490:
white voters. He waged a large and well organized get-out-the-vote campaign using paid workers, volunteers and his own considerable energy, and received support from black churches and celebrities. He was also able to take advantage of post
Watergate dissatisfaction with the Republican Party. When the votes were first counted it looked like Kuykendall had eked out a narrow victory—but Ford ultimately won by 744 votes after contesting the original count.
37:
398:. He is the eighth of 15 children born to Newton Jackson Ford (1914–1986) and Vera (Davis) Ford (1915–1994), prominent members of the African-American community. His mother was a homemaker and his father was an undertaker and businessman, who opened N.J. Ford Funeral Home (later changed to N.J. Ford And Sons Funeral Home) in 1932. His grandfather Lewie Ford (1889-1931) started the family
558:. Ford was charged in 18 counts of conspiracy and fraud accusing him of receiving nearly $ 1.5 million in loans from 1976 to 1983, that prosecutors alleged were actually bribes. Ford contended that the loans were legitimate business transactions used to extend loans to him and his family funeral home business.
489:
in the general election. At that time, the district still had a white majority, though the 1970 round of redistricting by the
Tennessee legislature had redrawn the 8th to include more African-American voters. Ford ran on a bipartisan platform emphasizing economic development to attract both black and
513:
Ford obtained ample federal funds for his district through his membership on the House Ways and Means
Committee. He focused his work in Congress on helping lower income constituents. He advocated for increased federal government assistance for job training, health care, and unemployment supplemental
497:
to represent
Tennessee in the United States Congress. He was re-elected by large margins, locking in the black vote, and winning a large number of white votes in his district. After the 1983 census, the district was renumbered as the 9th District, and was drawn as a black-majority district. With the
590:
sided with Ford's request for a jury from
Memphis, but the federal judge hearing the trial rejected the request. On April 9, 1993, a jury of 11 whites and 1 black acquitted Ford of all charges. During the seven year pendentcy of the criminal charges, Ford remained a U.S. Representative, but was
457:
Ford was able to use his family's deep roots in
Memphis to garner support within the affluent black community for his first run for office. He also ran an organized campaign and was able to take advantage of the increase in black voters that followed the Voting Rights Act. He was elected to the
377:
charges that alleged he had used business loans for his personal needs. Ford denied the charges and claimed the prosecution was racially and politically motivated. He lost his committee leadership roles but remained in
Congress while the legal proceeding was pending. He was ultimately tried and
522:. Ford proposed comprehensive welfare reform legislation to gradually transition recipients with children over the age of six from welfare to work. The legislation had a high start up cost due to the education and job training aspects, and was opposed by the Reagan administration.
2706:
509:
He was a member of the influential House Ways and Means
Committee beginning in 1975, and chaired the subcommittee on Public Assistance and Unemployment. He served as the chairman of the House Select Committee on Aging during the 102nd and 103rd Congresses.
565:
8-4 along straight racial lines. The eight black jury members voted to acquit, and the four whites voted to convict. The judge granted the prosecutor's motion for retrial, and held that an impartial jury could not be found in Ford's hometown, the heavily
533:
in the same 1974 election. John Ford was accused, but never criminally convicted, of driving between
Memphis and Nashville at high speeds while in possession of a legal firearm. Harold Ford said he had no control over his brother's actions.
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385:
returned to
Tennessee from New York and successfully ran for his seat. In his retirement, Harold Sr. has been active in Democratic Party affairs and has worked as a lobbyist. He lives in Florida and in the Hamptons.
498:
percentage of black voters increasing due to increased white flight, Ford then won re-election by gaining more than 70 percent of the vote. After he was indicted, he still garnered more than 50 percent of the vote.
626:
Ford married Dorothy Bowles in 1969 and the couple had three children: Harold Jr., Newton Jake and Sir Isaac. They divorced in 1999. He and his second wife, Michelle Roberts have two children: Andrew and Ava.
