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385:. The Australian government was initially reluctant to issue the passport, as the Australian embassy in Pretoria had reported that Hawkins was rumoured to be the incoming Rhodesian representative to South Africa. In support of his application, Hawkins provided documentation that demonstrated that he had automatically gained Rhodesian citizenship. He also stated that he intended to retire and use the passport for recreational travel. Prime Minister
350:, an armed insurgency by black nationalists against Rhodesia's white minority government. The RRAF was involved in this conflict from April 1966. Fighting was generally limited to small scale engagements until 1969. Hawkins encouraged the security forces to apply the minimum necessary level of force in engagements, and expressed concern over amount of ammunition that was fired during the April 1966
470:
68:
377:. Due to United Nations sanctions imposed in response to Rhodesia's illegal declaration of independence, Rhodesian citizens were banned from travelling internationally. An Australian passport would allow Hawkins to evade the ban. Under Australian law at the time Hawkins was not automatically entitled to an Australian passport, as the
401:
independence, though there were also a number of unofficial
Rhodesian representative offices in various countries. South Africa was a key partner for Rhodesia, and the country initially refused to apply the United Nations sanctions. During the 1970s South Africa provided Rhodesia with extensive financial and military aid.
408:
and the
Rhodesian representative to Portugal had also been issued Australian passports at around the same time as Hawkins; both men applied for the passports before commencing these diplomatic roles. Historian Matthew Jordan has observed that "the Smith regime was using Australia's generosity to
413:
decided to not renew
Hawkins' Australian passport when it expired on the grounds that he was working for a government not recognised by Australia. Hawkins' Australian passport expired on 6 December 1972, and was not renewed in line with this decision. At the time Hawkins was still serving as
400:
In April 1969 Hawkins was selected to be the
Rhodesian Accredited Diplomatic Representative in South Africa. This was one of only three official diplomatic posts Rhodesia was able to maintain due to the impact of the United Nations sanctions imposed in response to its illegal declaration of
1367:
1362:
417:
As part of his role
Hawkins worked with the South African government to evade the United Nations sanctions. For instance, in 1974 he asked the South African government to allow the front company for the
1377:
741:"Hawkins Harold : Service Number - 405128 : Date of birth - 18 Feb 1921 : Place of birth - Toowoomba QLD : Place of enlistment - Brisbane : Next of Kin - Hawkins Thomas"
289:(SRAF). By early 1948 Hawkins was the commander of the Southern Rhodesian Air Unit. He was promoted to Captain in 1949 and placed in command of the SRAF Cranborne airfield. Hawkins received the
1342:
1337:
340:
1347:
339:
about approaches several ministers had made to test his men's loyalty in the event of
Rhodesia declaring independence from the UK. Hawkins was personally opposed to
281:
Hawkins emigrated to
Southern Rhodesia in 1946. Under Southern Rhodesian law, he gained citizenship of the colony automatically. Hawkins initially worked as an
199:
in 1947, and was its commander from 1965 to 1969. Hawkins subsequently became the
Rhodesian Accredited Diplomatic Representative to South Africa until 1980.
171:
45:
320:. Hawkins was promoted to the rank of Group Captain in 1958. In July 1960 he commanded the RRAF operation to evacuate white civilians from Congo during the
335:. This occurred as a result of his predecessor, Air Vice-Marshal "Raf" Mulock-Bentley, being forced to retire early after complaining to Prime Minister
258:
during 1943. In 1944 he was posted to RAF Norton in
Southern Rhodesia. During this posting he married Evelyn Walker who had been raised in the colony.
242:
After joining the RAAF, Hawkins underwent pilot training in Canada and the United
Kingdom. He completed training in July 1943 and was commissioned as a
456:
Hawkins and Evelyn had two children, a daughter and a son named Geoffrey who was born in February 1948. Hawkins died in South Africa on 13 March 1988.
1372:
405:
293:
in 1951 for his role in the creation of the SRAF. At this time he held the rank of captain and commanded 400 men. In early 1951 Hawkins piloted a
503:
1251:
1232:
507:
179:
53:
448:
Hawkins continued as the Rhodesian Accredited Diplomatic Representative in South Africa until early 1980, when the country became Zimbabwe.
