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Hans Mommsen

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debate about how to incorporate the Holocaust into German historiography, Mommsen argued that the Holocaust and fascist crimes could not be downplayed by being equated with Soviet crimes. Mommsen argued that the growth in pacifist feeling in the Federal Republic as reflected in widespread public
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A major figure in Germany, Mommsen often took stands on the great issues of the day, believing that the responsibility for ensuring the mistakes of the past are never repeated rests upon an engaged and historically-conscious citizenry. Mommsen saw it as the duty of the historian to constantly
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have criticized Mommsen for underestimating the importance of Hitler and Nazi ideology. The Swiss historian Walter Hofer accused Mommsen of "not seeing because he does not want to see" what Hofer saw as the obvious connection between what Hitler wrote in
333:(Special Path) interpretation of German history that sees the ways German society, culture, and politics developed in the 19th century as having made the emergence of Nazi Germany in the 20th century virtually inevitable. 590:"The Search for the 'Lost History' Observations on the Historical Self-Evidence of the Federal Republic" pages 101–113 and "The New Historical Consciousness and the Relativizing of National Socialism" pages 114–124 from 276:
Along the same lines, these historians criticized Mommsen for focusing too much on initiatives coming from below in the ranks of the German bureaucracy and not enough on initiatives coming from above in the leadership in
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in the 1950s. In two articles published in 1966, Mommsen proved as false the claim often advanced in the 1950s that the ideas behind "men of July 20" were the inspiration for the 1949 Basic Law of the Federal Republic.
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has criticized Mommsen for stressing too much the similarities in values between the traditional German state bureaucracy and the Nazi Party's bureaucracy while paying insufficient attention to the differences.
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about foreign policy, Mommsen argued that German foreign policy did not follow a "programme" during the Nazi era, but was instead "expansion without object" as the foreign policy of the
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Mommsen is best known for arguing that Hitler was a "weak dictator" who rather than acting decisively, reacted to various social pressures. Mommsen believed that Nazi Germany was not a
428:, Volume 12, 1964, pages 351–413 (The Reichstag Fire and Its Political Consequences), translated into English as "The Reichstag Fire and Its Political Consequences" pages 129-222 from 2880: 1023:
und Beiträgen von Dieter Deiseroth, Hersch Fischler, Wolf-Dieter Narr; herausgegeben von der Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler e. V., Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2004,
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Much of Mommsen's early work concerned the history of the German working class, both as an object of study itself and as a factor in the larger German society. Mommsen's 1979 book,
232:, Mommsen developed the structuralist interpretation of the Third Reich, that saw the Nazi state as a chaotic collection of rival bureaucracies engaged in endless power struggles. 517:(Politics and Society in the Old and New Austria: Festschrift for Rudolf Neck on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday), co-edited with Isabella Acker and Walter Hummelbergrer, 1981. 2875: 2118: 189:(The Labour Movement and the National Question), a collection of his essays written in the 1960s–70s was the conclusion of his studies in German working class history. 2895: 1079: 311:
made it imperative for the Americans and the West German government to promote a more nationalistic version of German history, and that was what was behind the
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Von der Aufgabe der Freiheit: politische Antwortung und bürgerliche Gesellschaft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: Festschrift für Hans Mommsen zum. 5. November 1995
