Harald Fairhair - Knowledge (XXG)

1357:. They were all defeated in battle by Harald, with only Solvi escaping with his life to live the rest of his life as a roving Viking. The remaining independent rulers of Norway were then crushed by Harald's allies or opportunists that attacked their neighbors and then submitted to Harald like Hrollaug had done. The saga tells how people of Norway were then put under heavy taxes and oppression by Harald. Anyone suspected of wanting to rise in rebellion were given the option of fleeing the country, submitting himself as a tenant or having hands and feet cut off. According to the saga author, most who were given this option chose to flee. Harald is supposed to have confiscated massive amounts of private property and made many previously free farmers his 2050: 1202:, before her premature death. Eirik Bloodaxe was named after Ragnhild's father as was custom in medieval Scandinavia. Likely due to Eirik Bloodaxe royal mother, he was favored above Harald's other sons. Eirik himself had an unquestioning, near psychopathic loyalty to Harald. Unlike other authors, Snorri does not attribute Eirik's cruelty solely to Gunnhild. When Harald and Snæfrith's son Ragnvald Rettilbeine became known as patron of sorcerers and a practitioner of magic, Harald ordered him to cease such activity. When Ragnvald did not listen Harald sent Eirik Bloodaxe to murder him. Eirik had his half-brother and all of his sorcerers 2062:

The Viking hero Harald Fairhair has become part of a vital re-enactment culture, which is evident in, among other things, a memorial park in central Haugesund with the erection of a statue of Harald Fairhair ... the performance of a Harald musical ... the building of ‘the largest’ Viking ship in the world ... the establishment of a theme park based on the Viking concept, and a historic centre where the mythology of King Harald is disseminated ... The main initiators behind these commemorative projects in the Haugesund region today are, as it was in the 1870s, local commercial entrepreneurs who are nourished by local patriotism.

1403:. Gretti's great-grandfather Önundr Wood-foot is said to be one of many people that fled Norway after fighting for king Kjotvi the Rich and Thorir Haklang in the battle of Hafrsfjord. The saga describes how Harald and his elite Úlfhèðnar warriors (famously mentioned in Hrafnsmál) fought and killed Thorir Haklang when he went berserk. Önundr got his name after his leg was crushed beneath the knee by the prow of one of the king's ships and he had to walk on a wooden pegleg for the rest of his life. 1537:

islands of the Viking refugees of from Harald's conquest of Norway that raided the coast. During the expedition Rognvald's son Ivar was killed so Harald gave governorship of the islands to him. Rognvald wanted to stay in his home in Møre so he passed the jarlship of the Islands to his brother Sigurd. The saga is informed by the Norwegian politics of the day. Once, historians could write that no-one denied the reality of Harald Fairhair's expeditions to the west (recounted in detail in the

1618: 620:, an area which the medieval Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson associated with Harald, and which was a centre of power in the ninth century. In the skaldic poetry (which is generally considered authentic ninth-century work by linguists) the estates mentioned match a convenient network of estates with about a day's traveling distance between them, which would be ideal for a king ruling in Vestlandet, but not all of Norway. This reading could be consistent with the 38: 348:, Harald has become a national icon of Norway and a symbol of independence. Though the king's sagas and medieval accounts have been critically scrutinised during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Harald maintains a reputation as the father of the Norwegian nation. At the turn of the 21st century, a few historians have tried to argue that Harald Fairhair did not exist as a historical figure. 1711: 759:, notes that Iceland was settled during his lifetime. Harald is thus depicted as the prime cause of the Norse settlement of Iceland and beyond. Iceland was settled by "malcontents" from Norway, who resented Harald's claim of rights of taxation over lands, which the possessors appear to have previously held in absolute ownership. It is the earliest non-skaldic account of Harald to use the nickname 3225: 1228:, but had the Norwegian king stay in the newly constructed and sumptuous one, because he was the youngest one of the kings and the one who had the greatest prospects. The older Swedish king, on the other hand, had to stay in the old feasting hall. The Swedish king was so humiliated that he killed Áki. Harald drove Erik Eymundsson out of Värmland and inserted Áki's son Ubbi ( 1992: 897:. Harald's rule is said to have lasted for 73 years and his nickname derived from his beautiful hair. Notably, Harald is here described as being the first to rule the entire coastal region of Norway, as opposed to all of Norway. The interior is described to as having been ruled by petty kings, however, it is said that Harald as good as ruled this region as well. 671:. There does not exist a complete copy of the poem, and modern editions of the poem are based on the compilation of the segments. Through dating of the parts as well as the meter is consistent, they may be separate compositions but scholarly consensus is indecisive. Part of the poem is cited by Snorri in Heimskringla as a source for his narrative of the 862:-woman. She is described as having died three years after their marriage with Harald mourning for her, but the people mourning for him, considering him bewitched. Eirik is said to have succeeded Harald, ruling for five years, with two as a co-ruler with his father. Hákon eventually supplanted the cruel and oppressive rule of Eirik and his wife 632:'s description of the battle of Hafrsfjord suggest that Harald was attacked by "eastern" enemies that were routed and fled back east. He proposes that the battle was not part of a war of conquest but Harald defending his own territory from invaders. This idea offers a very different reading of the poem where its references to the 515:. The second poem relates a series of battles won by a king called Harald. However, the information supplied in these poems is inconsistent with the tales in the sagas in which they are transmitted, and the sagas themselves often disagree on the details of his background and biography. Meanwhile, the most reliable manuscripts of 908:" and is Harald's second son, not his youngest. This account of Hákon suggest that he did not accept Christianity. Like the later Heimskringla, Ragnvald Rettilbeine is described as killed on Harald's orders. In Heimskringla he is burned alive by Eirik Bloodaxe, while Historia Norwegiæ describes Ragnvald as being drowned. 2845: 2709: 2061:

today, King Harald Fairhair is associated with several archaeological sites where modern monuments and theme parks (obelisks, towers, sculptures, ‘reconstructions’ of ancient houses/villages) are constructed and where various commemorative practices (jubilees, rallies, festivals) are being performed.

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According to the saga sources, the latter part of Harald's reign was disturbed by the strife of his many sons. The number of sons he left varies in the different saga accounts, from 11 to 20. Twelve of his sons are named as kings, two of them ruled over the whole of Norway. He gave them all the royal

1519:

Harald's conquest of Norway is described. The saga's initial protagonist Ingimundr recognises that Harald will prevail at Hafrfjord and arranges a meeting with Harald, Ragnvald Mörejarl and their ulfhednar-warriors. Ingimundr offers his loyalty to Harald which Harald graciously accepts, but Ingimundr

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and then south along the coast Harald subdued many petty kings. Snorri credits his success to excellent leadership by him and his uncle Guthorm, as well as military reforms and his hard tax policy. The taxes demanded by Harald were much higher than other kings and a third of the revenues where given

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is a praise poem attributed to Þorbjörn Hornklofi about various battles won by Harald. It is dated to the late 9th century, but an exact dating is difficult and due to its fragmentary presentation it may be a compilation of unrelated stanzas. Unlike Hrafnsmál its relation to Harald and the events it

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share Snorri Sturluson as author, or at least share a common source. Given the difference in attitude to the royal family and information regarding Erik Bloodaxe's family, the latter seems more likely. Through the name Harald Fairhair appears, he is mostly irreverently referred to as Haraldr lúfa.

