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English meaning to the soil of
American constitutionalism would in any case have been impossible." Because federal common law incorporated no common-law crimes, the Framers could only have meant to check legislative power. They understood the word "unusual" to refer to things that were "not regularly or customarily employed." Furthermore, if the Framers had meant to outlaw 'disproportional' punishments, they would have used that word, as many contemporary state constitutions did. "There is little doubt that those who framed, proposed, and ratified the Bill of Rights were aware of such provisions , yet chose not to replicate them." Finally, the scant direct evidence available from state ratifying conventions confirmed for Scalia the view that an "unusual punishment" was a particular mode of punishment that was infrequently imposed, not one that was excessively lengthy in comparison to other punishments imposed for similar crimes.
548:, the Court struck down a life-without-parole sentence imposed for the crime of uttering a no-account check; Harmelin, however, was convicted of possessing 650 grams of cocaine. Uttering is "one of the most passive felonies a person could commit." The illegal drug trade, by contrast, begets a tremendous amount of violence. In view of these observations, a legislature could rationally conclude that a life sentence without parole is appropriate to deter others from distributing cocaine and to achieve an appropriate amount of retribution. Because Harmelin's crime was more serious than the crimes involved in other cases where the Court had confronted the constitutionality of a life sentence, Kennedy reasoned that it might be appropriate to dispense with the detailed
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federal government did not, in 1791, have any "track record with respect to criminal law," they had lived under the regime of the several states for some time, and so there would be some benchmarks by which to evaluate proportionality of punishments. Third, even if the original understanding of the Eighth
Amendment did not include a proportionality requirement, 20th-century decisions of the Court had imposed one. White takes Scalia to task for claiming at once that the Eighth Amendment must have no proportionality guarantee whatsoever and then that that guarantee can apply only in capital cases.
449:. Other historians contend that the Declaration was meant to rein in the enormously arbitrary sentencing power the king had exercised in sentencing a notorious perjurer. Regardless, Scalia argued that those who wrote the Declaration considered a punishment to be "cruel and unusual" only if it were outside of the judge's power to impose. The phrase "'cruel and unusual' is treated as interchangeable with 'cruel and illegal.'" For this reason, the English of the 17th century did not believe a "cruel and unusual" punishment was a disproportionate one.
31:
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crime. Scalia argued that (1) it was difficult to assess the gravity of a particular crime, and thus (2) it would be difficult to determine whether similarly grave crimes carried a lesser sentence. As for whether other jurisdictions imposed a lesser sentence for the same crime, Scalia conceded that it is easy to figure this out, but that this inquiry has "no conceivable relevance to the Eighth
Amendment." If a mode of punishment was "unusual" because it was infrequently imposed, the three factors of the
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of legislatures, not courts." Second, the Eighth
Amendment does not mandate the adoption of one theory of punishment over another—states are free to tailor their punishments to meet the needs of either a deterrence rationale, a retribution rationale, or both or some other rationale. Third, in light of these first two principles, there is bound to be some variation of punishments between and within particular jurisdictions. Thus, the intra- and interjurisdictional comparison required by the
322:, the Court had incorporated a detailed proportionality analysis into the cruel and unusual punishment analysis required in capital cases. The defendant Ronald Harmelin directly asked the Court to extend the reach of that analysis to noncapital cases such as his. Although five Justices agreed that Harmelin's sentence was not unconstitutionally cruel and unusual, six Justices agreed that the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause bore
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constitutional maximum, disabling the States from giving effect to altered beliefs and responding to changed social conditions." Because the proportionality requirement was of recent vintage, "issued 185 years after the Eighth
Amendment was adopted," and then only in capital cases, Scalia reasoned it should be abandoned entirely, or at least limited only to capital cases.
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reject the judgment of the legislature, where the initial responsibility for making the substantive judgment about appropriate punishments rests. Third, Michigan's system did not entirely lack mechanisms for considering the individual circumstances of a particular defendant. Prosecutors have discretion in bringing charges, the governor has the power to grant clemency
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modern
American society as a whole in determining what standards have evolved, and thus have focused not on the subjective views of individual Justices, but on objective factors to the maximum possible extent." It is this type of objective factor which forms the basis for the tripartite proportionality analysis set forth in
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The Court therefore has recognized that a punishment may violate the Eighth
Amendment if it is contrary to the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society. In evaluating a punishment under this test, we have looked not to our own conceptions of decency, but to those of
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White's argument proceeds from the premise that "the scope of the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments has long understood the limitations of a purely historical analysis." In other words, when it comes to the Eighth
Amendment, the Court must employ a flexible and dynamic interpretation.
