155:
171:
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guns, only the two pairs of pedestal-mounted guns at Fort
Andrews and Fort Standish were retained through the end of the war. The removal of most weapons and an Army-wide shift from a regimental to a battalion-based system meant organizational changes in the Boston area. On 23 February 1944 the 9th Coast Artillery was effectively disestablished, and on 7 October 1944 the 241st Coast Artillery was redesignated as the 187th and 241st Coast Artillery Battalions, which themselves were disestablished on 1 April 1945. Personnel from these units were absorbed by HD Boston.
147:
179:
1280:
50:
936:, with the guns protected by open-back shields. The guns for these batteries were mostly the 6-inch guns removed in World War I for field service and stored since that war; a new 6-inch gun M1 of similar characteristics was developed when this supply of guns began to run out. Four of these batteries were built in the Boston area, of which three were armed. These were Battery 206 at the East Point Military Reservation, Battery 207 at Fort Dawes (not armed), Battery Jewell (a.k.a. Battery 209) on
502:
494:
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163:
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26:
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fortifications was cut off in 1879 before much had been accomplished in the Boston area. The existing forts were at least partially rearmed with Rodman guns. The external batteries of Fort
Winthrop were rebuilt for Rodman guns, and the southeast bastion of Fort Warren was roofed over with massive brick arches. A plaque at the fort states that it was a prototype
429:. In 1833 work was to begin on a rebuilding and expansion of Fort Independence as a granite fort, but commencement was delayed until 1836 due to funding problems cause by an inflation spike. The rebuilt fort was substantially complete by 1848, although repairs and other work continued until 1861. Another large granite fort was begun in 1833 on
729:
It appears that four mortars from Fort Banks and six from Fort
Andrews were removed for potential service as railway artillery and not returned to the forts. All four of Fort Warren's 10-inch guns were removed for the same reason; these were replaced with different 10-inch guns in 1919. One of Fort
1040:
As new defenses were built, and with little threat to the east coast from enemy air or surface raiders, the heavy weapons at Boston's
Endicott-era forts were scrapped in 1942-43. Fort Warren's and Fort Heath's 12-inch guns were the last heavy Endicott weapons to be scrapped, in 1945. Of the 6-inch
475:
near
Savannah, Georgia in 1862. Also, Parrott rifles had shown an alarming tendency to burst when fired. In the 1870s a major rebuilding of coast defenses was projected. These were centered on earth-protected batteries of Rodman guns along with some Parrott rifles. However, all funding for new
884:
Early in World War II numerous temporary buildings were again constructed to accommodate the rapid mobilization of men and equipment. The 241st Coast
Artillery was activated on 16 September 1940, while three battalions of the 9th Coast Artillery were activated in February and June 1941. The
388:
and was designed by French-born engineer officer Jean Foncin. It had 42 guns in the fort, with two outer batteries for six guns each, and could house two companies of about 100 men each, with an external wooden barracks for six additional companies. In 1808-1812 Fort Warren (renamed
1106:
Following the war, it was soon determined that gun defenses were obsolete, and they were scrapped by the end of 1948, with remaining harbor defense functions turned over to the Navy. In 1950 the Coast
Artillery Corps and all Army harbor defense commands were dissolved. Today the
689:
In 1911-12 eight of Fort Banks' sixteen M1886 12-inch (305 mm) mortars were replaced with M1890 mortars; the remainder were replaced in 1915. Also, in 1912-13 the fort's structure was largely replaced due to inferior concrete, and the magazines were expanded.
799:, were declared obsolete and removed from the forts. These included all Army 5-inch guns, the 4.72-inch Armstrong guns, the pair of 4-inch guns at Fort Warren, and many of the 3-inch guns throughout CD Boston, leading to some redeployments of 3-inch weapons.
877:
726:. The remounted 5-inch and 6-inch guns were sent to France, but their units did not complete training in time to see action. The 5-inch guns were removed from service in 1920, but the 6-inch guns were stored and many returned to service in World War II.
839:
with better guns and armor. Although the end of World War I meant a general drawdown in US coast defenses, the Boston area was also chosen for one of the first 16-inch (406 mm) gun batteries built by the United States. This was
717:. Some weapons were removed from forts with the intent of getting US-made artillery into the fight. 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch guns and 12-inch mortars were converted to railway artillery, while 5-inch and 6-inch guns became
802:
On 1 July 1924 the harbor defense garrisons completed the transition from a company-based organization to a regimental one, and on 9 June 1925 the commands were renamed from "Coast
Defenses..." to "Harbor Defenses...". The
484:
and was not further used as a fort, although it was re-occupied as a torpedo and mine depot in the
Spanish–American War. Fort Winthrop also went into caretaker status about the same time, also with some re-use in that war.
