Haplogroup E-M2 - Knowledge (XXG)

36: 1974:. Similarly, while E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. "A possible explanation might be that haplotype 24 chromosomes were already present across the Sudanese belt when the M191 mutation, which defines haplotype 22, arose in central western Africa. Only then would a later demic expansion have brought haplotype 22 chromosomes from central western to western Africa, giving rise to the opposite clinal distributions of haplotypes 22 and 24." 1805: 4175: 114:. E-M2 is primarily distributed within Africa followed by West Asia. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa, and the Middle East. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. E-M2 is especially common among indigenous Africans who speak 2128:(YCC E1b1a8a) is defined by U209. It is the most prominent subclade of U175. This subclade has very high frequencies of over fifty percentages in Cameroonian populations of Bassa and Bakaka, possibly indicating place of origin. However, E-U209 is widely found at lower frequencies in West and Central African countries surrounding Cameroon and Gabon. Brucato et al. (2010) found the SNP in a populations of Ahizi (in 2197:

new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

1982:(YCC E1b1a7a) is defined by P252/U174. It appears to be the most common subclade of E-L485. It is believed to have originated near western Central Africa. It is rarely found in the most western portions of West Africa. Montano et al. (2011) found this subclade very prevalent in Nigeria and Gabon. Filippo et al. (2011) estimated a tMRCA of ~4.2 kya from sample of Yoruba population positive for the SNP. 2138:(YCC E1b1a8a1) is defined by U290. The Montano et al. (2011) study of U290 showed a lower frequency in Nigeria (11.7%) and western Central Africa than basal node U209. The highest population frequency rate in that study was 57.7% (15/26) in Ewondo in Cameroon. 32.5% (27/83) of African American men tested by Sims et al. (2007) were positive for this SNP. 879:

of Sierra Leone), bearing the Senegal sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated into Mauritania (77% modern rate of occurrence) and Senegal (100%); they may also have migrated across the Sahara, into North Africa, and from North Africa, into Southern Europe, Turkey, and a region near northern Iraq and

9913:

Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, Kauffman E, Bonné-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the

2196:

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single

1812:

E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade

9447:

Rojas W, Parra MV, Campo O, Caro MA, Lopera JG, Arias W, Duque C, Naranjo A, García J, Vergara C, Lopera J, Hernandez E, Valencia A, Caicedo Y, Cuartas M, Gutiérrez J, López S, Ruiz-Linares A, Bedoya G (September 2010). "Genetic make up and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental

4943:

DYS271/M2/SY81, P1/PN1, P189, P293, and M291 appear to form E1b1a1*. L576 forms a subclade immediately after the previously mentioned SNPs. L576 gave rise to a deeper subclade of M180/P88, P182, L88.3, L86, and PAGES0006. From this subclade, all the major subclades (i.e. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a

1970:

clinal distributions to E1b1a1* in the West African Savanna region. Haplogroup E1b1a1a1f1a (E-M191) has a frequency of 23% in Cameroon (where it represents 42% of haplotypes carrying the DYS271 mutation or E-M2), 13% in Burkina Faso (16% of haplotypes carrying the M2/DYS271 mutation) and only 1% in

1969:

Veeramah et al. (2010) studies of the recombining portions of M191 positive Y chromosomes suggest that this lineage has "diffusely spread with multiple high frequency haplotypes implying a longer evolutionary period since this haplogroup arose". The subclade E1b1a1a1f1a appears to express opposite

2033:

E1b1a1a1g (YCC E1b1a8) is defined by marker U175. The basal E-U175* is extremely rare. Montano et al. (2011) only found one out of 505 tested African subjects who was U175 positive but negative for U209. Brucato et al. found similarly low frequencies of basal E-U175* in subjects in the Ivory Coast

1913:

E1b1a1a1f is defined by L485. The basal node E-L485* appears to be somewhat uncommon but has not been sufficiently tested in large populations. The ancestral L485 SNP (along with several of its subclades) was very recently discovered. Some of these SNPs have little or no published population data

1661:

brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. Consequently, the haplogroup is often observed in the United States populations in men who self-identify as African Americans. It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean,

1813:

E1b1a1f is found. Cruciani et al. (2002) states: "A possible explanation might be that haplotype 24 chromosomes were already present across the Sudanese belt when the M191 mutation, which defines haplotype 22, arose in central western Africa. Only then would a later demic expansion have brought

912:

E-M2's frequency and diversity are highest in West Africa. Within Africa, E-M2 displays a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of

258:

was, because of the proven genetic relationship and a mummification process that suggested punishment, a good candidate for the pharaoh's son, Pentaweret, who was the only son to revolt against his father. It was impossible to determine his cause of death. Using Whit Athey's haplogroup predictor

4834:

K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik

142:

savanna/grassland of North Africa between 14,000 BP and 10,000 BP. According to Wood et al. (2005) and Rosa et al. (2007), such population movements changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern, and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous

134:

may have originated in East Africa. E-V38 joins the West African-affiliated E-M2 and the Northeast African-affiliated E-M329 with an earlier common ancestor who, like E-P2, may have also originated in East Africa. The downstream SNP E-M180 may have originated in the

1963:

speaking South Africans tested 7.7% (14/183) positive for this SNP. It also appears commonly in Africans living in the Americas. A population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tested 9.2% (12/130) positive. 34.9% (29/83) of African American men tested positive for

8863:

Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez-Jarreta B, Quintana-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA (December 2008).

596:, shared this haplogroup with freed Africans in Saint Helena. Based on those who were present among enlaved Africans, the ratio of males-to-females supports the conclusion of there being a strong selection bias for males in the latter period of the 9199:

Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, Lillie AS, Roseman CC, Lin AA, Prince K, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Semino O, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (January 2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia".

263:

values, both mummies were predicted to share the Y chromosomal haplogroup E1b1a1-M2 and 50% of their genetic material, which pointed to a father-son relationship. Gad et al. (2021) indicates that Ramesses III and Unknown Man E, possibly

9114:

Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Benuzzi G, Magri C, Passarino G, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS (September 2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations".

1959:(54.3%) living in Nigeria, West Africa. E-M191/P86 appears in varying frequencies in Central and Southern Africa but almost all are also positive for P252/U174. Bantu-speaking South Africans (89/343) tested 25.9% positive and 8324:

Iacovacci G, D'Atanasio E, Marini O, Coppa A, Sellitto D, Trombetta B, Berti A, Cruciani F (March 2017). "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries".

1494:

Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as

1333:

or other migrations. However, the discovery in 2011 of the E-M2 marker that predates E-M2 has led Trombetta et al. to suggest that E-M2 may have originated in East Africa. In Eritrea and most of Ethiopia (excluding the

8536:

Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Pascone R, Moral P, Watson E, Guida V, Colomb EB, Zaharova B, Lavinha J, Vona G, Aman R, Cali F, Akar N, Richards M, Torroni A, Novelletto A, Scozzari R (May 2004).

6752: 9411:

Nuñez C, Baeta M, Sosa C, Casalod Y, Ge J, Budowle B, Martínez-Jarreta B (December 2010). "Reconstructing the population history of Nicaragua by means of mtDNA, Y-chromosome STRs, and autosomal STR markers".

8435:

Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, Bekada A, Benhamamouch S, Cerutti N, Piazza A, Inturri S, Torre C (May 2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample".

8399:

Ottoni C, Larmuseau MH, Vanderheyden N, Martínez-Labarga C, Primativo G, Biondi G, Decorte R, Rickards O (May 2011). "Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage".

8178:

Gonçalves R, Rosa A, Freitas A, Fernandes A, Kivisild T, Villems R, Brehm A (November 2003). "Y-chromosome lineages in Cabo Verde Islands witness the diverse geographic origin of its first male settlers".

8722:

Mršić G, Gršković B, Vrdoljak A, Popović M, Valpotić I, Anđelinović Š, Stenzl V, Ehler E, Urban L, Lacković G, Underhill P, Primorac D (July 2012). "Croatian national reference Y-STR haplotype database".

7909:

Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA (May 2002).

1935:(YCC E1b1a7) is defined by marker M191/P86. Filippo et al. (2011) studied a number of African populations that were E-M2 positive and found the basal E-M191/P86 (without E-P252/U174) in a population of 679:, Maryland, there were 27 African Americans found who were dated between 1774 CE and 1850 CE. One male individual, who was of 98.14% Sub-Saharan African ancestry, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c2c and 230:

At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and

4670: 9549:

Hünemeier T, Carvalho C, Marrero AR, Salzano FM, Pena SD, Bortolini MC (June 2007). "Niger-Congo speaking populations and the formation of the Brazilian gene pool: mtDNA and Y-chromosome data".

8731:(7). Branka Grskovic, Andro Vrdoljak, Maja Popovic, Ivica Valpotic, Simun Andelinovic, Vlastimil Stenzl, Edvard Ehler, Ludvik Urban, Gordana Lackovic, Peter Underhill, Dragan Primorac: 7727–41. 600:. Consequently, due to this study on the freed Africans of Saint Helena, among other studies, greater genetic insights have been made into the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and its effects on the 2020:

is defined by markers L515, L516, L517, and M263.2. This subclade was found by the researchers of Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project using data from the commercial bioinformatics company

5298:

Montano V, Ferri G, Marcari V, Batini C, Anyaele O, Destro-Bisol G, Comas D (July 2011). "The Bantu expansion revisited: a new analysis of Y chromosome variation in Central Western Africa".

843:

region of western Central Africa (e.g., Cameroon) by at least 7,300 years ago, though possibly as early as 22,000 years ago. The ancestral sickle cell haplotype to modern haplotypes (e.g.,

7774: 859:

haplotypes) may have first arose in the ancestors of modern West Africans, bearing haplogroups E1b1a1-L485 and E1b1a1-U175 or their ancestral haplogroup E1b1a1-M4732. West Africans (e.g.,

147:

frequencies in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a1 lineages. Traces of earlier inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups

8687:

Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (November 2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history".