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assumed that the
Americans who adopted the Eighth Amendment in 1791 understood that language in the same way as the English of 1689. Scalia disputed this hypothesis. He pointed to a dispute among historians about which royal abuses the Declaration was intended to combat. Some historians contend that
556:
The mandatory nature of
Harmelin's sentence also did not require setting it aside. First, as Scalia agreed, the Eighth Amendment did not require the trial court to allow Harmelin to present mitigating evidence. Second, if the Court were to set Harmelin's sentence aside, it would necessarily have to
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As an initial matter, Kennedy identified four principles that undergird the Eighth Amendment's proportionality principle as he understood it. First, "the fixing of prison terms for specific crimes involves a substantive penological judgment that, as a general matter, is properly within the province
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The only aspect of the decision that garnered the vote of five Justices was the ultimate conclusion that the mandatory life without parole sentence required by the Michigan law forbidding the possession of more than 650 grams of cocaine was not cruel and unusual punishment. "Severe, mandatory
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of proportionality analysis. Yet among those six, three supported a proportionality principle that is highly deferential to legislative judgments, while three others supported a more searching proportionality analysis that would have struck down Michigan's mandatory life-without-parole sentence for
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requires a certain amount of deference to the legislature, and courts have proven able to apply that amount of deference. And although Scalia concedes that an egregious prison term—such as life in prison for overtime parking—would be unconstitutional, White faults him for striking such
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White took issue with three premises of Scalia's argument. First, for White, the fact that the Framers were not as plain-spoken as Scalia would have preferred was no obstacle to concluding that the Eighth Amendment did indeed contain a proportionality requirement. Second, although the newly formed
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For Scalia, though, the more important question was what the words "cruel and unusual" meant to the Framers of the Bill of Rights in 1791 when the Eighth Amendment was adopted. "Even if one assumes that the Founders knew the precise meaning of that English antecedent..., a direct transplant of the
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had held that a particular punishment was unconstitutionally disproportional if (1) the crime was relatively minor in comparison to the punishment, (2) the sentence imposed in the jurisdiction for similarly grave offenses was less, and (3) other jurisdictions impose a lesser sentence for the same
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counsels our adherence to the narrow proportionality principle that has existed in our Eighth Amendment jurisprudence for 80 years." Under Kennedy's formulation of the proportionality principle, Harmelin's sentence could stand, along with the possibility that an equally harsh sentence for a less
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analysis. "A better reading of our cases leads to the conclusion that intrajurisdictional and interjurisdictional analyses are appropriate only in the rare case in which a threshold comparison of the crime committed and the sentence imposed leads to an inference of gross disproportionality."
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test hardly mattered to Scalia. In a federal system, moreover, some state will always have the distinction of imposing the harshest punishment for a particular crime. "The Eighth Amendment is not a ratchet, whereby a temporary consensus on leniency for a particular crime fixes a permanent
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Justice White's point of departure was the fact that "the Amendment does not refer to proportionality in so many words, but it does forbid 'excessive' fines, a restraint that suggests that a determination of excessiveness should be based at least in part on whether the fine imposed is
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Justice Kennedy pointed to the two aspects of Harmelin's sentence that might cause difficulty under the Eighth Amendment—the severity of the sentence, along with its mandatory nature. Life without parole is the second most severe sentence known to American law, after the
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Harmelin's sentence, although harsh, does not violate the Eighth Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause; the Clause's individualized sentencing requirement, which evolved in the context of the Court's capital sentencing jurisprudence, does not apply to noncapital
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extreme punishments down in a principled manner. White also argues that adopting Scalia's view of the proportionality requirement would strike at the foundation of the Court's capital punishment jurisprudence, much of which would then "rest on quicksand".
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600:, the life-without-parole sentence for possession of 650 grams or 22.93 ounces of cocaine was the most severe available under Michigan law. Second, it reserved the sentence for only one other crime—
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objective? And if, as Kennedy conceded, proportionality analysis should be informed by objective factors as much as possible, how else could those objective factors come into play except through the
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disproportionate to the crime committed." Accordingly, the Eighth Amendment imposed a strong proportionality requirement not simply on fines, but on all criminal punishments, including prison terms.
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In 1998, the Michigan legislature revised the law to make "650-lifer" offenders eligible for parole after 17–20 years in prison. The change was applied retroactively to people like Harmelin.
