Kim Philby - Knowledge

1746:. He said that there was no discipline there; he made friends with the archivist, which enabled him for years to take secret documents home, many unrelated to his own work, and bring them back the next day; his handler photographed them overnight. When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something" but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. He said: "It was a very dirty story—but after all our work does imply getting dirty hands from time to time but we do it for a cause that is not dirty in any way". Commenting on his sabotage of the operation to secretly send thousands of anti-communists into Albania to overthrow the communist government, Philby defended his actions by saying that he had helped prevent another world war. 1503: 1076:, soon to be liberated by the Soviet Union. The NKVD complained to Cecil Barclay, the SIS representative in Moscow, that information had been withheld. Barclay reported the complaint to London. Philby claimed to have overheard discussion of this by chance and sent a report to his controller. This turned out to be identical with Barclay's dispatch, convincing the NKVD that Philby had seen the full Barclay report. A similar lapse occurred with a report from the Japanese embassy in Moscow sent to Tokyo. The NKVD received the same report from Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. These lapses by Philby aroused intense suspicion in Moscow. 1687: 1697: 1087:. She noted that they produced an extraordinary wealth of information on German war plans but next to nothing on the repeated question of British penetration of Soviet intelligence in either London or Moscow. Philby had repeated his claim that there were no such agents. She asked, "Could the SIS really be such fools they failed to notice suitcase-loads of papers leaving the office? Could they have overlooked Philby's Communist wife?" Modrzhinskaya concluded that all were double agents, working essentially for the British. 1677: 1467:

his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. However, when Elliott asked him to sign a written statement, he hesitated and requested a delay in the interrogation. Another meeting was scheduled to take place in the last week of January. It has since been suggested that the whole confrontation with Elliott had been a charade to convince the KGB that Philby had to be brought back to Moscow, where he could serve as a British penetration agent of Moscow Central.

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Maclean's espionage, deeply compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London. There, he underwent MI5 interrogation aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring. In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal.

1395:, "I have no reason to conclude that Mr. Philby has at any time betrayed the interests of his country, or to identify him with the so-called 'Third Man', if indeed there was one." Following this, Philby gave a press conference in which—calmly, confidently, and without the stammer he had struggled with since childhood—he reiterated his innocence, declaring, "I have never been a communist." 962:, Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim), re-established contact and asked for a list of British agents being trained to enter the Soviet Union. Philby replied that none had been sent and that none was undergoing training at that time. This statement was underlined twice in red and marked with two question marks, clearly indicating confusion and questioning of this, by disbelieving staff at 1707: 1463:

drunk and incoherent with grief on the terrace of the flat," mourning the death of a little pet fox that had fallen from the balcony. When Elliott met Philby in late 1962, the first time since Golitsyn's defection, he found Philby too drunk to stand and with a bandaged head; he had fallen repeatedly and cracked his skull on a bathroom radiator, requiring stitches.

1212:, the Albanian Security Service. Clearly there had been leaks and Philby was later suspected as one of the leakers. His own comment was, "I do not say that people were happy under the regime but the CIA underestimated the degree of control that the Authorities had over the country." Philby later wrote of his attitude towards the operation in Albania: 44: 1734:- it was inconceivable that one "born into the ruling class of the British Empire" would be a traitor, to the amateurish and incompetent nature of the British organisation, and because of so many in MI6 having so much to lose if he was proven to be a spy. He had the policy of never confessing; a document in his own handwriting was dismissed as a 586:

that the name he went by was Arnold Deutsch. I think that he was of Czech origin; about 5 ft 7in, stout, with blue eyes and light curly hair. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. He hated London, adored Paris, and spoke of it with deeply loving affection. He was a man of considerable cultural background."

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In 1940, Philby began living with Aileen Furse in London. Their first three children, Josephine, John and Tommy, were born between 1941 and 1944. In 1946, Philby arranged a divorce from Litzi. He and Aileen were married on 25 September 1946, while Aileen was pregnant with their fourth child, Miranda.

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It was not until 1 July 1963 that Philby's flight to Moscow was officially confirmed. On 30 July, Soviet officials announced that they had granted him political asylum in the Soviet Union, along with Soviet citizenship. When the news broke, MI6 came under criticism for failing to anticipate and block

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in Britain for himself and his wife. For a large sum of money, Volkov offered the names of three Soviet agents inside Britain, two of whom worked in the Foreign Office and a third who worked in counterintelligence in London. Philby was given the task of dealing with Volkov by British intelligence. He

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that he had personally briefed Philby on the need "to discover the system of guarding Franco and his entourage". Maly was one of the Soviet Union's most powerful and influential illegal controllers and recruiters. With the goal of potentially arranging Franco's assassination, Philby was instructed to

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Lizzy came home one evening and told me that she had arranged for me to meet a "man of decisive importance". I questioned her about it but she would give me no details. The rendezvous took place in Regents Park. The man described himself as Otto. I discovered much later from a photograph in MI5 files

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In February 1934, Philby married Litzi Friedmann, an Austrian Jewish communist whom he had met in Vienna. They subsequently moved to Britain; however, as Philby assumed the role of a fascist sympathiser, they separated. Litzi lived in Paris before returning to London for the duration of the war; she

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correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Following the death of his second wife in 1957 and Eleanor's subsequent divorce from Brewer, the two were married in London in 1959 and set up house together in Beirut. From 1960, Philby's formerly marginal work as a journalist became more substantial and he frequently

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encounters. His dissolution had a troubling effect on Philby; the morning after a particularly disastrous and drunken party, a guest returning to collect his car heard voices upstairs and found "Kim and Guy in the bedroom drinking champagne. They had already been down to the Embassy but being unable

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to cause skin disfigurations. She was sent to a clinic in Switzerland to recover. Upon her return to Istanbul in late 1948, she was badly burned in an incident with a charcoal stove and returned to Switzerland. Shortly afterward, Philby was moved to the job as chief SIS representative in Washington,

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The agents we sent into Albania were armed men intent on murder, sabotage and assassination ... They knew the risks they were running. I was serving the interests of the Soviet Union and those interests required that these men were defeated. To the extent that I helped defeat them, even if it caused

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on telephones which turned out to have been tapped by Soviet intelligence. Volkov had insisted that all written communications about him take place by bag rather than by telegraph, causing a delay in reaction that might plausibly have given the Soviets time to uncover his plans. Philby was thus able

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later described Philby as "disappointed in many ways" by what he found in Moscow. "He saw people suffering too much," but he consoled himself by arguing that "the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge." Pukhova said, "he was struck by

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Philby told Elliott that he was "half expecting" to see him. Elliott confronted him, saying, "I once looked up to you, Kim. My God, how I despise you now. I hope you've enough decency left to understand why." Prompted by Elliott's accusations, Philby confirmed the charges of espionage and described

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in the investigation into the embassy leak. Philby had undertaken to devise an escape plan that would warn Maclean, in England, of the intense suspicion he was under and arrange for him to flee. Burgess had to get to London to warn Maclean, who was under surveillance. In early May 1951, Burgess got

