157:. In both Hattian and Hittite tradition she was connected with the idea of kingship. She acted both as an embodiment of the concept of royal authority and as a protector of kings. This role was most likely responsible for her close association with the war god
238:, possibly following the example of Anitta. A ritual preceding the construction of a new royal palace involved the Hittite king making a pact of friendship with Ḫalmašuit. In the thirteenth century BCE, a throne representing Ḫalmašuit stood in the temple of
260:
An early
Hittite myth describes Ḫalmašuit as a goddess living in the mountains. It relays that she was regarded a source of royal authority and protector of kings who brought them power from the sea and provided them with a ceremonial carriage
161:. They are attested together in multiple offering lists. They also appear in sequence in a Hattic text enumerating the most important deities of the Hattian pantheon.
231:, and that she surrendered the city to him after a famine. He subsequently brought her with him to Kanesh, and seemingly had a temple constructed for her there.
618:
566:
98:. She was the divine representation of a ceremonial throne, and acted as both an embodiment of royal authority and as a protective deity of
207:, and later spread to other areas after their rulers adopted the traditions of this city. She was the tutelary goddess of the dynasty of
591:
134:
a feminine suffix. In both Hattic and
Hittite the name is identical with the word for throne, though they were written with different
165:
661:
656:
257:
was considered the builder of the throne symbolically representing Ḫalmašuit, as attested in the text KUB 2.2.
523:
Gilan, Amir (2014). "The End of God-Napping and the
Religious Foundations of the New Hittite Empire".
245:
A birth ritual listing the cult centers of various deities links Ḫalmašuit with the city of Ḫarpiša.
114:
form of the theonym Ḫalmašuit was Ḫanwašuit, with the phonetic change reflecting her adoption by the
224:
193:
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587:
562:
540:
606:
532:
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234:Ḫalmašuit was likely adopted as a royal deity by the kings of Hattusa during the reign of
111:
77:
561:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill.
227:. A text from the reign of the latter states that she was also the tutelary goddess of
177:
650:
216:
135:
127:
99:
586:. Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie. Vol. 27. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
552:
265:). Volkert Haas argued that the reference to the sea is an allusion to the city of
198:
169:
212:
629:
556:
154:
610:
601:
Taracha, Piotr (2016). "On
Anatolian Traditions of the Old Hittite Kingship".
239:
172:
notes that these birds were commonly portrayed as servants of the gods across
158:
146:, and the Hittite royal couple was seated on it during religious ceremonies.
92:
603:
Audias fabulas veteres. Anatolian
Studies in Honor of Jana Součková-Siegelová
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270:
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form. She has accordingly been characterized as a "throne goddess" by
220:
139:
60:
40:
203:, Ḫalmašuit might have originally been regarded as a royal deity of
181:
143:
164:
A ritual performed prior to the construction of a new palace (
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Zeitschrift für
Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
118:. It can be translated as "he (or she) sits on her", with
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273:
coast, but according to Piotr
Taracha this is uncertain.
149:
There is no evidence that Ḫalmašuit was ever depicted in
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302:
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296:
294:
292:
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414) refers to an eagle as a messenger of Ḫalmašuit.
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and GIŠ. The aforementioned throne had the form of a
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48:
32:
8:
584:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
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446:
419:
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366:
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29:
470:
458:
7:
558:Geschichte der hethitischen Religion
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482:
431:
342:
330:
318:
180:, as already implied by texts from
25:
184:predating the Hittite sources.
1:
83:) was a goddess worshiped by
43:, protective goddess of kings
634:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
628:Weiher, Egbert von (1972),
605:. Brill. pp. 365–373.
211:, whose best known members
678:
611:10.1163/9789004312616_025
37:
582:Taracha, Piotr (2009).
27:Hittite throne goddess
537:10.1515/za-2014-0016
225:Old Assyrian period
122:meaning "to sit",
106:Name and character
620:978-90-04-31261-6
568:978-90-04-29394-6
410:, pp. 39–40.
269:, located on the
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70:
57:Major cult center
16:(Redirected from
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219:seized power in
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30:
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662:Hattian deities
657:Hittite deities
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151:anthropomorphic
138:, respectively
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28:
23:
22:
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12:
11:
5:
675:
673:
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625:
619:
598:
593:978-3447058858
592:
579:
567:
549:
518:
515:
512:
511:
509:, p. 186.
499:
487:
485:, p. 542.
475:
473:, p. 196.
463:
461:, p. 195.
451:
449:, p. 366.
436:
434:, p. 303.
424:
412:
400:
383:
371:
359:
347:
335:
333:, p. 310.
323:
311:
281:
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278:
275:
250:
247:
189:
186:
155:Hittitologists
136:determinatives
107:
104:
69:
68:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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553:Haas, Volkert
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
520:
516:
508:
503:
500:
497:, p. 55.
496:
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479:
476:
472:
467:
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
428:
425:
422:, p. 50.
421:
416:
413:
409:
404:
401:
398:, p. 77.
397:
392:
390:
388:
384:
381:, p. 40.
380:
375:
372:
369:, p. 61.
368:
363:
360:
357:, p. 62.
356:
351:
348:
345:, p. 76.
344:
339:
336:
332:
327:
324:
321:, p. 11.
320:
315:
312:
309:, p. 48.
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194:Piotr Taracha
192:According to
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176:and northern
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110:The original
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55:
51:
47:
42:
36:
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19:
638:, retrieved
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602:
583:
572:. Retrieved
557:
528:
524:
517:Bibliography
502:
495:Taracha 2009
490:
478:
466:
454:
447:Taracha 2016
427:
420:Taracha 2009
415:
408:Taracha 2009
403:
396:Taracha 2009
379:Taracha 2009
374:
367:Taracha 2009
362:
350:
338:
326:
314:
307:Taracha 2009
262:
259:
252:
244:
242:in Hattusa.
233:
191:
170:Volkert Haas
163:
148:
131:
130:prefix, and
123:
119:
109:
80:
73:
72:
636:(in German)
630:"Ḫalmašuit"
355:Weiher 1972
236:Ḫattušili I
197: [
49:Other names
651:Categories
640:2023-12-21
574:2023-12-21
471:Gilan 2014
459:Gilan 2014
277:References
240:Wurunkatte
159:Wurunkatte
93:Bronze Age
545:0084-5299
507:Haas 1994
483:Haas 1994
432:Haas 1994
343:Haas 1994
331:Haas 1994
319:Haas 1994
271:Black Sea
263:ḫuluganni
249:Mythology
81:Ḫanwašuit
74:Ḫalmašuit
67:, Ḫarpiša
52:Ḫanwašuit
33:Ḫalmašuit
18:Hanwasuit
555:(1994).
255:Zilipuri
253:The god
174:Anatolia
128:locative
126:being a
116:Hittites
96:Anatolia
89:Hittites
85:Hattians
39:Deified
229:Hattusa
223:in the
213:Pitḫana
188:Worship
120:n(i)waš
65:Hattusa
617:
590:
565:
543:
221:Kanesh
217:Anitta
209:Kuššar
140:DINGIR
112:Hattic
78:Hattic
61:Kanesh
41:throne
531:(2).
267:Zalpa
205:Zalpa
201:]
178:Syria
100:kings
615:ISBN
588:ISBN
563:ISBN
541:ISSN
215:and
182:Ebla
144:dais
87:and
607:doi
533:doi
529:104
166:CTH
91:in
653::
632:,
613:.
539:.
527:.
439:^
386:^
285:^
199:de
132:it
124:ḫa
102:.
63:,
623:.
609::
596:.
577:.
547:.
535::
261:(
76:(
20:)
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