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in noncapital cases. It was enough that Michigan law allowed for executive clemency, or that the legislature might at some later date retroactively reduce the sentence for Harmelin's crime.
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test would frequently prove unworkable. Fourth, any proportionality analysis required by the Eighth Amendment should be informed by objective factors to the maximum possible extent.
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interpretation of the Constitution, introduced historical evidence in support of his argument that the Eighth Amendment imposes no proportionality requirement at all. Justice
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Justice Kennedy, joined by Justices O'Connor and Souter, attempted to forge a middle ground between the positions of Justices Scalia and White. Justice Kennedy argued that "
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The Justices could not agree, however, whether and to what extent the Eighth Amendment imposed a proportionality requirement in noncapital sentencing proceedings. Justice
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test works well in practice. Simply because courts will be reviewing sentences for proportionality does not mean that courts will strike them down with great frequency.
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penalties may be cruel, but they are not unusual in the constitutional sense, having been employed in various forms throughout our Nation's history." Nor did the
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should be abandoned, he proceeded to apply it to Harmelin's sentence, and concluded that Harmelin's sentence was unconstitutional. First, because Michigan has no
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came close, White observed, but only when the defendant possessed 10 kilograms or 22 pounds of cocaine. Thus, White concluded,
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561:, and the legislature has the power to retroactively modify the sentence for all persons convicted of Harmelin's crime.
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argued in favor of a vague proportionality principle that allowed the Court to uphold Harmelin's sentence. And Justice
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was represented by Richard Thompson and Michael Modelski. Thompson's other credits include serving as a prosecutor of
573:, leaving only an "empty shell" in its place. How could the inter- and intrajurisdictional comparisons required by
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The Court's narrow ruling left a major question of Eighth Amendment law unresolved. Since the Court's decision in
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604:. Third, no other jurisdiction imposed such a severe sentence for possession of 650 grams of cocaine.
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argued that Harmelin's sentence was the sort of "excessive" sentence forbidden by the Eighth Amendment.
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test? See the lengthy discussion in support of the Solem test in chapters 1 and 2 in Dennis J. Baker,
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as the source of the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment. According to Scalia,
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762:"The Right Not to be Criminalized: Demarcating Criminal Law's Authority (Hardback) - Routledge"
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and a group of criminal defense attorneys filed briefs in support of the defendant's position.
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420: (1983), which was decided before he was appointed to the Court. He first identified the
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briefs on behalf of the State of Michigan. The Court-appointed counsel for Harmelin, the
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For Justice White, Kennedy's narrow proportionality principle effectively "eviscerates"
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possessing more than 650 grams (22.93 oz) of cocaine (672 grams or 23.70 ounces).
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Clause allowed a state to impose a life sentence without the possibility of
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The Right Not to be Criminalized: Demarcating Criminal Law's Authority
403:, Justice Scalia voiced his disagreement with the Court's decision in
3039:
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1954:
1919:
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For these reasons, Scalia argued that the proportionality test from
1617:
Browning-Ferris Industries of Vermont, Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc.
2175:
2013:
1966:
1829:
540:. Yet Harmelin's crime was more severe than the crime at issue in
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2020:
1838:
1761:
1756:
645:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
225:
Scalia (part IV), joined by Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, Souter
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1711:
1673:
1566:
929:
890:
30:
2847:
2273:
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744:"Kevorkian Indicted on Charges of Helping in Three Suicides"
512:
726:"Harmelin v. Michigan - ACLU Pros & Cons - ProCon.org"
3164:
Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs
4186:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
687:
public domain material from this U.S government document
612:
required the Court to strike down Harmelin's sentence.
630:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 501
640:
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
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1994:
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309:for the possession of 672 grams (23.70 oz) of
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59:
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23:
338:. Various state attorneys general, as well as the
299:Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution
293:, 501 U.S. 957 (1991), was a case decided by the
564:
2712:Legal history of cannabis in the United States
301:. The Court ruled that the Eighth Amendment's
233:Scalia (parts I, II, III), joined by Rehnquist
1685:
902:
8:
4196:United States controlled substances case law
4191:Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause case law
513:Kennedy's "narrow proportionality principle"
429:these abuses were the harsh punishments for
780:"Michigan Enacts Reform of "650-Lifer" Law"
282:; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 333.7403(2)(a)(i)
3551:
3540:
3529:
3440:Arguments for and against drug prohibition
3118:
3107:
2639:
2626:
2222:
1719:
1708:
1692:
1678:
1670:
1574:
1563:
937:
926:
909:
895:
887:
54:Ronald Allen Harmelin v. State of Michigan
20:
635:List of United States Supreme Court cases
3414:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.
