1424:, USAID: Mauritania, Office of Women in Development, Agency for International Development, OICD Washington DC, page viii-ix, xviii-xix, 12-17, 35-36, 43; Quote: "Caste is the most specific of these crucial concepts. When applied to West African societies, it is used in the very general meaning of the division of societies into hierarchically rank-endogamous-occupational groups; the relation between these groups having ritual as well as economic significance. (...) To understand Mauritanian society, one must understand its ethnic groups, its tribes, socio-economic classes and its castes. The Hassaniya speakers who predominate over the majority of the country except along the river are divisible into two crucial subgroups - the Bidan or white Moors and the Haratin or black Moors. The Bidan are traditionally further divided into Z'waya (religious or "marabout" groups), Hassan (warrior groups), Zenaga (free tributary groups), Mu'allamin (craftsmen) and Ighyuwn (entertainers) (...)
538:
665:
question dates as recently as 2007. The document was signed by a local judge or an official civil servant. Slavery is still engraved in memories due to historical and traditional reasons, and such cases are not as shocking as one might think to the society of the
Sahrawi refugee camps. The Human Rights Watch concludes its chapter on slavery as follows, "In sum, credible sources testified to Human Rights Watch about vestiges of slavery that continue to affect the lives of a portion of the black minority in the Tindouf camps. The practices involve historical ties between families that involve certain rights and obligations that are not always clear. Being a slave does not necessarily preclude enjoying freedom of movement."
39:
141:
601:
The
Moroccan Haritin, states Chouki El Hamel, a professor of history specializing in African Studies, are the diaspora of black West Africans who were forcefully transported across the Sahara and sold in Moroccan slave markets over centuries. They absorbed the "Arabo-centric values in the dominant interpretation of Islam", states El Hamel, over the generations and they see themselves as Muslim Moroccans, rather than by their ethnic or native group.
73:
117:
105:
93:
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479:(himself having a Haratin mother) as he sought to build a military that had no social or cultural attachment to any other Arab or Berber group in Maghreb. He conscripted the majority of able-bodied male Haratin and 'Abid that were present in Morocco at the time. This army was then commonly coerced into a series of wars in order to consolidate Ibn Sharif's power.
2105:
464:. Regardless of whether they were technically free or not, they were treated as socially inferior in the communities they lived in. Being denied the right and the ability to own any land, they historically survived by accepting a patron-client serf relationship either as domestic servant or as share-cropping labor (
685:; a discourse of emancipation and the absence of state racism, which constitutes a tradition of Algerian nationalism, had succeeded in mobilizing this social category. Social success through education allowed the former Haratin to be represented in local communities and to access the most influential positions.
657:, who are a small minority in the camps; they stated that some "blacks" are "owned" by "whites", but this ownership is manifested only in "granting" marriage rights to girls. In other words, a dark-skinned girl must have an approval from her "master". Without this, the marriage cannot be performed by a
664:
The report notes that
Polisario claims to oppose any such discrimination, but raises questions about possible official collusion in, or indifference to, the practice. In addition, a case of an official document that grants freedom to a group of enslaved families has been found by HRW. The document in
533:
In 1981, Mauritania officially abolished slavery. However, even after the formalities, abolishment, and new laws, discrimination against
Haratin is still widespread, and many continue to be, for all practical purposes, enslaved, while large numbers live in other forms of informal dependence on their
525:
legacy between the 14th and 16th century. The "Hassan" monopolized the occupations related to war and politics, the "Zwaya" (Zawaya) the religious roles, the "Bidan" (White Moors) owned property and held slaves (Haratins, Black Moors). Each of these were immovable castes, endogamous, with hereditary
668:
Responding to questions about slavery, the
Polisario has acknowledged the survival "to a limited extent, of certain practices related to antiquated thinking" and said it was "determined to combat and eradicate them whenever they emerge and no matter what shape they take." "We welcome this statement
628:
The
Haratins historically lived segregated from the main society, in a rural isolation. Their subjugation was sometimes ideologically justified by nobles and some religious scholars, even though others disagreed. The social stratification of Haratin and their inter-relationships with others members
600:
According to Remco Ensel – a professor of anthropology specializing in
Maghreb studies, the word "Haratin" in Moroccan is a pejorative that connotes "subordination, disrepute" and in contemporary literature; it is often replaced with "Drawi", "Drawa", "Sahrawi", "Sahrawa", or other regional terms.
