1188:
767:
753:
735:
680:
671:
710:
612:
460:
703:
744:
687:
760:
719:
696:
524:
42:
729:
371:
665:
658:
914:
556:(1985), Layton maintained that Stark offered meaningless advice throughout the period; withheld vital information at the insistence of his Director of War Plans, Admiral Turner; showed timidity in dealing with the Japanese; and utterly failed to provide anything of use to Kimmel. John Costello (Layton's co-author), in
516:
Forrestal disapproved all of those findings and judged that Kimmel could have done more with the information he had had to prevent or mitigate the attack. Forrestal concluded that both Kimmel and Stark had "failed to demonstrate the superior judgment necessary for exercising command commensurate with
508:
had ordered the 1944 Board of
Inquiry, Upon reviewing the report, Forrestal felt that the court had been too lenient in assigning blame for the disaster. The court had found that the Army and Navy had adequately cooperated in the defense of Pearl Harbor; there had been no information indicating that
1067:, Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 39: Reports, Findings, and Conclusions of Roberts Commission, Army Pearl Harbor Board, Navy Court of Inquiry, and Hewitt Inquiry, With Endorsements, Government Printing Office, pp. 373, 375–377, 381–383
535:
Stark's most controversial service involved the growing menace of
Japanese forces in the period before America was bombed into the war by the attack on Pearl Harbor. The controversy centers on whether he and his Director of War Plans Admiral
591:
to a wrong belief that it was only to collect intelligence. Turner did not correct his view or aid Stark in understanding the problem. Among others, Morison and Layton agree that Turner was most responsible for the debacle, as does
479:
headquarters, Stark nominally directed the naval part of the great buildup in
England and US naval operations and training activities on the European side of the Atlantic. He received the additional title of Commander of the
1329:
1274:
503:
over his actions leading up to Pearl Harbor. The Court concluded that Stark had not conveyed the danger or provided enough information to Kimmel but that he had not been derelict. Secretary of the Navy
520:
In 1948, King reconsidered and requested that the endorsement be expunged: "It was the only time that King ever admitted he had been wrong." The controversy surrounding him persisted after his death.
544:, Commander of the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, about Japanese moves in the fall of 1941 to enable Kimmel to anticipate an attack and to take steps to counter it. Captain (later Rear Admiral)
1319:
453:
148:
1284:
488:, France, in June 1944. Stark built and maintained close relations with British civilian and naval leaders, who "generally adored him," and also with the leaders of other
1289:
1314:
1279:
887:
824:
1324:
603:
In addition, there was considerable confusion over where Japan might strike: the United States, the Soviet Union, or
British colonies in Asia and the Far East.
293:
to join in World War I operations. Stark served on the staff of
Commander, United States Naval Forces operating in Europe from November 1917 to January 1919.
1299:
924:
834:
805:
572:
496:; it was thanks to Stark that the US-British-Free French relationship continued to work. He earned high praise from Admiral King for his work.
1294:
1211:
425:
in case of war with Japan; Stark expressly ordered it at 17:52 Washington time on 7 December 1941, not quite four hours after the
Japanese
642:, for many years and flew in by naval seaplane for weekends during his career. The cottage still stands on the western shore of the lake.
1304:
1173:
1309:
788:
778:
204:
198:
766:
810:
422:
886:
in Wilkes-Barre, PA, was also named in his honor, as was research and development laboratory and office building at the
734:
588:
351:
258:
517:
their rank and their assigned duties." King's endorsement of the report was scalding, leading to Stark being relieved.
1207:
844:
752:
628:
616:
481:
240:
144:
98:
679:
509:
Japanese carriers were on their way to attack Pearl Harbor; and the attack had succeeded principally because of the
69:
1235:
859:
635:
390:
312:
228:
163:
152:
793:
611:
468:
375:
306:
670:
429:. It appears the decision was taken without the knowledge or prior consent of the government. It violated the
358:. Then from July 1938, he served at sea as Commander Cruiser Division Three and Commander of Cruisers in the
819:
728:
134:
709:
459:
500:
489:
426:
800:
343:
251:
743:
1269:
1264:
593:
587:'s responsibility, not Kimmel's. Turner's insistence on having intelligence go through War Plans led
464:
759:
702:
941:
686:
664:
657:
430:
718:
537:
398:
355:
216:
116:
695:
899:
883:
561:
549:
541:
493:
485:
402:
318:
302:
262:
1227:
1192:
624:
410:
382:
325:
170:
86:
957:
852:
584:
545:
505:
335:
322:
523:
1246:
894:
783:
510:
41:
882:
was named in honor of Stark. Stark
Learning Center, a major instructional facility at
471:, escorts Admiral Harold Stark on Utah Beach shortly after the D-Day landings in 1944.
