170:
2374:
546:. According to Wood et al. (2005) and Rosa et al. (2007), such relatively recent population movements from West Africa changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroups in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a lineages. Traces of ancestral inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A-M91 and
418:
398:
1192:
new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
2003:. However, it is now known that deepest split in the Y-chromosome tree is found between two previously reported subclades of Haplogroup A, rather than between Haplogroup A and Haplogroup BT. Subclades A1b and A1a-T now descend directly from the root of the tree. The rearrangement of the Y-chromosome family tree implies that lineages classified as Haplogroup A do not necessarily form a
1984:
4419:
Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De
Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M, Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (Nov 2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant
201:
but also among other
Africans. This suggests that A-L1085 lineages arrived in Southern Africa from elsewhere. The two most basal lineages of Haplogroup A-L1085, A-V148 and A-P305, have been detected in West Africa, Northwest Africa and Central Africa. Cruciani et al. 2011 suggests that these lineages
2042:
of 1T. This would explain why subclades A1b and A1a-T, the deepest branches of
Haplogroup A, both possess the 8T stretch. Furthermore, Cruciani et al. 2011 determined that the P97 marker, which is also used to identify haplogroup A, possessed the ancestral state in haplogroup A but the derived state
1191:
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome
Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single
993:, and sharing the distinctive surname Revis, have been identified as belonging to subclade A-M31. News reports suggested that the men were phenotypically "European" and unaware of any African ancestry. Subsequent research suggested that they shared a common patrilineal ancestor in the 18th century.
3758:
Capelli C, Redhead N, Romano V, Calì F, Lefranc G, Delague V, Megarbane A, Felice AE, Pascali VL, Neophytou PI, Poulli Z, Novelletto A, Malaspina P, Terrenato L, Berebbi A, Fellous M, Thomas MG, Goldstein DB (Mar 2006). "Population structure in the
Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective".
3620:
Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, Kauffman E, Bonné-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ (Nov 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the
3722:
Di
Giacomo F, Luca F, Anagnou N, Ciavarella G, Corbo RM, Cresta M, Cucci F, Di Stasi L, Agostiano V, Giparaki M, Loutradis A, Mammi' C, Michalodimitrakis EN, Papola F, Pedicini G, Plata E, Terrenato L, Tofanelli S, Malaspina P, Novelletto A (Sep 2003). "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal
205:
Initial studies reported that
Haplogroup A-L1085 lineages emerged around 60,000 years ago which was significantly more recent than TMRCA for mitochondrial DNA lineages which coalesce to between 150-200kya. Cruciani et al. 2011 with major restructuring of branches pushed back the root of the
3033:
K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik
368:
Haplogroup A has been observed as A1 in
European men in England. A Y chromosome has been observed also with low frequency in Asia Minor, in the Middle East and in some Mediterranean islands, among Aegean Greeks, Sicilians (0.2% of A1a in Capo d’Orlando and 0.5% of A1b in all the
3987:
Shen P, Lavi T, Kivisild T, Chou V, Sengun D, Gefel D, Shpirer I, Woolf E, Hillel J, Feldman MW, Oefner PJ (Sep 2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of
Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation".
2033:
But according to
Cruciani et al. 2011, the region surrounding the M91 marker is a mutational hotspot prone to recurrent mutations. It is therefore possible that the 8T stretch of Haplogroup A may be the ancestral state of M91 and the 9T of
4317:(2008). "Southern Sudanese" includes 26 Dinka, 15 Shilluk, and 12 Nuer. "Western Sudanese" includes 26 Borgu, 32 Masalit, and 32 Fur. "Northern Sudanese" includes 39 Nubians, 42 Beja, 33 Copts, 50 Gaalien, 28 Meseria, and 24 Arakien.
1094:
The subclade A-M13 (formerly A3b2) that is commonly found in East Africa and northern Cameroon is different from those found in the Khoisan samples and only remotely related to them. This finding suggests an ancient divergence.
185:
Many proposals for haplogroup A-L1085's origin suggest it was associated with the ancestral population of Southern Africa's hunter-gatherers. This is because haplogroup A-L1085 lineages are frequent among the
3429:
Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA (May 2002).
3214:
Batini C, Ferri G, Destro-Bisol G, Brisighelli F, Luiselli D, Sánchez-Diz P, Rocha J, Simonson T, Brehm A, Montano V, Elwali NE, Spedini G, D'Amato ME, Myres N, Ebbesen P, Comas D, Capelli C (Sep 2011).
1001:
A-M6 (formerly A2) is typically found among Khoisan peoples. The authors of one study have reported finding haplogroup A-M6(xA-P28) in 28% (8/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 16% (5/32) of a sample of
1133:. Another study has reported finding haplogroup A-M118 in 6.8% (6/88) and haplogroup A-M13(xA-M171, A-M118) in 5.7% (5/88) of a mixed sample of Ethiopians, amounting to a total of 12.5% (11/88) A-M13.
4210:
Gonçalves R, Rosa A, Freitas A, Fernandes A, Kivisild T, Villems R, Brehm A (Nov 2003). "Y-chromosome lineages in Cabo Verde Islands witness the diverse geographic origin of its first male settlers".
2007:
clade. Haplogroup A therefore refers to a collection of lineages that do not possess the markers that define Haplogroup BT, though many lineages within haplogroup A are only very distantly related.
2869:
515:, where it, and consequently Y-chromosomal Adam, is believed to have originated about 140,000 years ago. The clade has also been observed at notable frequencies in certain populations in
202:
may have emerged somewhere in between Central and Northwest Africa, though such an interpretation is still preliminary due to the incomplete geographic coverage of African y-chromosomes.
2256:
213:, and, together with recent findings of ancient Y-Chromosome lineages in central-western Africa, provide new evidence regarding the geographical origin of human MSY diversity".
2246:
4775:
Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective",
950:(5/64 = 7.8%). An earlier study, Gonçalves et al. 2003, reported finding A-M31 in 5.1% (14/276) of a sample from Guinea-Bissau and in 0.5% (1/201) of a pair of samples from
1999:). Initial sequencing of the human y-chromosome suggested that first split in the Y-Chromosome family tree occurred with the M91 mutation that separated Haplogroup A from
2055:
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) Tree, the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, and subsequent published research.
2896:
Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".