473:
3450:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
2505:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids
656:
565:White's criticism of Kennedy's argument
363:require a sentencing court to consider
100:Defendant convicted, sentenced; aff'd,
3341:Office of National Drug Control Policy
3129:International drug control conventions
2682:List of cannabis rights organizations
1064:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
18:1991 United States Supreme Court case
7:
394:
241:Kennedy, joined by O'Connor, Souter
3234:Law Enforcement Action Partnership
295:Supreme Court of the United States
249:White, joined by Blackmun, Stevens
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
4181:United States Supreme Court cases
3251:Students for Sensible Drug Policy
820:957 (1991) is available from:
3256:Transform Drug Policy Foundation
3150:Other treaties addressing drugs
796:
678:
474:White's proportionality argument
29:
4089:Regulation of therapeutic goods
4013:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
3574:Opium production in Afghanistan
500:Finally, White argued that the
340:United States Solicitor General
4201:1991 in United States case law
4037:of tobacco or other substances
1544:City of Grants Pass v. Johnson
918:United States Eighth Amendment
422:English Bill of Rights of 1689
1:
4069:Needle and syringe programmes
4018:Long-term effects of cannabis
3419:Psilocybin mushrooms legality
3346:School district drug policies
592:Because White disagreed that
395:Scalia's originalist argument
4206:Cocaine in the United States
3139:1971 Psychotropic Substances
931:Cruel and unusual punishment
303:Cruel and Unusual Punishment
3927:Pharmaceutical distribution
3564:Coca production in Colombia
3015:Counterculture of the 1960s
1633:United States v. Bajakajian
257:Stevens, joined by Blackmun
4227:
4099:Substance abuse prevention
4074:Opioid replacement therapy
879:Oyez (oral argument audio)
685:This article incorporates
371:The proportionality debate
112:1989); appeal denied, 434
4211:Legal history of Michigan
4104:Supervised injection site
3539:
3528:
3394:Anabolic steroid legality
3159:Convention Against Doping
3154:Law of the Sea Convention
3117:
3106:
3085:Urban legends about drugs
2638:
2625:
1718:
1707:
1573:
1562:
1496:South Carolina v. Gathers
1168:Skipper v. South Carolina
936:
925:
274:
150:
139:
28:
3900:Turks and Caicos Islands
3409:Methamphetamine legality
2722:Marijuana Policy Project
1713:Major recreational drugs
1649:Tyler v. Hennepin County
1596:United States v. Salerno
1568:Excessive bail and fines
524:severe crime might not.
445:—meted out by the
276:U.S. Const. amends. VIII
2677:Cannabis rights leaders
1625:Austin v. United States
1160:Caldwell v. Mississippi
1021:Montgomery v. Louisiana
399:Through his opinion in
379:, as is typical of his
43:Argued November 5, 1990
3485:Politics of drug abuse
2453:Mandragora officinarum
1608:Excessive Fines Clause
1472:Robinson v. California
1088:California v. Anderson
1072:McGautha v. California
957:Robinson v. California
949:Weems v. United States
498:
460:should be overruled.
435:drawing and quartering
3845:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3144:1988 Drug Trafficking
2737:Cannabis and religion
1701:Recreational drug use
1579:Excessive Bail Clause
1320:Panetti v. Quarterman
1200:Maynard v. Cartwright
489:
78:111 S. Ct. 2680; 115
45:Decided June 27, 1991
4094:Responsible drug use
3905:United Arab Emirates
3224:Drug Policy Alliance
3112:Legality of drug use
2717:Legality of cannabis
2692:Cannabis Social Club
2662:Cannabis cultivation
2657:Cannabis consumption
2488:Cannabis (Marijuana)
2310:Psilocybin mushrooms
1336:Kennedy v. Louisiana
1232:Whitmore v. Arkansas
1224:Stanford v. Kentucky
1208:Thompson v. Oklahoma
1192:Lowenfield v. Phelps
1037:Jones v. Mississippi
981:Harmelin v. Michigan
810:Harmelin v. Michigan
803:Harmelin v. Michigan
768:on October 13, 2011.