548:
reported that in 1994, 90,000 Haratine still lived as "property" of their master, with the report indicating that "slavery in
Mauritania is most dominant within the traditional upper class of the Moors." According to Mauritanian officials, any master-serf relationship is mutually consensual. This
629:
of the society varied by valley and oasis, but whether the
Haratins were technically 'unfreed, semi-freed, or freed' slaves, they were considered as "inferior" by other strata of the society. The Haratin remain a marginalized population of Morocco, just like other similar groups around the world.
452:, the Godala Berber tribe fled to the south towards the Draa oasis and enslaved the local Haratin population. They have historically inherited their slave status and family occupation, have been endogamous, and socially segregated. Some communities differentiated two types of slaves, one called
604:
The
Haratin strata, as slave workers, were a major institution of Moroccan society through the 19th century. Yet, there has been a general lack of historical records about their origins and ethnography, leading to several constructed proposals, and their mention in older Moroccan literature is
616:
in Morocco and other northern fringe societies of the Sahara, were a part of a social hierarchy that included the upper strata of nobles, religious specialists, and literati, followed by freemen, nomadic pastoral strata, and slaves. The Haratin were hierarchically higher than the
1745:, Quote: "This new meaning was an ideological construct to justify the subjugation of the free/freed blacks and was buttressed by documents that sought to advance the Makhzan's agenda by demonstrating that the Haratin were of slave origin, therefore creating a racialized caste".
556:
report states that "social attitudes have changed among most urban Moors, but in rural areas, the ancient divide is still very alive." There have been many attempts to assess the real extension of slavery in modern Mauritania, but these have mostly been frustrated by the
444:
The Haratin form an ethnic group distinct from Arab and Tuareg populations, as well as from the contemporary ethnic groups of sub-Saharan Africa. In Mauritania, however, where there are nearly 1.5 million Haratin, they have developed a separate sense of ethnic identity.
1963:
Amnesty International, 7 November 2002, Mauritania, A future free from slavery? The formal abolition of slavery in 1981 has not led to real and effective abolition for various reasons, including a lack of legislation to ensure its
605:
generally limited to their status as slaves and more focused on the rights on their owners. It is their contemporary economic and social marginalization that has awakened renewed interest in their history and their oral histories.
2821:
1411:
Katherine Ann Wiley (2016), Making People Bigger: Wedding Exchange and the Creation of Social Value in Rural Mauritania, Africa Today, Johns Hopkins University Press, Volume 62, Number 3, pages 48-69
534:
former masters. Although slavery was abolished by Presidential decree in 1981, it was not criminalized for the first time in 2007 and again in 2015, abolition in Mauritania is rarely enforced.
608:
The Haratins remain indispensable workers in modern oases societies, states Ensel, and continue to be mistreated in contrast to the upper strata called the "Shurfa". According to Remco Ensel,
2710:
530:) from the lower strata of Mauritanian society, considered them socially inferior, and denied them the right to own land or weapons thereby creating a socio-economically closed system.
1166:
2325:
561:
government's official stance that the practice has been eliminated. Amnesty further estimated that some 300,000 freed slaves continued to be in service of their former masters.
1066:
593:
Haratin have been the slave strata of the Moroccan society through its recorded history. They were owned in every town and farming center before the time of Moroccan ruler
2453:
1435:
2015:
1907:
2703:
1520:
537:
1894:
The Power of the Dagger, the Seeds of the Koran, and the Sweat of the Ploughman: Ethnic Stratification and Agricultural Intensification in the Ziz Valley
1462:
2318:
2811:
2696:
38:
2446:
1766:
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1681:
1654:
1627:
1600:
1383:
1306:
1276:
1214:
1134:
1046:
969:
935:
712:
2801:
2311:
1915:
El Hamel, Chouki (Fall 2002). "'Race', Slavery and Islam in the Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco".
1177:
681:
during colonization, experienced social and political progress after the country's independence. This integration had started during the
1249:
976:, Quote: "Haratine. Social caste in several northwestern African countries consisting of blacks, many of whom are former slaves (...)"
2806:
2796:
2791:
1793:
1566:
1356:
375:
or descendants of slaves. They converted to Islam under the Arabs and Berbers and were forcibly recruited into the Moroccan army by
1928:
Batrán, Aziz Abdalla (1985). "The 'Ulamá of Fas, Mulay Isma'il, and the Issue of the Haratin of Fas". In John Ralph, Willis (ed.).