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to meet his Soviet contact twice a week. Philby had been briefed on the situation shortly before reaching Washington in 1949; it was clear to Philby that the agent was Maclean, who worked in the embassy at the time and whose wife, Melinda, lived in New York. Philby had to help discover the identity

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communications between Washington and London. Philby was also responsible for liaising with the CIA and promoting "more aggressive Anglo-American intelligence operations". A leading figure within the CIA was Philby's wary former colleague, James Jesus Angleton, with whom he once again found himself

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It is unclear whether Philby had been alerted, but Eleanor noted that as 1962 wore on, expressions of tension in his life "became worse and were reflected in bouts of deep depression and drinking". She recalled returning home to Beirut from a sight-seeing trip in Jordan to find Philby "hopelessly

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Even after his departure from MI6, suspicion towards Philby continued. Interrogated repeatedly regarding his intelligence work and his connection with Burgess, he continued to deny that he had acted as a Soviet agent. From 1952, Philby struggled to find work as a journalist, eventually—in August

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In February 1947, Philby was appointed head of British intelligence for Turkey and posted to Istanbul with his second wife, Aileen, and their family. His public position was that of First Secretary at the British Consulate; in reality, his intelligence work required overseeing British agents and

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correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Following Eleanor's divorce, the couple married in January 1959. After Philby defected in 1963, Eleanor visited him in Moscow. In November 1964, after a visit to the US, she returned, intending to settle permanently. In her absence, Philby had begun an affair with

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Burgess, who had been given a post as Second Secretary at the British Embassy, took up residence in the Philby family home and rapidly set about causing offence to all and sundry. Philby's wife resented him and disliked his presence; Americans were offended by his "natural superciliousness" and

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Burgess had intended to aid Maclean in his escape, not accompany him in it. The "affair of the missing diplomats," as it was referred to before Burgess and Maclean surfaced in Moscow, attracted a great deal of public attention, and Burgess' disappearance, which identified him as complicit in

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that were known to him. When Jane Archer (who had interviewed Krivitsky) was appointed to Philby's section he moved her off investigatory work in case she became aware of his past. He later wrote "she had got a tantalising scrap of information about a young English journalist whom the Soviet

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During 1942–43, Philby's responsibilities were then expanded to include North Africa and Italy, and he was made the deputy head of Section Five under Major Felix Cowgill, an army officer seconded to SIS. In early 1944, as it became clear that the Soviet Union was likely to once more prove a

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under the cover of a research appointment, but in reality had been assigned to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities. Philby had come to the Soviets' notice earlier that year in Vienna, where he had been involved in demonstrations against the government of

1554:; they were not published in the Soviet Union until 1980. In the book, Philby says that his loyalties were always with the communists; he considered himself not to have been a double agent but "a straight penetration agent working in the Soviet interest." Philby continued to read 821:. Krivitsky claimed that two Soviet intelligence agents had penetrated the Foreign Office and that a third Soviet intelligence agent had worked as a journalist for a British newspaper in Spain. No connection with Philby was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a 700:, for the British embassy in Paris. When visiting Paris after the war, he was shocked to discover that the address that he used for Mlle Dupont was that of the Soviet embassy. His controller in Paris, a Latvian national named Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in 1597:

documents, Philby inserted "sinister" paragraphs regarding US plans. The KGB would stamp the documents "top secret" and begin their circulation. For the Soviets, Philby was an invaluable asset, ensuring the correct use of idiomatic and diplomatic English phrases in their

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Their fifth child, Harry George, was born in 1950. Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean. She lived separately from Philby, settling with their children in

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100, which I hoped would last me about a year in Vienna. She made some calculations and announced, "That will leave you an excess of £25. You can give that to the International Organisation for Aid for Revolutionaries. We need it desperately." I liked her determination.

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warned the Soviets of the attempted defection and travelled to Istanbul—ostensibly to handle the matter on behalf of SIS but, in reality, to ensure that Volkov had been neutralised. By the time he arrived in Turkey, three weeks later, Volkov had been removed to Moscow.

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In September 1949, the Philbys arrived in the United States. Officially, his post was that of First Secretary to the British Embassy; in reality, he served as chief British intelligence representative in Washington. His office oversaw a large amount of urgent and

849:(Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected Philby's motives. Solomon introduced Philby to the woman who would become Philby's second wife, Aileen Furse. Solomon went to work for the British retailer 1319:

convertible that had been abandoned in the embassy car park. "If he did not act at once it would be too late," the telegram read, "because would send his car to the scrap heap. There was nothing more could do." On 25 May, Burgess drove Maclean from his home at

1008:. On the strength of his knowledge and experience of Franco's Spain, he was put in charge of the subsection that dealt with Spain and Portugal. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Gibraltar, 1710: 1036:

significant adversary to Britain, SIS re-activated Section Nine, which dealt with anti-communist efforts. In late 1944 Philby, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine.

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and his communist guerillas to liberate Albania, now prepared to remove Hoxha. He trained Albanian commandos—some of whom were former Nazi collaborators—in Libya or Malta. From 1947, they infiltrated the southern mountains to build support for former

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and on being asked what the infamous spy was like, Hardy quipped, "He was always trying to get information out of me—most significantly the name of my tailor". Philby, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was appointed an Officer of the

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disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'" Philby's drinking and depression continued; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.

692:. He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Soviets. He used a simpler system for MI6, delivering post at 645:, an organization aiming at rebuilding and supporting a friendly relationship between Germany and the United Kingdom. The Anglo-German Fellowship, at this time, was supported both by the British and German governments, and Philby made many trips to 1482:, had left Beirut that morning so abruptly that cargo was left scattered over the docks; Philby claimed that he left Beirut on board this ship. However, others maintain that he escaped through Syria, overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to the 1379:

if he was determined "to cover up at all costs the dubious third man activities of Mr Harold Philby..." This was reported in the British press, leading Philby to threaten legal action against Lipton if he repeated his accusations outside

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Philby said that at the time of his recruitment as a spy there were no prospects of his being useful; he was instructed to make his way into the Secret Service, which took years, starting with journalism and building up contacts in the

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In 1940, on the recommendation of Burgess, Philby joined MI6's Section D, a secret organisation charged with investigating how enemies might be attacked through non-military means. Philby and Burgess ran a training course for would-be

1040:, an officer of German birth (born Wolfgang von Blumenthal) working for Richard Gatty in Belgium and later transferred to the Norwegian/Swedish border, voiced many suspicions of Philby and his intentions but was repeatedly ignored. 1569:

Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though he claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends,

835:, who had once met him in France, also defected. To protect his family, still living in the Soviet Union, Orlov said nothing about Philby, an agreement Stalin respected. On a short trip back from Spain, Philby tried to recruit 5244: 1430:, just outside Beirut. Following the departure of his father and stepbrothers for Saudi Arabia, he continued to live alone in Ajaltoun, but took a flat in Beirut after beginning an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of 1494:, author of several works on espionage, speculated that MI6 might have left open the opportunity for Philby to flee to Moscow to avoid an embarrassing public trial. Philby himself thought this might have been the case. 1106:

The intervention of Philby in the affair and the subsequent capture of Volkov by the Soviets might have seriously compromised Philby's position. Volkov's defection had been discussed with the British embassy in

1451:. Golitsyn offered the CIA revelations of Soviet agents within American and British intelligence services. Following his debriefing in the US, Golitsyn was sent to SIS for further questioning. The head of MI6, 3162:

David Pryce-Jones: October 2004: The New Criterion published by the Foundation for Cultural Review, New York, a nonprofit public foundation as described in Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code,

1287:. The investigation into the embassy leak continued and the stress of it was exacerbated by the arrival in Washington, in October 1950, of Burgess—Philby's unstable and dangerously alcoholic fellow spy. 1529:

in late 2020 indicated that the British government had intentionally conducted a campaign to keep Philby's spying confidential "to minimise political embarrassment" and prevent the publication of his

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Philby in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this attempt."