664:Harmelin v. Michigan
290:Harmelin v. Michigan
24:Harmelin v. Michigan
4152:Tobacco consumption
4122:Alcohol consumption
4064:Drug rehabilitation
4001:Effects of cannabis
3725:Indian Ocean region
3505:Philippine drug war
3134:1961 Narcotic Drugs
1815:nail polish remover
1512:Helling v. McKinney
1437:Hudson v. McMillian
1403:Corporal punishment
1392:Bucklew v. Precythe
1128:Spaziano v. Florida
1029:Virginia v. LeBlanc
989:Ewing v. California
870:Library of Congress
602:first-degree murder
354:The majority ruling
189:Sandra Day O'Connor
4008:Drug-related crime
3685:Dominican Republic
3595:Illegal drug trade
3070:Religion and drugs
3025:Drug paraphernalia
3005:Chasing the dragon
2964:Fashion cigarettes
2545:Calea zacatechichi
2240:Psychoactive toads
1950:Mitragyna speciosa
1902:Dextropropoxyphene
1844:Nonbenzodiazepines
1752:Alcoholic beverage
1504:Payne v. Tennessee
1429:Ingraham v. Wright
1384:Madison v. Alabama
1256:Atkins v. Virginia
1248:Herrera v. Collins
1176:Ford v. Wainwright
1152:Glass v. Louisiana
1120:Godfrey v. Georgia
997:Lockyer v. Andrade
748:The New York Times
365:mitigating factors
336:Dr. Jack Kevorkian
161:Associate Justices
102:People v. Harmelin
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4079:Pharmacovigilance
4059:Drug legalization
3957:
3956:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3455:Cognitive liberty
3399:Cannabis legality
3187:Decriminalization
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
2984:Smoking fetishism
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2558:
2557:
2438:Atropa belladonna
1805:contact adhesives
1747:Ethanol (alcohol)
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1520:Farmer v. Brennan
1488:Estelle v. Gamble
1413:Jackson v. Bishop
1304:Hill v. McDonough
1272:Tennard v. Dretke
1240:Walton v. Arizona
1136:Enmund v. Florida
1080:Furman v. Georgia
1056:Wilkerson v. Utah
1013:Miller v. Alabama
1005:Graham v. Florida
965:Rummel v. Estelle
801:Works related to
286:
285:
173:Thurgood Marshall
157:William Rehnquist
4218:
3996:Drug harmfulness
3991:Driving impaired
3810:Papua New Guinea
3579:Rolling meth lab
3552:
3541:
3530:
3495:Mexican drug war
3404:Cocaine legality
3389:Alcohol legality
3219:Demand reduction
3207:Supply reduction
3119:
3108:
2785:Drinking culture
2727:Medical cannabis
2687:Cannabis smoking
2644:Cannabis culture
2640:
2627:
2603:recreational use
2448:Hyoscyamus niger
2409:Salvia divinorum
2392:Amanita muscaria
2354:recreational use
2334:recreational use
2223:
1791:recreational use
1720:
1709:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1641:Timbs v. Indiana
1575:
1564:
1536:Kahler v. Kansas
1421:Gates v. Collier
1360:Hurst v. Florida
1352:Glossip v. Gross
1280:Roper v. Simmons
1216:Penry v. Lynaugh
1184:Tison v. Arizona
1144:Pulley v. Harris
1104:Coker v. Georgia
1096:Gregg v. Georgia
938:
927:
911:
904:
897:
888:
883:
877:
874:
868:
865:
859:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
800:
784:
783:
776:
770:
769:
764:. Archived from
758:
752:
751:
750:. November 1996.
740:
734:
733:
722:
716:
701:Gregg v. Georgia
697:
691:
682:
681:
661:
589:(Ashgate, 2011)
361:Eighth Amendment
319:Gregg v. Georgia
146:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4156:
4114:
4108:
4084:Reagent testing
4042:
4033:Passive smoking
3963:
3953:
3583:
3569:Drug precursors
3556:
3547:
3545:
3535:
3516:
3470:Drug possession
3445:Cannabis rights
3428:
3424:Salvia legality
3377:
3268:
3262:
3170:
3113:
3094:
3075:Self-medication
2993:
2989:Tobacco smoking
2951:Smoking culture
2945:
2882:
2779:
2746:
2702:Cannabis vaping
2672:Cannabis rights
2667:Cannabis edible
2634:
2613:
2554:
2550:Silene capensis
2531:
2469:
2465:Diphenhydramine
2415:
2316:
2212:
2157:
2109:Methylphenidate
2099:Methamphetamine
1990:
1853:
1737:Benzodiazepines
1714:
1703:
1698:
1668:
1655:
1602:
1569:
1550:
1480:Powell v. Texas
1451:
1424:(5th Cir. 1974)
1416:(8th Cir. 1968)
1404:
1398:
1344:Hall v. Florida
1312:Kansas v. Marsh
1296:Oregon v. Guzek
1291:(5th Cir. 2005)
1288:Bigby v. Dretke
1264:Ring v. Arizona
1112:Lockett v. Ohio
1043:
932:
921:
915:
881:
875:
872:
866:
863:
857:
854:
848:
845:
839:
836:
830:
827:
821:
793:
788:
787:
778:
777:
773:
760:
759:
755:
742:
741:
737:
730:aclu.procon.org
724:
723:
719:
698:
694:
679:
662:
658:
653:
626:
618:
567:
515:
476:
397:
385:Anthony Kennedy
373:
356:
201:Anthony Kennedy
199:
187:
185:John P. Stevens
175:
130:956 (1990).