2439:
597:. They provided domestic labor, farm labor, physical labor inside towns and markets, as well as were conscripted to fight wars.
414:) referring to skin color, more specifically "dark color". This word is absent from the Arabic language and has been used by the
521:, who specializes in West African studies, were historically part of a social caste-like hierarchy that likely developed from a
2816:
2214:
406:
The origin and meaning of the name Haratin (singular Hartani) are controversial. Some claim that it comes from the Berber word
1322:
1088:
Hamel, Chouki El (2002). "Race, slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco".
2831:
2719:
2587:
2512:
2209:
2005:
460:
or "freed slave". However, per anthropologist John Shoup, both 'Abid and Haratin were not free to own land or had equivalent
625:. This hierarchy, states Ensel, has been variously described as ethnic groups, estates, quasi-castes, castes, or classes.
1538:
649:; Polisario denies this and claims to have eradicated slavery through awareness campaigns. A 2009 investigative report by
1150:
Froment, Alain (1999). "Les Bella d'Ours : une anthropobiologie de populations dites captives". In Doe, John (ed.).
2630:
2500:
729:
2826:
2334:
1946:
Hunwick, J O. "Black Slaves in the Mediterranean World: introduction to a Neglected Aspect of the African Diaspora".
2786:
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1983:
2644:
2505:
2184:
2495:
2462:
565:
2615:
2483:
2292:
2134:
256:
2677:
2488:
2355:
2129:
638:
553:
545:
493:
345:
1436:"Fin de l'esclavage en Mauritanie ? Le cas présumé d'une femme offerte comme dot relance le débat"
568:
was elected Speaker of the National Assembly, becoming the first black Haratin to hold the position.
2597:
395:
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2470:
423:
2565:
2119:
1998:
1901:
1105:
1012:
889:
850:
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577:
360:
341:. They have traditionally been characterized as the descendants of former Sub-Saharan slaves.
1974:
906:
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2580:
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1864:
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In Mauritania, the use of Haratin girls as servants has attracted the attention of activists.
476:
461:
376:
372:
1124:
995:
Meyers, Allan R. (1977). "Class, Ethnicity, and Slavery: The Origins of the Moroccan 'Abid".
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and account for as much as 40% of the Mauritanians. They are sometimes referred to as "Black
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Between Caravan and Sultan: The Bayruk of Southern Morocco: A Study in History and Identity
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1932:. Vol. 1: Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement. London: Frank Cass. pp. 125–59.
1847:"Les territoires sahariens en Algérie. Gouvernance, acteurs et recomposition territoriale"
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642:
587:
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or second class (second group of free people). Neither of these claims have much proof.
334:
247:
225:
159:
2765:
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2189:
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734:
Institut de recherches et d'études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans Iremam - UMR 7310
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in Mauritania where they account for 40% of the population (~1.5 million). In parts of
295:
207:
146:
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position has been questioned by the United Nations and human rights advocacy groups.
352:
Maghreb, they are sometimes referred to as a "socially distinct class of workers".
2780:
2385:
2089:
1991:
1109:
854:
230:
1846:
1463:"Ending Hereditary Slavery in Mauritania: Bidan (Whites) and Black "Slaves" in 2021"
2420:
2405:
2149:
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682:
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According to Human Rights Watch, Morocco alleges that slavery is widespread in the
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84:
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1896:. Southeast Morocco. Vol. 107, 7. unpublished dissertation, Univ. of Arizona.
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and urge the Polisario to be vigilant in pursuing this objective," said HRW.
558:
449:
287:
194:
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1421:
927:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia
885:
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368:
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20:
1495:"Former Mauritanian Opposition Leader Takes Charge of National Assembly"
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The Haratin have been, and still commonly are socially isolated in some
2745:
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2250:
2174:
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1957:
Serving The Master: Slavery & Society in Nineteenth-Century Morocco
1399:
870:"Hidden in Plain Sight: "Haratine" in Nouakchott's "Niche-Settlements""
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Haratin in Morocco are mostly concentrated in the southern part of the
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303:
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217:
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110:
98:
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2059:
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1978:
1372:
Joseph R Hellweg (2011). Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (eds.).
1206:
Serving the Master: Slavery and Society in Nineteenth-century Morocco
678:
419:
391:
364:
830:
1008:
815:"Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships"
510:, or "White Moors". The Haratin of Mauritania also primarily spoke
2750:
2553:
2528:
2255:
2194:
536:
503:
307:
279:
190:
178:
175:
134:
1761:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3, 45–46, 57–59, 244–246.