481:
In 1974, after two terms in the Tennessee legislature, he ran for the Democratic nomination for the Memphis-based 8th U.S. Congressional district, easily beating three opponents. He faced four-term
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655:
574:
where Ford was very popular. He ordered that the jury for the retrial be selected for a pool of jurors living 80 miles from Memphis in 17 heavily Republican and predominantly white
502:
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1007:
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Ford and his family have been involved in politics since his great-grandfather Newton Ford (1856–1919), who was a well-respected civic leader around the southern section of
2716:
2711:
518:'s initiatives to rebuild central cities, and opposed cuts to programs such as Medicare and food stamps that were passed during the administration of Republican President
618:. The elder Ford publicly hoped that the confrontational stance that he had sometimes used, particularly with regard to race, would never need to be employed by his son.
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335:, for 11 terms—from 1975 until his retirement in 1997. He was the first African-American to represent Tennessee in the U.S. Congress. He is a member of the
917:
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1085:
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981:
363:
108:
101:
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to that point in the 20th century. He was made majority whip in his first term, and chaired a state house committee on utility rates and practices.
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on the ground that it violated his constitutional right to a jury of his peers; the appeals were denied twice. In 1993, Stuart Gerson, a hold-over
2686:
958:
328:
50:
591:
stripped by Congress of his committee leadership roles. After his acquittal they were restored. In 1992, he had also been implicated in the
788:
346:. He advocated for increased government assistance for lower income constituents including job training, health care, and supplemental
459:
119:
2701:
2676:
1056:
1032:
615:
437:
413:. Newton Ford was elected as a county squire from 1888 to 1900. N. J. Ford ran for the Tennessee House in 1966 but was not elected.
2671:
567:
526:
324:
302:
202:
2001:
1863:
1727:
1600:
1473:
1346:
1226:
992:
587:
482:
470:
842:""A Democrat for All the People": The Historic Election of Harold E. Ford Sr. to the United States House of Representatives"
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counties. The jurors were to be bused into Memphis for the trial. Ford appealed this jury selection plan twice to the
891:
864:
643:
611:
463:
421:
286:
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of Nashville in 1969, and worked in the family business as a mortician from 1969 until 1974. In 1982, he earned a
342:
During his 20 years in Congress, Ford obtained ample federal funds for his district through his membership on the
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2342:
2206:
2077:
19:
This article is about the Tennessee Congressman from 1975 to 1997. For his son, who succeeded him in office, see
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813:
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He served on a number of House committees including: Banking, Currency and Housing; Veterans' Affairs, and the
410:
359:
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in 1970, becoming one of its youngest members and one of only a few African Americans to have served in the
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281:
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712:
417:
674:
571:
332:
191:
796:
583:
441:
291:
606:, Ford's son, in 1996 returned to run for his retiring father's seat after having worked in
370:
legislation to gradually transition recipients from welfare to work, but it was not passed.
1990:
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78:
406:, an influential white politician in Memphis and the state in the early 20th century.
2707:
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
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2315:
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2019:
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1709:
1627:
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1455:
1373:
1328:
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1208:
841:
607:
519:
395:
355:
2614:
1677:
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1296:
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551:
515:
351:
307:
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2333:
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403:
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36:
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Office of History & Preservation, U. S. House of Representatives (2008).
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55:
789:"Harold Eugene Ford Sr. Representative, 1975-1997, Democrat from Tennessee"
550:. The indictment was based on testimony from two bankers, both partners of
514:
benefits with welfare as a safety net. He supported Democratic President
428:
in 1967 and did graduate work there for one year. He is also a member of
542:
In 1987, federal prosecutors obtained an indictment against Ford from a
469:
He was a delegate to Democratic State Convention and to the quadrennial
2256:
2120:
1958:
1822:
1754:
1636:
1509:
1391:
635:
399:
2667:
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
945:
394:
Harold grew up on Horn Lake Road in the West Junction neighborhood of
949:
416:
Harold Ford graduated from Geeter High School in 1963, received his
2682:
Democratic Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
575:
373:
His effectiveness was diminished following his 1987 indictment on
638:. Currently retired, Ford divides his time between Tennessee and
525:
Ford suffered in the eyes of many for the antics of his brother
354:'s initiatives to rebuild central cities, and opposed President
1089:
561:
A first trial in Memphis in 1990 ended in a mistrial with the
795:. Washington: Government Printing Office. Archived from
918:"Representative Is Acquitted In Fraud and Bribery Case"
432:
fraternity. He received a mortuary science degree from
656:
List of African-American United States representatives
350:
with welfare as a safety net. He supported President
718:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
298:
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166:
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84:
72:
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381:He chose to retire from Congress in 1996. His son
323:(born May 20, 1945) is an American politician and
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732:
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2662:African-American state legislators in Tennessee
646:. He is still active in the Democratic Party.