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4047:Harm reduction
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3981:Date rape drug
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3947:Liquor license
3944:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3922:Darknet market
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3549:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3512:Zero tolerance
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Czech Republic
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3239:Liberalization
3236:
3231:
3229:Harm reduction
3226:
3221:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Party and play
3052:
3047:
3045:Needle sharing
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Cigarette card
2955:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Tailgate party
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:Drinking games
2815:
2810:
2808:Binge drinking
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2752:Coffee culture
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2460:Dimenhydrinate
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:alkyl nitrites
2357:
2342:
2337:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:Peruvian torch
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1849:Quinazolinones
1846:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1776:
1771:
1769:Gabapentinoids
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1588:Stack v. Boyle
1583:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1528:Brown v. Plata
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1464:Trop v. Dulles
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1445:Hope v. Pelzer
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1376:Moore v. Texas
1372:
1368:Kansas v. Carr
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
953:
944:
942:
934:
933:
930:
923:
922:
916:
914:
913:
906:
899:
891:
885:
884:
852:Google Scholar
806:
792:
791:External links
789:
786:
785:
771:
753:
735:
717:
692:
655:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
625:
622:
617:
614:
566:
563:
514:
511:
475:
472:
447:Bloody Assizes
396:
393:
377:Antonin Scalia
372:
369:
355:
352:
284:
283:
272:
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
214:
213:
212:
211:
197:Antonin Scalia
177:Harry Blackmun
162:
159:
154:
148:
147:
143:
142:
137:
136:
132:
131:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4223:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:Countries by
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Drug checking
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Neurotoxicity
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Cannabis shop
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:United States
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Latin America
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3527:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Plan Colombia
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Designer drug
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:Drug legality
3380:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:United States
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3244:Latin America
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:Policy reform
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:International
3120:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Sex and drugs
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Poly drug use
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Cloud-chasing
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Psychonautics
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Drinking song
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Diethyl ether
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Beer festival
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:Nitrous oxide
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:Nitrous oxide
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2322:Dissociatives
2319:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Hallucinogens
2215:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:Energy drinks
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:Hydromorphone
1933:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:Buprenorphine
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:Paint thinner
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1787:Nitrous oxide
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:Death penalty
1046:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
990:
986:
983:
982:
978:
975:
974:
973:Solem v. Helm
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
943:
941:Incarceration
939:
935:
928:
924:
919:
912:
907:
905:
900:
898:
893:
892:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
834:CourtListener
826:
819:
815:
811:
807:
805:at Wikisource
804:
799:
795:
794:
790:
781:
775:
772:
767:
763:
757:
754:
749:
745:
739:
736:
731:
727:
721:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
702:
696:
693:
690:
688:
677: (1991).
676:
673:
669:
665:
660:
657:
650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:death penalty
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
562:
560:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:death penalty
533:
531:
525:
522:
521:
520:stare decisis
510:
507:
503:
497:
495:
488:
484:
480:
471:
468:
463:
459:
454:
450:
448:
444:
443:disemboweling
440:
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
416:
412:
408:
407:
406:Solem v. Helm
402:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
368:
366:
362:
353:
351:
349:
345:
344:amicus curiae
341:
337:
333:
330:The State of
328:
325:
321:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:
281:
277:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:Case opinions
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:Chief Justice
152:
151:
149:
144:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
4140:Lifetime use
3942:Liquor store
3860:South Africa
3490:War on drugs
3316:Soviet Union
3192:Legalization
3030:Drug tourism
2878:Wine tasting
2798:Beer culture
2760:Coffee break
2697:Cannabis tea
2632:Drug culture
2475:Cannabinoids
2404:Salvinorin A
2370:amyl nitrite
2227:Psychedelics
1979:/paracetamol
1892:Desomorphine
1732:Barbiturates
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1594:
1586:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1328:Baze v. Rees
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1131:(1981, 1984)
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
980:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
809:
774:
766:the original
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
715: (1976).