419:
381:
had discretion to refuse applications made by Australian citizens. In July 1968 Hawkins, who remained the head of the RRAF, applied for an
378:
285:. In March 1947 he was one of the first two pilots to join the Southern Rhodesia Government Communications Squadron, the forerunner to the
262:
346:
The RAF ended its logistical and other support for the RRAF following UDI, which disrupted the force's operations. UDI also sparked the
488:
1318:
1270:
1177:
425:
Between September and December 1979 Hawkins formed part of the Rhodesian delegation in London during the negotiations which led to
492:
290:
175:
49:
312:
Once Hawkins graduated from the staff college he became the air adviser at the Southern Rhodesian diplomatic mission in London,
1387:
689:
254:. During this period he served in the United Kingdom and Middle East. Hawkins undertook a flying instructor training course in
225:
397:
criticised the government for issuing the passport, arguing this had violated the United Nations sanctions against Rhodesia.
301:
fighters from the UK to Southern Rhodesia. He repeated this role in September 1953, when his Dakota guided the SRAF's first
239:
during the first months of World War II, and was accepted by the service in late June 1940. He enlisted on 2 February 1941.
1382:
469:
1280:
Mlambo, A.S. (June 2008). "'We have Blood Relations over the Border': South Africa and Rhodesian Sanctions, 1965–1975".
306:
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930:
473:
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192:
183:
119:
57:
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196:
135:
124:
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1144:"Southern Rhodesia Constitutional Conference Held at Lancaster House, London September-December 1979. Report"
328:. Hawkins was promoted again to become the Deputy Chief of Air Staff with the rank of Air Commodore in 1961.
309:; by this time he held the rank of Major. Also in 1953 the SRAF became the Royal Rhodesian Air Force (RRAF).
518:
359:
1049:
331:
In April 1965 Hawkins was appointed the RRAF's Chief of Air Staff (the force's commander) with the rank of
282:
269:
and did not receive any honours during his RAAF service. Following the war Hawkins worked as a pilot with
1143:
355:
294:
251:
67:
1357:
1352:
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664:. Vol. 42, no. 12, 085. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 21 August 1968. p. 3
404:
Hawkins undertook the diplomatic role using his Australian passport. The Secretary of the Rhodesian
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561:
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1108:
1080:
1001:
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410:
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150:
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which marked the start of the war. In September 1966 Hawkins and the Minister for Law and Order
305:
jet fighters from the UK to Southern Rhodesia. Hawkins was sent to the UK in 1953 to attend the
1314:
1266:
1247:
1228:
1173:
438:
317:
266:
255:
393:
to issue Hawkins an Australian passport in August 1968. Australian Federal opposition leader
358:
made radio broadcasts that warned militants against making attacks against Rhodesia during a
1289:
853:
623:
351:
332:
17:
313:
243:
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265:. He was discharged from the RAAF on 26 November 1945. Hawkins achieved the rank of
321:
146:
107:
386:
188:
1311:
A Pride of Eagles: The Definitive History of the Rhodesian Air Force, 1920-1980
433:
and directly led to Rhodesia's transition to majority rule and independence as
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1103:
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996:
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655:
217:
618:
590:
336:
221:
213:
90:
160:
Rhodesian Accredited Diplomatic Representative to South Africa (1969-1980)
434:
229:
1246:. Documents on Australian Foreign Policy. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing.
464:
Hawkins received the following honours during his Rhodesian service:
437:. He served as the foreign affairs adviser to the Prime Minister of
1263:
Fighting for Time: Rhodesia's Military and Zimbabwe's Independence
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
261:
Hawkins' final posting in the RAAF during World War II was to
1368:
Australian recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
854:"The Rhodesian Crisis in British and International Politics"
1149:. School of Advanced Study, University of London. p. 3
747:. National Archives of Australia. 1939–1948. pp. 10–11
422:
to hide its true ownership from the company's auditors.
1363:
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
766:
764:
762:
316:. He became a Wing Commander when the RRAF adopted the
191:-born air force officer and diplomat. He served in the
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
224:
on 18 February 1921. His initial schooling was at the
195:
between 1941 and 1945. He enlisted in what became the
1170:
Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
343:(UDI) on 11 November 1965, but remained in his role.