1258:
1062:
920:
576:
414:
290:
282:
639:
418:
359:
339:
274:
244:
224:
187:
157:
285:'s torpedo flotilla in 1917, when these old and small destroyers steamed from the
1203:
829:
528:
449:
442:
370:
286:
220:
183:
1197:
627:, and made his home there after retirement. He died in 1972 and was buried at
554:
And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway – Breaking the
Secrets
247:
there he received the nickname "Betty". From 1907 to 1909, Stark served on the
17:
406:
338:, Stark was successively Chief of Staff to the Commander, Destroyer Squadrons
278:
248:
1064:
Fourth
Endorsement to Record of Proceedings of Pearl Harbor Court of Inquiry
875:
568:
and JN-25, with over eight hours warning, and was still caught by surprise.
623:
From August 1945 until he left active duty in April 1946, Stark served in
413:
during the latter part of 1941. It was at this time that he authored the
102:
989:, Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 2005, pp. 212–217, 232–249
394:
1152:
476:
610:
522:
458:
369:
552:'s intelligence officer) at the time of the attack. In his book,
215:(November 12, 1880 – August 20, 1972) was an officer in the
334:
During the later 1920s and into the mid-1930s, with the rank of
1330:
Honorary
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
963:, Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 2005, pp. 212–217
1061:
Congress of the United States, Seventy-Ninth Congress (1946),
441:
As CNO, Stark oversaw combat operations against Japan and the
27:
American admiral, 8th US Chief of Naval Operations (1880–1972)
634:
Stark maintained a family summer residence on Lake Carey in
548:
was Kimmel's chief intelligence officer (later also Admiral
484:
in October 1943, and he supervised USN participation in the
513:, a secret weapon whose use could not have been predicted.
452:. He went to Britain the next month to become Commander of
421:
policy. He also orchestrated the navy's change to adopting
583:(McGraw-Hill, 1988), the defense of the fleet was General
1095:
Holwitt, p. 225, quoting King biographer Thomas Buell's
946:
Admiral Harold R. Stark: Architect of Victory, 1939–1945
1275:
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
366:
Chief of Naval Operations and beginning of World War II
948:. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989)
448:
In March 1942, Stark was relieved as CNO by Admiral
492:. Stark was particularly important in dealing with
243:in 1899 and graduated with the class of 1903. As a
193:
179:
140:
130:
122:
110:
93:
76:
56:
48:
32:
1320:Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
401:during 1940 and 1941, and its involvement in the
1204:Newspaper clippings about Harold Raynsford Stark
1200:at ArlingtonCemetery.net, an unofficial website
888:Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division
825:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
8:
433:, to which the United States was signatory.
1285:United States Navy personnel of World War I
925:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
540:provided sufficient information to Admiral
499:After the Normandy landings, Stark faced a
1216:
273:Subsequently, Stark had extensive duty in
40:
29:
1290:United States Navy World War II admirals
1189:Works by or about Harold Raynsford Stark
919:This article incorporates text from the
774:
615:The grave of Admiral Harold R. Stark at
445:that officially began in December 1941.
331:and served in naval ordnance positions.
231:from August 1, 1939, to March 26, 1942.
933:
1315:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
1280:People from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
573:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
1155:(retrieved 22:43, 6 March 2011 (UTC).
417:, which laid the basis for America's
7:
1325:Military personnel from Pennsylvania
374:Stark (rear, 2nd from right) aboard
1130:Holwitt, p. 230 & fn 20; Dyer,
397:. In that position, he oversaw the
1300:United States Naval Academy alumni
381:at the conference that led to the
25:
454:United States Naval Forces Europe
362:, with the rank of vice admiral.