1897:

E1b1a1a1e is defined by markers M10, M66, M156 and M195. Wairak people in Tanzania tested 4.6% (2/43) positive for E-M10. E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the

734:, South Carolina, there were 18 African Americans found who were dated to the 18th century CE. Banza was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS668 and 4009: 660:, Delaware, 3 out of 11 individuals were African Americans, who were dated between 1675 CE and 1725 CE; one was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS2447 and 167:

from east to west around 19,000 years ago, where E1b1a1-M2 may have subsequently originated in West Africa or Central Africa. Shriner et al. (2018) also traces this migration via

5052:"Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent" 3999: 3720:

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree, the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree, and subsequent published research.

9587:

de Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M, Mpoloka SW, Gunnarsdóttir ED, Bostoen K, Nyambe T, Beyer K, Schreiber H, de Knijff P, Luiselli D, Stoneking M, Pakendorf B (March 2011).

10202:

Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective",

2164:

is defined by V39. Trombetta et al. first published this SNP in 2011 but gave little population data about it. It is only known to have been found in an African population.

8586:

Karafet TM, Zegura SL, Posukh O, Osipova L, Bergen A, Long J, Goldman D, Klitz W, Harihara S, de Knijff P, Wiebe V, Griffiths RC, Templeton AR, Hammer MF (March 1999).

8766:

Capelli C, Redhead N, Romano V, Calì F, Lefranc G, Delague V, et al. (March 2006). "Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective".

5016: 9645:"Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria" 9510:

Nascimento E, Cerqueira E, Azevedo E, Freitas V, Azevedo D (December 2009). "The Africa male lineages of Bahia's people—Northeast Brazil: A preliminary SNPs study".

8962: 7300: 8486:"High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula" 4697:

Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".

10283:

Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations".

2191: 7695:"Recent Adaptive Acquisition by African Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers of the Late Pleistocene Sickle-Cell Mutation Suggests Past Differences in Malaria Exposure" 130:

The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. This led the authors to suggest that

9837:"The imprint of the Slave Trade in an African American population: mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HTLV-1 analysis in the Noir Marron of French Guiana" 9252:"Sub-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs" 4944:

evolved. The exact position of V43 and V95 within these three subclades and E1b1a1a1b (M116.2), E1b1a1a1c (M149), and E1b1a1a1d (M155) remains uncertain.

2008:

is defined by Z1704. This subclade has been observed across Africa. The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium found this SNP in Yoruba Nigerian, three Kenyan

424:

ancestry, dated between 1453 CE and 1626 CE, 1450 CE and 1620 CE, and 1436 CE and 1472 CE, were found; one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1b/E-M263.2 and

1329:

E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. Some of the lineages found in these areas are possibly due to the

10337: 378: 7820: 8131:"Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" 6327:"Multidisciplinary investigation reveals an individual of West African origin buried in a Portuguese Mesolithic shell midden four centuries ago" 5620:"Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa" 4675: 2034:

and Benin. Veeramah et al. (2010) found U175 in tested Annang (45.3%), Ibibio (37%), Efik (33.3%), and Igbo (25.3%) but did not test for U209.

840: 6293: 5927: 335:

At Taita Taveta, Makwasinyi, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1667 cal CE and 1843 cal CE, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1d1c and

342:

At Taita Taveta, Makwasinyi, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1709 cal CE and 1927 cal CE, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3a1d~ and

35: 9835:

Brucato N, Cassar O, Tonasso L, Tortevoye P, Migot-Nabias F, Plancoulaine S, Guitard E, Larrouy G, Gessain A, Dugoujon JM (October 2010).

8359: 7240: 8866:"The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula" 5426:

Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C, Destro-Bisol G, Spedini G, McLeod H, Louie L, Bamshad M, Strassmann BI, Soodyall H, Hammer MF (July 2005).

413: 9483:

de Azevedo DA, da Silva LA, Gusmão L, de Carvalho EF (December 2009). "Analysis of Y chromosome SNPs in Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil".

691:. One male individual, who was of 87.83% Sub-Saharan African and 8.23% European ancestry, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1a1a3a1d1 and 6909: 6706:"Ancient DNA and bioarchaeological perspectives on European and African diversity and relationships on the colonial Delaware frontier" 5160:"A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms" 321:

At Taita Taveta, Makwasinyi, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1d1c and

4159: 4004: 3979: 111: 9071:

Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration".

10124:"Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages" 9643:

Veeramah KR, Connell BA, Ansari Pour N, Powell A, Plaster CA, Zeitlyn D, Mendell NR, Weale ME, Bradman N, Thomas MG (March 2010).

8079:"Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel" 5257: 3729:(DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, V95, Z1101, Z1107, Z1116, Z1120, Z1122, Z1123, Z1124, Z1125, Z1127, Z1130, Z1133) 10358: 7476:"Community-engaged ancient DNA project reveals diverse origins of 18th-century African descendants in Charleston, South Carolina" 1706: 1338:), E-V38 is usually found in the form of E-M329, which is autochthonous, while E-M2 generally indicates Bantu migratory origins. 715:. One male individual, who was of 91.82% Sub-Saharan African and 5.31% European ancestry, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1a1 and 711:. One male individual, who was of 82.31% Sub-Saharan African and 10.24% European ancestry, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1b and 683:. One male individual, who was of 83.73% Sub-Saharan African and 7.74% European ancestry, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1b1 and 9886:

Brito P, Carvalho M, Gomes V, Melo MM, Bogas V, Balsa F, et al. (December 2011). "Y-SNP analysis in an Angola population".

2144:

is defined by Z1725. This marker has been observed by The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium in Yoruba Nigerians and Luhya Kenyans.

687:. One male individual, who was of 84.94% Sub-Saharan African and 9.45% European ancestry, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a and 8638:

Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (August 2004).

4149: 328:

At Taita Taveta, Makwasinyi, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a and

8821:"Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography" 8539:"Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa" 218:

At Taukome, in Botswana, an individual, dated to the Early Iron Age (1100 BP), carried haplogroups E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123) and

10342: 7912:"A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes" 7851:

Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ (March 2004).

5619: 365:

At Lindi, in Tanzania, an individual, dated between 1511 cal CE and 1664 cal CE, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3a1d~ and

699:. One male individual, who was of 93.87% Sub-Saharan African and 2.58% European ancestry, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1 and 10016:"A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" 8241:"On the origins and admixture of Malagasy: new evidence from high-resolution analyses of paternal and maternal lineages" 8129:

Msaidie S, Ducourneau A, Boetsch G, Longepied G, Papa K, Allibert C, Yahaya AA, Chiaroni J, Mitchell MJ (January 2011).

5709:"Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study" 9699:"Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations" 6274:"Disentangling the Impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in African Diaspora Populations from a Genomic Perspective" 3949: 1804: 8819:

Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Pérez JA, Rojas A, Larruga JM, Underhill PA (October 2004).

5534:"Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa" 5428:"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" 1821:

from central western to western Africa, giving rise to the opposite clinal distributions of haplotypes 22 and 24."

731: 676: 597: 589: 7382:"Tables S1 to S24, S1.1, S3.2 to S3.7, and S4.1 for The genetic legacy of African Americans from Catoctin Furnace" 5478:

Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Shen P, Mirazón Lahr M, Foley RA, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL (January 2001).

4816:

Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

2038: 115: 5928:"Supplementary Materials for Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa" 3459: 2788: 189: 9358:"Colloquium paper: genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations" 7544:"Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase" 6027:"Supplementary Data Files for Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast" 5106:"Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase" 314:, Makwasinyi, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a and 8913:

Noora R. Al-Snan1; Safia A. Messaoudi; Yahya M. Khubrani; Jon H. Wetton; Mark A. Jobling; Moiz Bakhiet (2020).

4338: 3581: 3398: 3337: 3215: 3154: 3093: 2971: 2910: 2849: 2483: 2361: 2300: 1898: 1243: 848: 719:. One male individual, who was of 81.18% Sub-Saharan African and 14.86% European ancestry, carried haplogroups 703:. One male individual, who was of 98.70% Sub-Saharan African ancestry, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1b2a and 3520: 3276: 3032: 2727: 2544: 2422: 2158:

test population found this SNP at 14% (14/100). Members of this subclade have also been found in South Africa.

880:

southern Turkey. Some may have migrated into and introduced the Senegal and Benin sickle cell haplotypes into

707:. One male individual, who was of 97.01% Sub-Saharan African ancestry, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1a1 and 311: 4967:"The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages" 4278: 10240:"Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age" 4862:

Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

4541: 4268: 3984: 2666: 2605: 1915: 1473: 437: 9356:, Velez C, Karafet T, Moreno-Estrada A, Reynolds A, Auton A, Hammer M, Bustamante CD, Ostrer H (May 2010). 8915:"Geographical structuring and low diversity of paternal lineages in Bahrain shown by analysis of 27 Y-STRs" 8077:

Pereira L, Cerný V, Cerezo M, Silva NM, Hájek M, Vasíková A, Kujanová M, Brdicka R, Salas A (August 2010).

7775:"Sickle ß-globin haplotypes among patients with sickle cell anemia in Basra, Iraq: A cross-sectional study" 4871:

Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

4365: 4348: 695:. One male individual, who was of 98.14% Sub-Saharan African ancestry, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1a and 10014:

Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001).

4530: 4522: 4262: 4127: 601: 493: 4356: 1939:

speakers in Burkina Faso. Montano et al. (2011) found similar sparse distribution of E-M191* in Nigeria,

1829:

E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples.

636:, as well as estimated to date between 1500 CE and 1600 CE, were both found to be of West African (i.e., 358:, in Tanzania, an individual, dated between 1418 cal CE and 1450 cal CE, carried haplogroups E1b1a1~ and 9751:

Abecasis GR, Altshuler D, Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Gibbs RA, Hurles ME, McVean GA (October 2010).

9299:

Mendizabal I, Sandoval K, Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Salas A, Martínez-Fuentes A, Comas D (July 2008).

8956: 6273: 5010: 4592: 4438: 2037:

The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other

484:, 20 freed Africans, who were dated to the 19th century CE, were also of western Central African (e.g., 10122:

Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001).

4515: 4508: 4501: 4111: 4048: 4033: 4023: 8285:"High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males" 4101: 3648:

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

10211: 10059:

Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001).

9962:"New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree" 9809: 9764: 9365: 9150:

Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q (January 2007).

