Cybercrime - Knowledge (XXG)

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cyber attacks and cyber crime are going to expand as threat actors will continue to exploit weaknesses in protection and existing vulnerabilities to achieve their end goals, often being data theft or exfiltration. To combat cybercrime, the United States Secret Service maintains an Electronic Crimes Task Force which extends beyond the United States as it helps to locate threat actors that are located globally and performing cyber related crimes within the United States. The Secret Service is also responsible for the National Computer Forensic Institute which allows law enforcement and people of the court to receive cyber training and information on how to combat cyber crime. The United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for the Cyber Crimes Center (C3) providing cyber crime related services for federal, state, local and international agencies. Finally, the United States also has resources relating to Law Enforcement Cyber Incident Reporting to allow local and state agencies to understand how, when, and what should be reported as a cyber incident to the federal government.

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protect information and the tactics criminals use to steal that information is paramount. However, despite cybercrime becoming a mounting problem, many people are not aware of the severity of this problem. This could be attributed to a lack of experience and knowledge of technological issues. There are 1.5 million cyber-attacks annually, which means that there are over 4,000 attacks a day, 170 attacks every hour, or nearly three attacks every minute, with studies showing that only 16 percent of victims had asked the people who were carrying out the attacks to stop. Comparitech's 2023 study shows that cybercrime victims have peaked to 71 million annually, which means there is a cyberattack every 39 seconds. Anybody who uses the internet for any reason can be a victim, which is why it is important to be aware of how to be protected while online.

1389: 1086:. With thousands of people dying each year due to drug overdose, investigators have made internet drug sales a priority. Many vendors do not realize the extra criminal charges that go along with selling drugs online, such as money laundering and illegal use of the mail. In 2019, a vendor was sentenced to 10 years in prison after selling cocaine and methamphetamine under the name JetSetLife. But despite the large amount of time investigators spend tracking down people, in 2018 only 65 suspects who bought and sold illegal goods on some of the biggest markets were identified. Meanwhile, thousands of transactions take place daily on these markets. 1562:

of stolen content, and so forth. A few of the leading cybersecurity companies have the skills and resources to follow the activities of these individuals and groups. A wide variety of information that can be used for defensive purposes is available from these sources, for example, technical indicators such as hashes of infected files and malicious IPs/URLs, as well as strategic information profiling the goals and techniques of the profiled groups. Much of it is freely available, but consistent, ongoing access typically requires a subscription. Some in the corporate sector see a crucial role for

1544:. A possible counter to this is for courts to ban convicted hackers from using the internet or computers, even after they have been released from prison – though as computers and the internet become more and more central to everyday life, this type of punishment becomes more and more draconian. Nuanced approaches have been developed that manage cyber offenders' behavior without resorting to total computer or internet bans. These approaches involve restricting individuals to specific devices which are subject to monitoring or searches by probation or parole officers. 1492:

Enhancement Act of 2014. Although the Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014 was just an update of an older version of the act, it focused on the practices federal agencies were to abide by relating to cybersecurity. While the National Cybersecurity Protection Act of 2014 was aimed toward increasing the amount of information sharing that occurs across the federal and private sector to improve cybersecurity amongst the industries. Finally, the Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2014 relates to cybersecurity research and education.

51: 961:, which states that sending messages or letters electronically that the government deems "indecent or grossly offensive" and/or language intended to cause "distress and anxiety" can lead to a prison sentence of six months and a potentially large fine. Australia, while not directly addressing the issue of harassment, includes most forms of online harassment under the Criminal Code Act of 1995. Using telecommunication to send threats, harass, or cause offense is a direct violation of this act. 1078:, which re-opened in August 2021 under the control of DeSnake, one of the original administrators. Investigators pose as buyers and order products from darknet vendors in the hope that the vendors leave a trail the investigators can follow. In one case an investigator posed as a firearms seller, and for six months people purchased from them and provided home addresses. The FBI was able to make over a dozen arrests during this six-month investigation. Another crackdown targeted vendors selling 574:. Cyberextortionists demand money in return for promising to stop the attacks and provide "protection". According to the FBI, cyberextortionists are increasingly attacking corporate websites and networks, crippling their ability to operate, and demanding payments to restore their service. More than 20 cases are reported each month to the FBI, and many go unreported in order to keep the victim's name out of the public domain. Perpetrators often use a 863: 5764: 348:. These crimes involve the use of technology to commit fraud, identity theft, data breaches, computer viruses, scams, and expanded upon in other malicious acts. Cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems and networks to gain unauthorized access, steal sensitive information, disrupt services, and cause financial or reputational harm to individuals, organizations, and governments. 823:; click farms (companies where low-wage employees are paid to click or engage in conversations); incentivized browsing; video placement abuse (delivered in display banner slots); hidden ads (which will never be viewed by real users); domain spoofing (ads served on a fake website); and clickjacking, in which the user is forced to click on an ad. 1353:

there has been a 17.75% increase in vulnerabilities across all online devices. The internet's expansive reach causes the damage inflicted to people to be magnified since many methods of cybercrime have the opportunity to reach many people. The availability of virtual spaces has allowed cybercrime to become an everyday occurrence. In 2018, the

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implemented, but there is still a gap in responding to current cyber related crime. The most recent cyber related law, according to NIST, was the NIST Small Business Cybersecurity Act, which came out in 2018, and provides guidelines to small businesses to ensure that cybersecurity risks are being identified and addressed accurately.

1479:, laws against cybercrime are weak or sometimes nonexistent. Cybercriminals can then strike from across international borders and remain undetected. Even when identified, these criminals can typically avoid being extradited to a country such as the US that has laws that allow for prosecution. For this reason, agencies such as the 1055:. Darknet markets entice customers by making them feel comfortable. Although people can easily gain access to a Tor browser, actually gaining access to an illicit market is not as simple as typing it in on a search engine, as one would with Google. Darknet markets have special links that change frequently, ending in 1413:

to train professionals in law enforcement at the National Computer Forensic Institute. The NCFI provides "state and local members of the law enforcement community with training in cyber incident response, investigation, and forensic examination in cyber incident response, investigation, and forensic examination."

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The first cyber related law in the United States was the Privacy Act of 1974 which was only required for federal agencies to follow to ensure privacy and protection of personally identifiable information (PII). However, since 1974, in the United States other laws and regulations have been drafted and

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to "persuade, induce, entice, coerce, or facilitate the travel of, the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct." Kramer appealed the sentence on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence to convict him under this statute because his charge included persuading through a computer device and

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Ad-fraud services include all online infrastructure and hosting services that might be needed to undertake identity or attribution fraud. Services can involve the creation of spam websites (fake networks of websites that provide artificial backlinks); link building services; hosting services; or fake

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Ransomware is a type of malware used in cyberextortion to restrict access to files, sometimes threatening permanent data erasure unless a ransom is paid. Ransomware is a global issue, with more than 300 million attacks worldwide in 2021. According to the 2022 Unit 42 Ransomware Threat Report, in 2021

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The World Economic Forum’s 2023 Global Risks Report ranks cybercrime as one of the top 10 risks facing the world today and for the next 10 years. If cybercrime were viewed as a nation state, cybercrime would count as the third largest economy in the world. In numbers, cybercrime is predicted to cause

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has a Cyber Intelligence Section that works to target financial cybercrimes. They combat international cybercrime and work to protect institutions such as banks from intrusions and information breaches. Based in Alabama, the Secret Service and the Alabama Office of Prosecution Services work together

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As cybercrime proliferated, a professional ecosystem evolved to support individuals and groups seeking to profit from cybercrime activities. The ecosystem has become quite specialized, and includes malware developers, botnet operators, professional cybercrime groups, groups specializing in the sale

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A problem that marketplace users sometimes face is exit scamming. That is, a vendor with a high rating acts as if they are selling on the market and have users pay for products they never receive. The vendor then closes their account after receiving money from multiple buyers and never sending what

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for mail is a scalable and inexpensive bulk e-mail-sending service for marketing purposes that could be easily set up for spam. Cloud computing could help cybercriminals leverage their attacks, whether brute-forcing a password, improving the reach of a botnet, or facilitating a spamming campaign.

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The Department of Homeland Security also instituted the Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation (CDM) Program. The CDM Program monitors and secures government networks by tracking network risks and informing system personnel so that they can take action. In an attempt to catch intrusions before the

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Investigating cyber crime within the United States and globally often requires partnerships. Within the United States, cyber crime may be investigated by law enforcement, the Department of Homeland Security, among other federal agencies. However, as the world becomes more dependent on technology,

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Darknet markets have had a rise in traffic in recent years for many reasons, such as the anonymous purchases and often a system of reviews by other buyers. There are many ways in which darknet markets can financially drain individuals. Vendors and customers alike go to great lengths to keep their

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Interpol's Cyber Fusion Center began a collaboration with key cybersecurity players to distribute information on the latest online scams, cyber threats, and risks to internet users. Since 2017, reports on social engineering frauds, ransomware, phishing, and other attacks have been distributed to

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Cybercrime is becoming more of a threat in our society. According to Accenture's State of Cybersecurity, security attacks increased 31% from 2020 to 2021. The number of attacks per company increased from 206 to 270. Due to this rising threat, the importance of raising awareness about measures to

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Due to cybercriminals using the internet for cross-border attacks and crimes, the process of prosecuting cybercriminals has been difficult. The number of vulnerabilities that a cybercriminal could use as points of opportunity to exploit has also increased over the years. From 2008 to 2014 alone,

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have used deception and subterfuge to catch criminals. For example, two Russian hackers had been evading the FBI for some time. The FBI set up a fake computing company based in Seattle, Washington. They proceeded to lure the two Russian men into the United States by offering them work with this

