ulbricht
477:
472:
466:
435:At the twelfth
425:
341:
324:Weimar Republic
252:Communist Party
236:
201:First World War
186:
178:Communist Party
147:
137:
117:
111:Political party
95:Alma mater
72:
66:
62:
53:
44:
43:15 January 1898
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1857:
1830:
1807:
1768:
1733:
1720:
1711:
1689:
1687:, pages 42–43.
1677:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1562:John Koehler,
1555:
1543:
1531:
1525:John Koehler,
1518:
1509:
1502:
1482:
1456:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1379:
1359:
1350:
1323:
1297:
1284:
1259:
1233:
1203:Andreas Herbst
1151:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1007:
1004:
987:
986:Rehabilitation
984:
954:
951:
923:
920:
916:Soviet capital
886:
883:
826:
823:
811:Ernst Thälmann
787:Reichstag fire
761:new government
752:
749:
731:
728:
688:Mordkommission
643:
640:
476:
473:
468:Main article:
465:
462:
424:
423:Representative
421:
340:
337:
235:
234:Radicalization
232:
185:
182:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
67:
65:(aged 39)
61:3 October 1937
59:
55:
54:
45:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1989:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
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1632:
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1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
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1589:
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1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
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1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1505:
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1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
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1427:
1422:
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1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1360:
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1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
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1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:Hermann Weber
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1128:Hermann Weber
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1086:
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1080:
1076:
1072:
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1044:
1040:
1036:
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1029:
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1020:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
985:
983:
981:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
953:Personal life
952:
950:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
928:Joseph Stalin
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
908:Fritz Schulte
905:
901:
897:
893:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
863:
859:
857:
853:
848:
845:
844:Berlin police
837:
831:
824:
822:
820:
819:Wilhelm Pieck
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
792:
788:
783:
781:
779:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
714:, a favorite
713:
708:
706:
700:
697:
691:
689:
683:
681:
676:
671:
669:
668:Schweinebacke
665:
656:
648:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
602:Schweinebacke
598:
596:
595:
590:
586:
585:Schweinebacke
581:
579:
578:Schweinebacke
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
544:Schweinebacke
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:Heinz Neumann
522:
517:
515:
514:Berlin police
511:
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:
481:
474:
471:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
442:
438:
433:
430:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
364:hand grenades
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
338:
336:
334:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
266:
260:
255:
253:
249:
247:
242:, joined the
241:
233:
231:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
209:Western Front
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
183:
181:
179:
174:
172:
170:
164:
160:
156:
145:
141:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
103:Occupation(s)
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
16:
1897:GRU officers
1874:. Retrieved
1870:the original
1860:
1820:
1798:. Retrieved
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1750:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1692:
1684:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1640:
1619:
1610:
1602:
1590:, pp. 39–40.
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1553:, pp. 38–39.
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1492:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1336:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1250:. Retrieved
1245:
1236:
1206:
1142:. Retrieved
1135:
1096:in Berlin's
1091:
1087:
1083:West Germany
1079:ruling party
1067:
1063:Soviet Union
1047:Soviet Union
1035:Soviet Union
1032:
1024:Vologodskaya
1021:
1009:
996:ruling party
989:
956:
940:
925:
888:
868:
849:
841:
800:
784:
777:
772:dictatorship
765:transforming
754:
751:Nazi Germany
733:
711:
709:
701:
692:
687:
684:
679:
675:Luger pistol
672:
667:
661:
621:
610:
605:
601:
599:
592:
584:
582:
577:
574:Luger pistol
566:Erich Mielke
561:
555:
548:
543:
537:
518:
507:
450:Soviet Union
434:
426:
408:
406:
386:
383:Reichsbanner
370:
368:
357:
352:
342:
329:
322:. After the
318:service, or
309:
305:Soviet Union
290:
271:
264:
256:
245:
237:
221:
217:Oberleutnant
198:
187:
175:
168:
161:politician (
154:
153:
70:Soviet Union
63:(1937-10-03)
15:
1957:1937 deaths
1952:1898 births
1848:|work=
1731:, page 416.