7972: 7108: 7016: 6924: 6822: 6624: 6399: 6278:

Africa, the Cradle of Human Diversity Cultural and Biological Approaches to Uncover African Diversity

6119: 6038: 5942: 5858: 5634: 5545: 5171: 4631: 4550: 4485: 4429: 4414: 4400: 4321: 4293: 3959: 1926: 1658: 1567: 795: 779: 653: 625: 281: 172: 168: 148: 136: 20: 9353: 6471:"Contributing to the Discussion: The Health of Enslaved Africans Through the Lens of Bioarchaeology" 4624: 4619: 303:, in Kenya, an individual, dated between 1500 CE and 1700 CE, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a and 6910:"Supplementary Materials for The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years" 4142: 1219: 453: 409: 8023:

Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (January 2002).

5480:"The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations" 1838: 10308: 9939: 9697:

Naidoo T, Schlebusch CM, Makkan H, Patel P, Mahabeer R, Erasmus JC, Soodyall H (September 2010).

9281: 9225: 9096: 8801: 8748: 8461: 8239:

Tofanelli S, Bertoncini S, Castrì L, Luiselli D, Calafell F, Donati G, Paoli G (September 2009).

8214: 7812: 7748: 7675: 7597: 7513: 7419: 7341: 7281: 7221: 7158: 7074: 6982: 6885: 6866:"From Country Marks to DNA Markers: The Genomic Turn in the Reconstruction of African Identities" 6846: 6791: 6733: 6686: 6613:"Data S1. Tables S1–S13: The ancestry and geographical origins of St Helena's liberated Africans" 6554: 6513: 6451: 6356: 6307: 6254: 6179: 6145: 6088: 5992: 5908: 5827: 5762: 5684: 5595: 5509: 5323: 4722: 4560: 4234: 4217: 441: 9589:"Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups" 7853:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations" 1998:(YCC E1b1a7a3) is defined by P116. Montano et al. (2011) observed this SNP only in Gabon and a 10300: 10271: 10227: 10190: 10159:"Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes" 10145: 10111: 10082: 10047: 9991: 9931: 9868: 9790: 9730: 9676: 9618: 9566: 9465: 9429: 9393: 9332: 9273: 9217: 9181: 9152:"Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan" 9132: 9088: 9053: 9009: 8944: 8895: 8842: 8793: 8740: 8704: 8669: 8617: 8568: 8515: 8453: 8417: 8342: 8306: 8262: 8206: 8160: 8108: 8054: 7998: 7941: 7882: 7804: 7796: 7740: 7722: 7714: 7667: 7649: 7641: 7589: 7571: 7563: 7505: 7411: 7333: 7273: 7213: 7205: 7197: 7150: 7132: 7124: 7066: 7048: 7040: 6974: 6956: 6948: 6838: 6783: 6775: 6725: 6678: 6660: 6652: 6505: 6443: 6425: 6417: 6348: 6299: 6289: 6246: 6238: 6230: 6171: 6153: 6137: 6080: 6062: 6054: 5984: 5966: 5958: 5900: 5882: 5874: 5819: 5811: 5803: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5676: 5658: 5650: 5587: 5569: 5561: 5501: 5449: 5385: 5315: 5199: 5135: 5081: 4998: 4791: 4772:

F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.

4714: 4652: 4647: 4638: 4581: 4572: 4492: 4463: 4423: 4381: 4333: 4251: 4116: 4068: 4063: 4038: 4028: 3954: 1925:

is defined by marker L514. This SNP is currently without population study data outside of the

1881:

E1b1a1a1c is defined by private marker M149. This marker was found in a single South African.

641: 621: 254:

Hawass et al. (2012) determined that the ancient Egyptian mummy of an unknown man buried with

208: 8976:

Abu-Amero KK, Hellani A, González AM, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Underhill PA (September 2009).

4965:

D'Atanasio E, Trombetta B, Bonito M, Finocchio A, Di Vito G, Seghizzi M; et al. (2018).

664:, another was of western Central African Bantu-speaking ancestry and carried E1b1a-Z5974 and 10292: 10261: 10251: 10219: 10180: 10170: 10135: 10103: 10072: 10037: 10027: 9981: 9973: 9923: 9895: 9858: 9848: 9780: 9772: 9720: 9710: 9666: 9656: 9608: 9600: 9558: 9519: 9492: 9457: 9421: 9383: 9373: 9322: 9312: 9263: 9209: 9171: 9163: 9124: 9080: 9043: 8999: 8989: 8934: 8926: 8885: 8877: 8832: 8783: 8775: 8732: 8696: 8659: 8651: 8607: 8599: 8558: 8550: 8505: 8497: 8445: 8409: 8334: 8296: 8252: 8196: 8188: 8150: 8142: 8098: 8090: 8044: 8036: 7988: 7980: 7931: 7923: 7872: 7864: 7786: 7730: 7706: 7657: 7633: 7579: 7555: 7495: 7487: 7401: 7393: 7323: 7315: 7263: 7255: 7189: 7140: 7116: 7056: 7032: 7024: 6964: 6940: 6932: 6877: 6865: 6830: 6767: 6717: 6668: 6642: 6634: 6544: 6497: 6433: 6409: 6338: 6281: 6220: 6210: 6161: 6127: 6070: 6046: 5974: 5950: 5890: 5866: 5793: 5782:"Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship" 5728: 5720: 5666: 5642: 5577: 5553: 5491: 5439: 5375: 5365: 5307: 5189: 5179: 5125: 5117: 5071: 5063: 4988: 4978: 4706: 4614: 4372: 4326: 4106: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4058: 4053: 4043: 2154:

population tested 31.3% (15/48) for the marker. Bakaka speakers from Cameroon tested 8%. An

2132:) 38.8% (19/49), Yacouba (Ivory Coast) 27.5% (11/40), and Beninese 6.5% (5/77) respectively. 1999: 1479: 1316: 868: 771: 720: 581: 553: 461: 393: 292: 269: 235: 152: 131: 79: 7301:"Supplementary Materials for The genetic legacy of African Americans from Catoctin Furnace" 10077: 10060: 9301:"Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba" 6384: 4386: 4073: 2173:

E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. It was first reported in a person from the

2046: 1889:

E1b1a1a1d is defined by a private marker M155. It is known from a single carrier in Mali.

1640: 1330: 1304: 1065: 1017: 758:. Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and 421: 119: 10327: 9536:

Tanya M Simms 2011, The Peopling of the Bahamas: A Phylogeographical Perspective pg. 194

6485: 742:. Kuto was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS2198 and 163:. Shriner et al. (2018) similarly suggests that haplogroup E1b1a-V38 migrated across the 10332: 10215: 9768: 9369: 7976: 7622:"Evolutionary history of sickle-cell mutation: implications for global genetic medicine" 7406: 7381: 7328: 7268: 7112: 7020: 6928: 6826: 6673: 6612: 6470: 6438: 6123: 6075: 6042: 6026: 5946: 5862: 5638: 5549: 5175: 4188:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

668:, and another was of West African and East African ancestry and carried E1b1a-Z5974 and 10266: 10239: 10185: 10158: 10042: 10015: 9986: 9961: 9863: 9836: 9785: 9752: 9725: 9698: 9671: 9644: 9613: 9588: 9388: 9357: 9327: 9300: 9176: 9151: 9004: 8977: 8939: 8914: 8890: 8865: 8664: 8639: 8612: 8587: 8563: 8538: 8510: 8485: 8155: 8130: 8103: 8078: 7993: 7960: 7877: 7852: 7735: 7694: 7662: 7621: 7584: 7543: 7500: 7178:"Historical genomes elucidate European settlement and the African diaspora in Delaware" 7145: 7096: 7061: 7004: 6969: 6166: 6108:"Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history" 6107: 5979: 5895: 5846: 5671: 5582: 5533: 5496: 5479: 5380: 5354:"Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective" 5353: 5261: 5194: 5159: 5130: 5105: 5076: 5051: 4993: 4966: 4602: 4395: 4228: 4135: 1960: 1902: 1858: 1541: 1179: 1077: 657: 389: 260: 239: 69: 10157:

Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001).

10107: 9128: 9030:

Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (March 2008).

8049: 8024: 7936: 7911: 4739: 1873:

E1b1a1a1b is defined by M116.2, a private marker. A single carrier was found in Mali.

746:. Anika was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS6126 and 10352: 10238:

Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999).

8779: 8025:"Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny" 7816: 7679: 7517: 7475: 7423: 7345: 7285: 7225: 7177: 6889: 6850: 6810: 6795: 6737: 6690: 6517: 6455: 6360: 6311: 6258: 6225: 6183: 6092: 5996: 5912: 5847:"Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa" 5831: 5766: 5708: 5688: 5599: 5311: 4795: 4477: 4471: 4457: 4446: 4409: 4312: 4307: 4298: 4284: 4245: 3964: 2042: 1948: 1936: 1718: 1388: 1372: 1279: 1231: 1162: 1125: 1113: 1101: 1029: 981: 860: 819: 815: 811: 810:. Jode was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS4975 and 807: 803: 799: 791: 787: 775: 767: 763: 762:. Wuta was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS7305 and 759: 755: 747: 743: 739: 735: 724: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 669: 665: 661: 633: 593: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 485: 469: 465: 433: 429: 425: 366: 359: 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 304: 285: 243: 231: 219: 212: 204: 10312: 9960:

Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008).

9943: 9285: 9229: 8805: 8752: 8484:

Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J (April 2001).

8465: 8218: 7752: 7162: 7078: 7005:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years, TablesS1-S5" 6986: 6558: 4726: 867:

of Nigeria), bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated through the

9100: 7601: 5513: 5327: 2009: 1853:

tested positive for M58. Three South Africans tested positive for this marker. One

1842: 1458: 1335: 1255: 1053: 1005: 876: 802:. Pita was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4287 and 481: 397: 255: 164: 156: 10223: 8640:"A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa" 6199:"Origin and Health Status of First-Generation Africans from Early Colonial Mexico" 5158:

Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R (January 2011). MacAulay V (ed.).