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has suggested that the idea of Iceland being settled by people fleeing an overbearing Norwegian monarch actually reflects the anxieties of Iceland in the early thirteenth century, when the island was indeed coming under Norwegian dominance. He has also suggested that the legend of Harald Fairhair

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and the northern European mainland. However, his opponents' leaving was not entirely voluntary. Many Norwegian chieftains who were wealthy and respected posed a threat to Harald; therefore, they were subjected to much harassment from Harald, prompting them to vacate the land. At last, Harald was

1536:

likely dates to in the early thirteenth century and belongs to belongs to the genre of "Kings’ Sagas" within Icelandic saga literature, a group of histories of the kings of Norway. It describes in more detail the expedition of Harald Fairhair and Rognvald Mørejarl on an expedition to clear the

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clearly states that the two were married. Harald's further marriages are described as is his rejections of them and his various concubines in favor of Ragnhild the Mighty. The Þáttr concludes with a description of the fates of Harald's various sons, including Thorgils' and Frodi's career as

1683:, a person above the age of 80 was not allowed to make financial decisions or decisions about inheritance. This co-rulership likely reflected similar laws and would also been way for Harald to force his intended succession. Harald died three years later due to old age in approximately 933. 968:

and gave him part of Atli's fief. Atli defended his old area with violence and both of the jarls were killed. Harald proclaimed he would not cut his hair until having become overlord of Norway and earning tribute from every inland valley and outlying headland, earning him the nickname

1198:(concubine) of Harald after her father Eirik of Hordaland had been killed in battle by Harald's followers. Harald is said to have divorced Åsa and rejected Gyda and several other concubines to marry a Jutish princess called Ragnhild the Mighty. The couple only had one child, 1543:), but this is no longer the case. Thomson (2008) writes that Harald's "great voyage is so thoroughly ingrained in popular and scholarly history, both ancient and modern, that it comes as a bit of a shock to realise that it might not be true." The Norwegian contest with the 624:'s account. While it is possible that Harald could have controlled other areas through jarls and client kings, this is difficult to prove with available archeology. Krag has noted that Snorri's account of Harald's origin in Vestfold might have been propaganda as the area of 742:

in the text). However, consensus is that the exact dating is uncertain. It has been suggested that the poem refers to past events, which would mean the poet lived in a later time than the events described in the poem. Linguistic dating of the poem has not been successful.

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began to cast doubt on this in 1976, and the decades around 2000 saw a wave of revisionist research that suggested that Harald Fairhair did not exist, or at least not in a way resembling his appearance in sagas. The key arguments for this are as follows:

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title and assigned lands to them, which they were to govern as his representatives; but this arrangement did not put an end to the discord, which continued into the next reign. When he grew old, Harald handed over the supreme power to his favourite son

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unscathed narrative in the sense that in the 21st century both are "true" in a completary, non-completive way. As unifier of the kingdom, Harald rests under a 'Viking' memorial site of burial mounds and memorial stones near his royal court at

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have issues with the traditional dating of the saga events. The marriage of Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye and Blaeja could not have occurred earlier than 867, which would put the dating Harald's ascension to kingship of Norway in 872 into question.

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Although Harald Fairhair appears in diverse Icelandic sagas, few if any of these are independent sources. It is plausible that all these were participating in a shared textual tradition begun by the earliest Icelandic prose account of Harald,

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and suggests two conflicting stories of Harald's ancestry being combined into one. Harald Fairhair is said to have inherited Halfdan's lands at a young age after the king drowned in the lake Rǫnd in Rykinsvik. The text then sites the poem

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Chapter 3 and 4 tells of Harald's conquest of Norway. It repeats Snorri's story of Harald's vow not to cut his hair until he had become king of all of Norway, but no mention is made of Gyda. Harald is said to have first conquered the

730:(Jorunn the skaldmaiden), one of few female poets mentioned in the sagas. It deals with a conflict between Harald and his son Halfdan, identified in Heimskringla as Halfdan the Black (the Younger), Harald's son by Åsa Håkonsdottir. 341:, none of them older than the twelfth century. Their accounts of Harald and his life differ on many points, but it is clear that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Harald was regarded as having unified Norway into one kingdom. 1581:, literary "Harald Fairhair's Þáttr". The first chapter describes Harald's ascension to the throne at the age of sixteen, in contrast to other accounts which gives the age of ten. He is here given the otherwise unknown nickname " 2939:

Judith Jesch 2012, ‘(Introduction to) Jórunn skáldmær, Sendibítr’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p.

694:. The bulk of the poem seems to describe the Battle of Hafrsfjord, were Harald faced off against Kjotve the Rich and Hakláng. The poem mentions Ragnhild, who in Heimskringla is presented as Harald's queen and mother of 1499:. In old Norse society, the ancestry of both parents was considered of imperance for the status of a person. The saga relates the conflict between Atli the Slender and Håkon Grjotgardsson and their deaths. Håkon's son 526:

Sources from the British Isles which are independent of the Icelandic saga-tradition (and partly of each other), and are mostly earlier than the sagas, do attest to a king whose name corresponds to the Old Norse name

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the antagonist Vikings Thordur and Eirikur are refugees from Harald's conquest in Norway. Thordur is particularly paranoid about Harald's retainers following him to Iceland, which the protagonist Gestur uses against

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began with the explicit intention of developing the local heritage industry in relation to the Harald Fairhair brand, provoking a prominent debate in Norway over the appropriate handling of archaeological heritage.

1728:, a place for slain warriors, kings, and Germanic heroes. Only the following five names of sons can be confirmed from skaldic poems (with saga claims in parentheses), while the full number of sons remains unknown: 2311:

It is uncertain if Västra Götaland was part of the early Swedish kingdom at this point. In Snorri's time it was, and Snorri might have connected the episodes to each other based on the borders of his own

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Fairhair (Viking Kings of Norway #1) - A Viking historical fiction about the boy who set out to be the first king of Norway. Written by Ole Åsli and Tony Bakkejord (expected publication: 1 November 2022).

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tend to accept Harald's existence, while remaining skeptical regarding the saga accounts. In 2015, Hans Jacob Orning, building on then-recent archaeology and Krag's work, argued that Harald was based in

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makes no mention of Blaeja and states that Ragnhild Sigurdsdotter was Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye's daughter and not his great-granddaughter, which seems more plausible in regards to the dating of events.

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Harald is mentioned in several sagas, some which quotes supposedly older skaldic poetry. If the linguistic dating of the poems are correct, they represent the earliest accounts of Harald Fairhair.

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According to Peter H. Sawyer, this expedition probably never took place, cf. "Harald Fairhair and the British Isles", in "Les Vikings et leurs civilisation", ed. R. Boyer (Paris, 1976), pp. 105–09

2012:, when he served as 'a heroic narrative character disseminating a foundation story of Norway becoming an independent nation'. In particular, a national monument to Harald was erected in 1872 on 1551:

and the Isle of Man in the mid 13th century is the backdrop to the saga writer's intentions and in part at least the sagas aim to legitimise Norwegian claims to both the Northern Isles and the

931:, and his parents Halfdan the Black and Ragnhildr. The text also describes Halfdan having another son called Harald by another woman named Ragnhildr, daughter of the king Harald Goldbeard of 893:-dynasty from the legendary king Ingvi as Harald's ancestors and Halfdan the Black was his father. Halfdan is here described as ruling a mountainous region of Norway and having drowned in 1018:(written around 1230), which is the most elaborate although not the oldest or most reliable source to the life of Harald, it is written that Harald succeeded, on the death of his father 935:. Halfdan's first Harald inherited Sogn after the death of Harald Goldbeard, and then died himself. Halfdan then inherited Sogn from his first son. The story is repeated by Snorri in 923:

is thought to have been written around 1220 and is a catalogue of the kings of Norway. The first part describes Harald Fairhair's birth ancestry in form of his paternal grandfather