301:Following World War I, Stark was
149:United States Naval Forces Europe
912:
789:Army Distinguished Service Medal
779:Navy Distinguished Service Medal
765:
758:
751:
742:
733:
727:
717:
708:
701:
694:
685:
678:
669:
663:
656:
560:(Pocket, 1994), points out that
346:, and Commanding Officer of USS
205:Army Distinguished Service Medal
199:Navy Distinguished Service Medal
1174:Burial Detail: Stark, Harold R
1132:The Amphibians Came to Conquer
811:American Defense Service Medal
423:unrestricted submarine warfare
1:
893:Stark was portrayed by actor
389:In August 1939, Stark became
841:Honorary Knight Grand Cross
589:Office of Naval Intelligence
564:had complete access to both
469:1st Engineer Special Brigade
259:United States Atlantic Fleet
1295:United States Navy admirals
1208:20th Century Press Archives
845:Order of the British Empire
629:Arlington National Cemetery
617:Arlington National Cemetery
579:and his colleagues note in
281:, including command of the
241:United States Naval Academy
145:United States Twelfth Fleet
99:Arlington National Cemetery
1346:
1305:Chiefs of Naval Operations
835:World War II Victory Medal
70:Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
1243:
1236:Chief of Naval Operations
1232:
1224:
1219:
860:Croix de Guerre 1939-1945
850:
823:
806:World War I Victory Medal
804:
787:
636:Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania
467:(left), commander of the
391:Chief of Naval Operations
229:Chief of Naval Operations
153:Chief of Naval Operations
39:
1310:Naval War College alumni
794:Navy Expeditionary Medal
227:, who served as the 8th
1143:Holwitt, pp. 230–231fn.
987:"Execute Against Japan"
960:"Execute Against Japan"
820:American Campaign Medal
393:(CNO) with the rank of
354:Stark was Chief of the
263:cruise around the world
638:, north of his native
620:
532:
472:
427:attack on Pearl Harbor
386:
257:before and during the
239:Stark enrolled in the
213:Harold Raynsford Stark
161:Cruiser Division Three
34:Harold Raynsford Stark
801:Mexican Service Medal
614:
526:
462:
399:expansion of the navy
373:
350:. From 1934 to 1937,
344:Secretary of the Navy
235:Early life and career
123:Years of service
486:landings in Normandy
443:European Axis Powers
1097:Master of Sea Power
942:B. Mitchell Simpson
863:with palm (France)
814:with "FLEET" clasp
600:(Annapolis, 1995).
575:official historian
431:London Naval Treaty
305:of the battleships
621:
538:Richmond K. Turner
533:
473:
463:Brigadier General
437:After Pearl Harbor
403:Neutrality Patrols
387:
356:Bureau of Ordnance
217:United States Navy
117:United States Navy
1253:
1252:
1244:Succeeded by
1220:Military offices
1051:Holwitt, p. 226.
985:Holwitt, Joel I.
958:Holwitt, Joel I.
900:Tora! Tora! Tora!
897:in the 1970 film
884:Wilkes University
867:
866:
848:(United Kingdom)
773:
772:
571:Moreover, as the
567:
562:Douglas MacArthur
550:Chester W. Nimitz
542:Husband E. Kimmel
494:Charles de Gaulle
319:Naval War College
303:executive officer
210:
209:
67:November 12, 1880
16:(Redirected from
1337:
1238:
1228:William D. Leahy
1225:Preceded by
1217:
1193:Internet Archive
1177:
1171:
1165:
1164:Holwitt, p. 227.
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1108:Holwitt, p. 227.
1106:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1086:Holwitt, p. 226.
1084:
1078:
1077:Holwitt, p. 226.
1075:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:Holwitt, p. 225.
1040:
1034:
1033:Holwitt, p. 225.
1031:
1025:
1024:Holwitt, p. 225.
1022:
1016:
1015:Holwitt, p. 225.
1013:
1007:
1000:
994:
983:
977:
976:Holwitt, p. 220.
974:
968:
955:
949:
940:In general, see
938:
916:
915:
775:
769:
762:
755:
746:
737:
731:
721:
712:
705:
698:
689:
682:
673:
667:
660:
650:
649:
625:Washington, D.C.
581:December 7, 1941
565:
501:Court of Inquiry
465:James E. Wharton
383:Atlantic Charter
321:, commanded the
202:
112:
87:Washington, D.C.
83:
66:
64:
44:
30:
21:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
984:
980:
975:
971:
956:
952:
939:
935:
913:
909:
872:
862:
855:
853:Legion of Honor
847:
842:
827:
813:
781:
739:
738:
732:
675:
674:
668:
661:
648:
609:
585:Walter C. Short
546:Edwin T. Layton
506:James Forrestal
439:
405:against German
378:Prince of Wales
368:
323:ammunition ship
317:, attended the
299:
271:
237:
203:
197:
186:
169:
162:
160:
155:
151:
147:
106:
85:
81:
80:August 20, 1972
68:
62:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Harold R. Stark
15:
12:
11:
5:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1247:Ernest J. King
1245:
1242:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1201:
1198:Harold R Stark
1195:
1184:
1183:External links
1181:
1179:
1178:
1176:– ANC Explorer
1166:
1157:
1145:
1136:
1134:, pp. 176–196.