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and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. During his career as an intelligence officer, he passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviet Union, including the

1263:) was information that documents had been sent to Moscow from the British embassy in Washington. The intercepted messages revealed that the embassy source (identified as "Homer") travelled to 472:", in the words of his father, who went on to write: "The only serious question is whether Kim definitely intended to be disloyal to the government while in its service." Upon his graduation, 1303:

Burgess' presence was awkward for Philby, yet it was potentially dangerous for Philby to leave him unsupervised. The situation in Washington was tense. From April 1950, Maclean had been the

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community in Paris produced just two recruits. Turkish intelligence took them to a border crossing into Georgia but soon afterwards shots were heard. Another effort was made using a Turkish

777:. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. Philby suffered only a minor head wound. As a result of this accident, Philby, who was well-liked by the 1638:

Donald Maclean's wife, Melinda. He and Eleanor divorced and she departed Moscow in May 1965. Melinda left Maclean and briefly lived with Philby in Moscow. In 1968, she returned to Maclean.

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a month (the average Soviet salary in 1960 was Rbls 80.60 a month and Rbls 122 in 1970) and his family was not immediately able to join him in exile. Philby was under virtual

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supply ships in the Western Mediterranean. Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which Philby's Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (Abwehr code-name

520:(born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. Philby admired the strength of her political convictions and later recalled that at their first meeting: 2712: 5279: 1459:, an MI6 officer recently stationed in Beirut who was a friend of Philby's and had previously believed in his innocence, was tasked with attempting to secure his full confession. 1812: 731:

tanks deployed with Falangist forces in Spain. Philby told the British, after a direct question to Franco, that German troops would never be permitted to cross Spain to attack

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to transmit intelligence traffic. This mistake made it possible to break the normally impregnable code. Contained in the traffic (intercepted and decrypted as part of the

637:, as editor. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, Philby engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as 5324: 5314: 5254: 1522:, his closest KGB contact, explained that this was to guard his safety, but later admitted that the real reason was the KGB's fear that Philby would return to London. 3393: 343: 3551: 744:

report on vulnerable points in Franco's security and recommend ways to gain access to him and his staff. However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon

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in September 1939, Philby's contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and he failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work. During the

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to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". He testified before the

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The SIS planned to interrogate Maclean on 28 May 1951. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, Philby wired Burgess, ostensibly about his

802: 1455:, only recently transferred from MI5, had suspected Philby as the "third man". Golitsyn proceeded to confirm White's suspicions about Philby's role. 1022:

was active in Spain, particularly around the British naval base of Gibraltar, which its agents hoped to watch with many detection stations to track

793:. After I had been wounded and decorated by Franco himself, I became known as 'the English-decorated-by-Franco' and all sorts of doors opened to me. 476:, a tutor in economics at Trinity, introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism, an organization based in 3134: 1510:

Upon his arrival in Moscow in January 1963, Philby discovered that he was not a colonel in the KGB, as he had been led to believe. He was paid 500

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After being exonerated, Philby was no longer employed by MI6 and Soviet intelligence lost all contact with him. In August 1956 he was sent to

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and under guard, with all visitors screened by the KGB. It was ten years before he was given a minor role in the training of KGB recruits.

1373: 2788: 4205: 3283: 1921: 1816: 1526: 1169: 1165: 5274: 5249: 1898: 1594: 955: 782: 1423:"Charles Garner" when writing about subjects he considered too "fluffy"(distasteful), for example the subject of Arab slave girls. 4340: 1904: 1700: 1381: 1349:. Lacking access to material of value and out of touch with Soviet intelligence, he all but ceased to operate as a Soviet agent. 931:. His time at Section D, however, was short-lived; the "tiny, ineffective, and slightly comic" section was soon absorbed by the 3742: 1730:

intelligence agency, Philby attributed the failure of British intelligence to unmask him as due in great part to these things:

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The Fourth Man: The Definitive Account of Kim Philby, Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean and Who Recruited Them to Spy for Russia'

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On the evening of 23 January 1963, Philby vanished from Beirut, failing to meet his wife for a dinner party at the home of

5157: 1359: 1124: 1023: 958:(OGPU). This role allowed him to conduct sabotage and instruct agents on how to properly conduct sabotage. The new London 985:

had urged. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy

549:, Philby and Friedmann married in February 1934, enabling her to escape to the United Kingdom with him two months later. 1208:, head of SIS, disliked the idea, which was promoted by former SOE men now in SIS. Most infiltrators were caught by the 1091: 1069: 932: 828: 326:. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. After leaving Cambridge, Philby worked as a journalist, covering the 3254: 5284: 5239: 1641:

In 1971, Philby married Rufina Pukhova, a 39-year-old Russo-Polish woman, with whom he lived until his death in 1988.

1145: 1073: 1048: 936: 622:. They remained friends for many years following their separation and divorced only in 1946, following the end of the 497: 335: 2759: 3017: 1686: 1047:, a young American counter-intelligence officer working in liaison with SIS in London. Angleton, later chief of the 5170: 5112: 4538: 4361: 4119: 1786: 1550:

In Moscow, Philby occupied himself by writing his memoirs, which were published in Britain in 1968 under the title

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The first three missions, overland from Greece, were trouble-free. Larger numbers were landed by sea and air under

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shell hit just in front of the car in which Philby was travelling along with correspondents Edward J. Neil of the

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complained that Burgess used British embassy automobiles to avoid arrest when he cruised Washington in pursuit of

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organisation, which sent information to both London and Moscow. Nevertheless, Angleton's suspicions went unheard.

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and his life in Istanbul, she experienced a breakdown, staging an accident and injecting herself with urine and

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by Franco on 2 March 1938. Philby found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles:

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while he lived first in London and later in Beirut. Weakened by alcoholism and frequent illness, she died of

2475: 1680: 1582: 1419:. There, his journalism served as cover for renewed work for MI6. He wrote under his own name and under the 1369: 653: 642: 438: 177: 3070: 1426:

In Lebanon, Philby at first lived in Mahalla Jamil, his father's large household located in the village of

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in Moscow. Philby confirmed that he had worked for the KGB and that "his purpose in life was to destroy

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Philby's defection, though Elliott was to claim he could not have prevented Philby's flight. Journalist

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working closely. Angleton remained suspicious of Philby but lunched with him every week in Washington.