340:. Much of Mommsen's work in this area concerns the problems of "resistance without the people". Mommsen drew unfavorable comparisons between what he saw as 117:(5 November 1930 – 5 November 2015) was a German historian, known for his studies in German social history, for his functionalist interpretation of the 653:, Nr. 36, 30 August 1996, translated into English as "Conditions for Carrying Out the Holocaust: Comments on Daniel Goldhagen's Book" pages 31–43 from 2900: 1507: 2915: 2920: 2865: 2850: 2683: 511:(Concerning the Misery of Piece-Work: Problems in Conducting Historical Research about the Underclass), co-edited with Winfried Schulze, 1981. 2910: 2890: 2870: 781: 737: 709: 633:(Unequal Neighbours: Democratic and National Emancipation of the Germans, Czechs, and Slovaks, 1815–1914) co-edited with Jiřǐ Kořalka, 1993. 2860: 1099: 206: 1427: 1072: 345: 174: 130: 2885: 1267: 1028: 982: 723: 689: 666: 614: 599: 577: 559: 544: 478: 441: 367:
Starting in the 1960s, Mommsen was one of a younger generation of West German historians who provide a more critical assessment of
450:(The Institution of the Civil Service in the Third Reich: With Selected Sources On National Socialist Civil Service Policy), 1966. 396: 32: 964:(National Socialism and German Society: Selected Essays) edited by Lutz Niethammer and Bernd Wiesbrod, Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991. 487:(Labor Movement and Industrial Change: Problems in Union Organizing in the Reich and the Ruhr), edited by Hans Mommsen, 1978. 2761: 2542: 839: 1977: 2855: 2809: 1312: 1088: 1065: 456:(Industrialism and Political Development of the Weimar Republic), co-edited with Dietmar Petzina and Bernd Weisbrod, 1974. 327:, blaming the downfall of the Republic on German conservatives. Like his brother Wolfgang, Mommsen was a champion of the 2845: 1859: 1407: 485:
Arbeiterbewegung und Industrieller Wandel: Studien zu Gewerkschaftlichen Organisationsproblemen im Reich und an der Ruhr
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Ungleiche Nachbarn: Demokratische und Nationale Emanzipation bei Deutsche, Tschechen und Slowaken (1815–1914)
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within German elites, and came to decry the "monumentalization" typical of German historical writing about
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Der Erste Weltkrieg und die europäische Nachkriegsordnung: Sozialer Wandel und Formveränderung der Politik
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Klassenkampf oder Mitbestimmung: Zum Problem der Kontrolle wirtschaftlicher Macht in der Weimarer Republik
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Politik und Gesellschaft im alten und neuen Österreich: Festschrift für Rodolf Neck zum 60. Geburtstag
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Auf der Suche nach historischer Normalität: Beiträge zum Geschichtsbildstreit in der Bundesrepublik
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Neues vom Reichstagsbrand – Eine Dokumentation. Ein Versäumnis der deutschen Geschichtsschreibung.
732:(The Nazi Regime and the Extermination of the Jews in Europe), Göttingen: Wallstein-Verlag, 2014, 2711: 2479: 2308: 2222: 2095: 1972: 1959: 1929: 1854: 1814: 1804: 1741: 1736: 1590: 1522: 1472: 1244: 1124: 251: 1909: 1819: 1550: 1292: 448:
Beamtentum im Dritten Reich: Mit ausgewählten Quellen zur nationalsozialistischen Beamtenpolitik
255: 2693: 2403: 2270: 2161: 2080: 2002: 1939: 1924: 1626: 1618: 1462: 1437: 1199: 1174: 1104: 1024: 978: 777: 771: 733: 719: 705: 685: 662: 610: 595: 573: 555: 540: 474: 437: 421:(Social Democracy and the Nationalities Question in the Multi-Ethnic Hapbsburg Empire), 1963. 2804: 2736: 2731: 2658: 2585: 2575: 2522: 2333: 2323: 2318: 2283: 2085: 2027: 1987: 1949: 1869: 1799: 1794: 1779: 1598: 1134: 1114: 658: 529:(Everyday Rule in the Third Reich: Studies and Texts), co-edited with Susanne Willems, 1988. 387: 302: 259: 154: 462:(Social Democracy Between Class Movement and Populist Party), edited by Hans Mommsen, 1974. 2814: 2776: 2726: 2613: 2565: 2464: 2454: 2383: 2288: 2174: 2146: 2055: 2045: 2040: 1919: 1774: 1716: 1701: 1686: 1555: 1442: 1337: 1327: 1214: 1109: 1047: 324: 150: 146: 126: 2663: 2202: 1565: 1042:
The Genesis of the Holocaust: An Assessment of the Functionalist School of Historiography
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The Third Reich Between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History, 1918–1945
169:. Mommsen served as professor at Tübingen (1960–1961), Heidelberg (1963–1968) and at the 533:
Die verspielte Freiheit: Der Weg der Republik von Weimar in den Untergang, 1918 bis 1933
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Another area of interest for Mommsen was dissent, opposition, and resistance in the
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London: Arnold; New York: Copublished in the USA by Oxford University Press, 2000.