1943:, Cameroon and Congo. M191/P86 positive samples occurred in tested populations of 790:. Coosaw was of West African and Native American ancestry and carried haplogroups 9899: 9523: 9496: 8338: 6343: 6326: 5184: 1988:(YCC E1b1a7a2) is defined by P115. This subclade has only been observed amongst 284:, an iron metallurgist of the Iron Age carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1a/E-M58 and 6753:"Beyond broad strokes: sociocultural insights from the study of ancient genomes" 5235: 2129: 1989: 1956: 1952: 1730: 1192: 1089: 864: 836: 783: 751: 585: 457: 417: 355: 296: 65: 9362:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8978:"Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions" 8930: 8881: 8374:

Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia

7710: 7559: 6834: 6638: 6413: 6112:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6050: 5121: 9213: 8736: 8449: 8192: 7808: 7726: 7653: 7575: 7209: 7193: 7136: 7052: 6960: 6771: 6664: 6429: 6352: 6303: 6285: 6242: 6215: 6198: 6157: 6066: 5970: 5886: 5815: 5662: 5573: 4983: 3969: 1818: 1743: 1616: 1359: 1139: 945: 884:, Iraq, where both occur equally. West Africans bearing the Benin sickle cell 637: 144: 9853: 7800: 7718: 7645: 7567: 7201: 7128: 7044: 6952: 6779: 6705: 6656: 6421: 6234: 6141: 6058: 5962: 5878: 5807: 5750: 5742: 5654: 5565: 4847: 10140: 10123: 10094:

Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes",

9661: 9604: 9378: 9317: 9167: 9048: 9031: 8994: 8837: 8820: 8301: 8284: 8257: 8240: 7491: 7397: 7319: 7259: 7120: 7028: 6936: 6132: 5954: 5870: 5444: 5427: 5370: 5229: 5227: 3989: 3974: 2155: 1865:

tested positive for the M58 SNP. The place of origin and age is unreported.

1814: 1781: 1682: 1628: 1428: 1416: 1292: 957: 885: 778:. Lisa was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-Z6020 and 766:. Daba was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4273 and 738:. Lima was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4671 and 265: 10304: 10275: 10231: 10194: 10149: 10115: 10086: 10051: 9995: 9935: 9872: 9794: 9734: 9680: 9622: 9570: 9469: 9433: 9397: 9336: 9277: 9221: 9185: 9136: 9092: 9057: 9013: 8948: 8899: 8846: 8797: 8744: 8708: 8673: 8621: 8572: 8519: 8457: 8421: 8346: 8310: 8266: 8210: 8164: 8112: 8058: 8002: 7945: 7886: 7744: 7671: 7593: 7509: 7415: 7337: 7277: 7217: 7154: 7097:"Materials/Methods, Supplementary Text, Tables, Figures, and/or References" 7070: 6978: 6842: 6787: 6729: 6682: 6509: 6447: 6250: 6175: 6084: 5988: 5904: 5823: 5758: 5680: 5646: 5591: 5557: 5505: 5453: 5389: 5319: 5203: 5139: 5085: 5002: 4718: 9715: 8283:

Sanchez JJ, Hallenberg C, Børsting C, Hernandez A, Morling N (July 2005).

8146: 7791: 7637: 6501: 5798: 5781: 460:

coastal region of Gambia, Mauritania, or Senegal, and carried haplogroups

8201: 8094: 6647: 6385:"The ancestry and geographical origins of St Helena's liberated Africans" 5067: 3994: 2151: 933: 844: 200: 118:

languages, and was spread to Southern Africa and East Africa through the

9776: 8588:"Ancestral Asian source(s) of new world Y-chromosome founder haplotypes" 7984: 7036: 6944: 6486:"Anthropological genetics perspectives on the transatlantic slave trade" 6149: 4754:

Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

9977: 9562: 9461: 9425: 8700: 8413: 6721: 5733: 4934:

The YCAII STR marker value of 19–19 is also usually indicative of U175.

4710: 3869:(L220.3, L652, P277, P278.1, U209, M4254, M4230, CTS4921/M4243/V3224) 2021: 1971: 1854: 1755: 1527: 1496: 1440: 1401: 1376: 1267: 1041: 893: 856: 629: 613: 160: 9268: 9251: 9084: 8788: 8372: 5724: 4840: 4794:

was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to

4851:, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" 2174: 1944: 1862: 1850: 1808:

African spatial distribution of haplogroup E3a-M2. Rosa et al. (2007)

1694: 1591: 1166: 889: 872: 199:

At Xaro, in Botswana, there were two individuals, dated to the Early

139: 6811:"Genomes trace origins of enslaved people who died on remote island" 6549: 6532: 5217: 1662:

Central America, and South America among people of African descent.

560:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1d1c1a and 548:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1d1c1a and 10256: 10175: 10032: 8655: 8603: 8554: 8501: 8040: 7927: 7868: 6881: 6629: 6404: 5033: 4807:

Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

770:. Fumu was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups 564:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1a1a3a1c1 and 540:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1a2a2 and 516:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1a2a2 and 10296: 9927: 9753:"A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing" 1940: 1846: 1803: 1768: 1644: 1579: 1504: 1500: 1452: 1404: 1206: 993: 901: 881: 852: 617: 572:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1a1a3a1c and 489: 628:, as well as estimated to date between 900 CE and 1000 CE, and a 1604: 1555: 969: 897: 568:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3a1d and 532:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3a1d and 528:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1d and 508:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1d and 300: 7241:"The genetic legacy of African Americans from Catoctin Furnace" 5352:

Rosa A, Ornelas C, Jobling MA, Brehm A, Villems R (July 2007).

4131: 544:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1 and 536:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1a1a3 and 520:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1 and 432:, and the last carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a1c/E-CTS8030 and 10061:"Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity" 9813: 5234:

International Society of Genetic Genealogy (3 February 2010).

4168: 888:, may have migrated into the northern region of Iraq (69.5%), 798:. Kidzera was of western Central African ancestry and carried 512:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1a1a and 408:

At a San Jose de los Naturales Royal Hospital burial site, in

576:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c1a1 and 428:, another carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1/E-P278.1/E-M425 and 1138:

Populations in Northwest Africa, central Eastern Africa and

814:. Ajana was of western Central African ancestry and carried 6611:

Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela; et al. (7 September 2023).

6383:

Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela; et al. (7 September 2023).

4916:

E-M2 is approximately 7.7–7.9% of total US male population.

1914:

and/or have yet to receive nomenclature recognition by the

806:. Tima was of western Central African ancestry and carried 9888:

Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series

9512:

Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series

9485:

Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series

4740:

International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015),

1837:

E1b1a1a1a is defined by marker M58. 5% (2/37) of the town

818:. Isi was of western Central African ancestry and carried 4925:

The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1.

4781:

Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

3741:(L86.1, L88.3, M180/P88, PAGES00066, P182, Z1111, Z1112) 6325:

Peyroteo-Stjerna, Rita; et al. (21 February 2022).

9032:"Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman" 3656: 588:, from the 18th century CE Anson Street burial site in 6473:. California State University, Northridge. p. 34. 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 4010:

Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

2049:

of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175.

524:. One male individual carried haplogroups E1b1a1 and 496:) ancestry. One female individual carried haplogroup 472:

between the 16th century CE and the 18th century CE.

440:

alleles further confirm that the individuals were of

6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6484:

Fortes-Lima, Cesar; Verdu, Paul (17 December 2020).

4000:

Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world

155:

that are common in certain populations, such as the

6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 4210: 1664: 1509: 1340: 1144: 915: 786:ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5612 and 203:(1400 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a and 93: 85: 75: 61: 53: 45: 28: 6025:Brielle, Esther S.; et al. (March 29, 2023). 5099: 5097: 5095: 675:At Catoctin Furnace African American Cemetery, in 9582: 9580: 6533:"What DNA reveals about St Helena's freed slaves" 5926:Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (30 May 2019). 5845:Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (30 May 2019). 1901:and two members in a "Mixed" population from the 1666:Incidence of E-M2 in populations of the Americas 9250:Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J (January 2007). 8531: 8529: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 7959:International HapMap Consortium (October 2005). 7176:Fleskes, Raquel E.; et al. (June 5, 2023). 7904: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7896: 6864:Abel, Sarah; Schroeder, Hannes (October 2020). 5153: 5151: 5149: 5045: 5043: 9955: 9953: 9025: 9023: 8124: 8122: 8072: 8070: 8068: 6197:Barquera, Rodrigo; et al. (8 June 2020). 6106:Brunel, Samantha; et al. (June 9, 2020). 4853:(Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017) 9746: 9744: 8633: 8631: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8012: 7090: 7088: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5236:"Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades – 2010" 4143: 2192:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups 456:West African man, who may have been from the 392:, in France, a male individual, dated to the 97:M2, DYS271/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189.1, P293.1 8: 8858: 8856: 7542:Shriner, Daniel; Rotimi, Charles N. (2018). 6998: 6996: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5421: 5419: 5015:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9638: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9544: 9542: 9348: 9346: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9239: 8961:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7846: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7453: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 4825:Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. 8278: 8276: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7375: 6331:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5050:Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). 4150: 4136: 4128: 3660: 1845:tested positive for E-M58. 15% (10/69) of 1142:have tested at more moderate frequencies. 552:. One male individual carried haplogroups 34: 19:"E3a" redirects here. For other uses, see 10265: 10255: 10184: 10174: 10139: 10076: 10041: 10031: 9985: 9862: 9852: 9784: 9724: 9714: 9692: 9690: 9670: 9660: 9612: 9551:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9450:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9414:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9387: 9377: 9326: 9316: 9267: 9175: 9047: 9003: 8993: 8938: 8889: 8836: 8787: 8689:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8663: 8611: 8562: 8509: 8402:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8300: 8256: 8200: 8154: 8102: 8048: 7992: 7935: 7876: 7790: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7734: 7661: 7583: 7499: 7405: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7327: 7267: 7144: 7060: 6968: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6710:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6672: 6646: 6628: 6548: 6437: 6403: 6342: 6224: 6214: 6165: 6131: 6074: 5978: 5894: 5797: 5732: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5670: 5581: 5495: 5443: 5379: 5369: 5193: 5183: 5129: 5104:Shriner, Daniel; Rotimi, Charles (2018). 5075: 4992: 4982: 3668: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8327:Forensic Science International. Genetics 7474:Fleskes, Raquel E.; et al. (2023). 6704:Fleskes, Raquel E.; et al. (2019). 4763:Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. 2199: 835:Amid the Green Sahara, the mutation for 396:, carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1c2c and 9364:. 107 Suppl 2 (Supplement 2): 8954–61. 8438:International Journal of Legal Medicine 7773:Yaseen, Noor Taha; et al. (2020). 7615: 7613: 7611: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5028: 5026: 4957: 4907:The publication refers to E-V38 as H22. 4891: 4689: 3708: 3684: 452:At Cabeço da Amoreira, in Portugal, an 379:Genetic history of the African diaspora 10244:The American Journal of Human Genetics 10163:The American Journal of Human Genetics 10020:The American Journal of Human Genetics 8954: 7699:The American Journal of Human Genetics 7693:Laval, Guillaume; et al. (2019). 7620:Esoh, Kevin; Wonkam, Ambroise (2021). 6751:Racimo, Fernando; et al. (2020). 5258:"Africa During the Last 150,000 Years" 5008: 3692: 3676: 25: 10078:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 9117:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7961:"A haplotype map of the human genome" 7380:Harney, Éadaoin; et al. (2023). 7299:Harney, Éadaoin; et al. (2023). 7239:Harney, Éadaoin; et al. (2023). 6469:Isable, Kendra Briana (August 2021). 6272:Fortes-Lima, Cesar A. (22 Nov 2021). 2012:and one African descent Puerto Rican. 1433:1.4% (2/147), 0% (0/73), 8.33% (3/36) 171:, which likely originated during the 7: 4676:Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people 4651: 4646: 4637: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4578: 4570: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4539: 4497: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4444: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4413: 4408: 4399: 4394: 4385: 4380: 4344: 4330: 4213: 1391:, southern and north-central Morocco 624:, who was of haplogroups E1b1a1 and 40:Interpolated frequency distribution. 29:Haplogroup E-M2 (former E3a / E1b1a) 10333:Distribution of E1b1a/E3a in Africa 6908:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). 6809:Callaway, Ewen (November 5, 2019). 6531:Callaway, Ewen (December 7, 2016). 4318: 4258: 4241: 3789:(M191/P86, P253/U247, U186, Z1712) 2150:(YCC E1b1a4) is defined by M154. A 839:originated in the Sahara or in the 730:At an Anson Street burial site, in 238:, and the last carried haplogroups 10128:European Journal of Human Genetics 9156:European Journal of Human Genetics 9036:European Journal of Human Genetics 8870:American Journal of Human Genetics 8825:European Journal of Human Genetics 8644:American Journal of Human Genetics 8592:American Journal of Human Genetics 8543:American Journal of Human Genetics 8490:American Journal of Human Genetics 8289:European Journal of Human Genetics 8135:European Journal of Human Genetics 8083:European Journal of Human Genetics 8029:American Journal of Human Genetics 7916:American Journal of Human Genetics 7857:American Journal of Human Genetics 7548:American Journal of Human Genetics 6617:American Journal of Human Genetics 6392:American Journal of Human Genetics 5780:Gad, Yehia Z; et al. (2021). 5707:Hawass, Zahi; et al. (2012). 5497:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x 5432:European Journal of Human Genetics 5110:American Journal of Human Genetics 5062:(7). Genome Biol Evol: 1940–1950. 3700: 207:, and another carried haplogroups 14: 4745:. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) 4005:Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group 3980:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup 2121:E1b1a1a1g has several subclades. 112:human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup 16:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup 9810:"Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison" 8780:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x 8360:Plaster et al. Y-DNA E subclades 6280:. Brill. pp. 305, 308–321. 5312:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05130.x 4173: 2041:speaking peoples as far west as 504:. One female individual carried 500:. One female individual carried 10065:Molecular Biology and Evolution 9914:history of human populations". 9593:Molecular Biology and Evolution 8919:Molecular Genetics and Genomics 8245:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4798:, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. 10328:Haplogroup E1b1a FTDNA Project 5618:Wang, Ke; et al. (2020). 5532:Wang, Ke; et al. (2020). 5116:(4). Am J Hum Genet: 547–556. 236:haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620) 209:E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880) 1: 10224:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155 10108:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6 10007:Sources for conversion tables 9448:and biparental DNA markers". 9129:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3 689:L2a1+143+16189 (16192)+@16309 9900:10.1016/j.fsigss.2011.09.046 9524:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.07.010 9497:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.166 8339:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015 6344:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103370 5185:10.1371/journal.pone.0016073 5056:Genome Biology and Evolution 4160:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups 3657:Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 226:Democratic Republic of Congo 7779:Iraqi Journal of Hematology 4898:All were positive for U175. 4158:Phylogenetic tree of human 3950:African admixture in Europe 3840:(L515, L516, L517, M263.2) 10375: 8931:10.1007/s00438-020-01696-4 8882:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 7711:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.02.007 7560:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.003 6835:10.1038/d41586-019-03152-9 6639:10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.08.001 6414:10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.08.001 6051:10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w 5122:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.003 4742:Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015 4644: 4611: 4568: 4537: 4528: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4454: 4420: 4406: 4392: 4378: 4362: 4346: 4215: 2189: 1659:Trans-Atlantic slave trade 1511:Incidence of E-M2 in Asia 598:Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade 590:Charleston, South Carolina 376: 187: 18: 9214:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 8737:10.1007/s11033-012-1610-3 8725:Molecular Biology Reports 8450:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 8371:Plaster CA (2011-09-28). 8193:10.1007/s00439-003-1007-4 7194:10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.069 6772:10.1038/s41576-020-0218-z 6286:10.1163/9789004500228_012 6226:21.11116/0000-0007-30FE-5 6216:10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.002 4984:10.1186/s13059-018-1393-5 4665: 4443: 4436: 4370: 4353: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4250: 4243: 4233: 4226: 4224: 4208: 4182:This article needs to be 4166: 2204:YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) 2002:population from Cameroon. 1992:people of Central Africa. 