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In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in

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in Germany. It later emerged that the agent—known as Schmidt—had also worked as an informant for the

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By September 1941, Philby began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive

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and wife of a London stockbroker. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. But the

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in 1940, where she was then living at this time, Philby arranged for Friedmann's escape to Britain.

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after finally being unmasked as a Soviet agent in 1963. He lived in Moscow until his death in 1988.

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Philby's role as an instructor of sabotage agents again brought him to the attention of the Soviet

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Department churning out fabricated documents. Working from genuine unclassified and public CIA or

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A more serious threat to Philby's position had come to light. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet

581:. In June 1934, Deutsch recruited him to the Soviet intelligence services. Philby later recalled: 5117: 4869: 4686: 4618: 4588: 4433: 4423: 4111: 4011: 3545: 3498: 3288: 3279: 3071:"The national economy of the USSR for 70 years. Wages and incomes of the population. 'in Russian" 3025: 1354: 1132:

intelligence had sent to Spain during the Civil War. And here she was plunked down in my midst!"

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Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new

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in December 1957. Through his son John, Philby's granddaughter is the author Charlotte Philby.

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travelled throughout the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Yemen.

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for a seaborne landing, but it never left port. Philby was implicated in a similar campaign in

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as a Soviet agent; she was the daughter of a Russian banker and gold dealer, a relative of the

4856: 4671: 4408: 4288: 4262: 4236: 4217: 4191: 4169: 4146: 4123: 4097: 4089: 4075: 4063: 4049: 4023: 3997: 3974: 3942: 3923: 3903: 3880: 3857: 3838: 3817: 3791: 3769: 3761: 3746: 3718: 3696: 3672: 3666: 3651: 3629: 3610: 3591: 3568: 3531: 3510: 3484: 3461: 3449: 3434: 3236: 2391: 1917: 1559: 1444: 1385: 1226: 1181: 963: 840: 662: 657: 374: 351: 327: 119: 3151:

UK government launched campaign to block memoirs being published fearing damaging disclosures

369:

in May 1951. Under suspicion himself, Philby resigned from MI6 in July 1951 but was publicly

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SOE's Mastermind: the Authorised Biography of Major General Sir Colin Gubbins KCMG, DSO, MC

1221:

Philby's wife had suffered from psychological problems since childhood which caused her to

610:

In London, Philby began a career as a journalist. He took a job at a monthly magazine, the

5107: 5097: 5049: 5020: 5005: 4957: 4912: 4836: 4767: 4751: 4608: 4568: 3370:

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/my-grandfather-the-russian-spy-1764026.html

2512: 1666: 1590: 1292: 1205: 978: 614:, for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of 517: 428: 166: 5059: 675: 357:

Philby was suspected of tipping off two other spies under suspicion of Soviet espionage,

342:

he had become a high-ranking member. In 1949 Philby was appointed first secretary to the

1706: 1204:, which continued until 1951, increasingly under the influence of the newly formed CIA. 5132: 4942: 4927: 4879: 4818: 4809: 4782: 4661: 4656: 4603: 4583: 4453: 4335: 4037: 3810: 3805: 3783: 2184: 1670: 1599: 1260: 1128: 1084: 939:

and was subsequently fired, while Philby was appointed as an instructor on clandestine

810: 569: 525: 524:

A frank and direct person, Litzi came out and asked me how much money I had. I replied

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Treason in the Blood: H. St. John Philby, Kim Philby, and the Spy Case of the Century

2379: 1650: 1615: 1511: 1491: 1415: 1365: 1304: 1296: 1264: 1116: 986: 928: 912: 836: 818: 736: 713: 705: 542: 453:

in the Arabian desert. Following in the footsteps of his father, Philby continued to

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to evade suspicion. He also delivered clothes and money to refugees. Following the

481: 473: 339: 304: 296: 256: 105: 4016:"C": The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill 3970: 3477: 1938: 1271:

In January 1950, on evidence provided by the Venona intercepts, Soviet atomic spy

3736: 3525: 981:

intention to strike into southeast Asia instead of attacking the Soviet Union as

590:

Philby recommended to Deutsch several of his Cambridge contemporaries, including

5137: 5122: 4977: 4917: 4907: 4831: 4651: 4626: 4598: 4573: 4548: 4478: 4448: 4418: 1623: 1571: 1544: 1325: 1272: 1189: 1136: 709: 599: 442: 433: 417: 405: 370: 362: 315: 79: 1913: 1763: 4864: 4721: 4716: 4458: 4443: 4428: 4276: 4250: 3920:

Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs, from Communism to Al-Qaeda

3648:

Double lives: Stalin, Willi Münzenberg, and the seduction of the intellectuals

1452: 1276: 1244: 1173: 940: 875: 745: 618:) and occasionally served as "acting editor." Meanwhile, Philby and Friedmann 537:, paying for the train tickets out of his remaining £75 and using his British 43: 1139:, who had served as an intelligence officer, recalled that Philby was in his 416:(ICS) at the time of Philby's birth, St John later became a civil servant in 4874: 4518: 4403: 4258: 1627: 1321: 1222: 948: 908: 806: 732: 728: 684: 667: 615: 469: 4346: 1711:

Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

2861:"Kim Philby, the Observer connection and the establishment world of spies" 943:

at the SOE's finishing school for agents at the Estate of Lord Montagu in

641:, at that time the German ambassador in London. He became a member of the 5000: 4398: 2453: 1448: 1427: 1420: 1209: 1194: 1095: 993:, contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the 967: 924: 916: 894: 845: 765: 724: 538: 421: 380:

in 1955. He resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for MI6 in

308: 602:, despite his personal reservations about Burgess' erratic personality. 4068:

The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century

1735: 1614:

While working as a correspondent in Spain, Philby began an affair with

1563: 1530: 1230: 1056: 1013: 774: 693: 689: 564:

agent–who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for

485: 450: 4281:

The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives

2242: 2240: 919:

less than 24 hours before France surrendered to Germany in June 1940.

461:, where he studied history and economics. He graduated in 1933 with a 4992: 3607:

Endgame: collected comic strips from the pages of Doctor Who magazine

3394:"Moscow square named after notorious British double agent Kim Philby" 1479: 1404: 1252: 1120: 1108: 1018: 1009: 832: 701: 646: 553: 534: 513: 446: 397: 385: 381: 366: 303:, a spy ring that had divulged British secrets to the Soviets during 97: 71: 4331:"Kim Philby: The Spy Who Loved Me" by Charlotte Philby, 12 June 2018 897:

on 21 May, he returned to France in mid-June and began representing

552:

It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in

3584:

Deceiving the deceivers: Kim Philby, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess

935:(SOE) in the summer of 1940. Burgess was arrested in September for 5041: 3967:

Looking For Trouble: The Life and Times of a Foreign Correspondent

3235:, 1994, published by Little, Brown & Company Limited, Canada, 2619: 2617: 1723: 1501: 1345:

1954—accepting a position with a diplomatic newsletter called the

1177: 990: 477: 457:, which he left in 1928 at the age of 16. He won a scholarship to 3918:

Wallace, Robert; Melton, H. Keith; Schlesinger, Henry R. (2009).