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Illicit access to camera sensors, microphone sensors, phonebook contacts, all internet-enabled apps, and metadata of mobile telephones running Android and iOS was reportedly provided by Israeli spyware that was found to be in operation in at least 46 nation-states around the world. Journalists,

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Cyberbullying has increased drastically with the growing popularity of online social networking. As of January 2020, 44 percent of adult internet users in the United States had "personally experienced online harassment". Online harassment of children often has negative and even life-threatening

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trace; however, that does not necessarily enable detectives to solve a case. Different types of high-tech crime may also include elements of low-tech crime, and vice versa, making cybercrime investigators an indispensable part of modern law enforcement. Methods of cybercrime detective work are

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During President Barack Obama's presidency three cybersecurity related bills were signed into order in December 2014. The first was the Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014, the second was the National Cybersecurity Protection Act of 2014, and the third was the Cybersecurity

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In the United States, at least 41 states have passed laws and regulations that regard extreme online harassment as a criminal act. These acts can also be prosecuted on the federal level, because of US Code 18 Section 2261A, which states that using computers to threaten or harass can lead to a

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climbed 144 percent to $ 2.2 million, and there was an 85 percent increase in the number of victims who had their personal information shown on dark web information dumps. A loss of nearly $ 400 million in 2021 and 2022 is just one of the statistics showing the impact of ransomware attacks on

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When an individual is the target of cybercrime, the computer is often the tool rather than the target. These crimes, which typically exploit human weaknesses, usually do not require much technical expertise. These are the types of crimes which have existed for centuries in the offline world.

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was paid for. The vendors, all of whom are involved in illegal activities, have no reason not to engage in exit scamming when they no longer want to be a vendor. In 2019, an entire market known as Wall Street Market allegedly exit scammed, stealing $ 30 million dollars in bitcoin.

774:, or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances, it may be illegal. What content is unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations. It is a sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with strong beliefs. 1204:(RBN) was registered as an internet site in 2006. Initially, much of its activity was legitimate. But apparently the founders soon discovered that it was more profitable to host illegitimate activities and to offer its services to criminals. The RBN has been described by 4711: 1035:, which started operations in 2011, was the first major online marketplace for drugs. It was permanently shut down in October 2013 by the FBI and Europol. After Silk Road 2.0 went down, Silk Road 3 Reloaded emerged. However, it was just an older marketplace named 1581:

Hacking has become less complex as hacking communities disseminate their knowledge through the internet. Blogs and social networks have contributed substantially to information sharing, so that beginners can benefit from older hackers' knowledge and advice.

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placed cyber crimes into five categories: unauthorized access, damage to computer data or programs, sabotage to hinder the functioning of a computer system or network, unauthorized interception of data within a system or network, and computer espionage.

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Herrero, J., Torres, A., Vivas, P., & Urueña, A. (2022). Smartphone Addiction, Social Support, and Cybercrime Victimization: A Discrete Survival and Growth Mixture Model: Psychosocial Intervention. Psychosocial Intervention, 31(1), 59–66.

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era, in order to spam or scam, one needed a variety of resources, such as a dedicated server; skills in server management, network configuration, and network maintenance; and knowledge of internet service provider standards. By comparison, a

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company. Upon completion of the interview, the suspects were arrested. Clever tricks like that are sometimes a necessary part of catching cybercriminals when weak laws and limited international cooperation make it impossible otherwise.

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on webcam. Victims are abducted, threatened, or deceived and transferred to "cybersex dens". The dens can be in any location where the cybersex traffickers have a computer, tablet, or phone with an internet connection. Perpetrators use

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Phishing is mostly propagated via email. Phishing emails may contain links to other websites that are affected by malware. Or they may contain links to fake online banking or other websites used to steal private account information.

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confirmed that organized cybercrime groups are joining forces to commit criminal activities online, while estimating the likelihood of their detection and prosecution to be less than 1 percent in the US. There are also many

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can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor, such as unauthorized use of a computer, up to 3 to 15 years in prison for a Class C felony, such as computer tampering in the first degree.

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is protected by law in most democratic societies, it does not include all types of speech. Spoken or written threats can be criminalized because they harm or intimidate. This applies to online or network-related threats.

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Identity fraud aims to impersonate real users and inflate audience numbers. The techniques used for identity fraud include traffic from bots (coming from a hosting company, a data center, or compromised devices);

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Because cybercriminals commonly use encryption and other techniques to hide their identity and location, it can be difficult to trace a perpetrator after a crime is committed, so prevention measures are crucial.

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tool for the UAE. An investigation revealed that the Emirati government was attempting to track every conversation, movement, relationship, appointment, sound, and image of those who installed the app on their

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Attribution fraud impersonates the activities of real users, such as clicks and conversations. Many ad-fraud techniques belong to this category: the use of hijacked and malware-infected devices as part of a

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his cellular phone technically is not a computer. Although Kramer tried to argue this point, the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual states that the term "computer" means "an electronic, magnetic, optical,

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However, some former cybercriminals have been hired as information security experts by private companies due to their inside knowledge of computer crime, a phenomenon which theoretically could create

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has argued that individual companies using a combination of products for security is not a scalable approach and has advocated for the use of cybersecurity technology primarily at the platform level.

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On 2 March 2010, Spanish investigators arrested three men suspected of infecting over 13 million computers around the world. The botnet of infected computers included PCs inside more than half of the

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In April 2015, then-President Barack Obama released an executive order that allows the US to freeze the assets of convicted cybercriminals and block their economic activity within the United States.

4801: 2816: 554:(IT) security specialists have documented a significant increase in network problems and server scams since early 2001. In the United States there is an increasing concern from agencies such as the 5131: 1208:

as "the baddest of the bad". It provides web hosting services and internet access to all kinds of criminal and objectionable activities that earn up to $ 150 million in one year. It specializes in

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Computer fraud is the act of using a computer to take or alter electronic data, or to gain unlawful use of a computer or system. Computer fraud that involves the use of the internet is also called

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royalty, and government officials were among the targets. Earlier accusations that Israeli weapons companies were meddling in international telephony and smartphones have been eclipsed by the

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to hide their identities. Millions of reports of cybersex incidents are sent to authorities annually. New legislation and police procedures are needed to combat this type of cybercrime.

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It is not only the US and the European Union that have been introducing measures against cybercrime. On 31 May 2017, China announced that its new cybersecurity law was taking effect.

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of child pornography (roughly equivalent to 16,000 DVDs). To date this is the single largest US prosecution of an international child pornography ring; 52 arrests were made worldwide.

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There are an estimated 6.3 million victims of cybersex trafficking, according to a recent report by the International Labour Organization. This number includes about 1.7 million

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On 23 April 2013, the Twitter account of the Associated Press was hacked. The hacker posted a hoax tweet about fictitious attacks on the White House that they claimed left then-

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website experienced a denial-of-service attack that potentially compromised 70 million customers and 8.5 million active viewers. Other banks thought to be compromised included

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Several countries besides the US have also created laws to combat online harassment. In China, a country with over 20 percent of the world's internet users, in response to the

2849: 7939: 7019: 6606: 2595: 4027: 2311: 1408:(DHS) are government agencies that combat cybercrime. The FBI has trained agents and analysts in cybercrime placed in their field offices and headquarters. In the DHS, the 4062: 2960: 3832: 2073: 4005: 873: 4548: 3639: 1431: 3933: 3533: 2905: 1095:

One of the highest-profile banking computer crimes occurred over a course of three years beginning in 1970. The chief teller at the Park Avenue branch of New York's

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Fraud and identity theft (although this increasingly uses malware, hacking or phishing, making it an example of "computer as target" as well as "computer as tool")

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Cybersecurity professionals have been skeptical of prevention-focused strategies. The mode of use of cybersecurity products has also been called into question.

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experienced a security breach compromising the credit card numbers, personal information, and billing and shipping addresses of as many as 24 million customers.

367:, and other cross-border crimes. Cybercrimes crossing international borders and involving the actions of at least one nation-state are sometimes referred to as 4232: 2573: 5531: 3801: 4481: 694:. Fearing that such attacks may become a normal part of future warfare among nation-states, military commanders see a need to develop cyberspace operations. 2808: 1388: 5139: 4092: 973:

effects. According to a 2021 survey, 41 percent of children develop social anxiety, 37 percent develop depression, and 26 percent have suicidal thoughts.

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Ad-frauds are particularly popular among cybercriminals, as such frauds are lucrative and unlikely to be prosecuted. Jean-Loup Richet, a professor at the

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Csonka P. (2000) Internet Crime; the Draft council of Europe convention on cyber-crime: A response to the challenge of crime in the age of the internet?

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Cyberextortion occurs when a website, e-mail server, or computer system is subjected to or threatened with attacks by malicious hackers, often through

7181: 6717: 6202: 5169: 4651: 2628: 3419: 686:, cyberspace has emerged as an arena for national-security threats through several recent events of geostrategic importance, including the attack on 7952: 7153: 6499: 166: 5525: 4604: 3979: 3766: 3389: 433:. The legal definition of computer fraud varies by jurisdiction, but typically involves accessing a computer without permission or authorization. 1110:, and other telephone companies as well as several big credit agencies and two major universities. The damage caused was extensive; one company, 957:

bullying incident, the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council passed a strict law against cyberbullying. The United Kingdom passed the

6761: 6573: 2400: 1369:). Even when a computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it may contain records of value to criminal investigators in the form of a 4281: 3508: 3179: 1928: 6729: 6651: 6543: 6179: 5465: 5403: 5364: 5320: 5303: 4910: 4884: 4776: 4694: 3261: 3149: 1648: 1475:

Because of weak laws, cybercriminals operating from developing countries can often evade detection and prosecution. In countries such as the

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Criminals have simply been given a tool that increases their pool of potential victims and makes them all the harder to trace and apprehend.