721:
on wheeled carriages. 12-inch mortars were also removed to improve reload times by reducing the number of mortars in a pit from four to two. Few railway artillery pieces were mounted and few or none saw action before the
834:
on M1917 long-range barbette carriages that increased the guns' range from 18,400 yards (16,800 m) to 29,300 yards (26,800 m). This type of weapon was developed in response to the progressive improvement of
597:
while Fort
Andrews had sixteen 12-inch mortars with the pits in an open-back line to improve reloading. Fort Warren was rebuilt with two 12-inch and five 10-inch disappearing guns, Fort Revere had two 12-inch guns on
730:
Strong's 10-inch guns was removed and not replaced. Three of Fort Revere's 6-inch guns and all four of Fort Revere's and Fort Andrews' 5-inch guns were removed and not replaced (Fort Andrews' 5-inch guns went to
525:; most of the forts were completed by the end of 1904, and the last was completed in 1907. The complex geography of the harbor area required seven forts to defend it, including the rebuilding of parts of
734:, Virginia). Two of Fort Standish's 6-inch guns were removed, but were remounted in 1919. Other weapons were earmarked for transfer, and some of these were dismounted, but were remounted after the war.
517:
to develop recommendations for a full replacement of existing coast defenses. Most of its recommendations were adopted, and construction began in 1892 on new forts to defend the Boston area. Two
897:
in 1940 the Army decided to replace all existing heavy coast defense guns with 16-inch guns, but retained long-range 12-inch batteries including Fort Ruckman. Fort Ruckman and Fort Duvall were
1143:
is the most accessible and among the best-preserved, and is a public park with guided tours in the summer. It's one of the few well-preserved forts in the area with road access. The former
585:" configuration (four pits in a square with four mortars per pit) to concentrate their fire; it was the first mortar battery of the Endicott program completed. Nearby Fort Heath had three
640:
at Fort Strong was among many hastily added following the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898. Most of the Endicott batteries were years from completion, and it was feared the
1151:
and is publicly accessible by road. The 16-inch battery in particular can be seen easily, thanks to a berm in front of it that was part of the later Nike missile site. Also in Nahant,
3131:
333:
on 5 March, allowing the Continental Army to bombard the British fleet in the harbor. The British evacuated Boston on 17 March under a truce, taking the ships carrying their army to
380:
and a complete rebuilding was projected. The fort in Hull lost the name and was called either the Allerton Battery or "the French fort" afterwards. The name "Fort Adams" went to a
705:
brought many changes to the Coast Artillery and the Coast Defenses of Boston (CD Boston). Numerous temporary buildings were constructed at the forts to accommodate the wartime
614:
at Fort Andrews, six 6-inch guns and two 5-inch guns at Fort Revere, and five 6-inch guns at Fort Standish. Smaller weapons were also provided to defend the minefields against
1317:
3141:
2251:
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on fixed mounts were built at some forts. Some of these weapons remained in service through early World War II, others were replaced by towed 3-inch guns in the 1930s.
2898:
709:. As the only component of the Army with heavy artillery experience and significant manpower, the Coast Artillery was chosen to operate almost all US-manned heavy and
693:
In 1914 a one-gun 10-inch (254 mm) battery at Fort Warren was disarmed and abandoned due to inferior concrete; this was Battery Jack Adams inside the stone fort.
1322:
518:
329:
with more and larger cannon than they previously had. In the first week of March these weapons were used to engage the enemy. The turning point was the capture and
217:
822:
A major change in Boston Harbor between the wars required a new fort: the opening of a new ship channel in the northern part of the harbor. To cover this approach
1164:
909:; this battery entered service in June 1944, extending Fort Ruckman's coverage of the northern approaches to the harbor. Another 16-inch battery, Battery 105 at
2131:
1769:
1108:
1207:; the 6-inch batteries are well-preserved but only traces remain of the Revolutionary War fort and the other Endicott Batteries were buried in the 1970s.
1175:
is very well-preserved with guided tours that allow access to most of the fort. It's a rare example of an older fort with Endicott batteries added to it.
1252:
Crest: On a wreath Argent and Gules, a dexter arm embowed habited gray with white ruff grasping a staff with the flag of Bunker Hill attached all Proper.