2073:(A1a-T according to Cruciani 2011) (L985, L989, L990, L1002, L1003, L1004, L1009, L1013, L1053, V161, V168, V171, V174, V203, V238, V241, V250, V238, V241, V250)
4856:
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations".
1018:. The authors of another study have reported finding haplogroup A-M6 in 15.4% (6/39) of a sample of Khoisan males, including 5/39 A-M6(xA-M114) and 1/39 A-M114.
1186:
1987:
The revised y-chromosome family tree by Cruciani et al. 2011 compared with the family tree from Karafet et al. 2008. A1b is now known as A0 according to ISOGG.
360:
in their language, but whose language was thoroughly demonstrated to be an isolate as unrelated to them as other languages by work by linguist Bonny Sands.
209:
In November 2012, a new study by Scozzari et al. reinforced "the hypothesis of an origin in the north-western quadrant of the African continent for the
922:
In a composite sample of 3551 African men, Haplogroup A had a frequency of 5.4%. The highest frequencies of haplogroup A have been reported among the
4036:"Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages"
2874:
3542:
3217:"Signatures of the preagricultural peopling processes in sub-Saharan Africa as revealed by the phylogeography of early Y chromosome lineages"
2186:(M42, M94, M139, M299, M60, M181/Page32, P85, P90, P97, Page65.1/SRY1532.1/SRY10831.1, V21, V29, V31, V59, V64, V102, V187, V202, V216, V235)
3482:
Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Bosch E, Heyer E, Sica L, Mouguiama-Daouda P, van der Veen L, Hombert JM, Quintana-Murci L, Comas D (Jul 2009).
373:), Palestinians, Jordanians and Yemenites. Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A1b has been observed in a sample of Greeks from
4034:
Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Sellitto D, Massaia A, Destro-Bisol G, Watson E, Beraud Colomb E, Dugoujon JM, Moral P, Scozzari R (Jul 2010).
3374:
Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C, Destro-Bisol G, Spedini G, McLeod H, Louie L, Bamshad M, Strassmann BI, Soodyall H, Hammer MF (Jul 2005).
4913:
3165:
Mendez FL, Krahn T, Schrack B, Krahn AM, Veeramah KR, Woerner AE, Fomine FL, Bradman N, Thomas MG, Karafet TM, Hammer MF (Mar 2013).
2022:
units. This pattern suggested that the 9T stretch of Haplogroup BT was the ancestral version and that Haplogroup A was formed by the
2358:
2251:
2226:
4697:"Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages"
2103:
formerly A2 (M14, M23, L968/M29/P3/PN3, M71, M135, M141, M206, M276/P247, M277/P248, MEH1, P4, P5, P36.1, Page71, Page87, Page95)
4903:
269:
239:
2348:
139:
3432:"A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes"
308:
population at a frequency of 45% (18/40), including 1/40 A-M171. Haplogroup A also has been reported in 14.6% (7/48) of an
4589:"A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania"
4090:
Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ (Mar 2004).
389:, though they have not definitively excluded the possibility that either of these individuals may belong to haplogroup B.
942:
The subclade A-M31 has been found in approximately 2.8% (8/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in
4142:
King TE, Parkin EJ, Swinfield G, Cruciani F, Scozzari R, Rosa A, Lim SK, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C, Jobling MA (Mar 2007).
2206:
352:-speaking groups with frequency ranging from 10% to 70%. This particular haplogroup was not found in a sample of the
4908:
3376:"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes"
3216:
2079:(M31, P82, V4, V14, V15, V25, V26, V28, V30, V40, V48, V53, V57, V58, V63, V76, V191, V201, V204, V214, V215, V236)
3015:
Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
527:
3167:"An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree"
320:(Cruciani et al. 2002), and important percentages are also shared by Bantus in Kenya (14%, Luis et al. 2004) and
3543:"Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history"
169:
2537:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2067:(formerly A1b) (P305, V148, V149, V154, V164, V166, V172, V173, V177, V190, V196, V223, V225, V229, V233, V239)
1844:
1783:
1417:
1026:
The clade A-M32 (formerly A3) contains the most populous branches of haplogroup A-L1085 and is mainly found in
531:
385:. The authors of one study have reported finding what appears to be haplogroup A in 3.1% (2/65) of a sample of
3935:
Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Shen P, Mirazón Lahr M, Foley RA, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL (Jan 2001).
2315:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2280:
1722:
1661:
1600:
1539:
1478:
1295:
4327:
Cinnioglu C, King R, Kivisild T, et al. (2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia".
3118:"A revised root for the human Y chromosomal phylogenetic tree: the origin of patrilineal diversity in Africa"
2477:
2310:
1356:
1066:/Sekele, 6/29 = 21% Tsumkwe San, 1/18 = 6% Dama). However, it also has been found with lower frequency among
4813:"Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age"
3061:
Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
2740:
2467:
2231:
1047:
264:
Without testing for any subclade, haplogroup A-L1085 has been observed in samples of several populations of
3070:
Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
2564:
2547:
4587:
Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001).
2729:
2721:
2461:
2326:
2555:
2791:
2637:
2182:
2044:
2035:
2011:
2000:
4695:
Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001).
2714:
2707:
2700:
4465:"Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan"
1911:
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
1136:
Haplogroup A-M13 also has been observed occasionally outside of Central and Eastern Africa, as in the
4784:
4632:
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001).
4557:
4509:"New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree"
4429:
3275:
2830:
2749:
2684:
2628:
2613:
2599:
2520:
2492:
2039:
547:
535:
3484:"Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages"
2823:
2818:
2341:
2023:
143:
3937:"The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations"
3573:
954:. The authors of another study have reported finding haplogroup A-M31 in 5% (2/39) of a sample of
542:
from where it spread around 5,000 years ago to Central, Southern and Southeastern Africa with the
356:
from Tanzania, a population occasionally grouped with other Khoisan groups due to the presence of
281:
273:
4881:
4352:
4245:
4144:"Africans in Yorkshire? The deepest-rooting clade of the Y phylogeny within an English genealogy"
4013:
3966:
3794:
3646:
2921:
2759:
2416:
1153:
1006:/Sekele, and haplogroup A-P28 in 17% (5/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San, 9% (3/32) of a sample of
147:
63:
4263:
Abu-Amero KK, Hellani A, González AM, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Underhill PA (22 September 2009).