2287:
2199:
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213:
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2435:
2307:
2104:
1987:
1619:
Serving the Master: Slavery and Society in 19th Century Morocco
1816:"Human Rights in Western Sahara and the Tindouf Refugee Camps"
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In the Algerian Sahara, the Haratin, who were marginalized by
2822:
Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
1298:
Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate
1038:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
1172:. In B. Lewis; V.L. Ménage; Ch. Pellat; J. Schacht (eds.).
590:
where they make up a significant portion of the populace.
379:(Sultan of Morocco from 1672–1727) to consolidate power.
1400:
Political Transition in Mauritania: Problems and Prospects
621:(descendant of slaves) at the very bottom, but lower than
526:
occupations and where the upper strata collected tribute (
1733:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 112–113, 172–173.
1003:(3). Boston University African Studies Center: 427–442.
761:"L'Notes sur l'histoire des populations du sud marocain"
997:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
874:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
517:
The Haratin of Mauritania, according to anthropologist
953:
951:
949:
947:
382:
Traditionally, many Haratin have held occupations in
1758:
Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
1730:
Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
1706:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 92, 112–113.
1703:
Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
1673:
Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
1592:
Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
1268:
Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
1230:
1228:
1226:
1152:
Les temps du Sahel : En hommage à Edmond Bernus
1126:
Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
704:
Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
261:
2670:
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2521:
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2223:
2112:
2022:
498:In Mauritania, the Haratin form one of the largest
184:
169:
153:
63:
51:
1398:Anthony G. Pazzanita (1999), Middle East Journal,
765:Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée
1402:, Volume 53, Number 1 (Winter, 1999), pages 44-58
1527:. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016.
707:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–113.
1290:
1288:
426:. Others claim it comes from the Arabic phrase
2016:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
1840:
1838:
1836:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1550:
1548:
2704:
2447:
2319:
1999:
1478:
1476:
795:
793:
8:
1595:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–6.
1030:
1028:
1026:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
31:
1695:
1693:
1129:. Cambridge University Press. p. 110.
1071:Encyclopédie berbère - Hadrumetum – Hidjaba
1060:
1058:
2711:
2697:
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2454:
2440:
2432:
2326:
2312:
2304:
2006:
1992:
1984:
1906:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1521:"À Zagora, les fantômes de la ségrégation"
1271:. Cambridge University Press. p. 92.
1176:. Vol. 3. E. J. Brill. Archived from
958:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
919:
917:
915:
37:
30:
1955:EnNaji, Mohammed; Seth, Graebner (1998).
1858:
1676:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
286:. The Haratin are mostly found in modern
1351:. Oxford University Press. p. 549.
964:. Oxford University Press. p. 549.
2272:District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
1939:Saints and Servants in Southern Morocco
1785:Saints and Servants in Southern Morocco
1558:Saints and Servants in Southern Morocco
693:
278:, are an ethnic group found in western
1899:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1530:
1349:Encyclopedia of Africa: Two-Volume Set
344:They form the single largest defined
7:
1814:Goldstein, Eric (19 December 2008).
1649:. BRILL Academic. pp. 189–195.
1622:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–7.
1244:. Routledge. pp. 58–59, 79–86.
1090:The Journal of North African Studies
367:. They are commonly perceived as an
64:Regions with significant populations
1930:Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa
1845:Yousfi, Badreddine (30 June 2017).
1461:J. King, Stephen (26 August 2021).
1241:Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa
586:region, specifically towns such as
251:
1434:Santacroce, Léia (12 April 2021).
1378:. SAGE Publications. p. 761.
14:
1959:. St. Martin's Press. p. 62.
1035:John A. Shoup (31 October 2011).
19:For the wool-based stuffing, see
2103:
1917:Journal of North African Studies
1323:"Slavery's last stand - CNN.com"
1165:Colin, Georges Séraphin (1971).
803:, Encyclopædia Britannica (2014)
422:tribe before the arrival of the
139:
127:
115:
103:
91:
71:
2812:Ethnic groups in Western Sahara
2720:Ethnic groups in Western Sahara
1375:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
759:Jacques-Meunie, Denise (1972).
471:They became a common target of
448:During the Roman occupation of
290:(where they form a plurality),
1041:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 114–116.
930:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 114–115.