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domain extensions. To add to privacy, the most prevalent currency on these markets is Bitcoin, which allows transactions to be anonymous.

5617: 4139: 2215: 7828: 6631: 6210: 5607: 5598: 5059: 4943: 4824: 3301: 1766: 1209: 683: 156: 3955: 6241: 5651: 5388: 4825:"Analysis of Directive 2013/40/EU on attacks against information systems in the context of approximation of law at the European level" 4552: 1654: 1620: 929: 755: 293: 2658: 8000: 6456: 6420: 6364: 6142: 4953: 4204: 3718: 2838: 2191: 1892: 1609: 958: 934: 903: 6870: 5034: 3581: 3033: 2882: 2603: 1121: 5004: 4259: 8005: 6989: 6402: 5938: 2483: 2262: 587: 4054: 3468: 2318: 7957: 7893: 7818: 6707: 6192: 2938: 1666: 1480: 1354: 993: 690:'s infrastructure in 2007, allegedly by Russian hackers. In August 2008, Russia again allegedly conducted cyberattacks against 555: 187: 116: 3606: 2952: 2065: 7397: 7054: 6855: 6355: 5311: 4001: 1614: 1143:

infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically emailed that document and a copy of the virus to other people.

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Robertson, J. (2 March 2010). Authorities bust 3 in infection of 13m computers. Retrieved 26 March 2010, from Boston News:

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was one of the many high-profile female journalists and activists who were targeted. She filed a lawsuit against UAE ruler

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Richet, Jean-Loup (2012). "How to Become a Black Hat Hacker? An Exploratory Study of Barriers to Entry Into Cybercrime".

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attacks. On 3 August 2000, Canadian federal prosecutors charged MafiaBoy with 54 counts of illegal access to computers.

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In 1983, a 19-year-old UCLA student used his PC to break into a Defense Department International Communications system.

7387: 6958: 6750: 6539: 6504: 6446: 6359: 6197: 6118: 5918: 4745: 3358: 1521: 1517: 1005: 559: 192: 3201: 5298:", in B. Hebenton, SY Shou, & J. Liu (eds), Asian Handbook of Criminology (pp. 49–64). New York: Springer ( 4228: 2565: 1578:

The increasing prevalence of cybercrime has resulted in more attention to computer crime detection and prosecution.

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The FBI has cracked down on these markets. In July 2017, the FBI seized one of the biggest markets, commonly called

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Barnard-Wills, David; Ashenden, Debi (21 March 2012). "Securing Virtual Space: Cyber War, Cyber Terror, and Risk".

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dynamic and constantly improving, whether in closed police units or in the framework of international cooperation.

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concerns surrounding cybercrime when confidential information is intercepted or disclosed, legally or otherwise.

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were compromised. Thirty thousand passwords were cracked, and 1.5 million eHarmony passwords were posted online.

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has said that cybercrime is the "number one problem with mankind" and that it "poses real risks to humanity".

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index, and the temporary suspension of AP's Twitter account. The Dow Jones later restored its session gains.

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Cybercrime in the Greater China Region: Regulatory Responses and Crime Prevention across the Taiwan Strait

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Bowker, Art (2012) "The Cybercrime Handbook for Community Corrections: Managing Risk in the 21st Century"

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Do not give out personal information over the internet unless you can verify that the destination is safe

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approves the private partners that provide intrusion detection and prevention services through the ECS.

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between a pan-European hacking group and Newscorp. The original motivation of the hackers was to watch

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that used the Silk Road name in order to get more exposure from the Silk Road brand's earlier success.

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Cybersex trafficking is the transportation of victims for such purposes as coerced prostitution or the

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Feinberg, T (2008). "Whether it happens at school or off-campus, cyberbullying disrupts and affects".

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reruns in Germany, which was something which Newscorp did not have the copyright permission to allow.

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for mass surveillance and a campaign of harassment of prominent activists and journalists, including

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A hacking group called MOD (Masters of Deception) allegedly stole passwords and technical data from

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Carback, Joshua T. (2018). "Cybersex Trafficking: Toward a More Effective Prosecutorial Response".

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Committing a crime using a computer can lead to an enhanced sentence. For example, in the case of

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Balkin, J., Grimmelmann, J., Katz, E., Kozlovski, N., Wagman, S. & Zarsky, T. (2006) (eds)

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identities a secret while online. Commonly used tools for hiding their online presence include

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directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals, often focusing on gender,

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Richet, Jean-Loup (2011). "Adoption of deviant behavior and cybercrime 'Know how' diffusion".

5100: 4949: 4772: 4690: 4643: 4307: 4210: 4200: 4131: 3003: 2207: 2187: 2156: 1888: 1777: 1690: 1685: 1499: 1366: 1314: 1111: 985: 965: 782: 743: 691: 502: 146: 65: 4959: 4835: 3291: 1498:

The European Union adopted cybercrime directive 2013/40/EU, which was elaborated upon in the

501:

Fraud factory is a collection of large fraud organizations usually involving cyber fraud and

7803: 7765: 7693: 7628: 7557: 7547: 7507: 7437: 7377: 7277: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7044: 6935: 6885: 6756: 6692: 6553: 6154: 6094: 5858: 5848: 5743: 5495: 5420: 4682: 4166: 4123: 3700: 3499: 2995: 2146: 2104: 1880: 1808: 1740: 1533: 1393: 1213: 943: 650: 606: 532: 528: 461: 388: 345: 121: 4544: 3262:"'I will not be silenced': Women targeted in hack-and-leak attacks speak out about spyware" 1380:

There are many ways for cybercrime to take place, and investigations tend to start with an

7863: 7833: 7760: 7743: 7608: 7412: 7272: 6740: 6621: 6611: 6319: 6281: 6045: 6025: 5748: 5738: 5431: 1823: 1586: 1397: 1268: 1179: 1024: 885: 840: 812: 715: 472: 404: 341: 252: 70: 5484:"How cybercriminal communities grow and change: An investigation of ad-fraud communities" 3726: 2255:"Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress" 2135:"How cybercriminal communities grow and change: An investigation of ad-fraud communities" 1234:

Dreamboard. The website had approximately 600 members and may have distributed up to 123

1031:

messaging tools to communicate with drug mules or potential customers. The dark web site

5026: 4028:"Phone hackers for hire: A peek into the discreet, lucrative business tapped by the FBI" 3873: 3041: 2874: 1178:, along with computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were among the 7785: 7770: 7587: 7492: 7472: 7407: 7126: 7074: 7009: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6835: 6817: 6776: 6664: 6578: 6472: 6430: 6276: 6215: 6113: 5963: 5913: 5888: 5853: 5833: 5713: 5701: 5354: 5247:

Cyber Crime. (n.d.). . Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from

4996: 4255: 3704: 1877:

Proceedings of the 1st annual conference on Information security curriculum development

1444:

On a personal level, there are some strategies available to defend against cybercrime:

1231: 1036: 1016: 852: 703: 646: 638: 625: 514: 487:. These types of crimes often result in the loss of personal or financial information. 476: 445: 430: 424: 372: 2475: 2254: 17: 7979: 7898: 7868: 7698: 7497: 7462: 7447: 7302: 7282: 7214: 7034: 6489: 6291: 6125: 6086: 6055: 6050: 5903: 5893: 5863: 5517: 5374: 4178: 3296: 2168: 1838: 1756: 1725: 1257: 989: 844: 836: 661: 536: 527:

committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources. Acts of disruption of

496: 441: 141: 31: 4945:

The Cybercrime Handbook for Community Corrections: Managing Risk in the 21st Century

2095:

Gordon, Sarah (25 July 2006). "On the definition and classification of cybercrime".

1902: 7888: 7853: 7790: 7728: 7723: 7708: 7678: 7623: 7567: 7477: 7427: 7322: 7287: 7121: 7107: 6930: 6159: 6015: 5718: 5500: 5483: 2930: 2151: 2134: 2116: 1750: 1541: 1287: 1276: 1272: 1230:

In August 2010, the US Department of Homeland Security shut down the international

1224: 1217: 1103: 921: 848: 677: 634: 583: 368: 1448:

Keeping your software and operating system update to benefit from security patches

403:

Computer crime encompasses a broad range of activities, including computer fraud,

359:

Internationally, both state and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes, including

5409: 4358: 353:

United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders

7813: 7755: 7673: 7663: 7643: 7618: 7532: 7457: 7452: 7442: 7432: 7342: 7267: 7229: 6385: 6099: 5933: 5908: 5873: 5708: 5030: 4605:"Report: 74% of security leaders say that prevention-first strategies will fail" 4582: 1476: 1331: 1264: 1052: 1001: 798: 770:

The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful,

737: 665: 207: 131: 42: 4421: 1430:

damage is done, the DHS created the Enhanced Cybersecurity Services (ECS). The

1377:

are required by law to keep their logfiles for a predetermined amount of time.

7750: 7703: 7648: 7613: 7487: 7422: 7347: 7307: 7297: 7166: 7145: 7112: 7089: 6830: 6616: 6313: 6164: 5980: 5928: 5811: 4451: 2719:"Webcam slavery: tech turns Filipino families into cybersex child traffickers" 2108: 1720: 1381: 1302: 1295: 1242: 1159: 938: 917: 599: 468: 227: 171: 5509: 5104: 4647: 4214: 4170: 4135: 3007: 2629:"Cheap tech and widespread internet access fuel rise in cybersex trafficking" 2160: 1872: 7332: 7117: 7064: 6895: 6890: 6860: 6040: 5995: 5990: 5838: 5806: 1884: 1848: 1357:

received 351,937 complaints of cybercrime, which led to $ 2.7 billion lost.