4092:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations"
397:
231:
4873:
4844:
4800:
4763:
4732:"Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes"
4718:
4684:
4655:
4620:
4538:
4486:
4445:
4401:
4344:
4296:
4237:
4173:
4121:
4065:
4005:
3958:
3917:
3845:
3786:
3740:
3704:
3673:
Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (Jan 2002).
3638:
3565:
3505:
3461:
3397:
3303:
3241:
3196:
3147:
2990:
2971:
F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
2913:
2851:
2846:
2837:
2780:
2771:
2691:
2662:
2622:
2580:
2532:
2450:
2211:
947:
349:
158:
154:
77:
73:
1075:
4865:
4834:
4824:
4792:
4753:
4743:
4708:
4676:
4645:
4610:
4600:
4528:
4520:
4476:
4437:
4391:
4383:
4336:
4286:
4276:
4227:
4219:
4163:
4155:
4111:
4103:
4055:
4047:
3997:
3948:
3907:
3897:
3835:
3825:
3776:
3768:
3732:
3694:
3686:
3630:
3557:
3495:
3451:
3443:
3387:
3293:
3283:
3231:
3186:
3178:
3137:
3129:
2905:
2813:
2571:
2525:
1058:
The subclade A-M51 (formerly A3b1) occurs most frequently among Khoisan peoples (6/11 = 55%
135:
538:
in general is believed to have originated in Northeast Africa, and was later introduced to
4650:
4633:
4508:
3262:
Scozzari R, Massaia A, D'Atanasio E, Myres NM, Perego UA, Trombetta B, Cruciani F (2012).
2585:
1071:
1031:
955:
543:
496:
492:
357:
198:
174:
4788:
4433:
3279:
2387:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
4839:
4812:
4758:
4731:
4615:
4588:
4533:
4396:
4371:
4291:
4264:
4168:
4143:
4116:
4091:
4060:
4035:
3953:
3936:
3912:
3886:"Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective"
3885:
3840:
3813:
3723:
diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects".
3298:
3263:
3191:
3166:
3142:
3117:
3116:
Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Massaia A, Destro-Bisol G, Sellitto D, Scozzari R (Jun 2011).
2801:
2594:
2427:
2334:
1043:
1027:
758:
668:
630:
508:
504:
382:
333:
105:
49:
4730:
Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001).
4680:
3867:
3736:
3699:
3674:
3456:
3431:
3264:"Molecular dissection of the basal clades in the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree"
2938:
417:
4897:
4811:
Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999).
3772:
3675:"Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny"
2994:
2676:
2670:
2656:
2645:
2608:
2511:
2506:
2497:
2483:
2444:
1145:
1137:
1126:
1067:
1015:
971:
943:
931:
897:
884:
858:
832:
796:
771:
732:
309:
227:
4885:
4507:
Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008).
4356:
4249:
3798:
3650:
2925:
4372:"The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East"
4017:
3970:
3812:
Abu-Amero KK, Hellani A, González AM, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Underhill PA (2009).
2004:
1130:
1115:
1079:
1063:
1050:
from Ethiopia, 1.1% (1/88) of a sample of Ethiopians, and 0.5% (1/201) in Somalis.
1007:
1003:
963:
871:
819:
680:
469:
462:
321:
313:
301:
285:
4796:
4441:
316:
sample, 13.6% (12/88) of another sample from Ethiopia, and 41% of a sample of the
226:
Haplogroup A-M13 has been observed in populations of northern Cameroon (2/9 = 22%
4463:
Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM (2005).
4185:
3288:
1125:, one study has reported finding haplogroup A-M13 in 14.6% (7/48) of a sample of
1983:
1103:
1083:
1059:
1011:
927:
845:
745:
706:
693:
604:
539:
324:
in Tanzania (3/43 = 7.0% (Luis et al. 2004) to 1/6 = 17% (Knight et al. 2003)).
317:
297:
277:
247:
243:
118:
109:
97:
92:
4370:
Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A (Nov 2001).
4265:"Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions"
3814:"Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions"
3182:
3133:
4481:
4464:
4340:
4223:
2216:
2027:
2018:
units. In Haplogroup BT and chimpanzee chromosomes, this marker consists of 9
959:
951:
719:
304:(61.5%). Haplogroup A-M13 also has been observed in another sample of a South
187:
3861:
3859:
3046:
2014:. Within Haplogroup A chromosomes, the M91 marker consists of a stretch of 8
17:
4713:
4696:
4667:
Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes",
4281:
4159:
3902:
3830:
3500:
3483:
3392:
3375:
3236:
2236:
2221:
986:
581:
337:
194:
181:
people are known to carry a subclade of haplogroup A at very high frequency.
4877:
4848:
4804:
4767:
4722:
4688:
4659:
4624:
4542:
4490:
4449:
4405:
4348:
4300:
4241:
4177:
4125:
4069:
4009:
3962:
3921:
3849:
3790:
3744:
3708:
3642:
3569:
3509:
3465:
3401:
3307:
3245:
3200:
3151:
2917:
138:. It is part of the paternal lineage of almost all humans alive today. The
4051:
4232:
4189:
2241:
1157:
1122:
784:
516:
473:
374:
114:
2953:
Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
4524:
4001:
3561:
2909:
2019:
2015:
1042:
The subclade A-M28 (formerly A3a) has only been rarely observed in the
990:
975:
923:
656:
555:
512:
500:
489:
481:
477:
353:
178:
150:
from it and; secondly, it defines the undiverged basal clade A-L1085*.
88:
53:
3781:
3039:
2993:
was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to
3050:, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree"
1161:
1141:
1111:
507:. However, haplogroup A's oldest sub-clades are exclusively found in
458:
454:
386:
378:
370:
258:
336:, while the subclade A-M13 has been observed in approximately 3% of
4829:
4748:
4605:
4387:
4107:
3690:
3541:
Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (Nov 2008).
3447:
3006:
Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
978:
and 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation from
970:. Haplogroup A-M31 also has been found in 3% (2/64) of a sample of
4869:
3634:
1982:
1165:
1149:
1099:
910:
617:
551:
520:
485:
396:
305:
265:
251:
235:
101:
1169:
1107:
979:
967:
643:
2330:
4634:"Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity"
2367:
412:
257:
Haplogroup A-M91(xA-M31,A-M6,A-M32) has been observed in the
550:
that are common in certain relict populations, such as the
197:
of A lineages found in other parts of Africa, mostly among
4561:
3884:
Rosa A, Ornelas C, Jobling MA, Brehm A, Villems R (2007).