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Germans Against Hitler: The Stauffenberg Plot and Resistance Under the Third Reich
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Die Sozialdemokratie und die Nationalitätenfrage im habsburgischen Vielvölkerstaat
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edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993, pages 110–111
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edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993, pages 121–122
636:"Adolf Hitler und der 9. November 1923" (Adolf Hitler and 9 November 1923) from 391: 337: 118: 2484: 2113: 1631: 1422: 1352: 1297: 1224: 696:
Von Weimar nach Auschwitz: Zur Geschichte Deutschlands in der Weltkriegsepoche
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Glück Auf, Kameraden! Die Bergarbeiter und ihre Organisationen in Deutschland
2794: 2388: 1530: 1149: 1002:, edited by Kelly Boyd, Volume 2, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishing, 1999. 962:
Der Nationalsozialismus und die deutsche Geselleschaft: Ausgewählte Aufsätze
329: 173:(since 1968). He married Margaretha Reindel in 1966. He was a member of the 98: 177:
from 1960 until his death. He died on 5 November 2015, his 85th birthday.
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The German Historians: Hitler's Willing Executioners and Daniel Goldhagen
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The Nazi Dictatorship : problems and perspectives of interpretation
718:, translated into English by Angus McGeoch, London: I. B. Tauris, 2009, 678:
Alternative zu Hitler. Studien zur Geschichte des deutschen Widerstandes
583:"The German Resistance against Hitler and the Restoration of Politics," 454:
Industrielles System und politische Entwicklung in der Weimarer Republik
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Mommsen, Hans, "The Search for the 'Lost History'", pages 101–113 from
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Vom Elend der Handarbeit: Probleme historischer Unterschichtenforschung
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driven by powerful internal forces sought expansion in all directions.
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Mommsen, Hans, "The New Historical Consciousness", pages 114–124 from
499:(The Labor Movement and the National Question: Selected Essays), 1979. 386:
During the "Goldhagen Controversy" of 1996, Mommsen emerged as one of
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Alternatives to Hitler : German Resistance under the Third Reich
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The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems & Perspectives of Interpretation
217:" of the German state as opposed to a long-term plan on the part of 594:
edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993,
623:(Studies in National Socialist Ideology and Rule), co-edited with 467:
Fascism: A Reader's Guide. Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography
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Mommsen wrote highly regarded books and essays on the fall of the
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was a weak dictator. Descended from Nobel Prize-winning historian
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The Nazi Dictatorship Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation
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The Nazi Dictatorship Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation
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Widerstand und politische Kultur in Deutschland und Österreich
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Der Nationalsozialismus: Studien zur Ideologie und Herrschaft