191:
65:
1260:
Symbolism: The shield is red for the Artillery. The Mayflower, the crest and the motto all tell of the historic background of the Boston district.
756:. Eight of these companies (four Massachusetts National Guard, one Rhode Island National Guard, and the rest regular army) were transferred to the
2817:
1220:
645:
2903:
2262:
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against the decks of enemy warships as they approached. An alternate proposal in 1920 was to build a naval-type turret with two 16-inch guns on
257:, the King of England at the time. It is one of the oldest continuously fortified sites in the northeastern United States; however, the site of
2888:
2863:
150:
Map of the Boston Harbor islands. Not shown to the north is the Nahant peninsula, site of Fort Ruckman and the East Point Military Reservation.
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570:
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246:
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330:
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357:
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carries the lineage of some Coast Artillery units. In the late 1940s antiaircraft gun sites were established in the US, first with
2595:
445:
and its water batteries were rebuilt for seven guns each. The supervising builder of Forts Independence, Warren, and Winthrop was
2878:
1215:
has been partly built on as part of a gated community, probably with no public access; one 16-inch emplacement is still visible.
1212:
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carriage that allowed an elevation of 65 degrees and a range of 49,100 yards (44,900 m). This increased the opportunity for
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in Middletown, Rhode Island and removed from service in 1919, shortly after the war ended. One is preserved as a memorial in
530:
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430:
344:(also called Fort Adams) and the forts on Governor's and Noddle's Islands. A new fort was built in 1776 on Telegraph Hill in
1263:
Background: The coat of arms was initially approved in 1919 for the Coast Defenses of Boston. It was later approved for the
1009:
Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) batteries were built in the Boston area. These had 90 mm dual-purpose (anti-surface and
917:
in the middle of the harbor, was also built but not armed. An additional 16-inch battery, Battery 106, was proposed for the
901:
during World War II for protection against air attack, as were the new 16-inch batteries. In 1942 construction began on the
1866:
337:. However, they damaged and destroyed Castle William and its ordnance as best they could, to deny its use to the Patriots.
154:
2705:
2244:
976:
960:
757:
723:
326:
274:
906:
456:
Boston Harbor was not attacked in the Civil War; however, the forts served as mobilization centers and Fort Warren was a
3035:
2755:
955:", circular concrete platforms to support the guns. These were at the East Point Military Reservation in Nahant and the
808:
578:
170:
637:
603:
464:, primarily 15-inch and 10-inch caliber, began during the war, most likely along with some 100-, 200-, and 300-pounder
441:. The new Fort Warren, designed for 300 guns, was completed in 1861. A large central citadel with 16 guns was added to
146:
3146:
2828:
2750:
2267:, United States Army in World War II, Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, archived from
1196:
1168:
1076:
999:
914:
714:
550:
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314:
1944:
182:
Bicentennial memorial to the first Fort Independence, 6-inch disappearing emplacements at Fort Revere in background.
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systems deployed in the 1950s and early 1960s used some former coastal forts as launch or radar sites, notably the
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534:
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battery for 15-inch Rodmans, certainly rare in the US and possibly unique. In 1879 Fort Independence was placed in
361:
290:
266:
116:
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1227:
in Scituate is now an Air Force recreation area with some public access; the World War II 6-inch battery and some
265:
was fortified at least two years previously. The fort was rebuilt and expanded many times (six times prior to the
3000:
1285:
1267:
Regiment on 6 May 1924. It was redesignated for the 9th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 6 December 1950.
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987:
983:
262:
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748:
References indicate the authorized strength of CD Boston in World War I was 32 companies, including 12 from the
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remain. There are numerous other fire control towers in the Boston area, mostly privately owned, with a few at
972:
318:
97:
2103:
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1625:
1013:) guns. Each battery was authorized two 90 mm guns on fixed mounts, two on towed mounts, and two single
848:), south of the Hull peninsula and thus not visible from the ship channel, built 1919-1927. The fort had two
2797:
1199:
was demolished in 2014 due to safety concerns, and as of 2016 there are no public activities on the island.
1163:
in Winthrop is totally demolished and buried. Almost all of the forts on the harbor islands are part of the
1148:
1087:
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995:
922:
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Patriot forces occupied and rebuilt the British forts in the area to the best of their abilities, including
206:
103:
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In 1794 Castle William/Fort Adams was repaired to some extent. In 1797 or 1799 (references vary) President
178:
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2382:
1312:
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254:
194:
85:
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12-inch gun M1895 on disappearing carriage M1896, similar to installations at Fort Warren and Fort Heath.