653:interviewed some dark-skinned
1:
475:by the Moroccan ruler Sultan
337:dialects as well as various
2802:Ethnic groups in Mauritania
2335:Ethnic groups in Mauritania
1301:. Routledge. pp. 2–9.
262:
2848:
1948:Journal of African History
1295:John Ralph Willis (2005).
924:John A. Shoup III (2011).
868:McDougall, E. Ann (2015).
575:
491:
437:
310:, they are referred to as
18:
2726:
2341:
2101:
1860:10.4000/anneemaghreb.2951
1853:(in French) (16): 53–69.
1537:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1209:. Macmillan. p. 62.
1203:Ennaji, Mohammed (1999).
1154:(in French). p. 186.
1102:10.1080/13629380208718472
799:they are Arabic speaking
440:Trans-Saharan slave trade
189:
174:
158:
68:
56:
36:
2807:Ethnic groups in Morocco
2797:Ethnic groups in Algeria
2792:Ethnic groups in Tunisia
2645:Standard Moroccan Berber
1892:Ilahiane, Hsain (1998).
1755:Chouki El Hamel (2014).
1727:Chouki El Hamel (2014).
1700:Chouki El Hamel (2014).
1670:Chouki El Hamel (2014).
1616:Mohammed Ennaji (1999).
1589:Chouki El Hamel (2014).
1265:Chouki El Hamel (2014).
1238:; Suzanne Miers (2013).
1123:Chouki El Hamel (2014).
813:Keita, S. O. Y. (1993).
730:"L'Encyclopédie berbère"
701:Chouki El Hamel (2014).
2463:Demographics of Morocco
1788:. BRILL. pp. 6–7.
1643:Mohamed Hassan (2012).
1561:. BRILL. pp. 2–4.
1343:Appiah, Kwame Anthony;
1096:(3). Routledge: 29–52.
777:10.3406/remmm.1972.1148
566:Messaoud Ould Boulkheir
2817:Ethnic groups in Libya
2616:Modern Standard Arabic
2135:Chittagong Hill Tracts
1467:Arab Reform Initiative
1420:Melinda Smale (1980),
1174:Encyclopaedia of Islam
961:Encyclopedia of Africa
542:
473:mandatory conscription
16:Ethnic group in Africa
2832:Slavery in Mauritania
1937:Ensel, Remco (1999).
639:Sahrawi refugee camps
554:Amnesty International
546:Amnesty International
540:
494:Slavery in Mauritania
359:countries, living in
346:ethnolinguistic group
185:Related ethnic groups
1782:Remco Ensel (1999).
1555:Remco Ensel (1999).
2180:Southern Azerbaijan
1422:Women in Mauritania
740:on 25 February 2018
728:Sabine, Partouche.
483:Haratin communities
33:
2827:Slavery in Morocco
1851:L'Année du Maghreb
1820:Human Rights Watch
651:Human Rights Watch
578:Slavery in Morocco
564:On 27 April 2007,
543:
506:", in contrast to
396:indentured workers
333:The Haratin speak
43:Haratin girl from
32:Haratin / Haratine
2787:Slavery in Africa
2774:
2773:
2686:
2685:
2671:Foreign nationals
2429:
2428:
2301:
2300:
2190:Southern Mongolia
2155:Iranian Kurdistan
1975:Slavery in Africa
1768:978-1-139-62004-8
1740:978-1-139-62004-8
1713:978-1-139-62004-8
1683:978-1-139-62004-8
1656:978-90-04-18382-7
1629:978-0-312-21152-3
1602:978-1-139-62004-8
1501:. 1 November 2009
1385:978-1-4522-6656-5
1345:Henry Louis Gates
1308:978-1-135-78016-6
1278:978-1-139-62004-8
1216:978-0-333-75477-1
1136:978-1-139-62004-8
1065:Gast, M. (2000).
1048:978-1-59884-362-0
971:978-0-19-533770-9
937:978-1-59884-363-7
819:History in Africa
714:978-1-139-62004-8
683:war of liberation
595:Ismail Ibn Sharif
477:Ismail Ibn Sharif
377:Ismail Ibn Sharif
282:and southwestern
260:
240:
239:
2839:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2621:Hassaniya Arabic
2544:Arabised Berbers
2456:
2449:
2442:
2433:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2215:West Balochistan
2145:Gilgit Baltistan
2107:
2085:Western Togoland
2075:Rehoboth Basters
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1941:. Leiden: Brill.