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Hrafnsmál largely consists of a conversation between an unnamed valkyrie and a raven; the two discuss the life and martial deeds of Harald Fairhair. The poem describes Harald as an

2089:, a character broadly based on Harald (named Harald Finehair in the series) appears in seasons 4-6 (2016-2020) as one of the main protagonists and is portrayed by Finnish actor 436:, who does seem partly to correspond to a historical figure, as the son of Harald Fairhair, no independent evidence supports this genealogical connection. The twelfth-century 2028:

His compelling narrative has survived scholarly scrutiny almost unscathed - or rather, professional historical knowledge based on a century of source criticism coexists with

507:, they might have been transmitted orally (as the sagas claim) from the tenth century. The first describes life at the court of a king called Harald, mentions that he took a 575:

Scholarly consensus on Harald's historicity now falls into two camps. One suggests that the medieval Icelandic and Norwegian historiography of Harald Fairhair is part of an

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of Trondheim who allied with Harald and married off his daughter Åsa to him. Harald established the royal estate of Hlade in Trondheim and Håkon became the first of the

1447:, who according to the saga was the great-granddaughter of Sigurd through her mother Inibjorg and he grandmother Aslaug. This story is the same as in Snorri's earlier 403:

Through the nineteenth and most of the twentieth centuries, historians broadly accepted the account of Harald Fairhair given by later Icelandic sagas. However,

1333:. When Herlaug heard Harald was coming he committed suicide by closing himself into a mound with 12 men. Hrollaug renounced his kingship and took the title of 3409: 988:

The text then described Harald's various sons, describing Eirik Bloodaxe as his most beloved and one of his oldest. Harald named Eirik his heir and died in

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Jakobsson, Sverrir, "Erindringen om en mægtig personlighed: den norsk-islandske historiske tradisjon om Harald Hårfagre i et kildekristisk perspektiv",

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in stanza 1, but theses are considered the more unreliable transcripts and in the best transcripts the stanza is slightly different, with no mention of

1982:

Ingebjørg Haraldsdotter (Lade, Trondheim, c. 865 - 920), married Halvdan Jarl (c. 865 - 920), Finnmarksjarl, and had issue through an only daughter

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is suspicious of the king and he and his friend Sæmundr emigrate to Iceland. Harald wins an extrodinary victory at Hafrfjord and makes Ragnvald a jarl.

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There is no contemporary support for the claims of later sagas about Harald Fairhair. The first king of Norway recorded in near-contemporary sources is

387:', whereas the Old Norse fairly clearly means 'beautiful-haired' (in contrast to the epithet which, according to some sources, Haraldr previously bore: 846:

becoming kings. In this account, Eirik is described as Harald's eldest son and Hakon as the youngest. Only one of Harald's wives/concubines is named,

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was disputed between the Norwegian and Danish crown in the thirteenth century. Krag points of that Othere describes Viken as Danish territory and

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Edith Marold with the assistance of Vivian Busch, Jana Krüger, Ann-Dörte Kyas and Katharina Seidel, translated from German by John Foulks 2012, ‘

1361:. Four sons of Harald are mentioned in the saga: Eirikr Bloodaxe (one of the saga's major antagonists), Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri (otherwise called 981:

and Haklang. After this battle, all of Norway is said to paid tribute to Harald. Ragnvald jarl then cut Harald's hair and gave him the nickname

838:. He is described to as having waged wars for 10 years before having conquered all of Norway. He is said to have had 20 children, but that only 640:) might have originally meant referred to the leader of the Norwegians in the battle, but later recontextualised as the lord of all Norwegians. 607:. The legend of this Harald later grew into the figure of medieval tradition. Historians who accept the early dating of skaldic poetry such as 3312: 2379: 2344: 2127: 2045:

has been regarded as the keystone in the unification of the realm ever since Snorri. Harald Fairhair will always be the first king of Norway.

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is dated to about 1190. Here Harald is described as having become the first king of all of Norway at the age of 20. It describes a battle in

2974: 2196:, Fjölnir said to have driven into exile by Harald of Norway. The film is set between in 895, making it a clear allusion to Harald Fairhair. 603:

One possibility advanced is that Harald Fairhair was based on a historical king called Harald, perhaps also known as "hárfagri", who ruled

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Vries, Jan de. 1964-7. Altnordische Literaturgeschichte. 2 vols. 2nd edn. Grundriss der germanischen Philologie 15-16. Berlin: de Gruyter.

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Gísli Sigurðsson, 'Constructing a Past to Suit the Present: Sturla Þórðarson on Conflicts and Alliances with King Haraldr hárfagri', in

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P. H. Sawyer, "Harald Fairhair and the British Isles", in "Les Vikings et leurs civilisation", ed. R. Boyer (Paris, 1976), pp. 105–09.

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Rüdiger, Jan, "All the King's Women: Polygyny and Politics in Europe, 900–1250", Translated by Tim Barnwell. Brill, Boston 2020 p.24.

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as 'the fine-haired' or 'fine-hair' (which, however, unhelpfully implies that Haraldr's hair was thinning) or even 'handsome-hair'.

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after they together defeated the petty kings there. The saga then relates the story of the brothers Herlaug and Hrollaug, kings of

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Brunaǫld, haugsǫld, kirkjuǫld: Untersuchungen zu den archäologisch uberprufbaren Aussagen in der Heimskringla des Snorri Sturluson

3402: 866:. Hákon is said to be a Christian, but swayed from Christianity due to his unnamed pagan wife and his will to please his people. 2671: 1850:, "Thore/Tore den Tause" ("the Silent") Ragnvaldsson (c. 862 - Giske, Møre og Romsdal, a. 935), Jarl av Møre, and had issue 1111:. Snorri describes Rognvald as Harald's closest friend and the one to coin the name "Fairhair". Harald is said to have fathered 3886: 345: 1154:. His realm was, however, threatened by dangers from without, as large numbers of his opponents had taken refuge, not only in 445: 4062: 3267: 3094: 1686:

Harald Harfager was commonly stated to have been buried under a mound at Haugar by the Strait of Karmsund near the church in

886: 1103:, a family which would be one of the dominating forces in Norway for the next 150 years. Harald's third principal ally was 795:, a story also told by Snorri in Heimskringla, and that Harald became king afterwards. He is said to have taken control of 734:

dates this poem to the late 10th century. If the dating is correct, it is the first instance of Harald having the epithet "

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instead. Harald accepted Hrollaug's surrender and allowed him to rule Namdalen in his name. This story is also present in

1203: 1147: 2466: 1423:) mentions Harald Fairhair in chapter 18 as the great-great-grandson of Sigurd Hart through his daughter Aslaug, her son 1345:

were in his grasp. The saga then related how Harald did battle with the combined forces of kings Audbjörn of Firðafylki,

1030:, which had come into his father's hands through conquest and inheritance. His protector-regent was his mother's brother 2020:

then imagined to be Harald Finehair's burial place, despite opposition from left-wing politicians. The German historian

1822: 1679:, whom he intended to be his successor. Eirik I ruled side by side with his father when Harald was 80 years old. In the 371:

is a form, is trickier to render, since it means 'fair, fine, beautiful' (but without the moral associations of English

176: 2827:, ed. by Pernille Hermann, Stephen A. Mitchell, and Agnes S. Arnórsdóttir, AS 4 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2014), pp. 175–96 2008:

Harald Fairhair became an important figure in Norwegian nationalism in the nineteenth century, during its struggle for

1053:. She said she refused to marry Harald "before he was king over all of Norway". Harald was therefore induced to take a 3395: 2871: 2798:

Judith Jesch, 'Norse Historical Traditions and Historia Gruffud vab Kenan: Magnus Berfoettr and Haraldr Harfagri', in