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951:
batteries were emplaced in 1942 to quickly provide some defense at key points. These had towed guns on "
937:
827:
655:
In 1909 a vast landward defense system was proposed for the Boston area, 70 miles long with its ends at
590:
472:
258:
202:
364:, a French military engineer officer assisting the Continental Army at General Washington's direction.
1119:. In the Boston area some of these sites were at or near former Coast Artillery forts. Similarly, the
623:
471:
The Civil War showed that masonry forts were vulnerable to rifled cannon; the classic example was the
2281:
2268:
1684:
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253:, whose site was first fortified in 1634 and called "the Castle" until 1692, when it was renamed for
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fleet greatly expanded the fort (probably assisted by Patriot forces), supervised by Chief Engineer
3050:
2632:
1673:, Vol. II, August 1895, pp. 491-501, access date 24 March 2016 (web page title "National Magazine")
991:
933:
656:
566:
345:
2427:
A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed
3080:
3070:
2745:
2715:
2583:
American Forts Network, lists forts in the US, former US territories, Canada, and Central America
2225:
1228:
1159:
in Winthrop is partly buried, but is sometimes open for events such as a Halloween haunted fort.
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In 1910 four M1890 12-inch (305 mm) mortars were removed from Fort Andrews and sent to the
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guns, although the weapons on hand may have varied. These batteries were completed in 1943 at
849:
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594:
586:
353:
302:
210:
75:
2323:
Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States
2004:
1488:
811:
component of HD Boston from 1 July 1924 through 23 February 1944, when it was disbanded. The
644:
would bombard the US east coast. In 1917, during World War I, these guns were transferred to
305:
besieged British forces in the city. The British built several forts as a result, notably on
2561:
1993:
1733:
1600:
1468:
1204:
1139:
As of 2016, the Boston-area forts run the gamut from good preservation to total demolition.
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1971:
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was also considered, but the battery was finally built (without a turret) as Fort Duvall.
558:
522:
446:
384:
completed in 1799. The newly christened Fort Independence was rebuilt 1801-1803 under the
294:
2407:
Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794–1815
713:
in that war. Stateside garrisons were drawn down to provide experienced gun crews on the
602:
carriages, and Fort Standish had four 10-inch guns. Medium-caliber weapons included two
401:, with 12 guns in the fort and 20 guns in two water batteries. After the outbreak of the
3100:
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As the new forts entered service, by 1908 Forts Independence and Winthrop (which had a
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162:
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component of HD Boston from 30 April 1924 through inactivation on 7 October 1944.
220:. The command originated circa 1895 as the Boston Artillery District, was renamed
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12-inch mortar pit, similar to installations at Fort Banks and Fort Andrews.
25:
2396:
2038:
Scarpulla, Norm (Winter 2020). "Salisbury Beach Fire Control and Battery".
2081:
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1639:
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932:. These included heavy earth-covered concrete bunkers for ammunition and
898:
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477:
457:
278:
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Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950,
1908:
1810:
1255:
Motto: PRIMA LIBERTATIS ACIE (In the First Line of Battle for Liberty).
1056:
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in Nahant, including Battery Murphy (also called Battery 104) with two
2567:
Insignia of the Coast Artillery Corps at the Coast Defense Study Group
2177:
2070:
1931:
1877:
521:
also guarded the harbor. Construction continued during the command of
2582:
2166:
1982:
1086:. On 24 December 1941 the Eastern Theater of Operations (renamed the
795:
In 1920 a number of weapons deployed in limited quantities, plus the
2587:
2208:
The Guns of Boston Harbor: From the Bay Colony through the Present
1669:
Commins, Mabel P., "Fort Winthrop: Its Past and Present History",
979:
with the addition of a fire control structure for those defenses.
875:
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500:
492:
437:; the previous fort of that name on Governor's Island was renamed
177:
169:
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153:
145:
127:"Prima Libertatis Acie" (In the First Line of Battle for Liberty)
2297:. Waltham, MA: US Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division.
760:(Coast Artillery Corps), which served in France in World War I.
569:(on the site of the Revolutionary War's Fort Independence), and
453:
although he spent most of his career building the Boston forts.
213:
2628:
1758:, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office
1059:
also participated in defending the Massachusetts Bay area with
686:. At Fort Andrews they were replaced by M1908 mortars in 1913.
