398:, where sixteen people were chosen to be representatives to negotiate with the Governor about the closure of the ethnic schools, and to discuss the general attitudes towards Koreans and Korean education in Osaka. When no agreements were reached, nearly 4,000 protestors forcefully entered the central office of the Osaka Prefecture Government, destroying office equipment and cutting phone lines. The Governor of Osaka, with whom they had hoped to negotiate, escaped the office with the assistance of a police escort. Over the next few days, the protests grew in number to between 20,000 and 40,000 protestors. These protests, which were mostly centralized at Otemae Park in Osaka, were dispersed by the military. A Korean teenager named Kim T'ae-il, the only recorded casualty from the Hanshin Education Incident, was killed when Japanese police were shooting among the crowd of protestors.
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be “Japanese professions," which included the majority of public and private sector work. As a result, a large number of
Koreans began to work in alcohol production and scrap recycling, or engage in criminal activity. Many Japanese Koreans graduates were not able to find work due to their Korean heritage. A 1955 law forced all Koreans to be fingerprinted, as they were considered to be foreigners living in Japan. Up to the early 1980s, Koreans living in Japan faced unequal treatment in regards to public services, as many Japanese Korean seniors were denied pensions on the basis of their Korean ethnicity. These policies led to a growth in Korean resentment towards the Allied occupation and the post-war Japanese government.
369:. This required all schools in Japan to be accredited by the state and made Japanese the only official language of instruction. Korean could only be used for extracurricular activities. Since the ethnic schools did not comply with these regulations, General MacArthur instructed that all the Korean schools be shut down. As a result of the 1947 School Education Law, the Governor of Hyogo Prefecture ordered all Korean ethnic schools to close down on April 10, 1948. Thirteen days later, on April 23, Japanese police and military used force to close down schools by physically removing students and nailing the doors shut. The police and military then blocked the entrance to
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325:("League of Koreans in Japan"), an organization that represented the interests of Koreans living in Japan. The League's aim was to preserve Korean culture among the minority inhabiting Japan. As many of the children who attended the schools were not fluent in Korean, the schools' mandate was to reconnect Korean children with their ethnic language and to facilitate a smooth transition, should they decide to return to Korea.
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previously arrested. About 100 Korean protestors broke into the reception of the
Governor's office, where they destroyed furniture and cut off the phone lines, which limited communication with the police and military. The protestors also broke down the wall to the Governor's office, where the protestors kept the Governor, the Mayor of Kobe and the
450:, the Japanese Koreans approached the issue of ethnic schools by working within the Japanese legal system. This approach was successful, as the Koreans living in Japan moved away from the Japanese Communist Party, and instead started to fund the ethnic Korean schools privately, or with the support from Chongryon and Mindan,
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made it so that
Koreans were only allowed to gain citizenship if their father was Japanese. Those born to Japanese mothers and Korean fathers were stripped of their Japanese citizenship. Successive anti-Korean laws impeded ethnic Koreans' ability to seek employment in professions that were deemed to
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Hyogo
Prefecture was also a centre for the protests. On the morning of April 24, almost 3,000 Koreans and Japanese Communist Party members protested in front of the Hyogo Prefecture Government Building in an attempt to get the government to re-open the schools and release the 70 Koreans who had been
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In the 1980s the situation began to improve for ethnic
Koreans in Japan. There were educational reforms in Japan which allowed Korean schools to maintain their status as private educational institutions, with some in operation up to this day. By 1987, naturalized Koreans living in Japan became able
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as a protectorate. In 1938, the
Japanese government adopted a policy that aimed to assimilate Koreans by replacing Korean language education with Japanese language education. By 1943, speaking Korean was forbidden. Despite resistance, many Koreans also adopted Japanese names, in hopes of improving
382:
470:, but with the end of the Korean War, ethnic Korean activists moved away from an anti-Japanese stance and attempted to depoliticize their movement and sever ties with the Communist Party in Japan. Not all ethnic Koreans aligned with the communist ideology of the movement and a split within the
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In Hyogo
Prefecture, the government closed the Korean ethnic schools and forced students to transfer to the local Japanese schools. These actions resulted in the closure of most of the 337 schools that were administered by the League of Koreans. By 1952, 157 Korean ethnic schools were still in
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That evening, a state of emergency was declared in Hyogo, and the U.S. Military took over the security situation. The promises that the
Governor had made became null and void, as the Governor made them while under duress. On April 25, the US military police, together with the Japanese police,
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Koreans received permanent residency status too and were granted the right to visit their families in North Korea. Nearly the entire population of ethnic
Koreans living in Japan had been granted permanent residency by 1991. The law that required the fingerprinting of permanent residents was
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ethnic
Koreans. In 2017, the District Court of Osaka ruled that the attempted cuts to school subsidies by the Abe government should be retracted. One year later, the Japanese High Court upheld the government's decision to restrict educational subsidies for students attending
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affiliated schools more closely, including their educational curriculum and their financial ties, as they had been sending monetary aid to North Korea. By 1999, 90% of Korean children in Japan received their education in a Japanese school.