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Judith Jesch, 'Norse Historical Traditions and Historia Gruffud vab Kenan: Magnus Berfoettr and Haraldr Harfagri', in

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Judith Jesch, 'Norse Historical Traditions and Historia Gruffud vab Kenan: Magnus Berfoettr and Haraldr Harfagri', in

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While the various sagas name anywhere from 11 to 20 sons of Harald in various contexts, the contemporary skaldic poem

1694:. The area near Karmsund was the traditional burial site for several early Norwegian rulers. The national monument of 1116: 191: 2628:

Sverrir Jakobsson, 'Yfirstéttarmenning eða þjóðmenning? Um þjóðsögur og heimildargildi í íslenskum miðaldaritum', in

1931: 1183: 847: 148: 1206:. When Bjørn Farmann was killed in a conflict with Eirik, Harald stepped in on Eirik's side against his other sons. 600:, to claim that their ancestors had had a right to Norway by lineal descent from the country's supposed first king. 4057: 3418: 1600:, through in less detail. Following this Harald's marriage to Gyda is described and his conquest of Norway. Unlike 1487:

is traditionally thought of as a 14th-century work and repeats the story of Harald Fairhair's ancestry as told in

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The claim to Harald has become important to the development of the tourism industry of Haugesund and its region:

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King Æthelstan in the English, Continental and Scandinavian Traditions of the Tenth to the Thirteenth Centuries

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s Viking Conquest expansion Harald (as Harald Halfdansson) appears as the faction leader of Northvegr (Norway).

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As Harald's sons came of age their unruly behavior became a source of instability in Norway. Snæfrith's sons

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of England (d. 939), which is consistent with later saga-traditions in which Harald Fairhair fostered a son,

3989: 3840: 3825: 3820: 3805: 3800: 3757: 3502: 2173: 1967: 1847: 1439: 1424: 1256: 1050: 1008: 928: 784: 675:, while another is cited in Fagrskinna as information about Harald. Both credits Hornklofi as the composer. 523:

offers no epithet at all. All the poems suggest is that there was once a king called Haraldr (Hálfdanarson).

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is something of a love story. It begins with a marriage proposal that resulted in rejection and scorn from

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includes a brief narrative of Harald and his background. Harald is here described as the great-grandson of

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a far from uncommon name for a Scandinavian character, and William does not give this Harald the epithet

3752: 3725: 2206: 1592:). Harald's maternal uncle Guthormr is described as his duke and most important ally. Harald's war with 1042: 580: 571:('Haraldum Harfagyr', later twelfth century, though this may refer to two different kings by this name). 550: 537: 437: 1959: 1828: 1237: 1213:

constructed for important feasts when Scandinavian royalty was invited. The Värmlandish chieftain Áki (

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to his jarls. This made jarls and rich farmers flock to his cause to enrich themself. One of these was

881:, which is dated to about 1220, mentions that Iceland was discovered in the time of Harald Fairhair by 612: 535:(d. 1066, often known in modern English as Harald Hardrada). These sources include manuscript D of the 470:. Dating from the early twelfth century, this was written over 250 years after Harald's supposed death. 337:

set down in writing around three centuries after his lifetime. His life is described in several of the

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and Gudrød was brought to justice by Harald. The estates in Møre are returned to Rognvald's other son

503:, and are according to the sagas about Harald Fairhair. Although only preserved in thirteenth-century 4032: 4027: 3637: 3610: 2151: 2098: 2042: 1699: 1667: 1552: 1131: 1104: 924: 877: 672: 555: 1617: 3585: 3580: 3555: 2289:

The historicity of the nickname and the anecdote around it is considered suspect by some scholars.

1593: 882: 142: 3770: 1296:, though its depiction of Harald and his family is much more negative. It has been suggested that 755: 466: 3691: 3627: 3565: 3560: 2982: 2814:, ed. and trans. by Paul Russell (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2005), pp. 54-57 (chs 4-5). 2350: 2261: 2243: 2230: 2142: 2021: 1867: 1807: 1746: 1175:

forced to make an expedition to the West, to clear the islands and the Scottish mainland of some

1067:) of Norway, and when he was justified in trimming it ten years later, he exchanged the epithet " 851: 625: 315: 269: 171: 3295:

Raffensperger, Christian, "Shared (Hi)Stories: Vladimir of Rus' and Harald Fairhair of Norway,"

2772: 1657: 1350: 1108: 799:

from Atli jarl due to him never paying taxes. This happened before Harald's conquest of Norway.

592:

developed in the twelfth century to enable Norwegian kings, who were then promoting the idea of

479: 3073: 977:. Harald is said to have fought many battles, including a decisive battle in Hafrfjord against 787:

through his daughter Áslaug, her son Sigurd Hart and his daughter Ragnhild. The text describes

37: 3916: 3730: 3671: 3643: 3595: 3514: 3484: 3308: 3263: 3139: 3090: 2375: 2340: 2136: 1885: 1836: 1676: 1515: 1500: 1483: 1379: 1276:

The account describes Hákon the good as Harald's youngest son, through a servant named Thora.

1124: 1046: 1019: 788: 779: 731: 597: 588: 568: 546: 461: 249: 155: 1314: 698:, as well as the following of ulfheðnar warriors that the saga tradition ascribes to Harald. 667:, is a fragmentary skaldic poem generally accepted as being written by the 9th-century skald 3911: 3660: 3649: 3632: 3508: 3478: 3472: 3330: 2853: 2828: 2717: 2524: 2499: 2251: 2109: 2090: 2029: 1938: 1899: 1877: 1772: 1750: 1244: 1229: 1214: 1167: 1163: 1112: 945: 425: 413: 239: 196: 20: 3279:

by Angelo Forte, Richard Oram and Frederik Pedersen (Cambridge University Press. June 2005)

1720: 1059: 3681: 3605: 3570: 3550: 3545: 3526: 3496: 3490: 3467: 2516: 2041:, precisely the region that first caught his attention in Gyda, and whose conquest at the 1971: 1950: 1903: 1680: 1532: 1306: 1265: 1225: 1139: 1120: 1087: 978: 542: 416:(d. c. 985/986), who is claimed to be the king not only of Denmark but also Norway on the 323: 201: 3052: 2846:

The Early Kings of Norway, the Issue of Agnatic Succession, and the Settlement of Iceland

2710:

The Early Kings of Norway, the Issue of Agnatic Succession, and the Settlement of Iceland

2121: 1569: 1560: 504: 338: 44: 1503:

advised Harald to kill Atli's son Hallstein which lead to Hallstein's exile in Iceland.