505:that investigated the death, among others, of
120:Tennessee House of Representatives
1101:
8:
1008:U.S. House of Representatives
976:U.S. House of Representatives
886:
884:
378:acquitted in 1993 of all charges by a jury.
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68:January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1997
35:
24:
2717:20th-century African-American politicians
2712:21st-century African-American politicians
2722:Members of Congress who became lobbyists
1057:Order of precedence of the United States
554:, who pled guilty to bank fraud under a
666:
1014:Tennessee's 9th congressional district
982:Tennessee's 8th congressional district
844:. Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 2015
793:Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007
329:United States House of Representatives
7:
2692:Politicians from Memphis, Tennessee
1119:'s delegation(s) to the 94th–104th
610:and completed his education at the
580:Sixth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
503:Select Committee on Assassinations
460:Tennessee House of Representatives
14:
2697:Tennessee State University alumni
616:University of Michigan Law School
438:Master of Business Administration
570:and predominantly black city of
402:business and became allied with
390:Early life, education and family
233:
865:"In Memorial: C.H. Butcher, Jr"
713:"Harold Ford Sr. (id: F000261)"
471:Democratic National Conventions
253:
229:
2687:People acquitted of corruption
863:Branston, John (May 2, 2002).
529:, who had been elected to the
344:House Ways and Means Committee
1:
1077:as former U.S. Representative
1062:as former U.S. Representative
1049:as former U.S. Representative
1006:Member of the
974:Member of the
959:U.S. House of Representatives
586:-appointee serving as acting
477:U.S. House of Representatives
51:U.S. House of Representatives
677:. Tennessee General Assembly
358:'s cuts to programs such as
814:"The Making of Harold Ford"
2738:
644:Miami-Dade County, Florida
612:University of Pennsylvania
464:Tennessee General Assembly
422:Tennessee State University
287:Tennessee State University
18:
1130:
1067:
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1039:
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957:
331:representing the area of
314:
162:
128:
61:
43:
34:
2702:Ford family of Tennessee
2677:Howard University alumni
1121:United States Congresses
1033:U.S. order of precedence
892:"Home Alone at Justice?"
711:United States Congress.
473:from 1972 through 1996.
2672:Baptists from Tennessee
1124:(ordered by seniority)
531:Tennessee State Senate
507:Martin Luther King Jr.
495:first African-American
434:John A. Gupton College
321:Harold Eugene Ford Sr.
282:John A. Gupton College
593:House banking scandal
348:unemployment benefits
337:Ford political family
327:former member of the
124:from the 5th district
634:fraternity. He is a
232: 1969;
898:. February 25, 1993
16:American politician
822:. January 13, 2010
630:He is a member of
333:Memphis, Tennessee
192:Memphis, Tennessee
176:Harold Eugene Ford
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1068:Succeeded by
1052:
1022:Succeeded by
990:Succeeded by
799:on April 7, 2011.
675:"JAMES I. TAYLOR"
548:eastern Tennessee
453:State legislature
442:Howard University
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292:Howard University
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965:Preceded by
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924:. April 10, 1993
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588:Attorney General
493:Ford became the
448:Political career
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246:Michelle Roberts
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167:Personal details
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1025:Harold Ford Jr.
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819:The Daily Beast
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632:Alpha Phi Alpha
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601:
563:jury deadlocked
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430:Alpha Phi Alpha
392:
306:
290:
285:
260:
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256: 1999)
251:
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239:
236: 1999)
227:
223:
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199:Political party
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177:
158:(86th district)
150:
145:James I. Taylor
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91:Harold Ford Jr.