1933:
1924:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1862:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1499:Voice of America
1491:
1485:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1032:
1021:
1020:
992:
977:
975:
955:
942:
941:
921:
910:
904:
898:
897:
865:
859:
858:
810:
804:
797:
788:
787:
785:
783:
756:
750:
749:
747:
745:
736:. Archived from
725:
719:
718:
698:
645:in southwestern
512:Hassaniya Arabic
428:al-Hurr al-Thani
371:group of former
339:Berber languages
270:), also spelled
265:
255:
253:
164:Berber languages
145:
143:
142:
133:
131:
130:
121:
119:
118:
109:
107:
106:
97:
95:
94:
77:
75:
74:
58:> 1.5 million
52:Total population
41:
34:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2722:
2717:
2687:
2682:
2666:
2611:Moroccan Arabic
2592:
2517:
2465:
2460:
2430:
2425:
2337:
2332:
2302:
2297:
2276:
2260:
2219:
2108:
2099:
2018:
2014:Members of the
2012:
1971:
1964:implementation.
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1914:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1529:
1525:huffpostmaghreb
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1236:Martin A. Klein
1234:
1233:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1034:
1033:
1024:
994:
993:
980:
972:
957:
956:
945:
938:
923:
922:
913:
905:
901:
867:
866:
862:
831:10.2307/3171969
812:
811:
807:
798:
791:
781:
779:
758:
757:
753:
743:
741:
727:
726:
722:
715:
700:
699:
695:
691:
675:
643:Polisario Front
635:
580:
574:
496:
490:
485:
462:property rights
456:or "slave" and
442:
436:
404:
363:, Haratin-only
335:Maghrebi Arabic
229:
226:Arabized Berber
211:
198:
162:
160:Maghrebi Arabic
140:
138:
128:
126:
116:
114:
104:
102:
92:
90:
88:
82:
72:
70:
47:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Crimean Tatars
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:South Moluccas
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:East Turkestan
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
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2100:
2098:
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2092:
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2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1969:External links
1967:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
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1887:
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1284:
1277:
1257:
1251:978-0714648842
1250:
1222:
1215:
1195:
1183:on 4 June 2021
1157:
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1135:
1115:
1080:
1054:
1047:
1022:
1009:10.2307/216736
978:
970:
943:
936:
911:
909:, CIA Factbook
899:
880:(2): 251–279.
860:
805:
789:
751:
720:
713:
692:
690:
687:
674:
671:
655:Sahrawi people
634:
633:Western Sahara
631:
584:Drâa-Tafilalet
573:
570:
519:Joseph Hellweg
489:
486:
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435:
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296:Western Sahara
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208:Maghrebi Arabs
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2522:Ethnic groups
2520:
2514:
2511:
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2506:Protestantism
2504:
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2294:
2291:
2289:
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2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:North America
2263:
2257:
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2066:
2063:
2061:
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2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Bellah people
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1973:
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1968:
1962:
1958:
1953:
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1797:
1795:90-04-11429-7
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500:ethnic groups
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62:
59:
55:
50:
46:
40:
35:
26:
22:
2740:
2631:Pre-Hilalian
2558:
2534:Arab-Berbers
2496:Christianity
2370:
2293:West Papuans
2049:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1893:
1886:Bibliography
1872:. Retrieved
1850:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1784:
1777:
1757:
1750:
1729:
1722:
1702:
1672:
1665:
1645:
1638:
1618:
1611:
1591:
1557:
1524:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
1466:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1439:
1429:
1416:
1407:
1394:
1374:
1367:
1348:
1347:Jr. (2010).
1317:
1297:
1267:
1260:
1240:
1205:
1198:
1185:. Retrieved
1178:the original
1173:
1160:
1151:
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1074:
1070:
1037:
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926:
902:
877:
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863:
822:
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780:. Retrieved
768:
764:
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742:. Retrieved
738:the original
733:
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411:
407:
405:
381:
354:
343:
332:
327:
323:
322:; singular:
319:
315:
311:
275:
271:
267:
243:
241:
85:ethnic group
57:
28:Ethnic group
25:
2501:Catholicism
2130:Balochistan
2035:Barotseland
1442:(in French)
825:: 129–154.
782:25 February
771:: 137–150.