3532: 3369: 2558: 2517:

Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow: Hair Loss, the Tonsure, and Masculinity in Medieval Iceland

2038: 1631: 1544: 1437:

Harald's maternal ancestry is elaborated upon in the final chapter of the 14th century

1288: 1247:

and Gudrød Ljome burned Rognvald jarl alive in his hall and took his lands in More and

1199: 1191: 1159: 901: 859: 843: 839: 695: 604: 429: 417: 54: 1790:

The full list of sons (and partial list of daughters) according to Snorri Sturluson's

432:

written in 1075 record no King of Norway for the relevant period. Although sagas have

4016: 3741: 3462: 3379: 3236: 3231: 2503: 2013: 1996: 1732: 1695: 1663: 1342: 1171: 1100: 1075: 944:

at length as an example of Harald's nobility and prowess in battle. Harald appointed

593: 474: 433: 319: 206: 186: 127: 72: 2657:

Clare Downham, "Eric Bloodaxe – axed? The Mystery of the Last Viking King of York",

456:, whereas he does give that epithet to the later Norwegian king Haraldr Sigurðarson. 329:

Much of Harald's biography is uncertain. A couple of praise poems by his court poet

3906: 3705: 3590: 2192: 1954: 1792: 1758: 1539: 1399: 1031: 1014: 792: 2371:

Between History and Myth: Stories of Harald Fairhair and the Founding of the State

1817: 1710: 1326: 1143: 1068: 904:

as the oldest son of Harald, unlike in Heimskringla. Hákon is not referred to as "

709: 659: 629: 491: 485: 441: 3133: 2761:. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 73 ff. 2744:. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 91 ff. 2369: 2612: 2570:

Claus Krag, 'Norge som odel i Harald Hårfagres ætt. Et møte med en gjenganger',

1946: 1942: 1647: 1574: 1354: 1252: 1079: 576: 519:

call the poem's honorand Haraldr Hálfdanarson rather than Haraldr hárfagri, and

2689: 2528: 2400: 1724:

says that Harald's son Håkon would meet only "eight brothers" when arriving in

1090:(whose historicity is not confirmed). Marching up through the Uplands and into 3959: 3921: 2857: 2721: 2646:

A Foundation Myth of Iceland: Reflections on the tradition of Haraldr hárfagri

2485:, edited by K. L. Maund (Cambridge: Boydell, 1996), pp. 117–47 (p. 139 n. 62). 2433:, 2nd edn by William A. Craigie (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957), s.v. 2416:, 2nd edn by William A. Craigie (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957), s.v. 1895: 1811: 1023: 919: 894: 608: 512: 3253:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 934–935. 2832: 1964:

Ragnvald Rettilbeine Haraldsson, murdered by Eirik Blodøks on Harald's orders

3686: 3666: 3654: 3622: 3600: 2802:, edited by K. L. Maund (Cambridge: Boydell, 1996), pp. 117–47 (pp. 139–47). 2600:, edited by K. L. Maund (Cambridge: Boydell, 1996), pp. 117–47 (pp. 137–47). 2067: 2034: 2017: 1691: 1687: 1310: 1273:, in a position where Harald could prevent him from similar transgressions. 1210: 1151: 1135: 1091: 993: 965: 281: 131: 92: 2632:, ed. by Baldur Hafstað og Haraldur Bessason (Reykjavík, 2002), pp. 449–61. 2469:' (unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2015), pp. 39–40. 2354: 2334: 1991: 1187: 1071:" or "Tanglehair" (Haraldr lúfa) for the one by which he is usually known. 2451: 1026:, to the sovereignty of several small, and somewhat scattered kingdoms in 3969: 3926: 3676: 2238: 1881: 1863: 1725: 1548: 1330: 1260: 1182:

Snorri describes Harald's marriage to the daughter of Svási, here called

1119:

with Rognvald's sister Svanhild, ancestors of the famous Christian kings

1027: 989: 831: 753:

The earliest narrative source which mentions Harald, the twelfth-century

391:, '(thick) matted hair'). Accordingly, some translators prefer to render 112: 2812:

Vits Griffini Filii Conani: The Medieval Latin Life of Gruffydd ap Cynan

2165: 1740: 1736: 1358: 1176: 1155: 1035: 890: 835: 679: 541:('Harold Harfagera', under the year 1066) and the related histories by 508: 307: 234: 42:

Harald Fairhair (left) in an illustration from the fourteenth-century

3964: 3939: 3421: 3387: 1762: 1754: 1496: 1248: 1074:

In 866, Harald made the first of a series of conquests over the many

949: 303: 2674:' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds, 2014), pp. 255–73. 2645: 2146:, Harald Fairhair is a playable character during the 867 start date. 1142:, Harald found himself king over the whole country, ruling from his 333:

survive in fragments, but the extant accounts of his life come from

3230:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2048: 1990: 1709: 1616: 1587: 384: 2494:

E.g. Margaret Cormack, 'Fact and Fiction in the Icelandic Sagas,

2339:. Vol. 16. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 148. 1236:) as jarl. Harald is then said to have made a punitive raid into 3520: 3285:, Peter Sawyer, Editor (Oxford University Press, September 2001) 1492: 1334: 1270: 1221: 1083: 932: 796: 617: 334: 96: 3391: 383:

in English as 'fair-hair(ed)', in English 'fair-haired' means '

2759:

Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035

2742:

Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035

2716:, 47 (2016), 171–88 (pp. 1–18 in open-access text, at p. 7); 2177:

as the reason why the main characters are fleeing from Norway.

1054: 2617:

Kings' Sagas and Norwegian History: Problems and Perspectives

440:

does describe a Norwegian king called Haraldus visiting King

1846:(Rogaland, 875 - Giske, Møre og Romsdal, 935), married 726:, the last and shortest poem Snorri quotes is attributed to 2921:

Naumann, Hans-Peter. 1998. ‘Glymdrápa’. In RGA, 12, 238-40.

2477: 2475: 1690:, an area that later would be named the town and municipal 1321:

where it is said that Harald made a marriage alliance with

1251:. Halfdan Long-Legs was killed on Orkney by Rognvald's son 952:, but that the two fell out. In this time Harald meet jarl 302:) was a Norwegian king. According to traditions current in 2619:, The Northern World, 54 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), pp. 66–70. 2553:

P. H. Sawyer, 'Harald Fairhair and the British Isles', in

1038:-dynasty, whose history is described earlier in the work. 587:

was transferred to a fictitious early king of all Norway.

363:

translates straightforwardly into English as 'hair', but

2113:

has a song dedicated to Harald Fairhair, from the album

2066:

In 2013, commercially led archaeological excavations at

379:). Although it is convenient and conventional to render 3138:(7th, 2009 ed.). Univ of Texas Press. p. 84. 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2690:

Var Haraldur hárfagri bara uppspuni Snorra Sturlusonar?

2125:, a symphonic metal band from Germany, wrote the album 420:. The late ninth-century account of Norway provided by 310:

in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, he reigned from

3203:

Branding local heritage and popularising a remote past

3186:

Branding local heritage and popularising a remote past

3160:

Branding local heritage and popularising a remote past

2732: 2730: 2555:

les Vikings et leur civilisation: problèmes actuelles

1082:

in Sweden, which had sworn allegiance to the Swedish

2608: 2606: 1259:

who was given Harald's daughter Ålov in marriage as

1220:) invited both king Harald Fairhair and the Swedish 713:

supposedly relates to in Heimskringla is ambiguous.

499:

or alternatively (in the case of the first poem) to

326:, succeeded Harald to become kings after his death. 19:"Fairhair" redirects here. For the royal house, see 3953: 3938: 3900: 3885: 3867: 3852: 3784: 3769: 3719: 3704: 3450: 3428: 2825:

Minni and Muninn: Memory in Medieval Nordic Culture

2293:, pp. 122–123, citing Moe (1926), pp. 134–140. 1873:Children with Svanhild, daughter of Øystein Jarl: 1397:, Harald's conquest of Norway sets off the plot of 1123:(named after his grandfather Olav Geirstadalv) and 265: 255: 245: 233: 219: 154: 138: 122: 102: 82: 78: 68: 60: 53: 30: 3074:Heimskringla, The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway 1640: Petty kingdoms assigned to Harald's kinsmen. 473:The saga evidence is potentially pre-dated by two 2640: 2638: 2149:Harald Fairhair is mentioned in the manga series 1913:Children with Åshild, daughter of Ring Dagsson: 448:, on Æthelstan. But William is a late source and 2981:, vol. 108, pp. 122–23, archived from 1884:and reputed great-grandfather of Norwegian king 3205:: The example of Haugesund in Western Norway', 3188:: The example of Haugesund in Western Norway', 3162:: The example of Haugesund in Western Norway', 2630:Úr manna minnum: Greinar um íslenskar þjóðsögur 2255: 1491:, and elaborates back to Sigurd Fafnisbani and 690:), but uses his widely cited previous nickname 1292:presents a broadly similar account to that of 3403: 3283:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 1898:, later also Vestfold, and reputed father of 1596:and his neighboring kings is described as in 1369:(whose name is otherwise usually rendered as 1209:There are several accounts of large feasting 1078:which would compose all of Norway, including 531:—but they use this name of the well attested 8: 3135:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway 2800:Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography 2738:Þorbjǫrn hornklofi, Haraldskvæði (Hrafnsmál) 2598:Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography 2483:Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography 1263:. A variation of this story also appears in 1158:, then recently discovered; but also in the 2273:Some transcripts does include a mention of 1186:, but in his account they are described as 1057:not to cut nor comb his hair until he was " 1034:. He is described as the descendant of the 3950: 3897: 3864: 3781: 3716: 3447: 3410: 3396: 3388: 3321: 1269:. Afterwards, Gudrød was kept in Harald's 346:Norway was in a personal union with Sweden 36: 27: 3111:"Ålov Årbot (Haraldsdotter) (Ólöf árbót)" 2016:, an ancient burial mound at the town of 1862:Torgils Haraldsson – identified as " 822:) against a king called Skeithar-Brandr ( 3207:AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 3190:AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 3164:AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 3023: 2960: 2429:Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson, 2412:Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson, 2171:He's briefly mentioned in the 2014 film 889:. The work describes the history of the 3035: 3011: 2975:"Nicknames and Narratives in the Sagas" 2896:Orning, Hans Jacob (25 November 2015). 2870:Orning, Hans Jacob (25 November 2015). 2325: 2223: 1698:was raised in 1872, to commemorate the 1662:Not shown: the domains of the jarls of 1443:. Harald's mother is said to have been 682:, but does not use his famous nickname 549:('Harvagra', s.aa. 1066 and 1098), and 2290: 2237: 2180:In the 2010 video-game expansion pack 1373:). The saga renders Harald's title as 216: 2872:"Harald Hårfagre – en vestlandskonge" 2704: 2702: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2448:A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic 2396:A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic 2260: 1941:or "Long-Leg", was executed with the 1702:which is traditionally dated to 872. 791:'s death by going through the ice on 7: 2336:Early state formation in Scandinavia 2155:as the tyrannical unifier of Norway. 1816:Halvdan Kvite (Haraldsson), king of 1421:Saga of Ragnar Lothbrok and his sons 1194:). Gyda is said to have been made a 559:, 'Harvagre', s.a. regarding 1066); 3049:"Heimskringla, by Snorri Sturluson" 1416:Ragnars saga loðbrókar ok sona hans 960:in the text) at a feast in Hladir ( 834:were as other sources calls him an 344:Since the nineteenth century, when 314: 872 to 930 and was the first 4073:People whose existence is disputed 3087:Vikingtid og rikssamling: 800–1130 2239:[ˈhɑrˌɑldrhinːˈhɑːrˌfɑɣre] 2053:Haraldshaugen Monument (June 2018) 1778:Halvdan, possibly two by that name 1714:Harald Haarfager later in his life 826:). The text quotes a poem called " 563:('Arbach', d. 1082/1083); and the 511:wife, and that he won a battle at 14: 2648:', 日本アイスランド学会会報 (2011), 30: 1–22. 1656: The domain of the jarls of 583:, perhaps in which a cognomen of 545:('Harafagh', re events in 1066), 3223: 2587:(Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1996). 2504:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00363.x 2450:(Oxford: Clarendon, 1910), s.v. 2398:(Oxford: Clarendon, 1910), s.v. 2262:[ˈhaːrˌaltʏrˈhaurˌfaɣrɪ] 495:, which have been attributed to 149:Snjófríthr/Snæfrithr Svásadottir 4048:10th-century Norwegian monarchs 3303:Thomson, William P. L. (2008). 2898:"Harald Hårfagre fra Vestfold?" 2431:An Icelandic-English Dictionary 2414:An Icelandic-English Dictionary 2374:. University of Chicago Press. 2131:about Harald and his conquests. 1995:The 1872 monument to Harald at 1934:, daughter of Svåse the Finn: 1799:Children with Åsa, daughter of 1735:(by Ragnhild Eiriksdotter from 992:from old age and was buried in 428:(about 890) and the history by 318:. Supposedly, two of his sons, 4043:9th-century Norwegian monarchs 3262:. Leicester University Press. 3209:, 1 (2014), 45–60 (pp. 54–55). 2498:, 5/1 (2007), 201–17 (p. 203) 1621:Harald I's division of Norway 830:" which describes Harald as a 1: 3349: 3339: 3258:Crawford, Barbara E. (1987). 2755:Þorbjǫrn hornklofi, Glymdrápa 1960:Gudröd the Radiant Haraldsson 1866:" in the (dates not correct) 1622: 1317:. This accounts differs from 1313:and become overlord over the 1240:, to weaken Erik Eymundsson. 1020:Halfdan the Black Gudrödarson 311: 296: 289: 107: 87: 2107:The German power-metal band 177:Halfdan Haraldsson the Black 3201:Torgrim Sneve Guttormsen, ' 3184:Torgrim Sneve Guttormsen, ' 3158:Torgrim Sneve Guttormsen, ' 2542:I Am from Iceland: A Memoir 1923:Gudrød Skirja Haraldsdotter 1902:, father of Norwegian king 1892:Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf 1427:and his daughter Ragnhild. 1341:. After this, Namdalen and 1132:great victory at Hafrsfjord 811:Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum 804:Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum 192:Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf 4089: 4068:Orkneyinga saga characters 3192:, 1 (2014), 45–60 (p. 54). 3166:, 1 (2014), 45–60 (p. 47). 2979:Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi 2529:10.5406/scanstud.85.1.0001 2523:, 85 (2013), 1–19 (p. 5), 2161:Assassin's Creed: Valhalla 161: 18: 3981: 3376: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3324: 3305:The New History of Orkney 2858:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.112357 2778:Norsk biografisk leksikon 2757:’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), 2740:’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), 2722:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.112357 2561:(Paris, 1976), pp. 105–9. 1939:Halfdan Halegg Haraldsson 1823:Halvdan Svarte Haraldsson 1179:who tried to hide there. 927:and maternal grandfather 596:over the older custom of 367:, the adjective of which 224: 215: 35: 3667:Magnus VI the Law-mender 2833:10.1484/M.AS-eb.1.101980 2183:Mount and Blade: Warband 2010:independence from Sweden 1909:Ragnar Rykkel Haraldsson 1844:Ålov Årbot Haraldsdotter 1646: The domain of the 1630: The domain of the 1051:Eirik, king of Hordaland 561:Marianus Scotus of Mainz 182:Álof árbót Haraldsdóttir 16:The first King of Norway 3940:III. Independent Norway 3623:Haakon II Broadshoulder 3299:, 68,4 (2009), 569–582. 3250:Encyclopædia Britannica 3132:Hollander, Lee (1964). 2515:E.g. Carl Phelpstead, ' 2368:Lincoln, Bruce (2014). 