2939:
International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015),
2980:
Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
2010:
The M91 and P97 mutations distinguish Haplogroup A from
1919:
429:
348:
One study has found haplogroup A in samples of various
2257:
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
1102:, haplogroup A-M13 has been found in 28/53 = 52.8% of
401:
Diversion of haplogroup A (Y-DNA) and its descendants.
1078:, 3/53 = 6% non-Khoisan Southern Africans, 4/80 = 5%
453:
Haplogroup A-P305* is largely restricted to parts of
193:
However, the A-L1085 lineages of Southern Africa are
2247:
Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
2409:
84:
69:
59:
45:
37:
32:
3477:
3475:
3406:cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies
488:. The clade also achieves high frequencies in the
457:, though a handful of cases have been reported in
3615:
1991:A major shift in understanding of the Haplogroup
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
1046:. In 5% (1/20) of a mixed sample of speakers of
410:A-V148 is one of two primary branches in A0-T.
4029:
4027:
2085:(A2-T according to Cruciani 2011) (P108, V221)
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3257:
3255:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3052:(Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
2342:
2167:formerly A3b2 (M13, M127, M202, M219, M305):
1187:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
985:At least seven men with ancestral origins in
157:(also known as haplogroup A0) and haplogroup
8:
3866:International Society of Genetic Genealogy.
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
3982:
3980:
3879:
3877:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3024:Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
1160:(1/77 = 1.3%, 1/22 = 4.5%), the capital of
4502:
4500:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
2349:
2335:
2327:
2038:may be the derived state that arose by an
1923:
381:and A1b has been observed also on 0.1% of
4838:
4828:
4757:
4747:
4712:
4649:
4614:
4604:
4532:
4480:
4395:
4290:
4280:
4231:
4167:
4115:
4059:
3952:
3911:
3901:
3839:
3829:
3780:
3698:
3550:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3499:
3455:
3391:
3297:
3287:
3235:
3190:
3141:
1931:
1118:, and 5/216 = 2.3% of Northern Sudanese.
261:people of southern Cameroon (3/33 = 9%).
4420:Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective".
2962:Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
1996:
1194:
526:Haplogroup A-L1085 is less common among
468:A-P305 is found at its highest rates in
206:Y-chromosome tree to 142,000 years ago.
168:
4560:. Houston, Texas: FTDNA. Archived from
4137:
4135:
3089:
2888:
1971:
1947:
146:: firstly, most Y-DNA haplogroups have
4817:The American Journal of Human Genetics
4736:The American Journal of Human Genetics
4593:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2150:formerly A3b (M144, M190, M220, P289)
1955:
1939:
29:
4651:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906
3725:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
332:The subclade A1 has been observed in
296:Haplogroup A-M13 is common among the
268:, including 9% (3/33) of a sample of
7:
2875:Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people
2850:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2777:
2769:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2738:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2643:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2607:
2598:
2593:
2584:
2579:
2543:
2529:
2412:
530:speakers, who largely belong to the
2517:
2457:
2440:
2159:A1b1b2a1 formerly A3b1a (P71, P102)
1995:tree came with the publication of (
1110:of central Sudan, 25/90 = 27.8% of
41:140,000 YBP, 125,000 - 382,000 YBP
4701:European Journal of Human Genetics
4376:American Journal of Human Genetics
4148:European Journal of Human Genetics
4096:American Journal of Human Genetics
4040:European Journal of Human Genetics
3954:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x
3679:American Journal of Human Genetics
3539:28/53 (Dinka, Nuer, and Shilluk),
3436:American Journal of Human Genetics
3380:European Journal of Human Genetics
3171:American Journal of Human Genetics
3122:American Journal of Human Genetics
1963:
1062:, 11/39 = 28% Khoisan, 7/32 = 22%
1010:/Sekele, 9% (1/11) of a sample of
25:
4186:"Yorkshire clan linked to Africa"
2944:. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
2252:Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
2227:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
27:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
3773:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x
2372:
2156:formerly A3b1 (M51, P100, P291)
1129:and 10.3% (8/78) of a sample of
416:
4638:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3621:history of human populations".
3488:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3224:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2997:, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
1014:, and 6% (1/18) of a sample of
284:, and 2% (1/60) of a sample of
153:A0-T has two primary branches:
1907:Original research publications
142:L1085 has played two roles in
1:
4797:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155
4681:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6
4580:Sources for conversion tables
4442:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155
3737:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00016-2
2124:A1b1a1a1c formerly A2c (P262)
2118:A1b1a1a1a formerly A2a (M114)
1152:(4/147 = 2.7%, 3/92 = 3.3%),
962:and 2% (1/55) of a sample of
173:Haplogroup A is common among
3289:10.1371/journal.pone.0049170
2359:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
2121:A1b1a1a1b formerly A2b (P28)
1920:Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
2357:Phylogenetic tree of human
2207:African admixture in Europe
499:, followed closely by many
312:sample, 10.3% (8/78) of an
280:, 2% (1/57) of a sample of
276:, 2% (1/46) of a sample of
272:, 3% (1/36) of a sample of
4930:
3183:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002
3134:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002
2941:Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015
2843:
2810:
2767:
2736:
2727:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2653:
2619:
2605:
2591:
2577:
2561:
2545:
2414:
1184:
523:groups in Central Africa.