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edited by Jane Caplan and Thomas Childers, New York, 1993,
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Arbeiterbewegung und Nationale Frage: Ausgewählte Aufsätze
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Das NS-Regime und die Auslöschung des Judentums in Europa
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Sozialdemokratie zwische Klassenbewegung und Volkspartei
957:, New Haven Conn.; London: Yale University Press, 2001. 424:"Der Reichstagsbrand und seine politischen Folgen," in 568:, 1991; translated by Philip O'Connor into English as 209:
in regard to the origins of the Holocaust, seeing the
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The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
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The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
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Der 9. November: Fünf Essays zur deutschen Geschichte
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Der Nationalsozialismus und die deutsche Gesellschaft
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edited by Peter Baldwin, Beacon Press: Boston, 1990,
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Herrschaftsalltag im Dritten Reich: Studien und Texte
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Republic to Reich The Making of the Nazi Revolution
157:. He studied German, history and philosophy at the 104: 94: 86: 67: 42: 23: 821: 819: 817: 815: 813: 811: 809: 807: 805: 803: 801: 799: 797: 795: 793: 773:Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing 937:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 page 254 246:Mommsen faced criticism in the following areas: 684:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003, 655:Hyping the Holocaust: Scholars Answer Goldhagen 2881:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians 1073: 8: 2906:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen 193:Functionalism and the "weak dictator" thesis 149:and great-grandson of the historian of Rome 2876:Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences 1012:, Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1987. 1080: 1066: 1058: 908:, London: Arnold Press, 2000 pages 187–188 31: 20: 523:(In Search of Historical Normalcy), 1987. 1053:An Interview with Professor Hans Mommsen 2896:Academic staff of Heidelberg University 762: 153:. He was the twin brother of historian 921:, London: Arnold Press, 2000 page 188 776:. Taylor & Francis. p. 826. 537:The Rise And Fall Of Weimar Democracy 7: 977:, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2003, 840:"Hans Mommsen, historian - obituary" 426:Vierteljahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte 309:American raid on Libya in April 1986 187:Arbeiterbewegung und nationale Frage 856:London : Arnold 2000 page 138 436:, New York: Pantheon Books, 1972, 364:life in the Weimar and Nazi eras. 250:Intentionalist historians such as 175:Social Democratic Party of Germany 131:Social Democratic Party of Germany 121:, and especially for arguing that 14: 869:London : Arnold 2000 page 98 893:Forever In The Shadow of Hitler? 880:Forever In The Shadow of Hitler? 592:Forever In The Shadow of Hitler? 228:state. Together with his friend 197:Mommsen was a leading expert on 108:Studies in German social history 2916:German male non-fiction writers 960:"Einleitung" (Introduction) in 409:critique contemporary society. 