1282:(also called Highlanders) 190:Genetic history of Africa 33: 10338:Spread of Haplogroup E3a 9854:10.1186/1471-2148-10-314 9841:BMC Evolutionary Biology 9649:BMC Evolutionary Biology 9305:BMC Evolutionary Biology 8768:Annals of Human Genetics 7626:Human Molecular Genetics 6490:Human Molecular Genetics 5786:Human Molecular Genetics 5484:Annals of Human Genetics 5358:BMC Evolutionary Biology 1899:Central African Republic 849:Central African Republic 648:United States of America 62:Possible place of origin 10359:Human Y-DNA haplogroups 10141:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 9808:Reynolds D, Squecco A. 9662:10.1186/1471-2148-10-92 9379:10.1073/pnas.0914618107 9318:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213 9168:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 9049:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934 8995:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59 8838:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225 8302:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390 7492:10.1073/pnas.2201620120 7398:10.1126/science.ade4995 7320:10.1126/science.ade4995 7260:10.1126/science.ade4995 7121:10.1126/science.aav4040 7029:10.1126/science.aav4040 6937:10.1126/science.aav4040 6760:Nature Reviews Genetics 6133:10.1073/pnas.1918034117 5955:10.1126/science.aaw6275 5871:10.1126/science.aaw6275 5713:British Medical Journal 5445:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 5371:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124 4790:Between 2002 and 2008, 3985:Molecular phylogenetics 1742:Several populations of 1409:6.8% (3/44) 1.9% (1/54) 1394:9.5% (6/63) 5.8% (4/69) 875:. West Africans (e.g., 438:Human leukocyte antigen 46:Possible time of origin 9703:Investigative Genetics 7095:Olalde, Iñigo (2019). 7003:Olalde, Iñigo (2019). 5647:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 5558:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 3771:(M10, M66, M156, M195) 1809: 602:demographics of Africa 280:At Deloraine Farm, in 240:R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) 9716:10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 9605:10.1093/molbev/msq312 8258:10.1093/molbev/msp120 8147:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128 7792:10.4103/ijh.ijh_20_19 3644:Research publications 2039:Niger–Congo languages 1807: 1172:44.4% (8/18 subjects) 754:ancestry and carried 377:Further information: 188:Further information: 8095:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21 7188:(11): 2350–2358.e7. 6870:Current Anthropology 2259:YCC 2010r (Longhand) 2186:Phylogenetic history 1927:1000 Genomes Project 282:Nakuru County, Kenya 169:sickle cell mutation 10343:National Geographic 10216:2000Sci...290.1155S 9816:on 26 December 2022 9777:10.1038/nature09534 9769:2010Natur.467.1061T 9370:2010PNAS..107.8954B 8379:discovery.ucl.ac.uk 7985:10.1038/nature04226 7977:2005Natur.437.1299T 7638:10.1093/hmg/ddab004 7113:2019Sci...363.1230O 7107:(6432): 1230–1234. 7021:2019Sci...363.1230O 7015:(6432): 1230–1234. 6929:2019Sci...363.1230O 6923:(6432): 1230–1234. 6827:2019Natur.575...18C 6502:10.1093/hmg/ddaa271 6124:2020PNAS..11712791B 6118:(23): 12791–12798. 6043:2023Natur.615..866B 5947:2019Sci...365.6275P 5863:2019Sci...365.6275P 5799:10.1093/hmg/ddaa223 5639:2020SciA....6..183W 5550:2020SciA....6..183W 5176:2011PLoSO...616073T 4671:Y-DNA by population 4586: 4124:Y-DNA backbone tree 2254:YCC 2008 (Longhand) 2249:YCC 2005 (Longhand) 2244:YCC 2002 (Longhand) 1667: 1512: 1343: 1147: 918: 468:, was buried among 442:Sub-Saharan African 410:Mexico City, Mexico 173:Green Sahara period 151:, A1b, A2, A3, and 10096:Trends in Genetics 9978:10.1101/gr.7172008 9563:10.1002/ajpa.20604 9462:10.1002/ajpa.21270 9426:10.1002/ajpa.21355 8701:10.1002/ajpa.20876 8414:10.1002/ajpa.21473 7971:(7063): 1299–320. 7486:(3): e2201620120. 6722:10.1002/ajpa.23887 5068:10.1093/gbe/evv118 4711:10.1002/humu.22468 4437: 4218:Y-chromosomal Adam 3716:Phylogenetic trees 1810: 1665: 1510: 1342:Incidence of E-M2 1341: 1146:Incidence of E-M2 1145: 917:Incidence of E-M2 916: 800:haplogroup L2a1a2c 506:haplogroup L2a1a3c 234:, another carried 94:Defining mutations 9763:(7319): 1061–73. 9269:10.1002/humu.9469 9085:10.1159/000093774 7632:(R1): R119–R128. 7392:(500): eade4995. 7314:(500): eade4995. 7254:(500): eade4995. 6543:(7632): 184–187. 6295:978-90-04-50022-8 6209:(11): 2078–2091. 6037:(7954): 866–873. 5725:10.1136/bmj.e8268 5300:Molecular Ecology 5256:Adams, Jonathan. 4882: 4881: 4844:, 2017, "K-M2335" 4842:YFull YTree v5.08 4792:Haplogroup T-M184 4660: 4659: 4605: 4595: 4585: 4576: 4564: 4553: 4545: 4533: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4449: 4368: 4360: 4351: 4281: 4265: 4248: 4231: 4203: 4202: 4117:Haplogroup E-Z827 4112:Haplogroup E-Z820 4069:Haplogroup E-P177 4064:Haplogroup E-P147 4049:Haplogroup E-M521 4039:Haplogroup E-M215 4034:Haplogroup E-M180 4029:Haplogroup E-M123 4024:Haplogroup E-L485 4017:Y-DNA E subclades 3955:Genetic genealogy 3747:(M58, PAGES00027) 3641: 3640: 2119: 2118: 1792: 1791: 1655: 1654: 1492: 1491: 1482: 1474:Somalia nationals 1462: 1362:and Tahala, Libya 1327: 1326: 1136: 1135: 871:into the western 622:Cordoba Caliphate 416:West Africans of 398:U5b1-16189-@16192 373:Outside of Africa 101: 100: 10366: 10316: 10279: 10269: 10259: 10250:(6): 1718–1724. 10234: 10210:(5494): 1155–9, 10198: 10188: 10178: 10153: 10143: 10118: 10090: 10080: 10071:(7): 1189–1203. 10055: 10045: 10035: 10000: 9999: 9989: 9957: 9948: 9947: 9910: 9904: 9903: 9894:(1): e369–e370. 9883: 9877: 9876: 9866: 9856: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9812:. Archived from 9805: 9799: 9798: 9788: 9748: 9739: 9738: 9728: 9718: 9694: 9685: 9684: 9674: 9664: 9640: 9627: 9626: 9616: 9584: 9575: 9574: 9546: 9537: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9480: 9474: 9473: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9391: 9381: 9350: 9341: 9340: 9330: 9320: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9271: 9247: 9234: 9233: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9179: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9051: 9027: 9018: 9017: 9007: 8997: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8960: 8952: 8942: 8925:(6): 1315–1324. 8910: 8904: 8903: 8893: 8860: 8851: 8850: 8840: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8791: 8774:(Pt 2): 207–25. 8763: 8757: 8756: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8667: 8635: 8626: 8625: 8615: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8566: 8533: 8524: 8523: 8513: 8481: 8470: 8469: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8368: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8304: 8280: 8271: 8270: 8260: 8236: 8223: 8222: 8204: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8158: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8106: 8074: 8063: 8062: 8052: 8020: 8007: 8006: 7996: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7939: 7906: 7891: 7890: 7880: 7848: 7825: 7824: 7819:. Archived from 7794: 7770: 7757: 7756: 7738: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7665: 7617: 7606: 7605: 7587: 7539: 7522: 7521: 7503: 7471: 7428: 7427: 7409: 7377: 7350: 7349: 7331: 7305: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7271: 7245: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7148: 7092: 7083: 7082: 7064: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6972: 6914: 6905: 6894: 6893: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6757: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6676: 6650: 6632: 6623:(9): 1590–1599. 6608: 6563: 6562: 6552: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6441: 6407: 6398:(9): 1590–1599. 6389: 6380: 6365: 6364: 6346: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6228: 6218: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6169: 6135: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6078: 6022: 6001: 6000: 5982: 5932: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5898: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5801: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5736: 5704: 5693: 5692: 5674: 5633:(24): eaaz0183. 5627:Science Advances 5624: 5615: 5604: 5603: 5585: 5544:(24): eaaz0183. 5538:Science Advances 5529: 5518: 5517: 5499: 5475: 5458: 5457: 5447: 5423: 5394: 5393: 5383: 5373: 5349: 5332: 5331: 5306:(13): 2693–708. 5295: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5260:. Archived from 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5197: 5187: 5155: 5144: 5143: 5133: 5101: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5014: 5006: 4996: 4986: 4962: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4799: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4694: 4601: 4591: 4579: 4571: 4559: 4549: 4540: 4529: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4445: 4364: 4355: 4347: 4277: 4261: 4244: 4227: 4211: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4129: 4107:Haplogroup E-V68 4102:Haplogroup E-V65 4094:Haplogroup E-V38 4089:Haplogroup E-V22 4084:Haplogroup E-V13 4079:Haplogroup E-V12 4059:Haplogroup E-M96 4054:Haplogroup E-M75 4044:Haplogroup E-M33 2200: 2056:E-U175 haplotype 2052: 2051: 1786:58.63% (251/428) 1671:Population group 1668: 1516:Population group 1513: 1480:Bantu minorities 1477: 1456: 1347:Population group 1344: 1180:Comorian Shirazi 1151:Population group 1148: 922:Population group 919: 869:Northeast Africa 841:northwest forest 820:haplogroup L3e2a 816:haplogroup L2a1I 808:haplogroup L3e1e 756:haplogroup L2b3a 677:Catoctin Furnace 594:haplogroup L3e1e 582:African American 502:haplogroup L2a1f 422:Southern African 394:Middle Neolithic 270:haplogroup E1b1a 106:, also known as 38: 26: 10374: 10373: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10364: 10363: 10349: 10348: 10324: 10319: 10285:Nature Genetics 10282: 10237: 10201: 10156: 10121: 10093: 10058: 10013: 10009: 10004: 10003: 9966:Genome Research 9959: 9958: 9951: 9916:Nature Genetics 9912: 9911: 9907: 9885: 9884: 9880: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9807: 9806: 9802: 9750: 9749: 9742: 9696: 9695: 9688: 9642: 9641: 9630: 9586: 9585: 9578: 9548: 9547: 9540: 9535: 9531: 9509: 9508: 9504: 9482: 9481: 9477: 9446: 9445: 9441: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9352: 9351: 9344: 9298: 9297: 9293: 9249: 9248: 9237: 9198: 9197: 9193: 9149: 9148: 9144: 9113: 9112: 9108: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9029: 9028: 9021: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8953: 8912: 8911: 8907: 8862: 8861: 8854: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8637: 8636: 8629: 8585: 8584: 8580: 8535: 8534: 8527: 8483: 8482: 8473: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8384: 8382: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8354: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8282: 8281: 8274: 8238: 8237: 8226: 8177: 8176: 8172: 8128: 8127: 8120: 8076: 8075: 8066: 8022: 8021: 8010: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7922:(5): 1197–214. 7908: 7907: 7894: 7850: 7849: 7828: 7823:on 3 June 2023. 