4914:Human population genetics
4482:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4
4469:Journal of Human Genetics
4341:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4
4224:10.1007/s00439-003-1007-4
3589:16/26, Hassan et al. 2008
2864:
2642:
2635:
2569:
2552:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2449:
2442:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2407:
2381:This article needs to be
2365:
1199:YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)
568:
217:Geographical distribution
3941:Annals of Human Genetics
3890:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3761:Annals of Human Genetics
1114:, 4/32 = 12.5% of local
563:Haplogroup A frequencies
377:on the Aegean island of
46:Possible place of origin
4904:Human Y-DNA haplogroups
4714:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597
4282:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59
4160:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201771
3903:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124
3868:"Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree"
3831:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59
3393:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408
2989:Between 2002 and 2008,
2232:Molecular phylogenetics
2144:formerly A3a (M28, M59)
2097:(V50, V82, V198, V224)
1106:, 13/28 = 46.4% of the
1048:South Semitic languages
946:, especially among the
38:Possible time of origin
1988:
1074:, including 2/28 = 7%
948:Papel-Manjaco-Mancanha
594:Tsumkwe San (Namibia)
402:
300:(53%), especially the
182:
4052:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231
3501:10.1093/molbev/msp069
3237:10.1093/molbev/msr089
1986:
400:
393:Subclade distribution
172:
1254:YCC 2010r (Longhand)
1181:Phylogenetic history
926:of Southern Africa,
4789:2000Sci...290.1155S
4434:2000Sci...290.1155S
3280:2012PLoSO...749170S
2870:Y-DNA by population
2785:
2323:Y-DNA backbone tree
1249:YCC 2008 (Longhand)
1244:YCC 2005 (Longhand)
1239:YCC 2002 (Longhand)
809:Mandara (Cameroon)
565:
144:population genetics
85:Highest frequencies
4669:Trends in Genetics
4525:10.1101/gr.7172008
4002:10.1002/humu.20077
3562:10.1002/ajpa.20876
2910:10.1002/humu.22468
2636:
2417:Y-chromosomal Adam
2138:formerly A3 (M32)
2059:Y-chromosomal Adam
2051:Phylogenetic trees
1989:
561:
519:, as well as some
428:. You can help by
403:
183:
128:Haplogroup A-L1085
33:Haplogroup A-L1085
4909:Human haplogroups
4313:Hisham Y. Hassan
3081:
3080:
3043:, 2017, "K-M2335"
3041:YFull YTree v5.08
2991:Haplogroup T-M184
2859:
2858:
2804:
2794:
2784:
2775:
2763:
2752:
2744:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2648:
2567:
2559:
2550:
2480:
2464:
2447:
2430:
2402:
2401:
2264:Y-DNA A subclades
2212:Genetic genealogy
1904:
1903:
1154:Palestinian Arabs
1104:Southern Sudanese
920:
919:
578:Study population
446:
445:
298:Southern Sudanese
161:(haplogroup A1).
125:
124:
16:(Redirected from
4921:
4889:
4852:
4842:
4832:
4823:(6): 1718–1724.
4807:
4783:(5494): 1155–9,
4771:
4761:
4751:
4726:
4716:
4691:
4663:
4653:
4644:(7): 1189–1203.
4628:
4618:
4608:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4536:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4428:(5494): 1155–9.
4416:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4324:
4318:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4284:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4235:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4181:
4171:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4087:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4031:
4022:
4021:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3956:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3905:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3833:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3784:
3767:(Pt 2): 207–25.
3755:
3749:
3748:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3670:
3655:
3654:
3617:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3572:. Archived from
3547:
3537:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3426:
3409:
3408:
3395:
3371:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3221:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3113:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2893:
2800:
2790:
2778:
2770:
2758:
2748:
2739:
2728:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2644:
2563:
2554:
2546:
2476:
2460:
2443:
2426:
2410:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2328:
1195:
1172:(1/121 = 0.8%).
1168:(1/101=1%), and
1156:(2/143 = 1.4%),
1112:Western Sudanese
1082:, and 1/29 = 3%
587:
566:
560:
554:Pygmies and the
513:Northwest Africa
441:
438:
420:
413:
358:click consonants
136:Y-DNA haplogroup
130:, also known as
54:Northwest Africa
30:
21:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4858:Nature Genetics
4855:
4810:
4774:
4729:
4694:
4666:
4631:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4564:on 26 July 2011
4556:Krahn, Thomas.
4555:
4554:
4550:
4513:Genome Research
4506:
4505:
4498:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4382:(5): 1095–112.
4369:
4368:
4364:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4195:
4193:
4184:
4183:News article:
4182:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4089:
4088:
4077:
4033:
4032:
4025:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3947:(Pt 1): 43–62.
3934:
3933:
3929:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3672:
3671:
3658:
3623:Nature Genetics
3619:
3618:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3517:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3442:(5): 1197–214.
3428:
3427:
3412:
3373:
3372:
3315:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3115:
3114:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2937:
2933:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2860:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2361:
2355:
2325:
2320:
2266:
2261:
2202:
2197:
2170:A1b1b2b1 (M118)
2053:
1981:
1976:
1924:Kaladjieva 2001
1909:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1144:(2/30 = 6.7%),
1092:
1072:Southern Africa
1056:
1040:
1032:Southern Africa
1024:
999:
940:
835:(South Africa)
585:
584:
544:Bantu expansion
497:Southern Africa
495:populations of
493:hunter-gatherer
484:at 1.5% and in
451:
442:
436:
433:
426:needs expansion
408:
395:
366:
346:
344:Southern Africa
330:
294:
224:
219:
199:Nilotic peoples
175:Nilotic peoples
167:
132:haplogroup A0-T
113:
96:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4864:(3): 358–361.
4853:
4830:10.1086/302680
4808:
4772:
4749:10.1086/323299
4742:(3): 615–628.
4727:
4692:
4664:
4629:
4606:10.1086/318205
4599:(2): 432–443.
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4548:
4496:
4455:
4411:
4388:10.1086/324070
4362:
4335:(2): 127–148.
4329:Human Genetics
4319:
4306:
4255:
4212:Human Genetics
4202:
4131:
4108:10.1086/382286
4075:
4023:
3990:Human Mutation
3976:
3927:
3873:
3855:
3804:
3750:
3714:
3691:10.1086/338306
3656:
3591:
3582:
3579:on 2009-03-04.
3515:
3471:
3448:10.1086/340257
3410:
3313:
3274:(11): e49170.
3251:
3230:(9): 2603–13.