1339: 1129: 981: 724:

Crimes that use computer networks or devices to advance other ends include:

524: 480: 360: 4737: 3354: 2999: 1454:

Use strong passwords with a variety of characters that aren't easy to guess

340:

encompasses a wide range of criminal activities that are carried out using

4674: 7718: 7688: 7517: 7382: 7367: 7097: 7059: 6963: 6865: 6325: 6000: 5958: 5821: 5396:

Cybercrime and the Victimization of Women: Laws, Rights, and Regulations.

5330:", in M. Gill (ed) Handbook of Security (pp. 321–339). NY: Palgrave. 4686: 4127: 1735: 1631: 1365:

In a criminal investigation, a computer can be a source of evidence (see

1306: 1280: 1253: 1249: 1235: 1205: 1147: 1079: 1075: 1008:

along with other defendants, accusing them of sharing her photos online.

794: 711: 707: 642: 540: 457: 440:

into computers to alter information, distributing malicious code such as

412: 5534:, Latin American's New Security Thinking, Clacso, 2014, pp. 167/182 5248: 4330: 2689:"Global taskforce tackles cybersex child trafficking in the Philippines" 1290:

injured. The hoax tweet resulted in a brief plunge of 130 points in the

467:

Other forms of fraud may be committed using computer systems, including

7224: 6984: 6979: 6953: 6845: 6801: 6641: 6591: 6425: 6226: 6010: 5985: 5948: 5636: 4115: 3670:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Press. p. 150. 1730: 1626: 1370: 1194: 1190: 1163: 1083: 771: 687: 547:, hardware, or programming scripts can all be forms of cyberterrorism. 453: 449: 6583:

Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence

4116:"Global Cyberspace Is Safer than You Think: Real Trends in Cybercrime" 2839:"Global Estimates of Modern Slavery Forced Labour and Forced Marriage" 1451:

Using anti-virus software that can detect and remove malicious threats

7823: 7683: 6697: 5923: 5868: 5783: 3232:"All the Latest Cyber Bullying Statistics and What They Mean In 2021" 2749:"How the internet fuels sexual exploitation and forced labor in Asia" 1715: 1193:

worm corrupted SCADA microprocessors, particularly the types used in

1155: 1056: 820: 579: 3856:"Cyber attacks against Wells Fargo "significant," handled well: CFO" 3355:"Guide: What is Bitcoin and how does Bitcoin work? - CBBC Newsround" 781:

that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is

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Cyber Criminology: Exploring Internet Crimes and Criminal behavior.

5255: 1227:

companies and more than 40 major banks, according to investigators.

7219: 6850: 6825: 4911:"Managing the Risks Posed by Offender Computer Use - Perspectives" 3443:"Did A Bitcoin Exit Scam Cause Dark Web Wall Street Market Crash?" 2066:"Cybercrime To Cost The World $ 9.5 trillion USD annually in 2024" 1604: 1387: 1107: 751: 364: 5476:

International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction (IJTHI)

4681:. Institution of Engineering and Technology. pp. 01 (43 .). 3976:"Researchers find hints of Israeli spyware around globe - SFGate" 3825:"Like LinkedIn, eHarmony is hacked; 1.5 million passwords stolen" 3681:

Mann, David; Sutton, Mike (6 November 2011). ">>Netcrime".

3202:"U.S. internet users who have experienced online harassment 2020" 2596:"Norwegian national, partner nabbed; 4 rescued from cybersex den" 1128:

service was hacked several times during an ongoing technological

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Cybercrimes: The transformation of crime in the information age,

5027:"Dridex: Tidal waves of spam pushing dangerous financial Trojan" 4857: 3956:"Israeli spyware found on phones in 45 countries, U.S. included" 1183: 1167: 1064: 1060: 933:, the defendant was given an enhanced sentence according to the 629: 7170: 6230: 5640: 5460:(3 November 1999 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. p. 200. 5132:"This company uses A.I. to stop cyberattacks before they start" 3582:"The Consequences of Mailing Drugs and Other Banned Substances" 2286:"Cybercrime To Cost The World $ 10.5 Trillion Annually By 2025" 1466:

Contact companies about suspicious requests of your information

5594: 4712:"Diffusion and Effects of Cyber Crime in Developing Countries" 1171: 856: 4794:"U.S. Creates First Sanctions Program Against Cybercriminals" 4482:"The Importance of Understanding Encryption in Cybersecurity" 3325:"Council Post: Five Key Reasons Dark Web Markets Are Booming" 2337:"Latest Sony Pictures Breach : A Deadly Cyber Extortion" 5762: 4675:"ICS Threats. A Kaspersky Lab view, predictions and reality" 3896:"Fake Tweet Erasing $ 136 Billion Shows Markets Need Humans" 3292:"We talked to the opportunist imitator behind Silk Road 3.0" 1512:

In Australia, legislation to combat cybercrime includes the

4771:. Nutshell series. St. Paul, MN: West Academic Publishing. 4512:"Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation Program | CISA" 4511: 2536:"Senator warns of possible surge in child cybersex traffic" 5553:

Virtually Criminal: Crime, Deviance and Regulation Online,

3874:"AP Twitter Hack Falsely Claims Explosions at White House" 3090:"Chinese Authorities Address Online Bullying – Cybersmile" 578:. However, other cyberextortion techniques exist, such as 5412:

Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press, Taylor, and Francis Group.

2393:"100+ ransomware statistics for 2023 and beyond - Norton" 5532:

Control, vigilancia y respuesta penal en el ciberespacio

4738:"NIST Cybersecurity Program History and Timeline | CSRC" 3749:"Spanish police crack massive 'zombie computer' network" 1929:"BUFFETT: This is 'the number one problem with mankind'" 916:

Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way,

5450:

Information Technology and the Criminal Justice System,

3495:"He Escaped the Dark Web's Biggest Bust. Now He's Back" 1099:

embezzled over $ 1.5 million from hundreds of accounts.

881: 785:, which is illegal in most jurisdictions in the world. 5604:

National Institute of Justice Electronic Crime Program

2363:"The Growing Ransomware Threat: 4 Trends and Insights" 1959:"Warren Buffett: 'Cyber poses real risks to humanity'" 1585:

Furthermore, hacking is cheaper than ever. Before the

1146:

In February 2000, an individual going by the alias of

660:. An example of cybersex trafficking is the 2018–2020 4636:"You Can't Secure 100% of Your Data 100% of the Time" 3632:"Feds Crack Down on Darknet Vendors of Illicit Goods" 2779:"1st Session, 42nd Parliament, Volume 150, Issue 194" 395:

over 9 trillion in damages worldwide in 2024.

5474:

Richet, J.L. (2013) From Young Hackers to Crackers,

5222:"ASEAN Declaration to Prevent and Combat Cybercrime" 2659:"Senate to probe rise in child cybersex trafficking" 1396:

touring the National Computer Forensic Institute in

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Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty

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Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty

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Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment

4229:"Facts + Statistics: Identity theft and cybercrime" 4002:"Your Smartphone could be running Israeli Spyware!" 2566:"Duterte's drug war and child cybersex trafficking" 5356:DarkMarket : cyberthieves, cybercops, and you 4853:"China's new cybersecurity law takes effect today" 4197:Cybercrime : criminal threats from cyberspace 3607:"Darknet drug vendor sentenced to 10 years prison" 3556:"America's Drug Overdose Epidemic: Data to Action" 2186:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 137. 7015:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension 6602:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension 5348:Computer Misuse: Response, regulation and the law 4055:"Israeli firm accused of creating iPhone spyware" 3469:"The golden age of dark web drug markets is over" 2911:. Center for Strategic Leadership. Archived from 1457:Refrain from opening attachments from spam emails 1432:Cyber Security and Infrastructure Security Agency 5328:Cybercrime and establishing a secure cyber world 4997:"The Ultimate List of Cyber Attack Stats (2024)" 4549:Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency 3926:"Unprecedented cyber attacks wreak global havoc" 3412:"The 'Exit Scam' Is the Darknet's Perfect Crime" 3382:"The 'Exit Scam' Is the Darknet's Perfect Crime" 2024:Heading, Sophie; Zahidi, Saadia (January 2023). 1866: 1864: 924:, religion, nationality, or sexual orientation. 5326:Chang, Lennon Y.C., & Grabosky, P. (2014) " 5294:Broadhurst, R., and Chang, Lennon Y.C. (2013) " 5054: 5052: 3526:"7 Ways the Cops Will Bust You on the Dark Web" 2982:Wilbur, Kenneth C.; Zhu, Yi (24 October 2008). 2506:"Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge" 605:the average ransom demand in cases handled by 7182: 6242: 5652: 5359:, New York, NY : Alfred A. Knopf, 2011. 4679:Cyber Security for Industrial Control Systems 4085:"Chat App ToTok Is Spy Tool For UAE – Report" 1334:, a messaging application widely used in the 870:The examples and perspective in this section 827:and scam pages impersonating a famous brand. 318: 8: 2875:"What is 'Nth Room' case and why it matters" 2312:"Cyberextortion by Denial-of-Service Attack" 2026:"The Global Risks Report 2023, 18th Edition" 1879:. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 128–132. 1566:in the future development of cybersecurity. 5539:Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations, 5488:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 4885:"Criminal Justice System for Adults in NYS" 4769:Cybersecurity and privacy law in a nutshell 2184:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 3 2139:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 1216:and an alleged operator of the now defunct 754:for commercial purposes (spam) is unlawful 7940:Criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates 7189: 7175: 7167: 6249: 6235: 6227: 5659: 5645: 5637: 5573:International Journal of Cyber Criminology 4832:Journal of Law and Administrative Sciences 3661: 3659: 3657: 3560:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2182:Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005). 888:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 325: 311: 49: 38: 6203:Security information and event management 5499: 5379:Halder, D., & Jaishankar, K. (2016). 5296:Cybercrime in Asia: trends and challenges 4634:Ghosemajumder, Shuman (4 December 2017). 3694: 2150: 1570:security agencies in over 150 countries. 1532:Penalties for computer-related crimes in 1154:against high-profile websites, including 904:Learn how and when to remove this message 641:, dating pages, online chat rooms, apps, 6569:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm 5394:Halder, D., & Jaishankar, K. (2011) 5342:Computer Crime Investigation and the Law 4539: 4537: 2470: 2468: 1294:, the removal of $ 136 billion from the 27:Type of crime based in computer networks 4767:Kesan, Jay P.; Hayes, Carol M. (2019). 4545:"Enhanced Cybersecurity Services (ECS)" 3511:from the original on 23 September 2021. 2623: 2621: 2128: 2126: 1860: 270: 179: 108: 57: 41: 6762:Preventing the lawful burial of a body 6574:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm 5417:Understanding and Managing Cybercrime, 5111:from the original on 20 September 2018 4432:from the original on 16 September 2017 4312:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4305: 4008:from the original on 24 September 2018 3520: 3518: 2729:from the original on 12 September 2018 2265:from the original on 29 September 2022 2005:from the original on 27 September 2023 1998:. 15th Edition: 102. 15 January 2020. 1871:Sukhai, Nataliya B. (8 October 2004). 1460:Do not click on links from spam emails 1404:In the United States, the FBI and the 6730:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred 6180:Host-based intrusion detection system 5458:Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime 5249:https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/cyber 4555:from the original on 23 February 2023 4416: 4414: 4353: 4351: 4325: 4323: 4262:from the original on 17 December 2018 4190: 4188: 4095:from the original on 27 December 2019 3493:Greenberg, Andy (23 September 2021). 3467:Brandom, Russell (17 February 2019). 2855:from the original on 22 December 2022 2669:from the original on 13 November 2019 2639:from the original on 24 November 2020 645:sites, and other platforms. They use 7: 7839:High-yield investment program (HYIP) 6637:Offences Against the Person Act 1861 5089:Janofsky, Adam (19 September 2018). 4492:from the original on 4 December 2019 4256:"Mandatory Data Retention Worldwide" 3835:from the original on 28 October 2018 3668:Current Controversies in Criminology 2929:Joseph, Aghatise E. (28 June 2006). 2335:Mohanta, Abhijit (6 December 2014). 2133:Richet, Jean-Loup (1 January 2022). 2076:from the original on 1 February 2024 2059: 2057: 2042:from the original on 5 February 2024 1212:for resale. It is the originator of 742:Propagation of illegal, obscene, or 576:distributed denial-of-service attack 7829:Foundation for New Era Philanthropy 6211:Runtime application self-protection 5608:United States Department of Justice 5599:United States Department of Justice 5381:Cyber Crimes against Women in India 5091:"How AI Can Help Stop Cyberattacks" 5070:from the original on 6 October 2019 5037:from the original on 6 January 2024 4654:from the original on 28 August 2023 3854:Rothacker, Rick (12 October 2012). 3823:Rodriguez, Salvador (6 June 2012). 3725:. 30 September 2007. Archived from 3304:from the original on 5 October 2016 3142:"Malicious Communications Act 1988" 3014:from the original on 5 October 2022 2789:from the original on 27 August 2021 2218:from the original on 10 August 2022 1767:Immigration and Customs Enforcement 1301:In May 2017, 74 countries logged a 586:. An example of cyberextortion was 5335:Computer Law & Security Report 5286:Law in an Era of Smart Technology, 5279:Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Ltd. 5228:. 14 November 2017. Archived from 5172:from the original on 28 April 2023 5007:from the original on 23 March 2024 4199:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. 4053:Beaumont, Peter (26 August 2016). 3906:from the original on 23 April 2013 3804:from the original on 18 April 2012 3705:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014232 3380:Christian, Jon (4 February 2015). 3272:from the original on 1 August 2021 3242:from the original on 23 April 2021 2941:from the original on 18 July 2024. 2759:from the original on 29 April 2020 2699:from the original on 16 April 2019 2546:from the original on 18 April 2020 2453:from the original on 17 April 2017 2284:cybercrimemag (21 February 2018). 1655:National White Collar Crime Center 1621:Cyber Crime Unit (Hellenic Police) 930:United States v. Neil Scott Kramer 746:, including harassment and threats 180:Subfields and other major theories 25: 6143:Security-focused operating system 5623:Australian High Tech Crime Centre 5613:FBI Cyber Investigators home page 4865:from the original on 18 July 2024 4804:from the original on 18 July 2024 4748:from the original on 18 July 2024 4615:from the original on 28 July 2022 4575:"Detection and Prevention | CISA" 4522:from the original on 6 April 2022 4462:from the original on 18 July 2024 4369:from the original on 18 July 2024 4235:from the original on 18 July 2024 4142:from the original on 18 July 2024 4065:from the original on 18 July 2024 3936:from the original on 18 July 2024 3773:from the original on 17 June 2023 3642:from the original on 14 July 2020 3536:from the original on 15 July 2020 3422:from the original on 24 June 2020 3392:from the original on 18 July 2024 3361:from the original on 7 April 2023 3335:from the original on 29 July 2020 3212:from the original on 18 July 2024 3182:from the original on 18 July 2024 3152:from the original on 18 July 2024 3122:from the original on 18 July 2024 3096:from the original on 18 July 2024 3034:"Federal CyberStalking Bill Info" 2963:from the original on 5 March 2016 2846:International Labour Organization 2516:from the original on 18 July 2013 2403:from the original on 18 July 2024 2373:from the original on 18 July 2024 2212:LII / Legal Information Institute 1909:from the original on 18 July 2024 1762:Economic and industrial espionage 1610:Australian High Tech Crime Centre 935:U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual 7030:Encouraging or assisting a crime 6990:Perverting the course of justice 6411:Encouraging or assisting a crime 5939:Insecure direct object reference 5618:US Secret Service Computer Fraud 5541:Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5256:https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a3 4034:from the original on 16 May 2017 3876:. Samantha Murphy. 23 April 2013 3792:Li, David K. (17 January 2012). 3116:"Legal Perspective – Cybersmile" 2904:Murphy, Dennis (February 2010). 2885:from the original on 19 May 2020 2819:from the original on 16 May 2020 2576:from the original on 22 May 2020 2486:from the original on 21 May 2020 1969:from the original on 2 June 2023 1939:from the original on 9 June 2023 1617:, a wing of Mumbai Police, India 1522:Enhancing Online Safety Act 2015 1315:2018 Pegasus spyware revelations 1124:satellite pay-to-view encrypted 980:was found to have purchased the 861: 750:The unsolicited sending of bulk 436:Forms of computer fraud include 7894:Saradha Group financial scandal 7154:History of English criminal law 7045:Obstruction of a police officer 6708:Fear or provocation of violence 6193:Information security management 5428:The Encyclopedia of Cybercrime, 4916:. December 2011. Archived from 4823:Moise, Adrian Cristian (2015). 4452:"Combatting Cyber Crime | CISA" 4363:Department of Homeland Security 4335:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1623:, established in Greece in 2004 1406:Department of Homeland Security 1355:Internet Crime Complaint Center 1114:, suffered losses of $ 370,000. 1045:virtual private networks (VPNs) 556:Federal Bureau of Investigation 531:and personal computers through 485:theft of classified information 7055:Refusing to assist a constable 6871:Taking without owner's consent 5501:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121282 5383:. New Delhi: SAGE Publishing. 