187:(18 February 1921 – 13 March 1988) was an
1378:
Foreign volunteers in the Rhodesian Security Forces
373:After emigrating to Rhodesia Hawkins was granted a
156:
142:
131:
113:
97:
77:
34:
1343:Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
931:"Rhodesian Leaders Warn Against Terrorist Attacks"
683:
681:
679:
585:
583:
556:
554:
552:
341:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
297:transport aircraft which guided a flight by 20
1244:Australia and the Rhodesian Problem, 1961–1972
1338:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
365:Hawkins retired from the RRAF in April 1969.
8:
1265:. Oakville, Connecticut: Casemate Academic.
863:. University of Birmingham. pp. 119–122
246:. Hawkins' first operational posting was to
414:Rhodesia's representative in South Africa.
1348:Recipient of the Rhodesian Legion of Merit
1120:– via National Library of Australia.
1092:– via National Library of Australia.
1023:
1013:– via National Library of Australia.
985:– via National Library of Australia.
672:– via National Library of Australia.
635:– via National Library of Australia.
607:– via National Library of Australia.
362:conference that was being held in London.
66:
31:
1227:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
420:Rhodesian Iron and Steel Corporation
27:Australian air force officer in Rhodesia
1225:Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis
548:
228:in Toowoomba. Hawkins' family moved to
1130:
1054:Cold War International History Project
1035:
917:
905:
770:
389:directed the Minister for Immigration
72:Harold Hawkins during his RAAF service
508:Independence Commemorative Decoration
7:
955:
893:
881:
839:
827:
806:
794:
782:
727:
409:evade sanctions". In July 1972 the
1194:"Geoffrey Douglas Hawkins, age 72"
1104:"Mr Burchett to be given passport"
619:"Toowoomba Sportsmen Join Colours"
591:"Air force "created" by Downs man"
324:which involved all of the force's
25:
1050:"Robert Mugabe and Todor Zhivkov"
568:. Department of Veterans' Affairs
1373:Rhodesian Air Force air marshals
517:
502:
493:Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
487:
468:
690:"Passport may be of little use"
263:No. 7 Operational Training Unit
969:"Rhodesia passport ban likely"
688:Tidey, John (21 August 1968).
1:
1242:Jordan, Matthew, ed. (2017).
1076:"Protests over passport bans"
937:. 3 September 1966. p. 3
307:Royal Air Force Staff College
1112:. 7 December 1972. p. 1
406:Ministry of External Affairs
287:Southern Rhodesian Air Force
235:Hawkins applied to join the
1313:. Johannesburg: Covos-Day.
1261:Melson, Charles D. (2021).
1172:. I.B.Tauris. p. 134.
977:. 22 August 1968. p. 4
474:Order of the British Empire
445:, during the negotiations.
429:. This agreement ended the
271:Australian National Airways
226:Christian Brothers' College
212:Harold Hawkins was born in
1404:
1005:. 15 April 1969. p. 6
852:Watts, Carl Peter (2006).
627:. 29 June 1940. p. 12
237:Royal Australian Air Force
208:Royal Australian Air Force
193:Royal Australian Air Force
120:Royal Australian Air Force
1294:10.1080/17532520802249415
1282:African Historical Review
1223:Geldenhuys, Deon (1990).
1168:Preston, Matthew (2004).
427:Lancaster House Agreement
277:Royal Rhodesian Air Force
250:. He was later posted to
197:Royal Rhodesian Air Force
136:Royal Rhodesian Air Force
125:Royal Rhodesian Air Force
65:
18:Harold Hawkins (Rhodesia)
1084:. 7 July 1972. p. 7
599:. 8 July 1951. p. 5
527:Grand Officer - Civilian
379:Minister for Immigration
1388:Immigrants to Rhodesia
283:air traffic controller
356:Desmond Lardner-Burke
252:No. 459 Squadron RAAF
1383:Australian emigrants
1309:Salt, Beryl (2001).
318:RAF's rank structure
303:de Havilland Vampire
299:Supermarine Spitfire
248:No. 163 Squadron RAF
842:, pp. 361–363.
785:, pp. 301–303.