3206:
3157:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2931:
2898:Human Mutation
2887:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2560:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2380:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2145:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2080:
2068:
2052:
2049:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1932:Underhill 2000
1926:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1185:Main article:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1091:
1088:
1055:
1052:
1044:Horn of Africa
1039:
1036:
1028:Eastern Africa
1023:
1020:
998:
995:
939:
936:
918:
917:
914:
908:
905:
904:
901:
895:
892:
891:
888:
882:
879:
878:
875:
869:
866:
865:
862:
856:
853:
852:
849:
843:
840:
839:
836:
830:
827:
826:
823:
817:
814:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
800:
794:
791:
790:
787:
782:
779:
778:
775:
769:
766:
765:
762:
756:
753:
752:
749:
743:
740:
739:
736:
730:
727:
726:
723:
717:
714:
713:
710:
704:
701:
700:
697:
691:
688:
687:
684:
678:
675:
674:
671:
669:Ethiopian Jews
666:
663:
662:
659:
654:
651:
650:
647:
641:
638:
637:
634:
628:
625:
624:
621:
615:
612:
611:
608:
602:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
579:
576:
573:
572:
505:Eastern Africa
476:) at 8.3% and
470:Bakola Pygmies
450:
447:
444:
443:
423:
421:
407:
406:A-V148* (A0)*)
404:
394:
391:
383:Iberian Jewish
365:
362:
345:
342:
334:Libyan Berbers
329:
326:
293:
290:
238:) and eastern
223:
222:Central Africa
220:
218:
215:
211:A1b haplogroup
166:
163:
123:
122:
98:Southern Sudan
91:(Tsumkwe San,
86:
82:
81:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4926:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4870:10.1038/81685
4867:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4707:(2): 97–104.
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4675:(8): 356–62,
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4475:(9): 435–41.
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4233:10400.13/3047
4229:
4225:
4221:
4218:(6): 467–72.
4217:
4213:
4206:
4203:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4154:(3): 288–93.
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4102:(3): 532–44.
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3996:(3): 248–60.
3995:
3991:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3731:(3): 387–95.
3730:
3726:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:10.1038/81685
3632:
3629:(3): 358–61.
3628:
3624:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3556:(3): 316–23.
3555:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3494:(7): 1581–9.
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3386:(7): 867–76.
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:(2): 187–91.
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2782:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2742:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2393:February 2021
2384:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2045:Haplogroup BT
2041:
2037:
2036:Haplogroup BT
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:Haplogroup BT
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:Haplogroup BT
1998:
1997:Cruciani 2011
1994:
1985:
1979:Cruciani 2011
1978:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1180:
1176:Phylogenetics
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:(1/20 = 5%),
1147:
1146:Yemenite Jews
1143:
1139:
1138:Aegean Region
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:Bantu peoples
1065:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
996:
994:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:Guinea-Bissau
937:
935:
933:
932:Nilo-Saharans
929:
925:
915:
912:
909:
907:
906:
902:
899:
898:South Semitic
896:
894:
893:
889:
886:
883:
881:
880:
876:
873:
870:
868:
867:
863:
860:
857:
855:
854:
850:
847:
844:
842:
841:
837:
834:
831:
829:
828:
824:
821:
818:
816:
815:
811:
808:
806:
805:
801:
798:
795:
793:
792:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:
776:
773:
770:
768:
767:
763:
760:
757:
755:
754:
750:
747:
744:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
729:
728:
724:
721:
718:
716:
715:
711:
708:
705:
703:
702:
698:
695:
692:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
677:
676:
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:
648:
645:
642:
640:
639:
635:
632:
629:
627:
626:
622:
619:
616:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
601:
600:
596:
593:
591:
590:
583:
580:
577:
575:
574:
571:
567:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
449:A-P305* (A1*)
448:
440:
431:
427:
424:This section
422:
419:
415:
414:
411:
405:
399:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
343:
341:
339:
335:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:, 2/17 = 12%
233:
230:, 4/28 = 14%
229:
221:
216:
214:
212:
207:
203:
200:
196:
191:
189:
180:
176:
171:
164:
162:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
120:
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
18:Haplogroup A0
4861:
4857:
4820:
4816:
4780:
4776:
4739:
4735:
4704:
4700:
4672:
4668:
4641:
4637:
4596:
4592:
4566:. Retrieved
4562:the original
4551:
4519:(5): 830–8.
4516:
4512:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4314:
4309:
4272:
4269:BMC Genetics
4268:
4258:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4194:. Retrieved
4192:. 2007-01-24
4151:
4147:
4099:
4095:
4046:(7): 800–7.
4043:
4039:
3993:
3989:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3893:
3889:
3821:
3818:BMC Genetics
3817:
3807:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3685:(1): 265–8.
3682:
3678:
3626:
3622:
3585:
3574:the original
3553:
3549:
3491:
3487:
3439:
3435:
3405:
3383:
3379:
3271:
3267:
3227:
3223:
3209:
3177:(3): 454–9.
3174:
3170:
3160:
3128:(6): 814–8.
3125:
3121:
3066:
3057:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2934:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2882:
2747:
2690:
2433:
2390:
2382:
2181:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2032:
2020:T nucleobase
2016:T nucleobase
2009:
2005:monophyletic
1992:
1990:
1972:Capelli 2001
1968:
1960:
1952:
1948:Karafet 2001
1944:
1936:
1928:
1916:
1910:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1135:
1120:
1116:Hausa people
1097:
1093:
1076:Sotho–Tswana
1057:
1041:
1025:
1000:
984:
941:
921:
569:
562:
536:Haplogroup E
525:
467:
463:Western Asia
452:
434:
430:adding to it
425:
409:
367:
347:
331:
328:North Africa
295:
263:
256:
250:, 1/47 = 2%
246:, 1/18 = 6%
225:
210:
208:
204:
192:
184:
152:
131:
127:
126:
2109:(M6, M196)
1956:Semino 2000
1940:Hammer 2001
928:Beta Israel
900:(Ethiopia)
874:(Ethiopia)
848:(Cameroon)
774:(Ethiopia)
586:(in %)
540:West Africa
528:Niger–Congo
318:Beta Israel
292:East Africa
242:(2/9 = 22%
134:is a human
119:Beta Israel
112:) 33%-61.5%
70:Descendants
64:Homo Y-MRCA
4898:Categories
4558:"YCC Tree"
4196:2007-01-27
3824:(59): 59.