4792:Northam, Jackie (April 2015). 3683:British Journal of Criminology 2152:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121282 2064:Freeze, Di (12 October 2023). 1669:- Japan National Police Agency 1663:- Korea National Police Agency 1615:Cyber Crime Investigation Cell 1256:were attacked, and 65 million 937:§2G1.3(b)(3) for his use of a 1: 7248:1992 Indian stock market scam 7075:Fabrication of false evidence 6787:Misconduct in a public office 6713:Harassment, alarm or distress 6287:Regulatory (lowered mens rea) 5583:Countering ransomware attacks 5578:Common types of cyber attacks 5408:Jaishankar, K. (Ed.) (2011). 5398:Hershey, PA, US: IGI Global. 5315:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. ( 4254:Zehra Ali (21 January 2018). 2208:"Computer and Internet Fraud" 1989:"The Global Risk Report 2020" 1184:distributed denial-of-service 7523:Strip search phone call scam 7338:Extraterrestrial real estate 6792:Misfeasance in public office 6392:Ignorantia juris non excusat 5628:UK National Cyber Crime Unit 5162:"Cybercrime threat response" 2602:. 1 May 2020. Archived from 2097:Journal in Computer Virology 1834:United States Secret Service 1814:Police National E-Crime Unit 1681:Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 1661:Cyber Terror Response Center 1292:Dow Jones Industrial Average 959:Malicious Communications Act 950:sentence of up to 20 years. 766:Obscene or offensive content 7398:Intellectual property scams 7388:Indian coal allocation scam 7197:Scams and confidence tricks 6959:Cheating the public revenue 6751:Effecting a public mischief 6597:Assault with intent to rape 6198:Information risk management 6119:Multi-factor authentication 5675:Related security categories 1649:National Special Crime Unit 1518:Telecommunications Act 1997 1006:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 884:, discuss the issue on the 560:Central Intelligence Agency 8022: 7884:Pyramid schemes in Albania 7844:Investors Overseas Service 7776:Website reputation ratings 7035:Escape from lawful custody 6921:Fraud by abuse of position 6587:Assault with intent to rob 6511:Category:Criminal defences 6175:Intrusion detection system 6133:Computer security software 5789:Advanced persistent threat 4195:Brenner, Susan W. (2010). 3769:. Dhs.gov. 3 August 2011. 1793:List of computer criminals 1788:Legal aspects of computing 1706:Cybercrime countermeasures 1375:Internet Service Providers 1120:Between 1995 and 1998 the 1059:as opposed to the typical 834: 792: 701: 675: 628:of coerced sexual acts or 617: 597: 512: 494: 422: 29: 7914:Welsh Thrasher faith scam 7859:Madoff investment scandal 7353:Foreclosure rescue scheme 7151:For obsolete aspects see 7140: 6886:Misappropriation of funds 6818:Offences against property 6500:Diminished responsibility 5760: 5754:Digital rights management 5272:New York University Press 3719:"A walk on the dark side" 2109:10.1007/s11416-006-0015-z 1637:National Cyber Crime Unit 1322:US intelligence officials 1152:denial-of-service attacks 1019:are used to buy and sell 955:Human Flesh Search Engine 572:denial-of-service attacks 550:Government officials and 8001:Organized crime activity 7909:Stanford Financial Group 7714:Russian Business Network 7503:Slavery reparations scam 6973:Offences against justice 6746:Outraging public decency 6670:Sexual Offences Act 2003 6471:inc. participation in a 6381:Lesser included offences 6337:Intention in English law 6332:Intention (criminal law) 5899:Denial-of-service attack 5794:Arbitrary code execution 5452:Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 5439:Fighting Computer Crime, 5426:McQuade, S. (ed) (2009) 5193:York Deviancy Conference 4171:10.1177/1206331211430016 3666:Weitzer, Ronald (2003). 3636:www.bankinfosecurity.com 3172:"Criminal Code Act 1995" 2813:South China Morning Post 2753:South China Morning Post 2238:Fighting Computer Crime, 1873:"Hacking and cybercrime" 1701:Convention on Cybercrime 1696:Cloud computing security 1643:National Security Agency 1504:Convention on Cybercrime 1348:Combating computer crime 1202:Russian Business Network 1174:. About 50 computers at 805:Sorbonne Business School 91:Structural functionalism 76:Differential association 30:Not to be confused with 8006:Harassment and bullying 7879:Petters Group Worldwide 6109:Computer access control 6061:Rogue security software 5724:Electromagnetic warfare 5560:Cybercrime and Society, 5443:Charles Scribner's Sons 5290:Oxford University Press 5096:The Wall Street Journal 4948:. Springfield: Thomas. 4640:Harvard Business Review 4359:"Combating Cyber Crime" 4120:SSRN Electronic Journal 3505:Condé Nast Publications 2931:"Cybercrime definition" 2242:Charles Scribner's Sons 1885:10.1145/1059524.1059553 1667:Cyber Police Department 1639:, in the United Kingdom 1564:artificial intelligence 1210:personal identity theft 1197:centrifuge controllers. 1097:Union Dime Savings Bank 101:Symbolic interactionism 81:Integrative criminology 7573:White van speaker scam 7538:Technical support scam 7513:SSA impersonation scam 7468:Redemption/A4V schemes 7393:IRS impersonation scam 7358:Foreign exchange fraud 7090:Other common law areas 7040:Obstruction of justice 6782:Accessory (legal term) 6544:Corporate manslaughter 6155:Obfuscation (software) 5884:Browser Helper Objects 5768: 5309:Chang, L.Y. C. (2012) 4114:Jardine, Eric (2015). 3176:www.legislation.gov.au 3146:www.legislation.gov.uk 3000:10.1287/mksc.1080.0397 2935:www.crime-research.org 2476:"Cybersex Trafficking" 2259:www.everycrsreport.com 1657:, in the United States 1645:, in the United States 1514:Criminal Code Act 1995 1401: 1281:PNC Financial Services 1263:In December 2012, the 1139:On 26 March 1999, the 682:According to the U.S. 647:online payment systems 552:information technology 380:World Economic Forum's 86:Rational choice theory 18:Harassment by computer 7373:Get-rich-quick scheme 7363:Fortune telling fraud 7005:Misprision of treason 6926:Conspiracy to defraud 6881:Handling stolen goods 6725:Public Order Act 1986 6680:Public order offences 6150:Data-centric security 6031:Remote access trojans 5766: 5632:National Crime Agency 5482:Richet, J.L. (2022). 5456:Taylor, Paul (1999). 4673:Nikishin, A. (2015). 4426:www.secretservice.gov 3794:"Zappos cyber attack" 2815:. 11 September 2019. 2424:Criminal Law Bulletin 1803:National Crime Agency 1783:Internet suicide pact 1773:Initial access broker 1592:software-as-a-service 1391: 1373:. In many countries, 1182:sending pings in the 756:in some jurisdictions 684:Department of Defense 588:the Sony Hack of 2014 198:Biosocial criminology 137:Uniform Crime Reports 7849:Kapa investment scam 7669:Internet vigilantism 7659:Email authentication 7634:Cryptocurrency scams 7528:Swampland in Florida 7025:Harboring a fugitive 6995:Witness intimidation 6945:Forgery, personation 6564:Concealment of birth 6258:English criminal law 6082:Application security 5976:Privilege escalation 5844:Cross-site scripting 5697:Cybersex trafficking 5668:Information security 5589:Government resources 5551:Williams, M. (2006) 5369:Grabosky, P. (2006) 5346:Fafinski, S. (2009) 5142:on 20 September 2018 5033:. 16 February 2016. 4942:Bowker, Art (2012). 4687:10.1049/ic.2015.0003 4128:10.2139/ssrn.2634590 4091:. 27 December 2019. 4089:Silicon UK Tech News 3982:on 24 September 2018 3961:The Washington Times 3068:World Economic Forum 2665:. 11 November 2019. 2449:. 28 November 2016. 2343:on 25 September 2015 2033:World Economic Forum 1996:World Economic Forum 1829:Trespass to chattels 1711:Cyber defamation law 1574:Spread of cybercrime 1439:Shuman Ghosemajumder 1336:United Arab Emirates 978:United Arab Emirates 882:improve this section 872:may not represent a 779:internet pornography 620:Cybersex trafficking 614:Cybersex trafficking 409:cybersex trafficking 7953:Film and television 7674:Lenny anti-scam bot 7578:Work-at-home scheme 7543:Telemarketing fraud 7403:Kansas City Shuffle 7328:Embarrassing cheque 7080:Rescuing a prisoner 7050:Wasting police time 6808:Dereliction of duty 6767:Breach of the peace 6485:Prevention of crime 6347:Criminal negligence 5729:Information warfare 5687:Automotive security 5448:Pattavina, A. (ed) 5415:McQuade, S. (2006) 5340:Easttom, C. (2010) 5284:Brenner, S. (2007) 5003:. 7 February 2022. 4891:on 17 December 2018 4841:on 8 December 2015. 4486:Florida Tech Online 4399:on 31 December 2019 3729:on 10 November 2007 3418:. 4 February 2015. 3300:. 7 November 2014. 3236:BroadbandSearch.net 2663:The Philippine Star 2572:. 18 October 2019. 2540:The Philippine Star 2290:Cybercrime Magazine 2070:Cybercrime Magazine 1746:Electronic evidence 1542:perverse incentives 1305:cybercrime called " 1176:Stanford University 731:Information warfare 698:Computers as a tool 384:Global Risks Report 351:In 2000, the tenth 263:Radical criminology 7904:Scott W. Rothstein 7799:Aman Futures Group 7318:Coin rolling scams 7313:Coin-matching game 7146:English law portal 7132:Criminal procedure 6797:Abuse of authority 6627:False imprisonment 6478:Medical procedures 6306:Elements of crimes 6138:Antivirus software 6006:Social engineering 5971:Polymorphic engine 5924:Fraudulent dialers 5829:Hardware backdoors 5769: 5555:Routledge, London. 5548:Cambridge: Polity. 5544:Wall, D.S. (2007) 5537:Walden, I. (2007) 5494:(121282): 121282. 5350:Cullompton: Willan 5208:17th AIM Symposium 5130:Noyes, Katherine. 4923:on 5 November 2013 4718:on 18 October 2015 4585:on 7 November 2019 4488:. 18 August 2016. 4004:. September 2018. 3586:www.cottenfirm.com 2367:Palo Alto Networks 2145:(121282): 121282. 1844:White-collar crime 1819:Protected computer 1798:Metasploit Project 1402: 1327:The New York Times 1320:In December 2019, 1150:began a series of 1021:recreational drugs 984:'s mobile spyware 545:malicious software 523:refers to acts of 96:Subcultural theory 7996:Computer security 7973: 7972: 7935:Confidence tricks 7654:Domain name scams 7553:Thai zig zag scam 7418:Miracle cars scam 7241:confidence tricks 7239:Notable scams and 7164: 7163: 7070:Contempt of court 7000:Witness tampering 6718:intent aggravates 6703:Unlawful assembly 6559:Child destruction 6403:Inchoate offences 6265:Classes of crimes 6224: 6223: 6186:Anomaly detection 6091:Secure by default 5944:Keystroke loggers 5879:Drive-by download 5767:vectorial version 5734:Internet security 5682:Computer security 5467:978-0-415-18072-6 5421:Allyn & Bacon 5404:978-1-60960-830-9 5371:Electronic Crime, 5365:978-0-307-59293-4 5321:978-0-85793-667-7 5304:978-1-4614-5217-1 4778:978-1-63460-272-3 4696:978-1-78561-010-3 4611:. 26 April 2022. 4393:www.ncfi.usss.gov 4163:Space and Culture 4030:. 29 April 2016. 3902:. 23 April 2013. 3829:Los Angeles Times 3044:on 6 January 2020 3038:www.haltabuse.org 2988:Marketing Science 2918:on 20 March 2012. 2881:. 24 April 2020. 2785:. 18 April 2018. 2695:. 15 April 2019. 2542:. 13 April 2020. 2369:. 25 March 2022. 1965:. 30 April 2019. 1963:finance.yahoo.com 1778:Internet homicide 1691:Computer trespass 1686:Computer security 1500:Council of Europe 1367:digital forensics 1241:In January 2012, 1112:Southwestern Bell 1090:Notable incidents 966:freedom of speech 914: 913: 906: 831:Online harassment 783:child pornography 744:offensive content 639:video conferences 610:everyday people. 