7772: 7771: 7760: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7619: 7618: 7609: 7541: 7540: 7525: 7473: 7472: 7431: 7379: 7378: 7353: 7303: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7182:Current Biology 7175: 7174: 7170: 7094: 7093: 7086: 7002: 7001: 6994: 6912: 6907: 6906: 6897: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6808: 6807: 6803: 6755: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6703: 6702: 6698: 6610: 6609: 6566: 6550:10.1038/540184a 6530: 6529: 6525: 6496:(R1): R79–R87. 6483: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6368: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6296: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6203:Current Biology 6196: 6195: 6191: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6024: 6023: 6004: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5792:(R1): R24–R28. 5779: 5778: 5774: 5706: 5705: 5696: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5607: 5531: 5530: 5521: 5490:(Pt 1): 43–62. 5477: 5476: 5461: 5425: 5424: 5397: 5351: 5350: 5335: 5297: 5296: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5157: 5156: 5147: 5103: 5102: 5093: 5049: 5048: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5024: 5007: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4738: 4734: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4661: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4178: 4174: 4162: 4156: 4126: 4121: 4098:Haplogroup E-M2 4074:Haplogroup E-P2 4019: 4014: 3945: 3940: 3718: 3713: 3661:Kaladjieva 2001 3646: 2194: 2188: 2183: 2171: 2047:modal haplotype 2045:". This is the 2031: 1911: 1895: 1887: 1879: 1871: 1835: 1827: 1802: 1797: 1748:6.18% (69/1116) 1641:Aeolian Islands 1331:Bantu expansion 1272:23.46% (69/294) 910: 833: 828: 782:. Ganda was of 681:L2a1+143+@16309 650: 634:haplogroup L2e1 610: 478: 450: 406: 386: 381: 375: 352: 278: 252: 228: 197: 192: 186: 181: 128: 120:Bantu expansion 104:Haplogroup E-M2 57:16,300 years BP 54:Coalescence age 49:39,200 years BP 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10372: 10370: 10362: 10361: 10351: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10335: 10330: 10323: 10322:External links 10320: 10318: 10317: 10291:(3): 358–361. 10280: 10257:10.1086/302680 10235: 10199: 10176:10.1086/323299 10169:(3): 615–628. 10154: 10119: 10091: 10056: 10033:10.1086/318205 10026:(2): 432–443. 10010: 10008: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9949: 9905: 9878: 9827: 9800: 9740: 9686: 9628: 9599:(3): 1255–69. 9576: 9538: 9529: 9518:(1): 349–350. 9502: 9491:(1): 421–422. 9475: 9439: 9420:(4): 591–600. 9403: 9342: 9291: 9256:Human Mutation 9235: 9202:Human Genetics 9191: 9142: 9106: 9073:Human Heredity 9063: 9019: 8968: 8905: 8852: 8831:(10): 855–63. 8811: 8758: 8714: 8679: 8656:10.1086/423147 8627: 8604:10.1086/302282 8578: 8555:10.1086/386294 8549:(5): 1014–22. 8525: 8502:10.1086/319521 8496:(4): 1019–29. 8471: 8427: 8391: 8363: 8352: 8316: 8272: 8251:(9): 2109–24. 8224: 8181:Human Genetics 8170: 8118: 8064: 8041:10.1086/338306 8008: 7951: 7928:10.1086/340257 7892: 7869:10.1086/382286 7826: 7758: 7705:(3): 553–561. 7685: 7607: 7554:(4): 547–556. 7523: 7429: 7351: 7291: 7231: 7168: 7084: 6992: 6895: 6882:10.1086/709550 6856: 6801: 6766:(6): 355–366. 6743: 6716:(2): 232–245. 6696: 6630:10.1101/787515 6564: 6523: 6476: 6461: 6405:10.1101/787515 6366: 6317: 6294: 6264: 6189: 6098: 6002: 5918: 5857:(6448): 6275. 5837: 5772: 5694: 5605: 5519: 5459: 5395: 5333: 5275: 5248: 5223: 5209: 5145: 5091: 5039: 5022: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4732: 4699:Human Mutation 4688: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4599: 4597: 4589: 4587: 4577: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4442: 4435: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4352: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4181: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3817:E1b1a1a1f1a1c1 3808: 3802: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3695: 3687: 3679: 3671: 3669:Underhill 2000 3663: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2190:Main article: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2014: 2013: 2003: 1993: 1983: 1976: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1930: 1910: 1907: 1903:Adamawa region 1894: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1859:Rio de Janeiro 1834: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1761:4.45% (11/247) 1759: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1542:Saudi Arabians 1538: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1507:and Portugal. 1490: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1224:15.9% (32/201) 1222: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195:, Burkina Faso 1188: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1002: 1001: 999: 996: 990: 989: 987: 984: 978: 977: 975: 972: 966: 965: 963: 960: 954: 953: 951: 948: 942: 941: 939: 936: 930: 929: 926: 923: 909: 906: 832: 829: 827: 824: 750:. Nana was of 649: 646: 609: 606: 592:, who carried 580:. An enslaved 477: 474: 449: 446: 405: 402: 390:Pont-sur-Seine 385: 382: 374: 371: 351: 348: 277: 274: 251: 248: 227: 224: 196: 193: 185: 182: 180: 177: 127: 124: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 89:E-Z5994, E-V43 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 70:Central Africa 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 39: 31: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10371: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10297:10.1038/81685 10294: 10290: 10286: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10134:(2): 97–104. 10133: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10102:(8): 356–62, 10101: 10097: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10011: 10006: 9997: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9928:10.1038/81685 9925: 9922:(3): 358–61. 9921: 9917: 9909: 9906: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9882: 9879: 9874: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9831: 9828: 9815: 9811: 9804: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9693: 9691: 9687: 9682: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9624: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9557:(2): 854–67. 9556: 9552: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9530: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9476: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9440: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9407: 9404: 9399: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9338: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9295: 9292: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9208:(2): 127–48. 9207: 9203: 9195: 9192: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9143: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9123:(3): 458–72. 9122: 9118: 9110: 9107: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9079:(3): 132–43. 9078: 9074: 9067: 9064: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9042:(3): 374–86. 9041: 9037: 9033: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9015: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8972: 8969: 8964: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8909: 8906: 8901: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8876:(6): 725–36. 8875: 8871: 8867: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8848: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8812: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8762: 8759: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8715: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8695:(3): 316–23. 8694: 8690: 8683: 8680: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8650:(2): 338–45. 8649: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8623: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8598:(3): 817–31. 8597: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8521: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8431: 8428: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8408:(1): 118–24. 8407: 8403: 8395: 8392: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8356: 8353: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8320: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8295:(7): 856–66. 8294: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8202:10400.13/3047 8198: 8194: 8190: 8187:(6): 467–72. 8186: 8182: 8174: 8171: 8166: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8089:(8): 915–23. 8088: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7863:(3): 532–44. 7862: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7689: 7686: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7292: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6648:11250/3105696 6644: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6265: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5438:(7): 867–76. 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5264:on 1 May 2006 5263: 5259: 5252: 5249: 5237: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5218:"E-V43 YTree" 5213: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5170:(1): e16073. 5169: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4951: 4940: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4885: 4868: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4705:(2): 187–91. 4704: 4700: 4693: 4690: 4685: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4583: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4552: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4448: 4440: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4367: 4358: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4197: 4194:February 2021 4185: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3965:Haplogroup DE 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3924: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3891: 3886: 3885:E1b1a1a1g1a1a 3883: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3825:E1b1a1a1f1a1d 3823: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3811:E1b1a1a1f1a1c 3809: 3806: 3805:E1b1a1a1f1a1b 3803: 3800: 3799:E1b1a1a1f1a1a 3797: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3637:E1b1b1b2a1a1 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2185: 2181:Phylogenetics 2180: 2178: 2176: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2043:Guinea-Bissau 2040: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006:E1b1a1a1f1a1d 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996:E1b1a1a1f1a1c 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986:E1b1a1a1f1a1b 1984: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839:Singa-Rimaïbé 1832: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1723:19.23% (5/26) 1722: 1720: 1719:Puerto Ricans 1717: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1699:9.8% (13/132) 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1546:6.6% (11/157) 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1532:8.6% (46/562) 1531: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1466:0.9% (4/445) 1465: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1365:46.5% (20/43) 1364: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1332: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1309:48.9% (23/47) 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1297:69.6% (32/46) 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1280:Merina people 1278: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1220:Cape Verdeans 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1141: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 976: 973: 971: 968: 967: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 927: 924: 921: 920: 914: 907: 905: 903: 900:(52.1%), and 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 830: 825: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:E2b1a-CTS2400 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 647: 645: 643: 639: 635: 632:, who was of 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 607: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 486:Bantu peoples 483: 475: 473: 471: 470:shell middens 467: 463: 459: 455: 447: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 403: 401: 399: 395: 391: 383: 380: 372: 370: 368: 363: 361: 357: 349: 347: 345: 340: 338: 333: 331: 326: 324: 319: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 275: 273: 271: 267: 262: 257: 249: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 225: 223: 221: 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 194: 191: 184:Within Africa 183: 178: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 138: 133: 125: 123: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 32: 27: 22: 10341: 10288: 10284: 10247: 10243: 10207: 10203: 10166: 10162: 10131: 10127: 10099: 10095: 10068: 10064: 10023: 10019: 9972:(5): 830–8. 