2921:21st-century German historians 2866:Fellows of the British Academy 2851:20th-century German historians 1: 2901:University of Tübingen alumni 704:, ed. by Hans Mommsen, 2001, 397:Hitler's Willing Executioners 145:, the child of the historian 2911:University of Marburg alumni 2891:Heidelberg University alumni 2871:Members of Academia Europaea 674:, ed. by Hans Mommsen, 2000. 607:Reevaluating the Third Reich 16:German historian (1930–2015) 2861:Historians of the Holocaust 382:The "Goldhagen Controversy" 356:. Mommsen was an expert on 2937: 751:List of Adolf Hitler books 1095: 1019:Mit einem Geleitwort von 585:Journal of Modern History 215:cumulative radicalization 129:, he was a member of the 30: 2886:People from Hesse-Nassau 1048:Portrait of Hans Mommsen 1010:The Holocaust in History 955:Rethinking the Holocaust 627:and Hans Buchheim, 1993. 570:From Weimar to Auschwitz 159:University of Heidelberg 587:Vol. 64, December 1992. 360:and often wrote about 273:and his later actions. 163:University of Tübingen 1860:Moeller van den Bruck 867:The Nazi Dictatorship 854:The Nazi Dictatorship 319:Other historical work 264:Karl Dietrich Bracher 167:University of Marburg 2856:Historians of Nazism 1398:Geoffrey of Monmouth 1165:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn 1089:Historians of Europe 213:as a result of the " 171:University of Bochum 141:Mommsen was born in 2846:People from Marburg 2543:Mintalová-Zubercová 770:Kelly Boyd (1999). 1870:Mommsen (Wolfgang) 552:Reworking the Past 352:resistance to the 307:opposition to the 252:Andreas Hillgruber 235:In regards to the 2823: 2822: 2594:Altamira y Crevea 1551:Klaić (Vjekoslav) 1044:, Jacqueline Bird 783:978-1-884964-33-6 738:978-3-8353-1395-8 710:978-1-85973-254-0 346:Social Democratic 284:Mommsen's friend 112: 111: 2928: 2679:Ribera y Tarragó 2208:Oliveira Marques 1258:de Schaepdrijver 1082: 1075: 1068: 1059: 1015:Hans Schneider, 938: 931: 922: 915: 909: 902: 896: 889: 883: 876: 870: 863: 857: 850: 844: 843: 836: 830: 823: 788: 787: 767: 659:Franklin Littell 388:Daniel Goldhagen 313:Historikerstreit 303:Historikerstreit 295:Historikerstreit 260:Klaus Hildebrand 155:Wolfgang Mommsen 74: 52: 50: 35: 21: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2781: 2688: 2614:John of Biclaro 2580: 2552: 2509: 2441: 2398: 2265: 2217: 2198:Hermano Saraiva 2184: 2156: 2123: 2090: 2022: 1954: 1739: 1731: 1613: 1585: 1517: 1314: 1307: 1269: 1262: 1239: 1091: 1086: 1038: 1006:Marrus, Michael 947: 942: 941: 932: 925: 916: 912: 903: 899: 890: 886: 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He was a 119:Third Reich 87:Nationality 2830:Categories 2815:Tomasevich 2787:Yugoslavia 2576:Verginella 2566:Grafenauer 2437:Stanojević 2256:Tismaneanu 1815:Hirschfeld 1805:Hillgruber 1800:Hildebrand 1413:Himmelfarb 1268:Bosnia and 1225:Thucydides 1130:Eisenstein 1115:Burckhardt 945:References 657:edited by 469:edited by 432:edited by 404:Later work 375:Widerstand 370:Widerstand 270:Mein Kampf 181:Early work 95:Occupation 49:1930-11-05 2634:Florencio 2609:Bennassar 2432:Novaković 2427:Mihaljčić 2344:Khlevniuk 2279:Applebaum 2175:Jasienica 2081:Salvemini 2056:De Felice 2008:O'Donovan 1998:Machtheni 1950:Zitelmann 1940:Wolffsohn 1712:Sternhell 1627:Bainville 1581:Vitezović 1576:Smičiklas 1503:Trevelyan 1338:Armstrong 1303:Mesihović 1200:von Ranke 350:Communist 330:Sonderweg 99:Historian 81:, Germany 2810:Schwartz 2805:Jelavich 2762:Robinson 2737:Lönnroth 2722:Harrison 2717:Grimberg 2558:Slovenia 2538:Marusiak 2515:Slovakia 2465:Buchanan 2447:Scotland 2417:Ćirković 2354:Medvedev 2334:Karamzin 2314:Grimsted 2289:Conquest 2190:Portugal 2071:Ginzburg 2066:Ginsborg 2041:Bosworth 2013:Tírechán 1978:Cléirigh 1945:de Zayas 1895:Rothfels 1855:Meinecke 1702:Renouvin 1687:Mousnier 1682:Michelet 1599:Borodkin 1513:Wedgwood 1498:Thompson 1453:Marshall 1448:Macaulay 1418:Hobsbawm 1403:Hastings 1393:Gardiner 