529:computer networks 503:human trafficking 462:advance-fee scams 335: 334: 147:Positivist school 16:(Redirected from 8013: 7804:Bernard Cornfeld 7766:Stock Generation 7694:Referer spoofing 7558:Three-card monte 7548:Thai tailor scam 7508:Spanish Prisoner 7438:Overpayment scam 7378:Green goods scam 7278:Black money scam 7263:Art student scam 7258:Advance-fee scam 7253:2G spectrum case 7191: 7184: 7177: 7168: 6936:Webcam blackmail 6757:disorderly house 6693:Violent disorder 6554:Unlawful killing 6522:Offences against 6360:Strict liability 6251: 6244: 6237: 6228: 6095:Secure by design 6026:Hardware Trojans 5859:History sniffing 5849:Cross-site leaks 5744:Network security 5661: 5654: 5647: 5638: 5521: 5503: 5471: 5437:Parker D (1983) 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5166:www.interpol.int 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5138:. Archived from 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5001:Exploding Topics 4993: 4987: 4986: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4958:. Archived from 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4887:. Archived from 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4834:. Archived from 4829: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4714:. Archived from 4707: 4701: 4700: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4581:. Archived from 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4395:. Archived from 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4365:. 19 June 2012. 4355: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4311: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4294:on 19 March 2015 4293: 4287:. Archived from 4286: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3978:. Archived from 3972: 3966: 3965: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3532:. 26 June 2016. 3522: 3513: 3512: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3040:. Archived from 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2910: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2854: 2843: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2783:Senate of Canada 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2725:. 17 June 2018. 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2635:. 30 June 2018. 2625: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2512:. 18 July 2013. 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2339:. Archived from 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2317:. Archived from 2316: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2251: 2245: 2236:Parker D (1983) 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2154: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2041: 2030: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2004: 1993: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1933:Business Insider 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1868: 1809:Penetration test 1741:Domain hijacking 1394:Tommy Tuberville 1180:zombie computers 1025:drug traffickers 1012:Drug trafficking 909: 902: 898: 895: 889: 865: 864: 857: 651:cryptocurrencies 405:financial crimes 327: 320: 313: 122:Crime statistics 53: 39: 21: 8021: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8010: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7918: 7864:Make Money Fast 7834:Franchise fraud 7789: 7780: 7761:Spoofing attack 7744:Scammer Payback 7592:countermeasures 7591: 7582: 7273:Bait-and-switch 7240: 7234: 7198: 7195: 7165: 7160: 7136: 7084: 6968: 6946: 6940: 6856:Criminal damage 6812: 6741:Public nuisance 6674: 6652:Sexual offences 6646: 6622:Child abduction 6523: 6516: 6462:Loss of control 6435: 6397: 6369: 6301: 6260: 6255: 6225: 6220: 6070: 5770: 5758: 5749:Copy protection 5739:Mobile security 5670: 5665: 5591: 5569: 5558:Yar, M. (2006) 5481: 5468: 5455: 5432:Greenwood Press 5263: 5261:Further reading 5245: 5235: 5233: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5058: 5057: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4962:on 2 April 2015 4956: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4422:"Investigation" 4420: 4419: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4357: 4356: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4282:"Archived copy" 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4207: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3932:. 13 May 2017. 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3755:. 3 March 2010. 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3696:10.1.1.133.3861 3680: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3664: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3562:. 24 March 2020 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3524: 3523: 3516: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3441:Winder, Davey. 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3268:. August 2021. 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2953:"Save browsing" 2951: 2950: 2946: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2627: 2626: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2606:on 29 July 2020 2600:Manila Bulletin 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2324:on 6 July 2011. 2321: 2314: 2310:Lepofsky, Ron. 2309: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2132: 2131: 2124: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2063: 2062: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1895: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1824:Techno-thriller 1676: 1601: 1587:cloud computing 1576: 1559: 1550: 1530: 1473: 1427: 1398:Hoover, Alabama 1363: 1350: 1288:President Obama 1269:Bank of America 1258:password hashes 1092: 1037:Diabolus Market 1017:Darknet markets 1014: 994:Princess Latifa 944:electrochemical 910: 899: 893: 890: 879: 866: 862: 855: 841:Online predator 833: 813:cookie stuffing 801: 791: 768: 718: 716:Carding (fraud) 702:Main articles: 700: 680: 674: 622: 616: 602: 596: 568: 517: 511: 499: 493: 456:to steal data, 427: 421: 401: 399:Classifications 365:financial theft 342:digital devices 331: 193:Anthropological 71:Criminalization 66:Conflict theory 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8019: 8017: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7978: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7795: 7793: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7771:Voice phishing 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7604:Pig Butchering 7601: 7595: 7593: 7588:Internet scams 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7493:Sick baby hoax 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7473:Reloading scam 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7408:Locksmith scam 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7149: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7010:Jury tampering 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6916:Fraud Act 2006 6913: 6911:Theft Act 1978 6908: 6906:Theft Act 1968 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6836:Cheating (law) 6833: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6777:Forcible entry 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6665:Sexual assault 6662: 6656: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6581: 6579:Common assault 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6528: 6526: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6473:sporting event 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6431:Common purpose 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6317: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6216:Site isolation 6213: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6200: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6114:Authentication 6106: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6089: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5914:Email spoofing 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5854:DOM clobbering 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5834:Code injection 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5714:Cyberterrorism 5711: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5702:Computer fraud 5699: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5601: 5595:Cybercrime.gov 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5567:External links 5565: 5564: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5522: 5479: 5478:, 9(3), 53–62. 5472: 5466: 5453: 5446: 5435: 5430:Westport, CT: 5424: 5413: 5406: 5392: 5389:978-9385985775 5377: 5367: 5351: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5307: 5292: 5282: 5275: 5262: 5259: 5244: 5243: 5232:on 3 July 2021 5213: 5198: 5183: 5153: 5122: 5081: 5048: 5018: 4988: 4973: 4954: 4934: 4902: 4876: 4844: 4815: 4784: 4777: 4759: 4729: 4710:Kshetri, Nir. 4702: 4695: 4665: 4626: 4596: 4566: 4533: 4503: 4473: 4443: 4410: 4389:"NCFI - About" 4380: 4347: 4319: 4273: 4246: 4220: 4205: 4184: 4153: 4106: 4076: 4045: 4019: 3993: 3967: 3947: 3917: 3887: 3865: 3846: 3815: 3784: 3758: 3740: 3710: 3689:(2): 201–229. 3673: 3653: 3623: 3598: 3573: 3547: 3514: 3485: 3459: 3433: 3403: 3372: 3346: 3323:Arora, Beenu. 3315: 3283: 3253: 3223: 3193: 3163: 3133: 3107: 3081: 3070:. 27 June 2019 3055: 3025: 2994:(2): 293–308. 2974: 2944: 2921: 2896: 2866: 2830: 2800: 2770: 2755:. 2 May 2019. 2740: 2710: 2680: 2650: 2617: 2587: 2570:The ASEAN Post 2557: 2527: 2497: 2464: 2434: 2414: 2384: 2354: 2327: 2302: 2276: 2246: 2229: 2199: 2192: 2174: 2122: 2087: 2053: 2016: 1980: 1950: 1920: 1893: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1575: 1572: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1534:New York State 1529: 1526: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1426: 1423: 1410:Secret Service 1362: 1359: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1330:revealed that 1318: 1310: 1299: 1284: 1261: 1248:In June 2012, 1246: 1239: 1232:pedophile ring 1228: 1221: 1198: 1187: 1144: 1137: 1118: 1115: 1100: 1091: 1088: 1013: 1010: 1000:, and others. 