1633:

In 1956, Philby began an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of

1558:, which was not generally available in the USSR, listened to the 1043:

While working in Section Five, Philby had become acquainted with

4233:

Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations

3074: 2387: 1661:

The USSR posthumously awarded numerous Soviet medals to Philby:

1164:

Philby planned to infiltrate five or six groups of émigrés into

1140: 1080: 740: 27:

British intelligence officer and Soviet double agent (1912–1988)

5245:

British intelligence personnel who defected to the Soviet Union

4350: 3185:(he chose sides early on in his life – saw no reason to change) 2454:"Kim Philby, British double agent, reveals all in secret video" 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 633:

In 1936, Philby began working at a failing trade magazine, the

3135:"Kim Philby: new revelations about spy emerge in secret files" 1899:"Philby, Harold Adrian Russell [Kim] (1912–1988), spy" 1798:"Obituary of Kim Philby: Briton who became Soviet super-spy." 688:, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces in 292: 682:; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for 3196:

London Gazette Issue 43735 published on 10 August 1965. p. 1

1225:. In 1948, troubled by Philby's heavy drinking and frequent 831:(born Lev Feldbin; code-name Swede), Philby's controller in 287:(1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a British 3561:

Burgess and Maclean: a new look at the Foreign Office spies

1968:. Independent Digital News & Media Ltd. The Independent 449:, England. In his early teens, he spent some time with the 4321:

File release: Cold War Cambridge spies Burgess and Maclean

3454:

The Philby files: the secret life of master spy Kim Philby

2126:

Kim Philby, memorandum in Security Service Archives (1963)

4116:

The Infernal Grove: Chronicles of a Wasted Time: Number 2

3834:

A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century

3309: 3284:"Last Days of Kim Philby: His Russian Widow's Sad Story" 4162:

Conspiracy of Silence: the Secret Life of Anthony Blunt

3527:

Looking-glass wars: spies on British screens since 1960

3430:

The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5

3253:

Parfitt, Tom; Norton-Taylor, Richard (30 March 2011).

1090:

A more serious incident occurred in August 1945, when

1083:

headquarters in Moscow assessed all material from the

5168: 2102: 781:

forces whose victories he trumpeted, was awarded the

350:, a scheme to overthrow the pro-Soviet government of 3939:

The Prize: the Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power

1308:

three speeding tickets in a single day—then pleaded

334:. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's 5330:

People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union

5078: 5039: 4990: 4855: 4817: 4807: 4760: 4617: 4391: 4382: 3095: 262: 244: 226: 205: 186: 159: 149: 139: 131: 112: 86: 53: 34: 3872: 3809: 3715:A Spy Among Friends: Philby and the Great Betrayal 3476: 3255:"Spy Kim Philby died disillusioned with communism" 1897: 1653:in Moscow in 1988. He was given a hero's funeral. 1589:Philby found work in the early 1970s in the KGB's 480:, which attempted to aid the people victimized by 468:At Cambridge, Philby exhibited a "leaning towards 3990:A Game of Moles: the Deceptions of an MI6 Officer 299:. In 1963, he was revealed to be a member of the 5290:People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour 3788:The Private Life of Kim Philby: the Moscow Years 3380: 3357: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3109:"The Cambridge Spies' West Hampstead connection" 2908: 2896: 2747: 2635: 2623: 2596: 2560: 2536: 2410: 2366: 2354: 2318: 2270: 2258: 2171: 2159: 2078: 2066: 2037: 1268:of "Homer", but also wished to protect Maclean. 1188:, an aristocratic Guards officer who had helped 4231:Trahair, Richard C. S.; Miller, Robert (2009). 3626:Guy Burgess: Revolutionary in an Old School Tie 2551:Issue 37412 published on 28 December 1945. p. 8 1123:, took political asylum in Canada and gave the 973:Philby provided Stalin with advance warning of 870:office in London. When Britain declared war on 2706: 2704: 2447: 2445: 2443: 1701:Order of the Great Patriotic War (First class) 1474:, First Secretary at the British Embassy. The 5280:People educated at Westminster School, London 4362: 3871:Seale, Patrick; McConnville, Maureen (1973). 3692:Stalin's Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess 2220:Cricinfo Player Profile of Ernest Sheepshanks 2202: 2200: 2198: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1352:On 25 October 1955, following revelations in 533:Philby acted as a courier between Vienna and 412:and his wife, Dora Johnston. A member of the 8: 3650:(Revised ed.). New York: Enigma Books. 2384:British intelligence in the Second World War 1908:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1161:working with the Turkish security services. 966:, according to Genrikh Borovik, who saw the 4310:Annotated bibliography of the Philby Affair 3786:; Lyubimov, Mikhail; Peake, Hayden (1999). 2854: 2852: 4814: 4388: 4369: 4355: 4347: 4255:The Guy Liddell Diaries: Vol. I: 1939–1942 3856:. Penzance: United Writers' Publications. 3609:. Tunbridge Wells, England: Panini Books. 3550:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1870: 1815:. International Spy Museum. Archived from 735:. Philby's Soviet controller at the time, 716:, suffered the same fate two years later. 42: 31: 5310:World War II spies for the United Kingdom 3766:Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation 3057: 2884: 2695: 2608: 2422: 2135: 2114: 1764:"Kuntsevo Cemetery at Kim Philby's Grave" 893:headquarters. After being evacuated from 5325:Foreign Office personnel of World War II 4160:Penrose, Barrie; Freeman, Simon (1987). 3988:Bristow, Desmond; Bristow, Bill (1993). 1951: 1332:to France and then proceeded to Moscow. 1279:, a courier with whom Fuchs had worked, 1275:was arrested. His arrest led to others: 512:While working to aid German refugees in 484:and provide education on oppositions to 5315:World War II spies for the Soviet Union 5255:British people of the Spanish Civil War 5175: 4341:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3605:Hickman, Clayton; Barnes, Alan (2005). 3483:. New York: The Dial Press/James Wade. 2735: 2294: 2282: 1905:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1755: 3812:Guy Burgess: The Spy Who Knew Everyone 3543: 3310:Wallace, Melton & Schlesinger 2009 2812: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2683: 2572: 2330: 2306: 2246: 2147: 2090: 1986: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 815:House Un-American Activities Committee 652:In February 1937, Philby travelled to 488:. The organization was one of several 3045: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2584: 2499: 2434: 2231: 1391:on 7 November. The minister told the 1127:names of agents operating within the 594:, who at the time was working in the 427:Nicknamed "Kim" after the boy-spy in 7: 5235:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge 3243:. Introduction by Phillip Knightley. 2342: 1998: 1847:"Kim Philby and the Age of Paranoia" 1611:ultimately settled in East Germany. 674:against the government of President 572:, another Soviet agent, was sent to 365:, both of whom subsequently fled to 3837:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3760:Page, Bruce; Leitch, David (1968). 2711:Evans, Harold (20 September 2009). 1407:as a Middle East correspondent for 1328:, where both boarded the steamship 1094:, an NKVD agent and vice-consul in 5260:British spies for the Soviet Union 3879:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1964:Philby, Charlotte (29 July 2009). 889:first-hand correspondent with the 25: 3717:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 3096:Philby, Lyubimov & Peake 1999 2713:"The Sunday Times and Kim Philby" 1966:"My grandfather, the Russian spy" 956:Joint State Political Directorate 866:In July 1939, Philby returned to 801:(born Samuel Ginsberg), a former 626:. When the Germans threatened to 5295:British people in colonial India 5202: 5190: 5178: 3738:Conversations with John Le Carré 3695:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 3208:"Kim Philby, Double Agent, Dies" 3206:Stephen Erlanger (12 May 1988). 2825:Roger Wilkes (27 October 2001). 1705: 1695: 1685: 1675: 1665: 1217:their deaths, I have no regrets. 970:much later in the KGB archives. 739:, reported in April 1937 to the 441:, an all-boys school located in 338:(SIS or MI6). By the end of the 249: 231: 3875:Philby: The Long Road to Moscow 3816:. London: Biteback Publishing. 3743:University Press of Mississippi 2210:magazine, London, 5 August 2010 1478:, a Soviet freighter bound for 825:hotel room the following year. 307:and in the early stages of the 3831:Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1997). 3628:. New York: Chelmsford Press. 2859:Robert McCrum (28 July 2013). 2787:Tom Carver (11 October 2012). 2452:Gordon Corera (4 April 2016). 2011:Natasha Walter (10 May 2003). 1845:Ron Rosenbaum (10 July 1994). 1787:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 1691:Order of Friendship of Peoples 1112:to evade blame and detection. 964:Moscow Central in the Lubyanka 878:from September 1939 until the 678:. Philby worked at first as a 384:, but was forced to defect to 214:Order of Friendship of Peoples 1: 4096:. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd. 3768:. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd. 2762:Hansard Parliamentary Debates 2249:, pp. 263, 263–272, 343. 1789:, retrieved 16 November 2009. 1525:Secret files released to the 1506:Philby on a 1990 Soviet stamp 1223:inflict injuries upon herself 1125:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 751:In December 1937, during the 656:, then embroiled in a bloody 492:operated by German communist 344:British Embassy in Washington 5265:Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery 5113:Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov 4190:. Norwich: Michael Russell. 3381:Seale & McConnville 1973 3358:Seale & McConnville 1973 3346:Seale & McConnville 1973 3334:Seale & McConnville 1973 3322:Seale & McConnville 1973 3022:National Cold War Exhibition 2909:Seale & McConnville 1973 2897:Seale & McConnville 1973 2748:Seale & McConnville 1973 2636:Seale & McConnville 1973 2624:Seale & McConnville 1973 2597:Seale & McConnville 1973 2561:Seale & McConnville 1973 2537:Seale & McConnville 1973 2411:Seale & McConnville 1973 2367:Seale & McConnville 1973 2355:Seale & McConnville 1973 2319:Seale & McConnville 1973 2271:Seale & McConnville 1973 2259:Borovik & Knightley 1994 2172:Borovik & Knightley 1994 2160:Seale & McConnville 1973 2079:Borovik & Knightley 1994 2067:Borovik & Knightley 1994 2038:Borovik & Knightley 1994 1939:UK public library membership 1562:and was an avid follower of 933:Special Operations Executive 58:Harold Adrian Russell Philby 18:Harold Adrian Russell Philby 2827:"The spy who loved his mum" 1533:, according to a report by 1146:Order of the British Empire 1049:Central Intelligence Agency 1016:. At this time, the German 927:at Brickendonbury Manor in 907:. He briefly reported from 891:British Expeditionary Force 857:British intelligence career 783:Red Cross of Military Merit 635:Anglo-Russian Trade Gazette 336:Secret Intelligence Service 5346: 4539:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 4317:– Daily Telegraph obituary 4283:. New Haven, Connecticut: 4235:. New York: Engima Books. 