1378:Ferguson 1333:Anderson 1283:Knežević 1235:Zamoyski 1215:Spengler 1195:Polybius 1140:Hobsbawm 1105:Blanning 745:See also 651:Die Zeit 165:and the 2777:Weibull 2772:Weibull 2757:Roberts 2752:Ringmar 2707:Fryxell 2702:Englund 2674:de Rada 2669:Preston 2629:Elliott 2624:Collins 2548:Šafárik 2528:Kamenec 2505:Tranter 2422:Deretić 2412:Ćorović 2384:Taubman 2374:Shearer 2369:Service 2324:Hosking 2299:Danilov 2284:Bethell 2261:Xenopol 2251:Mitrany 2223:Romania 2203:Mattoso 2096:Moldova 2076:Petacco 2061:Gentile 2003:O'Curry 1988:Keating 1960:Ireland 1910:Stürmer 1885:Peukert 1825:Kershaw 1790:Fischer 1765:Bullock 1760:Broszat 1755:Bracher 1742:Austria 1737:Germany 1707:Roberts 1672:Ladurie 1667:Johnson 1642:Carlyle 1609:Porthan 1591:Finland 1541:Katičić 1523:Croatia 1478:Starkey 1468:Roberts 1433:Johnson 1323:Adamson 1315:Kingdom 1253:Pirenne 1245:Belgium 1210:Roberts 1205:Roberts 1190:Pirenne 1180:Mazower 1160:Kershaw 1110:Braudel 698:, 2001. 640:, 1994. 300:In the 143:Marburg 79:Tutzing 57:Marburg 2800:Glenny 2767:Stolpe 2742:Magnus 2732:Hjärne 2727:Hatton 2712:Geijer 2694:Sweden 2684:Thomas 2654:Parker 2639:Gibson 2604:Beevor 2533:Kollár 2480:Harvie 2470:Burnet 2455:Barrow 2404:Serbia 2359:Petrov 2329:Hughes 2319:Hjärne 2294:Cronin 2271:Russia 2236:Hasdeu 2170:Davies 2162:Poland 2152:Schama 2147:Israel 2142:Motley 2114:Nistor 2104:Cazacu 2051:Cronin 1983:Hughes 1968:Browne 1930:Wehler 1920:Taylor 1905:Stahel 1890:Ritter 1830:Komlos 1820:Jäckel 1795:Görres 1770:Citino 1697:Paxton 1692:Palmer 1677:Marrus 1657:Febvre 1637:Becker 1619:France 1556:Lucius 1493:Thomas 1488:Tawney 1473:Seeley 1463:Morgan 1458:Namier 1388:Fraser 1363:Davies 1353:Briggs 1343:Bailyn 1313:United 1293:Redžić 1278:Peçevi 1185:Ozment 1175:Martin 1170:Lukacs 1145:Jacoby 1125:Dawson 1120:Davies 1027:  981:  780:  736:  722:  708:  688:  665:  613:  598:  576:  558:  543:  477:  440:  279:Berlin 237:debate 161:, the 90:German 2795:Banac 2664:Pérez 2659:Payne 2649:Kamen 2644:Ivars 2586:Spain 2571:Melik 2500:Scott 2490:Lynch 2460:Boece 2394:Werth 2364:Pipes 2349:Lewin 2339:Kenez 2304:Figes 2241:Iorga 2213:Rosas 2180:Steed 2109:Iorga 2086:Smith 2046:Croce 2028:Italy 1993:Lyons 1973:Byrne 1935:Wette 1900:Stern 1880:Nolte 1875:Mosse 1850:Mason 1845:Lower 1835:Koonz 1810:House 1780:Evans 1775:Craig 1727:Weber 1717:Taine 1662:Horne 1647:Davis 1632:Bloch 1604:Ordin 1571:Šišić 1566:Rački 1561:Macan 1536:Gross 1531:Banac 1483:Stone 1443:Louis 1438:Lloyd 1383:Firth 1373:Elton 1368:Duffy 1328:Allen 1230:Unwin 1220:Stone 1155:Kagan 1135:Evans 1100:Acton 757:Notes 354:Nazis 241:Reich 2619:Carr 2599:Arié 2523:Deák 2495:Oram 2485:Kidd 2389:Ulam 2231:Boia 2137:Geyl 2119:King 2018:Ware 1785:Fest 1750:Bock 1740:and 1652:Duby 1428:Hyde 1423:Hume 1408:Hill 1348:Bede 1298:Vego 1150:Judt 1025:ISBN 979:ISBN 778:ISBN 734:ISBN 720:ISBN 706:ISBN 686:ISBN 663:ISBN 611:ISBN 596:ISBN 574:ISBN 556:ISBN 541:ISBN 475:ISBN 438:ISBN 413:Work 348:and 293:The 262:and 201:and 68:Died 43:Born 2832:: 1008:, 991:, 953:, 926:^ 792:^ 400:. 315:. 258:, 254:, 221:. 133:. 59:, 1081:e 1074:t 1067:v 1031:. 985:. 786:. 740:. 726:. 712:. 692:. 617:. 602:. 580:. 562:. 547:. 481:. 444:. 281:. 51:) 47:(

Index


Marburg
Weimar Germany
Tutzing
Historian
Third Reich
Adolf Hitler
Theodor Mommsen
Social Democratic Party of Germany
Marburg
Wilhelm Mommsen
Theodor Mommsen
Wolfgang Mommsen
University of Heidelberg
University of Tübingen
University of Marburg
University of Bochum
Social Democratic Party of Germany
Nazi Germany
the Holocaust
functionalist
Final Solution
cumulative radicalization
Adolf Hitler
totalitarian
Martin Broszat
debate
Andreas Hillgruber
Eberhard Jäckel
Klaus Hildebrand

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