912: 911: 876:of the subject 874:worldwide view 869: 867: 860: 853:Internet troll 832: 829: 790: 787: 767: 764: 748: 747: 740: 735: 734:Phishing scams 732: 729: 704:Internet fraud 699: 696: 676:Main article: 673: 670: 626:live streaming 618:Main article: 615: 612: 598:Main article: 595: 592: 567: 566:Cyberextortion 564: 558:(FBI) and the 521:cyberterrorism 515:Cyberterrorism 513:Main article: 510: 509:Cyberterrorism 507: 495:Main article: 492: 489: 477:identity theft 442:computer worms 431:internet fraud 425:Computer fraud 423:Main article: 420: 419:Computer fraud 417: 400: 397: 373:Warren Buffett 333: 332: 330: 329: 322: 315: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 273: 272: 268: 267: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 248:Organizational 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 182: 181: 177: 176: 175: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 111: 110: 106: 105: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 60: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8018: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7991:Crime by type 7989: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7966: 7965:Ponzi schemes 7963: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7949:In the media 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7899:Secret Sister 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7869:Matrix scheme 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7791:Ponzi schemes 7787: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7699:Ripoff Report 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498:SIM swap scam 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7463:Pump and dump 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7448:Pig in a poke 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7303:Charity fraud 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7283:Blessing scam 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:Error account 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7192: 7187: 7185: 7180: 7178: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7157: 7155: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6490:Lawful excuse 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6240: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6126:Authorization 6124: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6087:Secure coding 6085: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056:SQL injection 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6036:Vulnerability 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:Trojan horses 6019: 6017: 6016:Software bugs 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904:Eavesdropping 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5894:Data scraping 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5864:Cryptojacking 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5562:London: Sage. 5561: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5530:Rolón, D. N. 5529: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5376: 5375:Prentice Hall 5372: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5184: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5141: 5137: 5136:Computerworld 5133: 5126: 5123: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5082: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4984: 4983:Cyberbullying 4977: 4974: 4961: 4957: 4955:9780398087289 4951: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4935: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4864: 4861:. June 2017. 4860: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4816: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4747: 4743: 4742:csrc.nist.gov 4739: 4733: 4730: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4666: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4336: 4332: 4331:"Cyber Crime" 4326: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4290: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4206:9780313365461 4202: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4154: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4107: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4046: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3935: 3931: 3930:Straits Times 3927: 3921: 3918: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3847: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3816: 3803: 3799: 3798:New York Post 3795: 3788: 3785: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3723:The Economist 3720: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3373: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3297:The Daily Dot 3293: 3287: 3284: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984:"Click Fraud" 2978: 2975: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2897: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2415: 2402: 2398: 2397:us.norton.com 2394: 2388: 2385: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2328: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2277: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2193:9780787663742 2189: 2185: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2088: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2017: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1894:1-59593-048-5 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1839:Virtual crime 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1757:drop catching 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1726:Data diddling 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1651:, in Denmark. 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1556: 1554: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1361:Investigation 1360: 1358: 1356: 1347: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023:online. Some 1022: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 998:Princess Haya 995: 991: 990:Ahmed Mansoor 987: 983: 979: 974: 970: 967: 962: 960: 956: 951: 947: 945: 940: 936: 932: 931: 925: 923: 919: 908: 905: 897: 887: 883: 877: 875: 868: 859: 858: 854: 850: 846: 845:Cyberstalking 842: 838: 837:Cyberbullying 830: 828: 824: 822: 816: 814: 808: 806: 800: 796: 788: 786: 784: 780: 775: 773: 765: 763: 759: 757: 753: 745: 741: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 726: 725: 722: 717: 713: 709: 705: 697: 695: 693: 689: 685: 679: 671: 669: 667: 663: 662:Nth room case 659: 658:child victims 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 627: 621: 613: 611: 608: 601: 593: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 565: 563: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 516: 508: 506: 504: 498: 497:Fraud Factory 491:Fraud Factory 490: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448:, installing 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 426: 418: 416: 414: 410: 406: 398: 396: 392: 390: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 354: 349: 347: 343: 339: 328: 323: 321: 316: 314: 309: 308: 306: 305: 300: 297: 295: 294:Organizations 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 275: 274: 269: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 238:Environmental 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 184: 183: 178: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 142:Crime mapping 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 113: 112: 107: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 62: 61: 58:Main Theories 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 37: 33: 32:virtual crime 19: 7889:Reed Slatkin 7854:Kubus scheme 7734:Jim Browning 7729:419eater.com 7724:Scam baiting 7709:Romance scam 7679:Lottery scam 7638: 7624:Clickjacking 7568:Wash trading 7563:Trojan horse 7478:Return fraud 7428:Mock auction 7323:Drop swindle 7288:Bogus escrow 7152: 7144: 6947:and cheating 6931:Fare evasion 6900: 6540:Manslaughter 6509: 6505:Intoxication 6447:Self-defence 6390: 6342:Recklessness 6324: 6312: 6160:Data masking 5719:Cyberwarfare 5691: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5491: 5487: 5475: 5457: 5449: 5438: 5427: 5416: 5373:New Jersey: 5370: 5355: 5347: 5341: 5337:Vol.16 no.5. 5334: 5310: 5285: 5281:Springfield. 5267: 5252: 5246: 5234:. 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Morgan 1225:Fortune 1000 1218:Storm botnet 1141:Melissa worm 1133: 1104:Pacific Bell 1073: 1069: 1063:, .net, and 1041: 1015: 975: 971: 963: 952: 948: 928: 926: 915: 900: 891: 871: 849:Cyber Racism 825: 817: 809: 802: 777:One area of 776: 769: 760: 749: 723: 719: 681: 678:Cyberwarfare 672:Cyberwarfare 655: 635:social media 623: 603: 584:bug poaching 569: 549: 520: 518: 505:operations. 500: 466: 435: 428: 402: 393: 377: 369:cyberwarfare 358: 350: 337: 336: 279:Bibliography 243:Experimental 222: 157:Quantitative 36: 7930:Con artists 7814:Dona Branca 7756:Spoofed URL 7664:Email fraud 7644:CyberThrill 7619:Click fraud 7533:Tarmac scam 7458:Pork barrel 7453:Pigeon drop 7443:Patent safe 7433:Moving scam 7343:Fiddle game 7293:Boiler room 7268:Badger game 7230:Sucker list 7203:Terminology 6548:Infanticide 6386:Concurrence 6100:Misuse case 5934:Infostealer 5909:Email fraud 5874:Data breach 5709:Cybergeddon 5353:Glenny, M. 5274:, New York. 4895:17 December 4752:17 February 4609:VentureBeat 4466:17 February 4266:17 December 4146:10 December 4099:27 December 3839:20 February 3808:14 February 3777:10 November 3611:www.dea.gov 2859:22 December 2447:PR Newswire 2269:5 September 1913:10 December 1477:Philippines 1471:Legislation 1296:S&P 500 1265:Wells Fargo 1053:Tor Browser 1002:Ghada Owais 799:Click fraud 666:South Korea 382:(WEF) 2020 233:Development 208:Criminology 152:Qualitative 132:Ethnography 117:Comparative 43:Criminology 7986:Cybercrime 7980:Categories 7958:Literature 7819:Earl Jones 7751:ShadowCrew 7704:Rock Phish 7649:DarkMarket 7639:Cybercrime 7614:Catfishing 7488:Shell game 7423:Mismarking 7348:Fine print 7308:Clip joint 7298:Bride scam 6901:Cybercrime 6831:Dishonesty 6755:Keeping a 6632:Harassment 6617:Kidnapping 6524:the person 6416:Conspiracy 6314:Actus reus 6297:Common law 6277:Either way 6272:Indictable 6165:Encryption 6041:Web shells 5981:Ransomware 5929:Hacktivism 5692:Cybercrime 5526:Boston.com 4966:25 January 4927:25 January 4869:11 January 4589:1 November 4496:4 December 4436:3 December 4403:4 December 4373:1 November 4340:4 December 4239:2 December 3186:2 November 3156:2 November 3126:2 November 3100:2 November 3074:4 December 3048:4 December 3018:30 October 2222:1 November 2080:3 February 2046:3 February 1856:References 1755:(Illegal) 1721:Cyberheist 1520:, and the 1425:Prevention 1382:IP Address 1303:ransomware 1243:Zappos.com 1160:Dell, Inc. 1051:, and the 939:cell phone 918:harassment 894:March 2016 835:See also: 793:See also: 637:networks, 600:Ransomware 594:Ransomware 469:bank fraud 338:Cybercrime 228:Demography 172:Recidivism 7945:Impostors 7599:Avalanche 7413:Long firm 7333:Exit scam 7065:Espionage 6896:Extortion 6891:Blackmail 6876:Deception 6861:Squatting 6457:Necessity 6421:Accessory 6374:Doctrines 6365:Omissions 6356:Vicarious 6352:Corporate 6320:Causation 6292:Statutory 5996:Shellcode 5991:Scareware 5839:Crimeware 5799:Backdoors 5630:from the 5606:from the 5597:from the 5518:239962449 5510:0040-1625 5105:0099-9660 5074:3 January 5041:6 January 4648:0017-8012 4559:6 January 4215:464583250 4179:146501914 4136:1556-5068 3900:Bloomberg 3753:France 24 3691:CiteSeerX 3473:The Verge 3308:4 October 3008:0732-2399 2967:5 October 2169:239962449 2161:0040-1625 2103:: 13–20. 1849:Web shell 1548:Awareness 1528:Penalties 1400:, in 2021 1277:U.S. Bank 1236:terabytes 1134:Star Trek 1130:arms race 1033:Silk Road 1029:encrypted 982:NSO Group 964:Although 886:talk page 525:terrorism 519:The term 481:extortion 407:, scams, 361:espionage 253:Political 127:Profiling 7719:SaferNet 7689:Phishing 7629:Cramming 7518:SSC Scam 7383:Hustling 7368:Gem scam 7127:Evidence 7108:Property 7098:Contract 7060:Sedition 6964:Uttering 6866:Trespass 6841:Burglary 6739:Causing 6735:Nuisance 6532:Homicide 6495:Insanity 6440:Defences 6326:Mens rea 6170:Firewall 6075:Defenses 6001:Spamming 5986:Rootkits 5959:Phishing 5919:Exploits 5419:Boston: 5288:Oxford: 5170:Archived 5109:Archived 5068:Archived 5035:Archived 5031:Symantec 5011:23 March 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