699:
695:
684:
663:
659:
619:
609:
593:
591:
586:
582:
578:
577:be anything
574:
570:
568:
558:
555:
549:
545:
541:
534:
529:
526:
518:
516:
505:
501:
499:
493:
490:
485:
481:
477:
466:
461:
457:
455:
451:
425:
404:
400:
398:
374:
357:
329:
323:
317:
315:
289:
288:
287:
270:Laws applied
209:David Souter
204:
192:
180:
168:
117:
116:863 (1990);
101:
92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
4147:Opiates use
4127:Cocaine use
3962:Issues with
3880:Switzerland
3865:South Korea
3835:Puerto Rico
3820:Philippines
3690:El Salvador
3600:Afghanistan
3336:Just Say No
3326:Switzerland
3301:Netherlands
3267:Drug policy
3197:Prohibition
3182:Drug policy
3175:State level
3020:Dance party
2931:Microdosing
2888:Psychedelia
2843:Oktoberfest
2765:Coffeehouse
2742:Stoner film
2433:Scopolamine
2163:Entactogens
2141:Theobromine
2004:Amphetamine
1930:Hydrocodone
1920:Diamorphine
1724:Depressants
1405:or injuries
1091:(Cal. 1972)
389:Byron White
381:originalist
238:Concurrence
165:Byron White
4175:Categories
4135:Annual use
3986:Dependence
3850:Seychelles
3755:Kyrgyzstan
3670:Costa Rica
3615:Bangladesh
3588:Drug trade
3557:production
3546:production
3465:Drug court
3351:California
3269:by country
3202:Regulation
2936:Smart shop
2921:Literature
2916:Experience
2863:Sports bar
2828:Happy hour
2793:Bartending
2564:Club drugs
2537:Oneirogens
2421:Deliriants
2301:Psilocybin
2124:Polacrilex
2094:Mephedrone
1996:Stimulants
1798:Hazardous
1742:Carbamates
651:References
297:under the
110:Mich. App.
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:836; 1991
4131:Cannabis
3976:Addiction
3932:Beer shop
3915:Venezuela
3780:Mauritius
3610:Australia
3548:and trade
3475:Drug test
3276:Australia
3050:Nootropic
3035:Entheogen
3010:Club drug
2858:Sommelier
2853:Pub crawl
2838:Nightclub
2833:Hip flask
2770:Latte art
2707:Head shop
2577:Quaaludes
2345:Inhalants
2294:San Pedro
2279:Mescaline
2262:Ayahuasca
2235:Bufotenin
2180:Benzofury
2171:2C series
2151:Chocolate
2114:Modafinil
2104:Methylone
2077:Ephedrine
2048:Cathinone
2009:Arecoline
1974:Oxycodone
1945:Methadone
1779:Inhalants
616:Aftermath
439:beheading
324:some kind
230:Plurality
122:granted,
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
4115:drug use
4028:Overdose
3964:drug use
3890:Thailand
3875:Suriname
3855:Slovakia
3830:Portugal
3815:Paraguay
3775:Malaysia
3715:Honduras
3665:Colombia
3650:Cambodia
3371:Virginia
3361:Maryland
3356:Colorado
3311:Slovakia
3306:Portugal
2979:Smokeasy
2873:Wine bar
2775:Teahouse
2498:Hash oil
2429:Atropine
2387:Muscimol
2377:Ketamine
2340:Glaucine
2305:Psilocin
2119:Nicotine
2026:Caffeine
1986:Tramadol
1962:Morphine
1939:Dilaudid
1915:Fentanyl
1906:Darvocet
1896:Krokodil
1871:Suboxone
1810:Gasoline
1800:solvents
1783:Medical
920:case law
808:Text of
624:See also
559:post hoc
401:Harmelin
342:, filed
332:Michigan
265:Marshall
222:Majority
3790:Nigeria
3785:Moldova
3705:Germany
3700:Finland
3695:Estonia
3635:Bolivia
3291:Germany
3090:Whoonga
2941:Therapy
2609:Poppers
2587:Ecstasy
2572:Cocaine
2520:APINACA
2510:JWH-018
2493:Hashish
2365:poppers
2201:Ecstasy
2134:Tobacco
2082:Ephedra
2060:Cocaine
1880:Codeine
1874:Subutex
1859:Opioids
843:Findlaw
825:Cornell
606:Alabama
433:—
431:treason
311:cocaine
262:Dissent
254:Dissent
246:Dissent
141:crimes.