3782:2108/37090
3085:References
2217:Haplogroup
2028:nucleobase
1534:A1b1a1a1b
1473:A1b1a1a1a
1289:ISOGG 2012
1284:ISOGG 2011
1279:ISOGG 2010
1274:ISOGG 2009
1269:ISOGG 2008
1264:ISOGG 2007
1259:ISOGG 2006
960:Senegambia
952:Cabo Verde
887:(Eritrea)
861:(Namibia)
785:Ethiopians
748:(Eritrea)
607:(Namibia)
503:groups in
437:April 2018
188:San people
3048:PhyloTree
2883:Footnotes
2237:Paragroup
2222:Haplotype
2040:insertion
1900:A1b1b2b1
987:Yorkshire
195:subclades
121:) 41%-46%
4886:12893406
4878:11062480
4849:10577926
4805:11073453
4768:11481588
4723:11313742
4689:10904265
4660:11420360
4625:11170891
4543:18385274
4491:16142507
4450:11073453
4406:11573163
4357:10763736
4349:14586639
4301:19772609
4250:63381583
4242:12942365
4190:BBC News
4178:17245408
4126:14973781
4070:20051990
4010:15300852
3963:11415522
3922:17662131
3850:19772609
3799:25536759
3791:16626331
3745:12927125
3709:11719903
3651:12893406
3643:11062480
3570:18618658
3510:19369595
3466:11910562
3402:15856073
3308:23145109
3268:PLOS ONE
3246:21478374
3201:23453668
3152:21601174
3045:, and;
3036:op. cit.
2926:23291764
2918:24166809
2556:F-Y27277
2242:Subclade
2200:Genetics
2195:See also
2113:A1b1a1a1
2024:deletion
1839:removed
1778:A1b1b2b
1717:A1b1b2a
1412:A1b1a1a
1158:Sardinia
1123:Ethiopia
956:Mandinka
913:(Egypt)
822:(Sudan)
799:(Kenya)
761:(Sudan)
735:(Kenya)
722:(Sudan)
709:(Sudan)
696:(Sudan)
683:/Sekele
646:(Sudan)
633:(Sudan)
620:(Sudan)
517:Ethiopia
474:Cameroon
387:Cypriots
375:Mitilini
338:Egyptian
306:Sudanese
148:diverged
115:Ethiopia
95:) 60-70%
60:Ancestor
4840:1288383
4785:Bibcode
4777:Science
4759:1235490
4616:1235276
4534:2336805
4430:Bibcode
4422:Science
4397:1274378
4292:2759955
4169:2590664
4117:1182266
4061:2987365
4018:1571356
3971:9441236
3913:1976131
3896:: 124.
3841:2759955
3299:3492319
3276:Bibcode
3192:3591855
3143:3113241
2760:K-M2313
2753:
2694:
2679:
2665:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2453:
2436:
2383:updated
2165:A1b1b2b
2154:A1b1b2a
2115:(M212)
2107:A1b1a1a
2091:(L419)
2026:of one
1964:Su 1999
1656:A1b1b1
991:England
976:Morocco
972:Berbers
924:Khoisan
759:Masalit
657:Khoisan
631:Shilluk
556:Khoisan
534:clade.
509:Central
501:Nilotic
490:Bushmen
482:Algeria
478:Berbers
472:(South
354:Hadzabe
350:Khoisan
340:males.
232:Mandara
179:Khoisan
106:Shilluk
89:Namibia
50:Central
4884:
4876:
4847:
4837:
4803:
4766:
4756:
4721:
4687:
4658:
4623:
4613:
4568:16 May
4541:
4531:
4489:
4448:
4404:
4394:
4355:
4347:
4315:et al.
4299:
4289:
4275:: 59.
4248:
4240:
4176:
4166:
4124:
4114:
4068:
4058:
4016:
4008:
3969:
3961:
3920:
3910:
3848:
3838:
3797:
3789:
3743:
3707:
3700:384897
3697:
3649:
3641:
3568:
3508:
3464:
3457:447595
3454:
3400:
3306:
3296:
3244:
3199:
3189:
3150:
3140:
2995:K-M526
2924:
2916:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2762:
2743:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2286:A-M171
2276:A-M118
2271:A-M114
2148:A1b1b2
2142:A1b1b1
2101:A1b1a1
1845:A-M118
1784:A-M171
1595:A1b1b
1418:A-M114
1162:Jordan
1142:Turkey
1127:Amhara
930:, and
885:Kunama
772:Amhara
733:Maasai
570:Africa
459:Europe
455:Africa
379:Lesvos
371:island
364:Europe
310:Amhara
259:Bakola
228:Tupuri
177:. The
165:Origin
159:A-P305
155:A-V148
78:A-P305
76:(A0),
74:A-V148
4882:S2CID
4353:S2CID
4246:S2CID
4014:S2CID
3967:S2CID
3795:S2CID
3647:S2CID
3577:(PDF)
3546:(PDF)
3220:(PDF)
2922:S2CID
2572:GHIJK
2316:A-P28
2306:A-M51
2301:A-M32
2296:A-M31
2291:A-M28
2281:A-M13
2136:A1b1b
2095:A1b1a
1897:A3b2b
1894:A3b2b
1891:A3b2b
1888:A3b2b
1885:A3b2b
1882:A3b2b
1879:A3b2b
1876:A3b2b
1873:A3b2b
1870:A3b2b
1836:A3b2a
1833:A3b2a
1830:A3b2a
1827:A3b2a
1824:A3b2a
1821:A3b2a
1818:A3b2a
1815:A3b2a
1812:A3b2a
1809:A3b2a
1748:A3b2*
1723:A-M13
1662:A-M51
1601:A-M28
1540:A-M32
1479:A-P28
1296:A-M31
1166:Amman
1150:Egypt
1131:Oromo
1100:Sudan
1090:A-M13
1080:Xhosa
1064:!Kung
1054:A-M51
1038:A-M28
1022:A-M32
1008:!Kung
1004:!Kung
974:from
966:from
964:Dogon
958:from
938:A-M31
911:Arabs
872:Oromo
846:Fulbe
820:Hausa
797:Bantu
694:Borgu
681:!Kung
618:Dinka
582:Freq.