85:
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29:Harold Ford Sr.
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21:Harold Ford Jr.
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368:welfare reform
366:. He proposed
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48:Member of the
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22:
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2452:D. Sundquist
2424:
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2180:D. Sundquist
2152:
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2049:D. Sundquist
2029:
2010:
1991:
1969:
1937:
1929:
1909:D. Sundquist
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1782:D. Sundquist
1736:
1697:
1678:H. Baker Jr.
1665:
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1618:
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1551:H. Baker Jr.
1538:
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1424:H. Baker Jr.
1411:
1403:
1364:
1316:
1297:H. Baker Jr.
1284:
1276:
1263:
1244:
1198:
1176:
1157:H. Baker Jr.
1144:
1136:
1076:
1075:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1005:
1001:New district
1000:
973:
926:. Retrieved
921:
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900:. Retrieved
895:
872:. Retrieved
868:
858:
846:. Retrieved
836:
824:. Retrieved
817:
797:the original
792:
716:
681:November 14,
679:. Retrieved
669:
629:
625:
602:
599:Later career
560:
556:plea bargain
552:Jake Butcher
541:
524:
512:
500:
492:
480:
468:
456:
420:degree from
415:
408:
393:
380:
372:
352:Jimmy Carter
341:
320:
319:
308:Ophelia Ford
186:May 20, 1945
151:Succeeded by
130:
109:9th District
105:(1975–1983)
102:8th District
97:Constituency
86:Succeeded by
63:
2652:1945 births
2615:V. Hilleary
2561:H. Ford Sr.
2520:F. Thompson
2425:H. Ford Sr.
2289:H. Ford Sr.
2257:A. Gore Jr.
2153:H. Ford Sr.
2121:A. Gore Jr.
2011:H. Ford Sr.
1959:A. Gore Jr.
1873:H. Ford Sr.
1823:A. Gore Jr.
1755:A. Gore Jr.
1737:H. Ford Sr.
1637:A. Gore Jr.
1619:H. Ford Sr.
1510:A. Gore Jr.
1492:H. Ford Sr.
1392:A. Gore Jr.
1365:H. Ford Sr.
1245:H. Ford Sr.
946:Appearances
404:E. H. Crump
364:food stamps
156:Emmitt Ford
141:Preceded by
112:(1983–1997)
74:Preceded by
2646:Categories
2579:B. Clement
2552:J. Quillen
2470:B. Clement
2416:J. Quillen
2393:H. Mathews
2334:B. Clement
2280:J. Quillen
2198:B. Clement
2144:J. Quillen
2068:B. Clement
1982:J. Quillen
1846:J. Quillen
1710:J. Quillen
1583:J. Quillen
1456:J. Quillen
1329:J. Quillen
1209:J. Quillen
1019:1983–1997
987:1975–1983
874:2018-10-26
662:References
604:Harold Jr.
568:Democratic
544:grand jury
485:incumbent
483:Republican
383:Harold Jr.
375:bank fraud
325:Democratic
277:Alma mater
270:Harold Jr.