566:DVA's Nominal Rolls
383:Australian passport
1200:. 10 February 2021
1109:The Canberra Times
1081:The Canberra Times
1002:The Canberra Times
974:The Canberra Times
935:The New York Times
661:The Canberra Times
431:Rhodesian Bush War
411:Whitlam government
375:Rhodesian passport
348:Rhodesian Bush War
326:transport aircraft
151:Rhodesian Bush War
1253:978-1-74223-536-3
1234:978-0-521-40268-2
1198:Rutherford Weekly
1133:, pp. 15–16.
656:"Passport issued"
562:"Hawkins, Harold"
439:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
267:flight lieutenant
256:Southern Rhodesia
166:Air Vice-Marshal
164:
163:
16:(Redirected from
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369:Diplomatic roles
352:Battle of Sinoia
333:Air Vice-Marshal
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88:18 February 1921
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36:Air Vice-Marshal
32:
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1217:Works consulted
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1056:. Wilson Center
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1024:Geldenhuys 1990
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523:Legion of Merit
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291:Air Force Cross
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203:Military career
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157:Other work
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960:
958:, p. 686.
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898:
896:, p. 400.
886:
884:, p. 398.
874:
844:
832:
830:, p. 685.
811:
809:, p. 281.
799:
797:, p. 313.
787:
775:
773:, p. 699.
758:
732:
730:, p. 684.
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314:Rhodesia House
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244:flying officer
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168:Harold Hawkins
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105:(aged 67)
101:March 13, 1988
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40:Harold Hawkins
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1048:Onslow, Sue.
1044:
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1026:, p. 63.
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908:, p. 66.
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452:Personal life
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443:Abel Muzorewa
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395:Gough Whitlam
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1202:. Retrieved
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1151:. Retrieved
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1114:. Retrieved
1107:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1079:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
1043:
1038:, p. 1.
1031:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1000:
997:"Ambassador"
991:
979:. Retrieved
972:
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939:. Retrieved
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865:. Retrieved
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749:. Retrieved
745:Recordsearch
744:
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698:. Retrieved
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666:. Retrieved
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629:. Retrieved
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601:. Retrieved
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570:. Retrieved
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360:Commonwealth
345:
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322:Congo Crisis
311:
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273:for a year.
260:
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234:
211:
167:
165:
147:World War II
143:Battles/wars
108:South Africa
103:(1988-03-13)
29:
1358:1988 deaths
1353:1921 births
1288:(1): 1–29.
1131:Mlambo 2008
1036:Mlambo 2008
918:Melson 2021
906:Melson 2021
771:Jordan 2017
696:. p. 8
596:Sunday Mail
387:John Gorton
138:(1965–1969)
127:(1947–1969)
122:(1941–1945)
93:, Australia
1332:Categories
861:PhD thesis
538:References
218:Queensland
189:Australian
84:1921-02-18
1302:159680269
956:Salt 2001
894:Salt 2001
882:Salt 2001
840:Salt 2001
828:Salt 2001
807:Salt 2001
795:Salt 2001
783:Salt 2001
728:Salt 2001
543:Citations
478:Commander
441:, Bishop
337:Ian Smith
232:in 1938.
222:Australia
214:Toowoomba
91:Toowoomba
435:Zimbabwe
230:Brisbane
132:Commands
114:Service/
694:The Age
1317:
1300:
1269:
1250:
1231:
1204:5 July
1176:
1153:2 July
1116:2 July
1088:2 July
1060:7 July
1009:2 July
981:2 July
941:5 July
867:2 July
751:2 July
700:2 July
668:2 July
631:2 July
603:2 July
572:2 July
460:Awards
295:Dakota
116:branch
1298:S2CID
1147:(PDF)
857:(PDF)
182:
178:
174:
56:
52:
48:
1315:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1206:2023
1174:ISBN
1155:2023
1118:2023
1090:2023
1062:2023
1011:2023
983:2023
943:2023
869:2023
753:2023
702:2023
670:2023
633:2023
605:2023
574:2023
529:) (
480:) (
98:Died
78:Born
1290:doi
531:GLM
512:ICD
497:AFC
482:CBE
184:GLM
180:ICD
176:AFC
172:CBE
58:GLM
54:ICD
50:AFC
46:CBE
1334::
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