135:Holding
3895:Turkey
3885:Taiwan
3840:Russia
3825:Poland
3805:Panama
3795:Norway
3770:Latvia
3750:Kosovo
3680:Cyprus
3640:Brazil
3630:Bhutan
3620:Belize
3366:Oregon
3321:Sweden
3281:Canada
3040:Hippie
2974:Loosie
2443:Datura
2289:Peyote
2274:LSD-25
2031:Coffee
1955:Kratom
1924:Heroin
1909:Darvon
1826:Other
1652:(2023)
1644:(2019)
1636:(1998)
1628:(1993)
1620:(1989)
1599:(1987)
1591:(1951)
1547:(2024)
1539:(2020)
1531:(2011)
1523:(1994)
1515:(1993)
1507:(1991)
1499:(1989)
1491:(1976)
1483:(1968)
1475:(1962)
1467:(1958)
1448:(2002)
1440:(1992)
1432:(1977)
1395:(2019)
1387:(2019)
1379:(2017)
1371:(2016)
1363:(2016)
1355:(2015)
1347:(2014)
1339:(2008)
1331:(2008)
1323:(2007)
1315:(2006)
1307:(2006)
1299:(2006)
1283:(2005)
1275:(2004)
1267:(2002)
1259:(2002)
1251:(1993)
1243:(1990)
1235:(1990)
1227:(1989)
1219:(1989)
1211:(1988)
1203:(1988)
1195:(1988)
1187:(1987)
1179:(1986)
1171:(1986)
1163:(1985)
1155:(1985)
1147:(1984)
1139:(1982)
1123:(1980)
1115:(1978)
1107:(1977)
1099:(1976)
1083:(1972)
1075:(1971)
1067:(1947)
1059:(1879)
1040:(2021)
1032:(2017)
1024:(2016)
1016:(2012)
1008:(2010)
1000:(2003)
992:(2003)
984:(1991)
976:(1983)
968:(1980)
960:(1962)
952:(1910)
882:
876:
873:
867:
864:
861:Justia
858:
855:
849:
846:
840:
837:
831:
828:
822:
704:,
683:
666:,
307:parole
207:
205:·
203:
195:
193:·
191:
183:
181:·
179:
171:
169:·
167:
106:N.W.2d
104:, 440
3971:Abuse
3870:Spain
3745:Kenya
3740:Japan
3735:Italy
3720:India
3710:Haiti
3660:China
3655:Chile
3645:Burma
3625:Benin
3605:Aruba
3534:Other
3433:Other
3296:India
2998:Other
2926:Music
2732:NORML
2592:Molly
2525:Spice
2515:APICA
2245:Vilca
2206:Molly
2176:6-APB
2146:Cocoa
2070:Crack
2021:Betel
2014:Areca
1967:Opium
1830:Freon
1456:Other
816:
708:
670:
610:Solem
594:Solem
583:Solem
575:Solem
571:Solem
550:Solem
546:Solem
544:. In
542:Solem
530:Solem
506:Solem
502:Solem
494:Solem
467:Solem
462:Solem
458:Solem
426:Solem
413:
126:
119:cert.
114:Mich.
97:Prior
3800:Oman
3760:Laos
3730:Iran
3675:Cuba
3555:Drug
3544:Drug
3480:Narc
3065:Rave
2906:Drug
2582:MDMA
2431:and
2250:Yopo
2196:MDMA
2129:Salt
2089:MDPV
2065:Coca
2053:Khat
1885:Lean
1839:Kava
1762:Wine
1757:Beer
818:U.S.
710:U.S.
672:U.S.
415:U.S.
348:ACLU
128:U.S.
108:75 (
86:3816
73:more
65:U.S.
63:501
2911:Era
2901:Art
2848:Pub
2652:420
2483:THC
2399:PCP
2382:MXE
2330:DXM
2269:LSA
2257:DMT
2191:MDA
2186:AMT
2041:Tea
1774:GHB
814:501
713:153
706:428
675:957
668:501
579:but
418:277
411:463
280:XIV
124:495
68:957
4177::
2303:/
812:,
746:.
728:.
496:.
441:,
437:,
409:,
313:.
278:,
2605:)
2601:(
2356:)
2352:(
2336:)
2332:(
1793:)
1789:(
1693:e
1686:t
1679:v
910:e
903:t
896:v
782:.
732:.
689:.
76:)
70:(
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