4120:William Morrow and Company 4072:W. W. Norton & Company 3586:. New Haven, Connecticut: 2222:retrieved 27 November 2008 1285:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1032:) never came to fruition. 560:–herself, at this time, a 459:Trinity College, Cambridge 324:Trinity College, Cambridge 154:Trinity College, Cambridge 124:Ryabinovaya Ulitsa, Moscow 5088:Alexander Gregory Barmine 4893: 4166:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 4046:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 3994:Little, Brown and Company 3965:Beeston, Richard (1997). 3681:– via Google Books. 3624:Holzman, Michael (2013). 3458:Little, Brown and Company 3018:"Biography of Kim Philby" 2789:"Diary: Philby in Beirut" 2103:Purvis & Hulbert 2016 1722:In a 1981 lecture to the 1053:Counterintelligence Staff 805:officer in Paris who had 574:University College London 408:, to author and explorer 318:, Philby was educated at 270: 219: 41: 5275:People educated at Aldro 5250:English male journalists 4647:Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh 4377:Soviet and Russian spies 4042:Anthony Blunt: His Lives 3941:. New York: Touchstone. 3854:Philby: The Hidden Years 3808:; Hulbert, Jeff (2016). 3741:. Jackson, Mississippi: 3530:. Wilmington, Delaware. 2721:. London. Archived from 1300:to work had come back". 1172:, but efforts among the 437:, Philby attended Aldro 4279:; Tsarev, Oleg (1999). 3937:Yergin, Daniel (1991). 3582:Hamrick, S. J. (2004). 1681:Order of the Red Banner 1583:Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova 1370:parliamentary privilege 1079:Elena Modrzhinskaya at 643:Anglo-German Fellowship 612:World Review of Reviews 396:Kim Philby was born in 178:Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova 4963:John Alexander Symonds 4788:Harold James Nicholson 4642:Christopher John Boyce 3894:Smiley, David (1985). 3852:Riley, Morris (1990). 3790:. London: St Ermin's. 3475:Boyle, Andrew (1979). 3433:. London: Allen Lane. 2793:London Review of Books 1914:10.1093/ref:odnb/40699 1871:Page & Leitch 1968 1507: 1472:Glencairn Balfour Paul 1219: 795: 791:International Brigades 639:Joachim von Ribbentrop 588: 531: 5026:Stephen Joseph Ratkai 4325:The National Archives 4285:Yale University Press 4094:Philby: KGB Masterspy 3588:Yale University Press 3559:Fisher, John (1977). 3524:Burton, Alan (2018). 2517:Spartacus Educational 2476:"harry george philby" 2189:Spartacus Educational 1896:Clive, Nigel (2004). 1744:British establishment 1505: 1214: 1135:Years after the war, 813:(later to become the 787: 763:, Bradish Johnson of 670:forces under General 583: 522: 508:Communist sympathiser 277:Harold Adrian Russell 4564:Nadezhda Ulanovskaya 4336:Kim Philby biography 4137:Philby, Kim (1968). 3665:Lett, Brian (2016). 3282:(19 December 1997). 3175:. Kirkus. 1 May 1968 2833:. UK. Archived from 2760:Burgess and MacLean 1813:"The Cambridge Five" 1732:British class system 1579:Worcestershire sauce 1399:Return to journalism 1119:, a cipher clerk in 1045:James Jesus Angleton 1038:Charles Arnold-Baker 1006:counter-intelligence 975:Operation Barbarossa 721:Messerschmitt Bf 109 680:freelance journalist 414:Indian Civil Service 289:intelligence officer 4747:John Anthony Walker 4697:Clayton J. Lonetree 4637:David Sheldon Boone 4559:Alexander Ulanovsky 4524:William Ward Pigman 4143:MacGibbon & Kee 4112:Muggeridge, Malcolm 4012:Brown, Anthony Cave 3900:Chatto & Windus 3896:Albanian Assignment 3499:Brown, Anthony Cave 3425:Andrew, Christopher 3280:Stanley, Alessandra 3113:West Hampstead Life 3060:, pp. 277–278. 2831:The Daily Telegraph 2698:, pp. 150–151. 2686:, pp. 237–239. 2539:, pp. 180–181. 2513:"Konstantin Volkov" 2437:, pp. 254–255. 2413:, pp. 164–165. 2369:, pp. 161–162. 2309:, pp. 110–111. 2273:, pp. 110–111. 2261:, pp. 207–208. 2234:, pp. 198–199. 1768:passportmagazine.ru 1595:US State Department 1439:Defection to Russia 1347:Fleet Street Letter 1310:diplomatic immunity 1255:clerk had reused a 900:The Daily Telegraph 882:, Philby worked as 851:Marks & Spencer 723:fighter planes and 566:Soviet intelligence 348:Albanian Subversion 5285:People from Ambala 5240:British communists 5118:Fyodor Raskolnikov 4953:Michael John Smith 4687:Andrew Daulton Lee 4677:Robert Lee Johnson 4589:Harry Dexter White 4424:Whittaker Chambers 4090:Knightley, Phillip 4064:Knightley, Phillip 3922:. London: Bantam. 3762:Knightley, Phillip 3450:Knightley, Phillip 3448:Borovik, Genrikh; 3289:The New York Times 3212:The New York Times 3141:. 30 December 2020 3115:. 16 December 2018 3026:RAF Museum Cosford 2206:Boris Volodarsky: 2013:"Spies and lovers" 1851:The New York Times 1508: 1355:The New York Times 1202:Operation Valuable 880:Dunkirk evacuation 771:Ernest Sheepshanks 579:Engelbert Dollfuss 547:Austrian Civil War 496:, a member of the 455:Westminster School 439:preparatory school 320:Westminster School 221:Espionage activity 144:Westminster School 5166: 5165: 4986: 4985: 4857:Portland spy ring 4803: 4802: 4672:Edward Lee Howard 4409:Elizabeth Bentley 4327:, 23 October 2015 4294:978-0-300-07806-0 4268:978-0-415-35213-0 4242:978-1-929631-75-9 4223:978-1-84275-004-9 4197:978-0-85955-202-8 4188:Irregular Regular 4175:978-0-374-12885-2 4152:978-0-586-02860-5 4129:978-0-688-00300-5 4103:978-0-233-00048-0 4081:978-0-393-02386-2 4055:978-0-374-10531-0 4029:978-0-02-517390-3 4003:978-0-316-90335-6 3980:978-1-85753-251-7 3948:978-0-671-79932-8 3929:978-0-593-06204-3 3909:978-0-7011-2869-2 3886:978-0-671-21509-5 3863:978-1-85200-029-5 3844:978-0-19-511390-7 3823:978-1-84954-913-4 3797:978-0-9536151-6-2 3775:978-0-233-96014-2 3752:978-1-57806-669-8 3724:978-1-4088-5178-4 3702:978-1-473-62738-3 3678:978-1-4738-6382-8 3671:. Pen and Sword. 3657:978-1-929631-20-9 3635:978-0-615-89509-3 3616:978-1-905239-09-2 3597:978-0-300-10416-5 3574:978-0-7091-6479-1 3537:978-1-62273-290-6 3516:978-0-395-63119-5 3490:978-0-8037-2321-4 3467:978-0-316-91015-6 3440:978-0-7139-9885-6 3400:. 9 November 2018 3241:978-0-316-91015-6 3231:Genrikh Borovik, 2397:978-0-11-630933-4 2174:, pp. 57–58. 2162:, pp. 72–73. 2117:, pp. 37–38. 2105:, pp. 47–48. 2093:, pp. 52–53. 1937:(Subscription or 1873:, pp. 30–39. 1657:Posthumous awards 1576:Lea & Perrins 1560:BBC World Service 1527:National Archives 1445:Anatoliy Golitsyn 1386:Foreign Secretary 1234:with his family. 1182:Communist Albania 1092:Konstantin Volkov 712:. His successor, 660:triggered by the 568:. In early 1934, 424:of Saudi Arabia. 375:Foreign Secretary 352:Communist Albania 328:Spanish Civil War 274: 273: 120:Kuntsevo Cemetery 16:(Redirected from 5337: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5158:Stig Wennerström 5103:Walter Krivitsky 4968:Edith Tudor-Hart 4898:Michael Bettaney 4815: 4794:Illegals Program 4742:George Trofimoff 4712:Earl Edwin Pitts 4489:William Malisoff 4464:David Greenglass 4392:1940s and before 4389: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4348: 4298: 4272: 4246: 4227: 4201: 4179: 4156: 4133: 4107: 4085: 4059: 4033: 4007: 3984: 3952: 3933: 3913: 3890: 3878: 3867: 3848: 3827: 3815: 3801: 3779: 3756: 3728: 3706: 3682: 3661: 3639: 3620: 3601: 3578: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3520: 3507:Houghton Mifflin 3494: 3482: 3471: 3444: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3233:The Philby Files 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3073:. Archived from 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2837:on 16 March 2011 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2784: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2725:on 15 June 2011. 