2234: 2174:Northmen: A Viking Saga 2083:In the television show 1926:Ingegjerd Haraldsdotter 1567:The fourteenth-century 1425:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 1286:The thirteenth-century 1009:Saga of Harald Fairhair 929:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 900:This account describes 785:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 579:created to explain the 3854:II. Independent Norway 3307:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 2973:Whaley, Diana (1993), 2852:, 47 (2016), 171–88; 2670:Angela Marion Smith, ' 2333:Bagge, Sverre (2009). 2256: 2247: 2064: 2054: 2047: 2000: 1970:(great-grandfather to 1968:Sigurd Rise Haraldsson 1715: 1671: 1579:Haralds þáttr hárfagra 1489:Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok 1445:Ragnhild Sigurdsdotter 1408:Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok 446:Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri 260:Ragnhild Sigurdsdotter 4063:Scandinavian Scotland 3638:Haakon III Sverresson 3611:Eystein II Haraldsson 3586:Sigurd I the Crusader 3435:Foreign and non-royal 3430:I. Independent Norway 3260:Scandinavian Scotland 3113:. Det Norske Samlaget 2659:Mediaeval Scandinavia 2235:Haraldr hinn hárfagri 2207:Unification of Norway 2059: 2052: 2026: 1994: 1932:Snæfrithr Svásadottir 1880:Haraldssøon, king of 1713: 1620: 1461:Hálfdanar saga svarta 1449:Hálfdanar saga svarta 1043:unification of Norway 887:Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson 850:, daughter of Svási ( 581:settlement of Iceland 551:William of Malmesbury 538:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 438:William of Malmesbury 3655:Haakon IV Haakonsson 3556:Magnus II Haraldsson 3443:monarchs in brackets 3292:, 81 (2002), 213–30. 3290:Historisk tidsskrift 3085:Krag, Claus (1995). 2844:Sverrir Jakobsson, ' 2708:Sverrir Jakobsson, ' 2696:(25 September 2006). 2688:Sverrir Jakobsson, ' 2574:, 3 (1989), 288–302. 2521:Scandinavian Studies 2099:When the Raven Flies 2043:Battle of Hafrsfjord 1801:Håkon Grjotgardssson 1700:Battle of Hafrsfjord 1553:Kingdom of the Isles 1279: 1204:burned in their hall 1105:Rognvald Eysteinsson 673:Battle of Hafrsfjord 638:lord of the northmen 556:Gesta regum Anglorum 529:Haraldr inn hárfagri 225:Haraldr Hálfdanarson 3874:Christian Frederick 3687:Haakon VI Magnusson 3682:Magnus VII Ericsson 3628:Magnus V Erlingsson 3596:Magnus IV the Blind 3581:Eystein I Magnusson 3571:Magnus III Barefoot 3551:Harald III Hardrada 3473:Harald II Greycloak 2773:"Harald 1 Hårfagre" 2661:, 14 (2004), 51–77. 2644:Sayaka Matsumoto, ' 2572:Historisk tidskrift 2544:(Lulu, 2010), p. 4. 2467:Old Norse Nicknames 2465:Paul R. Peterson, ' 2134:In the video games 1856:Sigtrygg Haraldsson 1831:, king of Trondheim 1825:, king of Trondheim 1632:High King of Norway 1594:Gandalf Alfgeirsson 1323:Håkon Grjotgardsson 1190:rather than finns ( 1097:Håkon Grjotgardsson 954:Håkon Grjotgardsson 585:Haraldr Sigurðarson 533:Haraldr Sigurðarson 352:Meaning of epithet 143:Ragnhild the Mighty 3692:Olaf IV Haakonsson 3677:Haakon V Magnusson 3644:Guttorm Sigurdsson 3566:Haakon Toresfostre 3297:The Russian Review 3089:. pp. 92–95. 2736:R. D. Fulk 2012, ‘ 2164:, a video game by 2158:Harald appears in 2143:Crusader Kings III 2055: 2001: 1987:In popular culture 1808:Guttorm Haraldsson 1716: 1672: 1455:, but contradicts 1049:, the daughter of 669:Þorbjörn Hornklofi 598:agnatic succession 501:Þjóðólfr of Hvinir 497:Þorbjörn hornklofi 331:Þorbjörn Hornklofi 172:Guttorm Haraldsson 64:putatively 872–930 4058:Founding monarchs 4010: 4009: 3977: 3976: 3934: 3933: 3887:Union with Sweden 3881: 3880: 3848: 3847: 3765: 3764: 3700: 3699: 3672:Eric II Magnusson 3633:Sverre Sigurdsson 3617:Magnus Haraldsson 3606:Inge I Haraldsson 3546:Magnus I the Good 3515:Olaf II the Saint 3503:Eiríkr Hákonarson 3491:Olaf I Tryggvason 3485:Haakon Sigurdsson 3468:Haakon I the Good 3458:Harald I Fairhair 3444: 3386: 3385: 3377:Succeeded by 3314:978-1-84158-696-0 2583:Alexandra Pesch, 2381:978-0-226-14092-6 2346:978-3-7001-6604-7 2257:Haraldur hárfagri 2190:In the 2022 film 2137:Crusader Kings II 2096:In the 1984 film 1978:Other children: 1837:Gyda Eiriksdottir 1829:Sigrød Haraldsson 1803:, Jarl av Lade: 1501:Sigurd Haakonsson 1465:Ragnarssona þáttr 1440:Ragnarssona þáttr 1432:Ragnarssona þáttr 1413:The 13th century 1257:Thorir the Silent 925:Gudrød the Hunter 878:Historia Norwegiæ 871:Historia Norwegiæ 789:Halfdan the Black 634:dróttin Norðmanna 622:Historia Norwegiæ 613:Hans Jacob Orning 589:Sverrir Jakobsson 569:Gruffydd ap Cynan 547:John of Worcester 275: 274: 250:Halfdan the Black 229: 228: 4080: 4053:Fairhair dynasty 3951: 3912:Charles III John 3898: 3865: 3782: 3717: 3661:Haakon the Young 3650:Inge II Bårdsson 3509:Sweyn Haakonsson 3479:Harald Bluetooth 3448: 3434: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3389: 3353: 3351: 3343: 3341: 3331:Fairhair dynasty 3322: 3318: 3273: 3254: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3210: 3199: 3193: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3082: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3051:. Archived from 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3026:, pp. 52–53 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2842: 2836: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2768: 2762: 2751: 2745: 2734: 2725: 2706: 2697: 2686: 2675: 2668: 2662: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2610: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2551: 2545: 2540:Edith Andersen, 2538: 2532: 2513: 2507: 2492: 2486: 2479: 2470: 2463: 2457: 2444: 2438: 2427: 2421: 2410: 2404: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2330: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2252:Modern Icelandic 2241: 2228: 2115:Sagas of Iceland 2024:concluded that: 1949:detailed in the 1900:Tryggve Olafsson 1859:Frode Haraldsson 1853:Rørek Haraldsson 1751:Tora Mosterstong 1655: 1645: 1639: 1629: 1624: 1609:"west-vikings". 1347:Solvi Bandy-legs 1245:Halfdan Long-Leg 1168:Hebrides Islands 1164:Shetland Islands 1130:In 872, after a 1117:Olav Geirstadalv 946:Atli the Slender 883:Ingólfr Arnarson 708:Like Hrafnsmál, 663:, also known as 426:Alfred the Great 424:to the court of 414:Harald Bluetooth 375:, as opposed to 313: 301: 298: 294: 291: 286:Haraldr Hárfagri 217: 197:Halfdan Long-Leg 165: 146:Åsa Håkonsdotter 109: 89: 40: 28: 21:Fairhair dynasty 4088: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4038:Viking warriors 4023:Harald Fairhair 4013: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4002:Swedish monarch 3996:English monarch 3973: 3949: 3930: 3896: 3877: 3863: 3844: 3780: 3761: 3715: 3696: 3591:Harald IV Gille 3527:Haakon Ericsson 3497:Sweyn Forkbeard 3463:Eric I Bloodaxe 3442: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3416: 3382: 3373: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3326:Harald Fairhair 3315: 3302: 3270: 3257: 3239:, ed. (1911). " 3235: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3200: 3196: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3055:on 22 July 2011 3047: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3024:Crawford (1987) 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2986: 2985:on 8 March 2017 2972: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2902:Norges Historie 2895: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2876:Norges Historie 2869: 2868: 2864: 2843: 2839: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2752: 2748: 2735: 2728: 2707: 2700: 2694:Vísindavefurinn 2687: 2678: 2669: 2665: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2636: 2627: 2623: 2611: 2604: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2514: 2510: 2496:History Compass 2493: 2489: 2480: 2473: 2464: 2460: 2446:Geir T. Zoëga, 2445: 2441: 2428: 2424: 2411: 2407: 2394:Geir T. Zoëga, 2393: 2389: 2382: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2347: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2284: 2272: 2268: 2250: 2248:Harald hårfagre 2242: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2203: 2077: 2006: 1989: 