1123:
1110:
1101:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
995:
978:
969:
950:
932:
931:
930:
908:
905:
895:Edward Andrews
880: (FFG-31)
871:
868:
865:
864:
857:
849:
838:
837:
832:
822:
816:
815:
808:
803:
797:
796:
791:
786:
771:
770:
763:
756:
748:
747:
740:
726:
725:
724:
722:
714:
713:
706:
699:
691:
690:
683:
676:
662:
655:
654:
653:
647:
644:
608:
605:
558:Days of Infamy
511:aerial torpedo
438:
435:
367:
364:
342:, Aide to the
298:
297:Interwar years
295:
270:
267:
236:
233:
208:
207:
195:
191:
190:
181:
177:
176:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
97:
95:
91:
90:
84:(aged 91)
78:
74:
73:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1342:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
992:
988:
982:
979:
973:
970:
966:
962:
961:
954:
951:
947:
943:
937:
934:
929:
926:
923:
922:
921:public domain
911:
910:
906:
904:
902:
901:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
879:
869:
861:
858:
854:
846:
840:
839:
836:
833:
831:
826:
821:
818:
817:
812:
809:
807:
802:
799:
798:
795:
792:
790:
785:
780:
777:
776:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
749:
745:
741:
736:
730:
723:
720:
716:
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
697:
693:
692:
688:
684:
681:
677:
672:
666:
659:
652:
651:
645:
643:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
618:
613:
606:
604:
601:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:Gordon Prange
574:
569:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
530:
525:
521:
518:
514:
512:
507:
502:
497:
495:
491:
490:Allied powers
487:
483:
482:Twelfth Fleet
478:
470:
466:
461:
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Plan Dog memo
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
384:
380:
379:
372:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:West Virginia
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
329:
324:
320:
316:
315:
314:West Virginia
310:
309:
304:
296:
294:
292:
291:Mediterranean
288:
284:
283:Asiatic Fleet
280:
276:
275:torpedo boats
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
242:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
174:
168:
167:
166:West Virginia
159:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
115:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
79:
75:
71:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1233:
1169:
1160:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1003:
998:
990:
986:
981:
972:
964:
959:
953:
945:
936:
927:
918:
898:
892:
877:
874:The frigate
873:
640:Wilkes-Barre
633:
622:
602:
597:
580:
570:
557:
553:
534:
527:Painting by
519:
515:
498:
474:
447:
440:
419:Europe first
388:
377:
360:Battle Fleet
352:Rear Admiral
347:
340:Battle Fleet
333:
327:
313:
308:North Dakota
307:
300:
272:
253:
238:
225:World War II
212:
211:
188:World War II
180:Battles/wars
172:
165:
158:Battle Fleet
156:Cruisers of
82:(1972-08-20)
1270:1972 deaths
1265:1880 births
851:Commander,
830:battle star
529:Bjorn Egeli
450:Ernest King
287:Philippines
269:World War I
221:World War I
184:World War I
49:Nickname(s)
1259:Categories
1241:1939–1942
1153:Tripod.com
907:References
784:Gold Stars
598:Scapegoats
407:submarines
279:destroyers
249:battleship
63:1880-11-12
1099:, p. 353.
1002:Holwitt,
876:USS
856:(France)
828:with one
782:with two
594:Ned Beach
475:From his
376:HMS
326:USS
254:Minnesota
252:USS
171:USS
164:USS
126:1899–1946
1117:Layton,
411:Atlantic
141:Commands
111:Service/
103:Virginia
1210:of the
1206:in the
1191:at the
944:, III,
843:of the
607:Postwar
531:, 1945.
409:in the
395:admiral
336:captain
289:to the
219:during
135:Admiral
52:"Betty"
1119:passim
1004:passim
991:passim
965:passim
917:
870:Legacy
646:Awards
566:PURPLE
477:London
194:Awards
113:branch
94:Buried
878:Stark
328:Nitro
245:plebe
173:Nitro
311:and
277:and
223:and
131:Rank
105:, US
89:, US
77:Died
72:, US
57:Born
1212:ZBW
596:in
261:'s
201:(3)
1261::
903:.
890:.
631:.
456:.
265:.
101:,
1121:.
1006:.
993:.
967:.
928:.
619:.
385:.
65:)
61:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