317:. There was a significant Korean population (approximately 725,000) living in Japan at the time, and the majority were not able to practice Korean traditions under Japanese Imperial rule. After independence, Korean ethnic schools (known as
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arrested thousands more of the protestors and alleged leaders of the League of Koreans. The state of emergency was lifted the next day and, by April 29, 1,732 people had been arrested. Seven people were tried by the
495:(Koreans residing in Japan) had been discriminated against based on their ethnicity during Japanese Imperial Rule. Following the defeat and Allied occupation of Japan, ethnic Koreans were deemed to be aliens in
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as hostages in an attempt to coerce them to rescind their decision to close the Korean ethnic school. While an agreement was briefly agreed upon, the Japanese and the U.S. government broke the deal, declared a
181:, closed down private Korean ethnic schools operating in Japan. This caused protests across Japan that ranged in size to up to 20,000 civilians. The majority of the protests were concentrated on the streets of
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is the other major organization for Koreans living in Japan, but is primarily aligned with South Korea. Both organisations currently maintain multiple educational institutions in Japan such as
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hostage until the release of the arrested Korean protestors was guaranteed. The 70 prisoners were released, and a verbal guarantee of the retraction of the school closure order was made.
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their opportunities and avoiding discrimination. Those who did not comply with the policy were forbidden from attending school, collecting wartime rations or working for the government.
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Pak, Soon-Yong; Hwang, Keumjoong (June 2011). "Assimilation and segregation of imperial subjects: "educating" the colonised during the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial rule of Korea".
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was founded, and became the primary organization for Koreans aligned with North Korea. This Association had close ties to the newly established Communist government of
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The protests were held all over Japan, with one of the biggest occurring in Osaka, where over 7,000 were in attendance. On April 23, 1948, a crowd gathered outside of
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and sentenced to hard labor for 10 to 15 years because they perpetrated “harmful acts against the safety and occupation purpose of occupation troops in Japan.”
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were created in Japan to cater to the educational needs of the Korean minority that remained in Japan. The movement to create Korean schools was created by
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689:"The Cold War Explodes in Kobe—"The 1948 Korean Ethnic School "Riots" and US Occupation Authorities | The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus"
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Chōren was left-leaning in character, and allied itself with the Japanese Communist Party. This drew the ire of both the U.S. and Japan.
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The Hanshin Education Incident is part of a larger struggle for civil rights, autonomy and acceptance of Koreans living in Japan. The
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The protestors stormed the Hyogo Prefecture Office Building, and held the governor, the prefectural police chief, and officers of the
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had infiltrated the schools and were attempting to disrupt the U.S. occupation of the region prompted the closure of the schools.
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Hyogo Prefectural Police Headquarters. Hyogo Prefectural Police History. Showa edition. Hyōgo Prefect. Police Headquarter, 1975.
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caused a renewed deterioration of relations with the Koreans living in Japan. The Japanese government started to monitor the
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Ghadimi, Amin (2018-08-22). "Shot Through with Democracy: Japan's Postwar Myths and the 1948 Hanshin Education Incident".
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499:. This law required all those living in Japan who were ethnically Korean to register for alien status. In 1950, the
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schools’ freedom of operation had to be curtailed by cancelling subsidies that improved affordability for the pro-
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In the 1950s, Koreans living in Japan were able to preserve the existence of Korean ethnic schools through
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Pakhomov, Oleg (2017), "Korean Diaspora and Capitalist Modernization in the United States and Japan",
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ordered Kobe police to go on a “Korean Hunt” that aimed to arrest anyone who looked Korean.
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Shipper, Apichai W. (January 2010). "Nationalisms of and AgainstZainichiKoreans in Japan".
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which financially and ideologically supported the preservation of Korean ethnic schools.
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organizations supported by the North Korean and South Korean governments, respectively.
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occurred in April 1948, when Japanese authorities, acting under the directions of the
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to use their Korean name, rather than a Japanese name. When Japan signed the
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Osaka Municipal Administration Bureau. Osaka City Police Magazine. 1956.