1972:Harald Hardrada 1951:Orkneyinga saga 1917:Ring Haraldsson 1788: 1708: 1681:Gray Goose Laws 1661: 1653: 1651: 1648:jarls of Hlaðir 1643: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1627: 1615: 1565: 1533:Orkneyinga saga 1528: 1525:Orkneyinga saga 1511: 1480: 1435: 1411: 1391: 1375:einváldskonungr 1351:Møre og Romsdal 1309:and then taken 1284: 1266:Orkneyinga saga 1238:Västra Götaland 1226:Erik Eymundsson 1140:Kjotve the Rich 1121:Olav Tryggvason 1088:Erik Eymundsson 1004: 979:Kjotve the Rich 916: 874: 858:), a beautiful 818:(as opposed of 807: 771: 751: 728:Jórunn skáldmær 721: 706: 656: 646: 543:Orderic Vitalis 483:(also known as 401: 357: 324:Haakon the Good 299: 292: 278:Harald Fairhair 211: 202:Haakon the Good 159: 158: 147: 145: 134: 111: 91: 49: 31:Harald Fairhair 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4086: 4084: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4015: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3990:Danish monarch 3986: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3771:Denmark–Norway 3767: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3714: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3601:Sigurd II Munn 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3576:Olav Magnusson 3573: 3568: 3563: 3561:Olaf III Kyrre 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3533:Sweyn Knutsson 3517: 3512: 3493: 3488: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3445: 3426: 3425: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3370:King of Norway 3366: 3360: 3359: 3358:Regnal titles 3355: 3354: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3277:Viking Empires 3274: 3268: 3255: 3237:Chisholm, Hugh 3218: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3194: 3177: 3168: 3151: 3144: 3124: 3102: 3095: 3077: 3066: 3040: 3036:Thomson (2008) 3028: 3016: 3012:Thomson (2008) 3004: 2995: 2965: 2942: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2888: 2862: 2837: 2816: 2804: 2791: 2763: 2746: 2726: 2698: 2676: 2663: 2650: 2634: 2621: 2602: 2589: 2576: 2563: 2546: 2533: 2508: 2487: 2471: 2458: 2439: 2422: 2405: 2387: 2380: 2360: 2345: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2304: 2295: 2282: 2266: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2188: 2178: 2169: 2156: 2147: 2132: 2118: 2105: 2094: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2005: 2002: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1975: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1930:Children with 1928: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920:Dag Haraldsson 1918: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1889: 1871: 1870: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1835:Children with 1833: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1747:Håkon the Good 1744: 1707: 1704: 1677:Eirik Bloodaxe 1652: 1642: 1636: 1626: 1614: 1611: 1564: 1557: 1545:Kings of Scots 1527: 1522: 1516:Vatnsdæla saga 1510: 1508:Vatnsdæla saga 1505: 1484:Flóamanna saga 1479: 1477:Flóamanna saga 1474: 1434: 1429: 1410: 1405: 1390: 1385: 1353:and Arnvid of 1325:which won him 1283: 1278: 1200:Eirik Bloodaxe 1160:Orkney Islands 1076:petty kingdoms 1003: 998: 915: 910: 902:Eirik Bloodaxe 873: 868: 844:Hakon the Good 840:Eirik Bloodaxe 824:Skeiðar-Brandr 806: 801: 770: 765: 750: 745: 732:Finnur Jónsson 720: 715: 705: 700: 696:Eirik Bloodaxe 655: 650: 645: 642: 573: 572: 524: 471: 462:Ari Þorgilsson 457: 430:Adam of Bremen 418:Jelling stones 400: 397: 356: 350: 316:King of Norway 273: 272: 270:Norse paganism 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 252: 247: 243: 242: 237: 231: 230: 227: 226: 222: 221: 213: 212: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 168: 166: 152: 151: 140: 136: 135: 126: 124: 120: 119: 104: 100: 99: 84: 80: 79: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 55:King of Norway 51: 50: 41: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4085: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836:Christian VII 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3811:Frederick III 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3796:Christian III 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3348: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3238: 3233: 3232:public domain 3221: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3145:9780292786967 3141: 3137: 3136: 3128: 3125: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2961:Chisholm 1911 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2771:Krag, Claus. 2767: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2326: 2319: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2128:King of Kings 2124: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2091:Peter Franzén 2088: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014:Haraldshaugen 2011: 2003: 1998: 1997:Haraldshaugen 1993: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878:Bjørn Farmann 1876: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868:Irish history 1865: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848:Þórir Teiande 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1783:According to 1782: 1777: 1774: 1773:Bjørn Farmann 1770: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733:Eric Bloodaxe 1731: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1696:Haraldshaugen 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1649: 1633: 1625: 930 CE. 1619: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1555:in the west. 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1380:absolute king 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1172:Faroe Islands 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1125:Olav the Holy 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:Bjørn Farmann 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101:Earls of Lade 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1002: 999: 997: 995: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 963: 959: 958:Hákon the Old 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 921: 914: 911: 909: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879: 872: 869: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 812: 805: 802: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 781: 776: 769: 766: 764: 762: 758: 757: 756:Íslendingabók 749: 748:Íslendingabók 746: 744: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 719: 716: 714: 711: 704: 701: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661: 654: 651: 649: 643: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 594:primogeniture 590: 586: 582: 578: 570: 566: 562: 558: 557: 552: 548: 544: 540: 539: 534: 530: 525: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 493: 488: 487: 482: 481: 476: 475:skaldic poems 472: 469: 468: 467:Íslendingabók 463: 458: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 434:Erik Bloodaxe 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 410: 409: 406: 398: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 355: 351: 349: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 320:Eric Bloodaxe 317: 309: 305: 287: 283: 279: 271: 268: 264: 261: 258: 254: 251: 248: 244: 241: 238: 236: 232: 223: 218: 214: 208: 207:Eric Bloodaxe 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 187:Bjorn Farmann 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 167: 164: 163: 157: 153: 150: 144: 141: 137: 133: 129: 128:Haraldshaugen 125: 121: 118: 114: 105: 101: 98: 94: 85: 81: 77: 74: 73:Eric Bloodaxe 71: 67: 63: 59: 56: 52: 47: 46: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 3841:Frederick VI 3826:Christian VI 3821:Frederick IV 3806:Christian IV 3801:Frederick II 3758:Christian II 3740: 3706:Kalmar Union 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3483: 3477: 3457: 3438: 3368: 3363: 3346: 3336: 3329: 3304: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3259: 3248: 3242: 3206: 3197: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3163: 3154: 3134: 3127: 3115:. 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