9969: 9965: 9919: 9915: 9908: 9891: 9887: 9881: 9844: 9840: 9830: 9818:. Retrieved 9814:the original 9803: 9760: 9756: 9706: 9702: 9652: 9648: 9596: 9592: 9554: 9550: 9532: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9456:(1): 13–20. 9453: 9449: 9442: 9417: 9413: 9406: 9361: 9308: 9304: 9294: 9259: 9255: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9162:(1): 121–6. 9159: 9155: 9145: 9120: 9116: 9109: 9076: 9072: 9066: 9039: 9035: 8985: 8982:BMC Genetics 8981: 8971: 8957:cite journal 8922: 8918: 8908: 8873: 8869: 8828: 8824: 8814: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8728: 8724: 8717: 8692: 8688: 8682: 8647: 8643: 8595: 8591: 8581: 8546: 8542: 8493: 8489: 8444:(3): 251–5. 8441: 8437: 8430: 8405: 8401: 8394: 8383:. Retrieved 8378: 8373: 8366: 8355: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8292: 8288: 8248: 8244: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8141:(1): 89–94. 8138: 8134: 8086: 8082: 8035:(1): 265–8. 8032: 8028: 7968: 7964: 7954: 7919: 7915: 7860: 7856: 7821:the original 7785:(1): 23–29. 7782: 7778: 7702: 7698: 7688: 7629: 7625: 7551: 7547: 7483: 7480:Anthropology 7479: 7389: 7385: 7311: 7307: 7294: 7251: 7247: 7234: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7104: 7100: 7037:10261/207967 7012: 7008: 6945:10261/207967 6920: 6916: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6763: 6759: 6746: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6620: 6616: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6464: 6395: 6391: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6277: 6267: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6034: 6030: 5938: 5934: 5921: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5716: 5712: 5630: 5626: 5541: 5537: 5487: 5483: 5435: 5431: 5361: 5357: 5303: 5299: 5266:. Retrieved 5262:the original 5251: 5239:. Retrieved 5212: 5167: 5163: 5113: 5109: 5059: 5055: 5034:"E-M2 YTree" 5011:cite journal 4974: 4970: 4960: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4867: 4858: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4735: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4683: 4548: 4491: 4191: 4183: 3960:Haplogroup D 3925:(P268, P269) 3922: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3893:E1b1a1a1g1a2 3892: 3884: 3879:E1b1a1a1g1a1 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3844:E1b1a1a1f1b1 3843: 3837: 3824: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3795:(P252/U174) 3793:E1b1a1a1f1a1 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3709:Capelli 2001 3705: 3697: 3689: 3685:Karafet 2001 3681: 3673: 3665: 3653: 3647: 3454:E1b1b1b1a2a 2966:E1b1a1a1g1c 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2195: 2172: 2161: 2147: 2142:E1b1a1a1g1a2 2141: 2135: 2125: 2120: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2036: 2032: 2017: 2005: 1995: 1985: 1980:E1b1a1a1f1a1 1979: 1932: 1922: 1912: 1896: 1888: 1880: 1872: 1843:Burkina Faso 1836: 1828: 1811: 1774:19% (19/100) 1735:5.5% (9/165) 1711:5.69% (2/26) 1656: 1633:1.4% (9/638) 1621:1.4% (2/139) 1609:1.7% (2/117) 1572:5.5% (9/164) 1560:6.6% (8/121) 1549: 1535: 1493: 1486:1.5% (3/201) 1478:may include 1457:may include 1445:1.4% (2/148) 1358:Tuareg from 1328: 1260:11.11% (1/9) 1236:15.4% (4/26) 1205:Tuareg from 1198:16.6% (3/18) 1191:Tuareg from 1137: 911: 908:Distribution 834: 784:West African 772:B2a1a-Y12201 752:West African 729: 674: 654:Avery’s Rest 651: 616:, a Muslim ( 611: 482:Saint Helena 479: 476:Saint Helena 451: 418:West African 407: 387: 364: 353: 341: 334: 327: 320: 312:Taita Taveta 309: 290: 279: 256:Ramesses III 253: 229: 217: 198: 165:Green Sahara 129: 107: 103: 102: 8333:: 123–131. 5734:10072/62081 5241:17 December 4971:Genome Biol 3913:E1b1a1a1g1d 3907:E1b1a1a1g1c 3901:E1b1a1a1g1b 3873:E1b1a1a1g1a 3838:E1b1a1a1f1b 3787:E1b1a1a1f1a 3693:Semino 2000 3677:Hammer 2001 3576:E1b1b1b2a1 3393:E1b1b1b1a1 3271:E1b1b1a1c1 2963:E1b1a1a1g1c 2162:E1b1a1a1g1d 2148:E1b1a1a1g1c 2136:E1b1a1a1g1a 2130:Ivory Coast 2018:E1b1a1a1f1b 1955:(45%), and 1933:E1b1a1a1f1a 1819:chromosomes 1731:Nicaraguans 1677:References 1649:1.2% (1/81) 1596:3.2% (2/62) 1584:4.8% (3/62) 1522:References 1421:3.5% (1/29) 1381:8.6% (8/93) 1353:References 1321:37.5% (3/8) 1193:Gorom-Gorom 1157:References 928:References 837:sickle cell 831:Sickle Cell 826:Medical DNA 458:Senegambian 356:Songo Mnara 297:Pate Island 259:based on Y- 179:Ancient DNA 116:Niger-Congo 86:Descendants 66:West Africa 8789:2108/37090 8385:2018-06-27 8381:(Doctoral) 7809:8663256900 7727:8015758034 7654:8885008275 7576:7352712531 7210:9874997102 7137:8024095449 7053:8024095449 6961:8024095449 6821:(18): 18. 6665:9998699240 6430:9998699240 6353:1337974923 6337:: 103370. 6304:1284920909 6243:8586564917 6158:8600693713 6067:9819552636 5971:8176642048 5887:8176642048 5816:8681412353 5663:8616876709 5574:8616876709 5268:26 January 4952:References 3970:Haplogroup 3867:E1b1a1a1g1 3781:E1b1a1a1f1 3634:E1b1b1c1a1 3631:E1b1b1c1a1 3628:E1b1b1c1a1 3625:E1b1b1c1a1 3616:E1b1b1c1a1 3515:E1b1b1b2a 3433:E1b1b1b1b1 3332:E1b1b1b1a 3268:E1b1b1a1c1 3250:E1b1b1a1c1 3088:E1b1a1a1e 3027:E1b1a1a1d 2905:E1b1a1a1c 2783:E1b1a1a1a 2294:ISOGG 2012 2289:ISOGG 2011 2284:ISOGG 2010 2279:ISOGG 2009 2274:ISOGG 2008 2269:ISOGG 2007 2264:ISOGG 2006 2126:E1b1a1a1g1 1923:E1b1a1a1f1 1744:Colombians 1707:Dominicans 1617:Jordanians 1360:Al Awaynat 1212:9.1% (1/9) 1140:Madagascar 1042:Senegalese 732:Charleston 658:Chesapeake 268:, carried 145:haplogroup 9262:(1): 97. 7817:216082225 7801:2072-8069 7719:0002-9297 7680:231640941 7646:0964-6906 7568:0002-9297 7518:255568252 7424:260440898 7346:260440898 7286:260440898 7226:258767664 7202:0960-9822 7129:0036-8075 7045:0036-8075 6953:0036-8075 6890:224962523 6851:207896705 6796:207780165 6780:1471-0056 6738:195796747 6691:261620937 6657:0002-9297 6518:229301497 6456:261620937 6422:0002-9297 6361:247045502 6312:244549408 6259:216662049 6235:0960-9822 6184:218910530 6142:0027-8424 6093:250534036 6059:0028-0836 5997:171092468 5963:0036-8075 5913:171092468 5879:0036-8075 5832:222824170 5808:0964-6906 5767:206896841 5751:825973553 5743:0959-8138 5719:: e8268. 5689:219604401 5655:2375-2548 5600:219604401 5566:2375-2548 4977:(1): 20. 4849:PhyloTree 4684:Footnotes 3990:Paragroup 3975:Haplotype 3923:E1b1a1a1h 3861:E1b1a1a1g 3775:E1b1a1a1f 3769:E1b1a1a1e 3763:E1b1a1a1d 3757:E1b1a1a1c 3751:E1b1a1a1b 3745:E1b1a1a1a 3613:E1b1b1c1a 3451:E1b1b1b2a 3448:E1b1b1b2a 3445:E1b1b1b2a 3442:E1b1b1b2a 3390:E1b1b1b1a 3372:E1b1b1b1a 3265:E1b1b1a3a 3262:E1b1b1a3a 3259:E1b1b1a3a 3247:E1b1b1a3a 3210:E1b1b1a1 3085:E1b1a1a1e 3024:E1b1a1a1d 2902:E1b1a1a1c 2780:E1b1a1a1a 2169:E1b1a1a1h 2156:Ovimbundu 2029:E1b1a1a1g 1951:(45.6%), 1947:(38.3%), 1909:E1b1a1a1f 1893:E1b1a1a1e 1885:E1b1a1a1d 1877:E1b1a1a1c 1869:E1b1a1a1b 1833:E1b1a1a1a 1815:haplotype 1795:Subclades 1782:Bahamians 1683:Americans 1674:frequency 1629:Sri Lanka 1603:Southern 1519:frequency 1441:Tunisians 1429:Egyptians 1417:Saharawis 1350:frequency 1317:Antaisaka 1293:Antandroy 1285:44% (4/9) 1248:66% (6/9) 1154:frequency 925:frequency 904:(80.8%). 886:haplotype 776:L3e2b+152 764:L3e2b+152 644:descent. 620:) of the 266:Pentawere 108:E1b1a1-M2 10353:Category 10313:12893406 10305:11062480 10276:10577926 10232:11073453 10195:11481588 10150:11313742 10116:10904265 10087:11420360 10052:11170891 9996:18385274 9944:12893406 9936:11062480 9873:20958967 9820:1 August 9795:20981092 9735:21092339 9709:(1): 6. 9681:20356404 9623:21109585 9571:17427922 9470:20734436 9434:20721944 9398:20445096 9337:18644108 9286:34556775 9278:17154278 9230:10763736 9222:14586639 9186:17047675 9137:12927131 9093:16770078 9058:17928816 9014:19772609 8949:32588126 8900:19061982 8847:15280900 8806:25536759 8798:16626331 8753:18011987 8745:22391654 8709:18618658 8674:15202071 8622:10053017 8573:15042509 8520:11254456 8466:11556974 8458:17909833 8422:21312181 8347:28068531 8311:15756297 8267:19535740 8219:63381583 8211:12942365 8165:20700146 8113:20234393 8059:11719903 8003:16255080 7946:11910562 7887:14973781 7753:73503158 7745:30827499 7672:33461216 7594:29526279 7510:36623185 7416:37535739 7407:10958645 7338:37535739 7329:10958645 7278:37535739 7269:10958645 7218:37207647 7163:78094214 7155:30872528 7079:78094214 7071:30872528 6987:78094214 6979:30872528 6876:: S206. 6843:31690869 6788:32127690 6730:31270812 6683:37683613 6674:10502851 6559:89162808 6510:33331897 6448:37683613 6439:10502851 6251:32359431 6176:32457149 6150:26968323 6085:36991187 6076:10060156 5989:31147405 5941:(6448). 5905:31147405 5824:33059357 5759:23247979 5681:32582847 5592:32582847 5506:11415522 5454:15856073 5390:17662131 5320:21627702 5204:21253605 5164:PLOS ONE 5140:29526279 5086:26108492 5003:29433568 4846:, and; 4837:op. cit. 4727:23291764 4719:24166809 4357:F-Y27277 3995:Subclade 3943:Genetics 3938:See also 3846:(Z1893) 3753:(M116.2) 3739:E1b1a1a1 3573:E1b1b1c1 3570:E1b1b1c1 3567:E1b1b1c1 3564:E1b1b1c1 3555:E1b1b1c1 3552:E1b1b1c1 3430:E1b1b1b2 3387:E1b1b1b1 3384:E1b1b1b1 3381:E1b1b1b1 3369:E1b1b1b1 3329:E1b1b1b1 3311:E1b1b1b1 3207:E1b1b1a1 3189:E1b1b1a1 3149:removed 2844:removed 2789:E-M116.2 2152:Bamilike 1961:Khoe-San 1825:E1b1a1a1 1771:, Brazil 1758:, Brazil 1687:7.7–7.9% 1605:Iranians 1592:Cypriots 1568:Emiratis 1461:migrants 1453:Sudanese 1402:Moroccan 1305:Antanosy 1018:Mandinka 938:96%-100% 934:Bamileke 913:Africa. 845:Cameroon 713:L3e2a1b1 709:L3e2a1b1 697:L3e2a1b1 685:L3e2a1b1 626:H1+16189 584:man and 554:B2a1a1a1 498:L1b1a10b 454:enslaved 448:Portugal 444:origin. 414:enslaved 412:, three 350:Tanzania 337:L2a1+143 330:L2a1+143 244:L0a1b1a1 201:Iron Age 195:Botswana 76:Ancestor 10340:, from 10267:1288383 10212:Bibcode 10204:Science 10186:1235490 10043:1235276 9987:2336805 9864:2973943 9847:: 314. 9786:3042601 9765:Bibcode 9726:2988483 9672:2867817 9614:3561512 9389:3024022 9366:Bibcode 9328:2492877 9311:: 213. 9177:2588664 9101:7017701 9005:2759955 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