2718:The Sunday Times 2708: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2449: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2204: 2193: 2192: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1901: 1893: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1842: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1819:on 19 April 2019 1809: 1803: 1796: 1790: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1760: 1709: 1699: 1689: 1679: 1669: 1520:Mikhail Lyubimov 1457:Nicholas Elliott 1393:House of Commons 1389:Harold Macmillan 1281:David Greenglass 1238:Washington, D.C. 1100:political asylum 999:counteroffensive 997:in time for the 888: 799:Walter Krivitsky 761:Associated Press 753:Battle of Teruel 672:Francisco Franco 624:Second World War 558:Edith Tudor Hart 500:who had fled to 494:Willi Münzenberg 378:Harold Macmillan 340:Second World War 332:Battle of France 255: 253: 252: 237: 235: 234: 93: 67: 65: 46: 32: 21: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5169: 5167: 5162: 5108:Kerttu Nuorteva 5098:Dieter Gerhardt 5080: 5074: 5050:Hirohide Ishida 5035: 5021:Gerda Munsinger 5006:Jeffrey Delisle 4982: 4958:Dave Springhall 4913:Litzi Friedmann 4889: 4851: 4837:John Cairncross 4799: 4768:Evgeny Buryakov 4756: 4752:Jerry Whitworth 4737:Robert Thompson 4613: 4609:Anatoli Yatskov 4569:Julian Wadleigh 4378: 4375: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4275: 4269: 4249: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4210:The Spying Game 4204: 4198: 4182: 4176: 4159: 4153: 4136: 4130: 4110: 4104: 4088: 4082: 4062: 4056: 4038:Carter, Miranda 4036: 4030: 4010: 4004: 3987: 3981: 3964: 3960: 3958:Further reading 3955: 3949: 3936: 3930: 3917: 3910: 3893: 3887: 3870: 3864: 3851: 3845: 3830: 3824: 3806:Purvis, Stewart 3804: 3798: 3782: 3776: 3759: 3753: 3731: 3725: 3709: 3703: 3685: 3679: 3664: 3658: 3642: 3636: 3623: 3617: 3604: 3598: 3581: 3575: 3558: 3542: 3538: 3523: 3517: 3497: 3491: 3474: 3468: 3447: 3441: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3398:The Independent 3392: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3178: 3176: 3173:"My Silent War" 3171: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3144: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3077:on 23 July 2021 3069: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2390:. p. 720. 2378: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2185:"Theodore Maly" 2183: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1895: 1894: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1844: 1843: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1793: 1779: 1775: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1720: 1659: 1649:Philby died of 1647: 1608: 1591:Active Measures 1500: 1441: 1401: 1338: 1293:J. Edgar Hoover 1240: 1206:Stewart Menzies 1158: 1137:Sir Hardy Amies 1001:around Moscow. 937:drunken driving 903:in addition to 886: 864: 859: 829:Alexander Orlov 704:in 1937 during 608: 545:victory in the 518:Litzi Friedmann 510: 429:Rudyard Kipling 420:and advisor to 394: 250: 248: 232: 230: 212: 201: 182: 167:Litzi Friedmann 150:Alma mater 135:British, Soviet 127: 108: 95: 91: 82: 69: 63: 61: 60: 59: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5343: 5341: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209:United Kingdom 5199: 5187: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5133:Vitaly Shlykov 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5081:in combination 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5044: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4943:Geoffrey Prime 4940: 4935: 4930: 4928:Melita Norwood 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4880:Harry Houghton 4877: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4842:Donald Maclean 4839: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4819:Cambridge Five 4812: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4783:Robert Hanssen 4780: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4702:Richard Miller 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4667:Reino Häyhänen 4664: 4662:Robert Hanssen 4659: 4657:James Hall III 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4604:Flora Wovschin 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4584:Nathaniel Weyl 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4454:Harold Glasser 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4333: 4328: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4304:External links 4302: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4273: 4267: 4253:, ed. (2005). 4247: 4241: 4228: 4222: 4206:Smith, Michael 4202: 4196: 4180: 4174: 4157: 4151: 4134: 4128: 4108: 4102: 4086: 4080: 4060: 4054: 4034: 4028: 4008: 4002: 3985: 3979: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3934: 3928: 3915: 3908: 3891: 3885: 3868: 3862: 3849: 3843: 3828: 3822: 3802: 3796: 3784:Philby, Rufina 3780: 3774: 3757: 3751: 3733:Le Carré, John 3729: 3723: 3711:Macintyre, Ben 3707: 3701: 3687:Lownie, Andrew 3683: 3677: 3662: 3656: 3640: 3634: 3621: 3615: 3602: 3596: 3579: 3573: 3556: 3536: 3521: 3515: 3495: 3489: 3472: 3466: 3445: 3439: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3385: 3383:, p. 275. 3373: 3362: 3360:, p. 226. 3350: 3348:, p. 173. 3338: 3326: 3314: 3312:, p. 314. 3302: 3271: 3245: 3224: 3198: 3189: 3164: 3155: 3126: 3100: 3088: 3062: 3058:Macintyre 2015 3050: 3048:, p. 441. 3038: 3009: 2997: 2995:, p. 471. 2985: 2983:, p. 438. 2973: 2971:, p. 437. 2961: 2959:, p. 436. 2949: 2947:, p. 435. 2937: 2935:, p. 434. 2925: 2923:, p. 432. 2913: 2911:, p. 248. 2901: 2899:, p. 243. 2889: 2887:, p. 209. 2885:Macintyre 2015 2877: 2848: 2817: 2815:, p. 193. 2805: 2764: 2752: 2750:, p. 224. 2740: 2738:, p. 137. 2728: 2700: 2696:Macintyre 2015 2688: 2676: 2674:, p. 374. 2664: 2662:, p. 365. 2652: 2650:, p. 362. 2640: 2638:, p. 210. 2628: 2626:, p. 209. 2613: 2611:, p. 228. 2609:Richelson 1997 2601: 2599:, p. 201. 2589: 2587:, p. 344. 2577: 2565: 2563:, p. 187. 2553: 2549:London Gazette 2541: 2529: 2504: 2502:, p. 268. 2492: 2480:siwilaibkk.com 2467: 2439: 2427: 2425:, p. 135. 2423:Richelson 1997 2415: 2403: 2396: 2380:Hinsley, F. H. 2371: 2359: 2357:, p. 129. 2347: 2335: 2333:, p. 113. 2323: 2321:, p. 128. 2311: 2299: 2297:, p. 135. 2287: 2285:, p. 146. 2275: 2263: 2251: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2194: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2136:Macintyre 2015 2128: 2119: 2115:Macintyre 2015 2107: 2095: 2083: 2071: 2042: 2030: 2003: 1991: 1989:, p. 292. 1979: 1956: 1954:, p. 155. 1944: 1923:978-0198614128 1922: 1875: 1863: 1830: 1804: 1802:, 12 May 1988. 1791: 1773: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1703: 1693: 1683: 1673: 1671:Order of Lenin 1658: 1655: 1646: 1643: 1635:New York Times 1607: 1604: 1600:disinformation 1499: 1496: 1440: 1437: 1432:New York Times 1400: 1397: 1374:Prime Minister 1337: 1336:Public denials 1334: 1261:Venona project 1239: 1236: 1170:Soviet Georgia 1166:Soviet Armenia 1157: 1154: 1129:British Empire 1115:A month later 1085:Cambridge Five 915:, sailing for 863: 860: 858: 855: 811:Dies Committee 607: 604: 596:Foreign Office 592:Donald Maclean 570:Arnold Deutsch 509: 506: 465:in Economics. 422:King Ibn Sa'ud 410:St John Philby 393: 390: 359:Donald Maclean 301:Cambridge Five 272: 271: 268: 267: 266:Sonny, Stanley 264: 260: 259: 246: 242: 241: 239:United Kingdom 228: 224: 223: 217: 216: 210:Order of Lenin 207: 203: 202: 200: 199: 196: 194:St John Philby 190: 188: 184: 183: 181: 180: 175: 174:Eleanor Brewer 172: 169: 163: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 126: 125: 122: 116: 114: 110: 109: 96: 94:(aged 76) 88: 84: 83: 70: 68:1 January 1912 57: 55: 51: 50: 48:Philby in 1955 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5342: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320:Double agents 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5300:MI6 personnel 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5176: 5172: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5148:Richard Sorge 5146: 5144: 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