1397:|work=
1059:West Berlin
1006:The orphans
967:Thea Beling
932:Great Purge
836:Nazi salute
664:Franz Lenck
613:Bülow-Platz
589:Bülow-Platz
540:Paul Anlauf
503:Left Party.
432:(Leipzig).
402:Trotskyites
373:"served as
360:World War I
87:Nationality
1891:Categories
1800:28 January
1761:28 January
1704:28 January
1475:28 January
1449:27 January
1343:27 January
1316:27 January
1295:, page 36.
1277:27 January
1252:27 January
1224:|url=
1144:27 January
1104:References
1098:Schöneberg
871:Max Matern
624:plebiscite
570:Max Matern
499:Bülowplatz
458:Nazi Party
419:as well."
395:Monarchist
286:Reichswehr
184:Early life
176:Like many
49:, Saxony,
1850:ignored (
1840:cite book
1729:The Stasi
1727:Koehler,
1685:The Stasi
1603:The Stasi
1588:The Stasi
1576:The Stasi
1564:The Stasi
1551:The Stasi
1539:The Stasi
1527:The Stasi
1496:. Dietz.
1426:The Stasi
1399:ignored (
1389:cite book
1075:Intertext
1017:Tatarstan
1013:Chistopol
936:Hotel Lux
879:beheading
769:one-party
745:Leningrad
737:Comintern
730:Aftermath
716:beer hall
705:orphanage
558:beer hall
521:Reichstag
445:Reichstag
429:Reichstag
409:Stahlrute
391:Stahlhelm
389:were the
349:the party
345:Comintern
169:Reichstag
143:Parent(s)
1670:30 March
1605:, p. 41.
1578:, p. 39.
1566:, p. 39.
1541:, p. 36.
1529:, p. 36.
1428:, p. 38.
1215:cite web
1130:(1977).
900:Thälmann
896:Ulbricht
564:members
475:Planning
400:(DVNP),
375:bouncers
133:Children
68:Moscow,
1876:9 April
1821:Note 15
980:Siberia
959:Hamburg
852:Gestapo
803:Gestapo
796:Gestapo
741:Antwerp
718:of the
572:gave a
454:Germany
441:Wedding
417:pistols
333:Hamburg
301:Leipzig
288:units.
278:Barmbek
248:/ USPD)
240:Leipzig
228:Hamburg
224:Leipzig
203:in the
194:secular
190:Leipzig
51:Germany
47:Leipzig
1828:
1500:
1377:
1077:, the
912:Moscow
696:gunmen
606:Hussar
594:Hussar
533:Saxony
159:German
125:Spouse
90:German
1055:Stasi
972:Gulag
922:Death
875:death
437:Party
413:Nazis
282:moles
1878:2018
1852:help
1826:ISBN
1802:2017
1763:2017
1706:2017
1672:2008
1498:ISBN
1477:2017
1451:2017
1401:help
1375:ISBN
1345:2017
1318:2017
1279:2017
1254:2017
1228:help
1146:2017
1069:the
943:NKVD
938:).
906:and
817:and
785:The
628:Nazi
604:and
115:USPD
58:Died
40:Born
1028:war
1015:in
978:in
930:'s
894:]:
670:!"
619:.
379:SPD
320:GRU
307:.
261:on
219:.
163:KPD
119:KPD
1893::
1844::
1842:}}
1838:{{
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1793:.
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918:.
856:SA
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497:,
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1880:.
1854:)
1834:.
1804:.
1765:.
1708:.
1674:.
1506:.
1479:.
1453:.
1403:)
1383:.
1347:.
1320:.
1281:.
1256:.
1230:)
1226:(
1148:.
1094:)
780:)
678:"
267:)
171:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