744:25 February
641:run by the
612:along with
424:Beni Ḥassān
384:agriculture
350:Arab-Berber
266:, singular
222:Arab-Berber
2781:Categories
2581:Portuguese
2549:Afro-Arabs
2416:Toucouleur
2165:Khuzestani
2160:Khmer Krom
2080:Somaliland
2030:Afrikaners
1483:Afrol News
907:Mauritania
689:References
576:See also:
559:Nouakchott
492:See also:
488:Mauritania
450:Mauretania
438:See also:
418:tribe and
369:endogamous
361:segregated
320:Chouachine
288:Mauritania
195:Afro-Arabs
79:Mauritania
2660:Tachelhit
2598:Languages
2576:Spaniards
2471:Religions
2241:Catalonia
1902:cite book
1869:1952-8108
1825:17 August
1167:"Ḥarāṭīn"
1110:219625829
1067:"Harṭâni"
886:0361-7882
855:162330365
839:0361-5413
466:khammasin
402:Etymology
316:Chouachin
257:romanized
235:Maghrebis
154:Languages
2761:Reguibat
2731:Bedouins
2626:Hilalian
2571:Italians
2566:European
2396:Reguibat
2391:Mandinka
2381:Jakhanke
2376:Imraguen
2351:Bedouins
2236:Brittany
2231:Abkhazia
2095:Zambesia
1874:22 March
1533:cite web
1446:27 March
1187:14 April
894:44723360
610:Haratin,
392:herdsmen
357:Maghrebi
328:Chouchan
324:Shwashin
312:Shwashin
276:Harratin
272:Haratine
233:, other
228:peoples,
206:, other
204:Sahrawis
193:, other
170:Religion
21:harateen
2766:Sahrawi
2756:Iraguen
2746:Hassane
2741:Haratin
2736:Berbers
2655:Zenatic
2559:Haratin
2539:Berbers
2513:Judaism
2411:Soninke
2401:Sahrawi
2371:Haratin
2356:Berbers
2281:Oceania
2251:Lezghin
2175:Nagalim
2170:Madhesh
2125:Assyria
2055:Kabylia
2050:Haratin
1505:30 June
847:3171969
801:Haratin
673:Algeria
647:Algeria
572:Morocco
523:Bedouin
508:Beidane
458:Haratin
434:History
416:Sanhaja
412:ihardin
408:ahardan
365:ghettos
304:Tunisia
300:Algeria
292:Morocco
284:Maghreb
268:Ḥarṭānī
263:Ḥarāṭīn
259::
244:Haratin
200:Beidane
123:Morocco
111:Algeria
99:Tunisia
45:Morocco
2678:Malays
2640:Berber
2606:Arabic
2346:Bafour
2224:Europe
2205:Taiwan
2090:Yoruba
2060:Ogaden
2045:Biafra
2023:Africa
1979:Curlie
1867:
1792:
1765:
1737:
1710:
1680:
1653:
1626:
1599:
1565:
1440:Geo.fr
1382:
1355:
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1305:
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1133:
1108:
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1017:216736
1015:
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845:
837:
711:
679:France
614:Swasin
588:Zagora
420:Zenata
394:, and
373:slaves
298:, and
252:حراطين
248:Arabic
231:Tuareg
224:, and
218:Berber
212:other
144:
132:
120:
108:
96:
76:
69:(40%)
2751:Horma
2650:Atlas
2554:Gnawa
2529:Arabs
2484:Sunni
2479:Islam
2421:Wolof
2406:Serer
2386:Kunta
2256:Savoy
2210:Tibet
2195:Sindh
2150:Hmong
2070:Oromo
2065:Ogoni
1923:(38).
1181:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
1106:S2CID
1013:JSTOR
890:JSTOR
851:S2CID
843:JSTOR
623:Ahrar
528:horma
504:Moors
468:).
454:'Abid
410:(pl.
388:serfs
386:– as
330:).
308:Libya
302:. In
280:Sahel
191:Gnawa
179:Islam
176:Sunni
135:Libya
2588:Jews
2489:Shia
2366:Fula
2288:Guam
2200:Sulu
2120:Aceh
2113:Asia
1908:link
1876:2021
1865:ISSN
1827:2011
1790:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1539:link
1507:2024
1448:2024
1380:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1189:2020
1131:ISBN
1043:ISBN
966:ISBN
932:ISBN
882:ISSN
835:ISSN
784:2018
746:2018
709:ISBN
661:.
659:qadi
619:Abid
552:The
306:and
242:The
214:Arab
2361:Dom
1977:at
1855:doi
1098:doi
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