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in Hyogo, and arrested thousands of Koreans living throughout the city.
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Self-Referentiality of Cognition and (De)Formation of Ethnic Boundaries
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continued on into the 1990s. At the time, Japan was going through a
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and there was a revival in Japanese nationalism that perceived
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In 1955, the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan (
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movement occurred when the South Korean Association in Japan (
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Japanese assimilation policies in colonial Korea, 1910-1945
821:(1st ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press.
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and Higashi schools to prevent students from entering.
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Teacher at a Korean ethnic school in Japan (1945–1949)
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Tsutsui, Kiyoteru (2018-08-23). "Rights Make Might".
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operation in Japan. As a result of the protests, the
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Temporary closure and privatization of Korean schools
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as a national security threat. The rise of Japanese
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1152:"Japan turns up pressure on pro-Pyongyang schools"
362:was enacted in Japan under the instruction of the
466:civil rights movement relied on support from the
462:During the Hanshin protests in Osaka-Kobe, the
385:Protests during the Hanshin Education Incident
8:
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981:, kogitsune.club/voice-of-identity/民族教育年表.
313:, the Japanese Empire collapsed and Korea
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567:school classroom displaying portraits of
255:organizations which are supported by the
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
497:Japan by the 1947 Alien Registration Law
288:from 1910 until 1945, starting with the
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553:in return for the US$ 100 million that
458:Split from the Japanese Communist Party
364:Supreme Commander for the Allied Forces
224:), to preserve Korean heritage through
950:, Springer Singapore, pp. 33–79,
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798:. University of British Columbia.
228:education. However, the fear that
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1278:Riots and civil disorder in Japan
1248:Korean Riots 1000 Arrested (1948)
898:"How Japan Took Control of Korea"
761:"When the Koreans rioted in Kobe"
586:United Nations Refugee Convention
305:Creation of Korean ethnic schools
239:, distancing themselves from the
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1078:"FSI | SPICE - Koreans in Japan"
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557:sends annually to North Korea.
549:in Japan. North Korea supports
284:Korea went through a period of
216:, an organization for pre-1945
212:The schools had been set up by
175:Government of the United States
1259:report about protests in Osaka
606:North Korea's engagement with
179:Japanese Ministry of Education
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759:Yoshida, Reiji (2008-09-12).
114:10 April 1948 - 24 April 1948
92:Policemen at the protests in
867:10.1080/00309230.2010.534104
721:Social Science Japan Journal
280:Japanese occupation of Korea
1288:History of Hyōgo Prefecture
1110:Asian Politics & Policy
956:10.1007/978-981-10-5505-8_3
263:governments, respectively.
43:. The specific problem is:
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160:Hanshin Education Incident
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81:Hanshin Education Incident
39:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
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1029:Oxford Scholarship Online
446:Following the end of the
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257:North Korean
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44:
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573:Kim Jong Il
569:Kim Il Sung
521:North Korea
435:Eighth Army
344:during the
140:Closure of
52:if you can.
1273:1948 riots
1267:Categories
1257:Pathé News
1229:2019-03-12
1195:2019-03-12
1161:2019-03-12
1087:2019-03-12
907:2019-03-13
804:1032872608
780:2019-03-12
698:2019-03-12
660:References
637:Shinzo Abe
448:Korean War
348:following
309:Following
267:Background
230:communists
1224:0447-5763
1190:0447-5763
1138:154451618
1130:1943-0779
883:145280988
875:0030-9230
837:712990681
775:0447-5763
741:1369-1465
693:apjjf.org
656:schools.
654:Chongryon
649:Chongryon
645:Chongryon
624:Chongryon
616:Chongryon
612:recession
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590:Chongryon
565:Chongryon
555:Chongryon
551:Chongryon
543:Chongryon
531:Chongryon
515:Chongryon
296:into the
245:Chongryon
493:Zainichi
472:Zainichi
464:Zainichi
452:Zainichi
377:Protests
253:Zainichi
222:Zainichi
177:and the
165:Japanese
119:Location
34:require
1253:YouTube
902:HISTORY
631:Present
579:Reforms
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526:Mindan
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249:Mindan
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149:Deaths
142:Korean
105:阪神教育事件
1134:S2CID
879:S2CID
602:1990s
294:Korea
183:Osaka
137:Cause
131:Japan
94:Osaka
1255:– a
1220:ISSN
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1126:ISSN
1041:ISBN
960:ISBN
871:ISSN
833:OCLC
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771:ISSN
737:ISSN
571:and
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259:and
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185:and
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