552:Mbuti
548:B-M60
532:E1b1a
521:Pygmy
486:Ghana
480:from
322:Iraqw
314:Oromo
302:Dinka
286:Tsogo
282:Nzebi
274:Ndumu
266:Gabon
252:Mbuti
236:Fulbe
102:Dinka
4874:PMID
4845:PMID
4801:PMID
4764:PMID
4719:PMID
4685:PMID
4656:PMID
4621:PMID
4570:2011
4539:PMID
4487:PMID
4446:PMID
4402:PMID
4345:PMID
4297:PMID
4238:PMID
4174:PMID
4122:PMID
4066:PMID
4006:PMID
3959:PMID
3918:PMID
3846:PMID
3787:PMID
3741:PMID
3705:PMID
3639:PMID
3566:PMID
3506:PMID
3462:PMID
3398:PMID
3304:PMID
3242:PMID
3197:PMID
3148:PMID
2914:PMID
2741:K2b1
2586:HIJK
2478:A1b1
2434:A0-T
2311:A-M6
2089:A1b1
1922:and
1775:A3b2
1772:A3b2
1769:A3b2
1766:A3b2
1763:A3b2
1760:A3b2
1757:A3b2
1754:A3b2
1751:A3b2
1714:A3b1
1711:A3b1
1708:A3b1
1705:A3b1
1702:A3b1
1699:A3b1
1696:A3b1
1693:A3b1
1690:A3b1
1687:A3b1
1357:A-M6
1351:A1a
1170:Oman
1108:Nuba
1084:Zulu
1060:Nama
1030:and
1016:Dama
1012:Nama
997:A-M6
980:Mali
968:Mali
859:Dama
833:Khwe
777:~16
746:Nara
707:Nuer
686:~40
644:Nuba
605:Nama
597:66%
461:and
278:Duma
270:Baka
248:Hema
244:Alur
110:Nuer
93:Nama
80:(A1)
4866:doi
4835:PMC
4825:doi
4793:doi
4781:290
4754:PMC
4744:doi
4709:doi
4677:doi
4646:doi
4611:PMC
4601:doi
4529:PMC
4521:doi
4477:doi
4438:doi
4426:290
4392:PMC
4384:doi
4337:doi
4333:114
4287:PMC
4277:doi
4228:hdl
4220:doi
4216:113
4164:PMC
4156:doi
4112:PMC
4104:doi
4056:PMC
4048:doi
3998:doi
3949:doi
3908:PMC
3898:doi
3836:PMC
3826:doi
3777:hdl
3769:doi
3733:doi
3695:PMC
3687:doi
3631:doi
3558:doi
3554:137
3496:doi
3452:PMC
3444:doi
3388:doi
3294:PMC
3284:doi
3232:doi
3187:PMC
3179:doi
3138:PMC
3130:doi
2906:doi
2824:P1a
2819:P1b
2814:P1c
2802:NO1
2730:K2a
2722:K2b
2715:K2c
2708:K2d
2701:K2e
2595:IJK
2468:A1b
2462:A1a
2428:A00
2083:A1b
2077:A1a
2043:in
1861:Eu1
1800:Eu1
1739:Eu1
1653:A3a
1650:A3a
1647:A3a
1644:A3a
1641:A3a
1638:A3a
1635:A3a
1632:A3a
1629:A3a
1626:A3a
1531:A2b
1528:A2b
1525:A2b
1522:A2b
1519:A2b
1516:A2b
1513:A2b
1510:A2b
1507:A2b
1504:A2b
1470:A2a
1467:A2a
1464:A2a
1461:A2a
1458:A2a
1455:A2a
1452:A2a
1449:A2a
1446:A2a
1443:A2a
1382:A2*
1348:A1a
1345:A1a
1342:A1a
1339:A1a
1330:A1a
1234:(η)
1229:(ζ)
1224:(ε)
1219:(δ)
1214:(γ)
1209:(β)
1204:(α)
1140:of
1121:In
1098:In
1070:of
903:10
890:10
877:10
864:11
851:12
838:12
825:13
812:14
802:14
789:14
764:19
751:20
738:27
725:31
720:Fur
712:33
699:35
673:41
661:44
649:46
636:53
623:62
610:64
432:.
254:).
240:DRC
140:SNP
4900::
4880:.
4872:.
4862:26
4860:.
4843:.
4833:.
4821:65
4819:.
4815:.
4799:,
4791:,
4779:,
4762:.
4752:.
4740:69
4738:.
4734:.
4717:.
4703:.
4699:.
4683:,
4673:16
4671:,
4654:.
4642:18
4640:.
4636:.
4619:.
4609:.
4597:68
4595:.
4591:.
4537:.
4527:.
4517:18
4515:.
4511:.
4499:^
4485:.
4473:50
4471:.
4467:.
4444:.
4436:.
4424:.
4400:.
4390:.
4380:69
4378:.
4374:.
4351:.
4343:.
4331:.
4295:.
4285:.
4273:10
4271:.
4267:.
4244:.
4236:.
4226:.
4214:.
4188:.
4172:.
4162:.
4152:15
4150:.
4146:.
4134:^
4120:.
4110:.
4100:74
4098:.
4094:.
4078:^
4064:.
4054:.
4044:18
4042:.
4038:.
4026:^
4012:.
4004:.
3994:24
3992:.
3979:^
3965:.
3957:.
3945:65
3943:.
3939:.
3916:.
3906:.
3892:.
3888:.
3876:^
3858:^
3844:.
3834:.
3822:10
3820:.
3816:.
3793:.
3785:.
3775:.
3765:70
3763:.
3739:.
3729:28
3727:.
3703:.
3693:.
3683:70
3681:.
3677:.
3659:^
3645:.
3637:.
3627:26
3625:.
3594:^
3564:.
3552:.
3548:.
3518:^
3504:.
3492:26
3490:.
3486:.
3474:^
3460:.
3450:.
3440:70
3438:.
3434:.
3413:^
3404:.
3396:.
3384:13
3382:.
3378:.
3316:^
3302:.
3292:.
3282:.
3270:.
3266:.
3254:^
3240:.
3228:28
3226:.
3222:.
3195:.
3185:.
3175:92
3173:.
3169:.
3146:.
3136:.
3126:88
3124:.
3120:.
3092:^
3038:;
2920:.
2912:.
2902:35
2900:.
2792:P1
2677:J2
2671:J1
2663:I2
2657:I1
2646:K2
2638:LT
2609:IJ
2565:F3
2548:F1
2512:CF
2507:DE
2498:CT
2484:BT
2451:A1
2445:A0
2419:"
2183:BT
2071:A1
2065:A0
2047:.
2030:.
1864:H1
1855:1A
1803:H1
1794:1A
1742:H1
1733:1A
1681:H1
1672:1A
1620:H1
1611:1A
1592:A3
1589:A3
1586:A3
1583:A3
1580:A3
1577:A3
1574:A3
1571:A3
1568:A3
1498:H1
1483:27
1437:H1
1422:27
1409:A2
1406:A2
1403:A2
1400:A2
1397:A2
1394:A2
1391:A2
1388:A2
1385:A2
1376:H1
1361:27
1336:A1
1333:A1
1327:A1
1324:A1
1321:A1
1315:H1
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