203:Democratic
182:1945-05-20
2626: (R)
2617: (R)
2608: (R)
2606:E. Bryant
2599: (D)
2597:J. Tanner
2590: (R)
2581: (D)
2572: (D)
2570:B. Gordon
2563: (D)
2554: (R)
2531: (R)
2522: (R)
2490: (D)
2488:J. Tanner
2481: (R)
2472: (D)
2463: (D)
2461:B. Gordon
2454: (R)
2445: (D)
2443:J. Cooper
2436: (D)
2427: (D)
2418: (R)
2395: (D)
2386: (D)
2384:J. Sasser
2354: (D)
2352:J. Tanner
2345: (R)
2336: (D)
2327: (D)
2325:B. Gordon
2318: (R)
2309: (D)
2307:J. Cooper
2300: (D)
2291: (D)
2282: (R)
2259: (D)
2250: (D)
2248:J. Sasser
2218: (D)
2216:J. Tanner
2209: (R)
2200: (D)
2191: (D)
2189:B. Gordon
2182: (R)
2173: (D)
2171:J. Cooper
2164: (D)
2155: (D)
2146: (R)
2123: (D)
2114: (D)
2112:J. Sasser
2082: (R)
2071: (D)
2060: (D)
2058:B. Gordon
2051: (R)
2042: (D)
2040:J. Cooper
2033: (D)
2022: (D)
2013: (D)
2004: (D)
1995: (R)
1984: (R)
1961: (D)
1952: (D)
1950:J. Sasser
1920: (D)
1918:B. Gordon
1911: (R)
1902: (D)
1900:J. Cooper
1893: (D)
1884: (D)
1875: (D)
1866: (D)
1857: (R)
1848: (R)
1825: (D)
1816: (D)
1814:J. Sasser
1784: (R)
1775: (D)
1773:J. Cooper
1766: (D)
1757: (D)
1748: (D)
1739: (D)
1730: (D)
1721: (R)
1712: (R)
1689: (D)
1687:J. Sasser
1680: (R)
1648: (D)
1639: (D)
1630: (D)
1621: (D)
1612: (R)
1603: (D)
1594: (R)
1585: (R)
1562: (D)
1560:J. Sasser
1553: (R)
1521: (D)
1512: (D)
1503: (D)
1494: (D)
1485: (R)
1476: (D)
1467: (R)
1458: (R)
1435: (D)
1433:J. Sasser
1426: (R)
1394: (D)
1385: (D)
1376: (D)
1367: (D)
1358: (R)
1349: (D)
1340: (R)
1331: (R)
1308: (D)
1306:J. Sasser
1299: (D)
1267: (D)
1256: (D)
1247: (D)
1238: (R)
1229: (D)
1220: (R)
1211: (R)
1202: (D)
1199:R. Fulton
1191: (D)
1168: (R)
1159: (R)
1117:Tennessee
928:April 21,
902:April 21,
826:April 22,
527:John Ford
426:Nashville
305:(brother)
303:John Ford
299:Relatives
135:1971–1975
131:In office
64:In office
56:Tennessee
2529:B. Frist
2434:M. Lloyd
2298:M. Lloyd
2162:M. Lloyd
2030:B. Boner
2020:M. Lloyd
2002:E. Jones
1891:B. Boner
1882:M. Lloyd
1864:E. Jones
1764:B. Boner
1746:M. Lloyd
1728:E. Jones
1646:B. Boner
1628:M. Lloyd
1610:R. Beard
1601:E. Jones
1519:B. Boner
1501:M. Lloyd
1483:R. Beard
1474:E. Jones
1383:C. Allen
1374:M. Lloyd
1356:R. Beard
1347:E. Jones
1264:C. Allen
1254:M. Lloyd
1236:R. Beard
1227:E. Jones
1189:J. Evins
1166:B. Brock
993:Ed Jones
650:See also
360:Medicare
310:(sister)
294:, M.B.A.
265:Children
2624:Z. Wamp
636:Baptist
572:Memphis
400:funeral
258:
250:
238:
226:
222:
209:Spouses
2509:Senate
2373:Senate
2237:Senate
2101:Senate
1939:Senate
1803:Senate
1667:Senate
1540:Senate
1413:Senate
1286:Senate
1146:Senate
1011:from
979:from
950:C-SPAN
848:May 5,
516:Carter
289:, B.S.
194:, U.S.
2541:House
2501:104th
2405:House
2365:103rd
2269:House
2229:102nd
2133:House
2093:101st
1971:House
1931:100th
1835:House
1699:House
1572:House
1445:House
1318:House
1178:House
576:rural
440:from
252:(
248:
228:(
224:
54:from
1795:99th
1659:98th
1532:97th
1405:96th
1278:95th
1138:94th
930:2011
904:2011
850:2016
828:2011
683:2014
614:and
584:Bush
418:B.S.
362:and
284:, AA
234:div.
172:Born
948:on
642:in
546:in
424:in
2648::
920:.
894:.
883:^
867:.
816:.
805:^
791:.
729:^
715:.
691:^
595:.
444:.
254:m.
230:m.
184:)
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