42:, and a lack of substantial activities. Harmful preferential regimes, whether in member or non-member countries, are identified by four main traits. Like tax havens, their legal or administrative systems hamper the exchange of information and create an absence of transparency, and have effectively low or no taxes. Finally, the regime may partially isolate itself from the taxpayers and bear little to none of the tax burden, a practice known as “ring-fencing.”
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In the report, the OECD groups countries into three categories: member country preferential regimes,
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on taxpayers with other governments through administrative practices or laws, non-
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110:(Paris: OECD Publications, 1998) 22, OECD.org, 17 July 2007:
82:. Centre for Tax Policy and Administration. Archived from
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Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
76:"More Information on the Harmful Tax Practices Work"
108:Harmful Tax Competition: An Emerging Global Issue
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112:https://www.oecd.org/tax/harmful/1904176.pdf
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