2156:
Northeastern University Marine Science Center official website
269:, once during it, and twice afterward), and in 1797 was named
224:
in 1913, and again renamed Harbor Defenses of Boston in 1925.
1756:
Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain
1098:
and fighter assets. This command was disestablished in 1946.
2261:
Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) ,
1082:
Following mobilization in 1940 HD Boston was subordinate to
982:
Additional 155 mm batteries in field positions were at
944:, and Battery 208 at the Fourth Cliff Military Reservation.
577:. The heavy weapons were as follows: Fort Banks had sixteen
289:
The major event in the Boston area in the first year of the
1949:. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 147–149.
1693:. Sioux Falls, SD. August 20, 1903. p. 4 – via
1469:
Boston-area Revolutionary forts at American Forts Network
1249:
Shield: Gules, the ship Mayflower under full sail Proper.
2245:
Coats of Arms and Badges of the Coast Artillery Corps,
994:, Fort Heath, Fort Dawes, Fort Andrews, Rocky Point in
1094:
harbor defense commands subordinate to it, along with
166:
Fort Independence as rebuilt in the mid-19th century.
2388:
A Topographical and Historical Description of Boston
2127:
Army Lineage Series: Air Defense Artillery, CMH 60-5
1521:
Fort Independence (Boston) at American Forts Network
2927:
2856:
2663:
2145:
Harbor Defenses of Boston at American Forts Netowrk
2104:
HD Boston, WWII underwater defenses at FortWiki.com
1318:
List of coastal fortifications of the United States
425:Major new defenses for Boston were built under the
131:
123:
112:
91:
81:
71:
61:
43:
35:
18:
2655:Former military forts, reservations, and camps in
2341:
1516:
1514:
1489:Fort Independence (Hull) at American Forts Network
967:. Another four-gun 155 mm battery was at the
889:was demolished in mid-1941 due to an expansion of
2344:Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston
1994:Fourth Cliff Military Reservation at FortWiki.com
2562:Map of Harbor Defenses of Boston at FortWiki.com
2453:Fort Ruckman Through Time (America Through Time)
2191:(Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press.
1734:Map of Harbor Defenses of Boston at FortWiki.com
737:During and after World War I two- and three-gun
2491:The Military History of Boston's Harbor Islands
2304:The U. S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle
1972:East Point Military Reservation at FortWiki.com
1464:
1462:
1460:
1323:List of military installations in Massachusetts
1219:was completely demolished to make room for the
928:The 16-inch batteries were supplemented by new
3132:Military units and formations in Massachusetts
2579:at the Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. website
2206:Butler, Gerald W.; Shaner, Mary (ed.) (2001).
2178:Boston Harbor Islands site with ferry schedule
1635:
1633:
1413:Coast Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview
1165:Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area
1147:in Nahant is now the Marine Science Center of
1090:three months later) was established, with all
376:visited the fort. At that time it was renamed
2640:
2588:FortWiki, lists most CONUS and Canadian forts
2189:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
2132:United States Army Center of Military History
1820:
1818:
1573:
1571:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1067:, including stations in Nahant (Station 1D),
8:
2538:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States
1967:
1965:
1867:Coast Artillery Corps Units in France in WWI
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1770:National Archives and Records Administration
1720:
1718:
1716:
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1712:
1710:
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1422:
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1389:
513:was convened in 1885 under Secretary of War
2572:Unofficial organization chart for HD Boston
2264:Guarding the United States and its Outposts
2167:Boston Harbor Islands National Park website
1918:
1916:
1436:
1434:
1359:
1357:
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277:, which was connected to the mainland by a
2647:
2633:
2625:
2577:List of all US coastal forts and batteries
2510:The Military History of the Cape Cod Canal
1546:Fort Independence (Boston) at FortWiki.com
1450:
1448:
1446:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1203:in Hull (on the mainland) is preserved as
633:explosion in 1902) were removed from use.
158:Castle William in 1773, by William Pierie.
2249:, August 1923, vol. 59 no. 2, pp. 123-142
2027:Salisbury Beach at American Forts Network
1601:Noddle's Island at American Forts Network
1407:
1405:
1341:
1339:
1337:
618:; these were primarily several models of
297:from 19 April 1775 to 17 March 1776. The
3142:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
2529:Military Annals of Nahant, Massachusetts
1415:at the Coast Defense Study Group website
1044:Some of the Boston-area forts served as
192:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
66:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
2348:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
2294:Army Engineers in New England 1775-1975
1621:
1619:
1617:
1333:
1221:Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant
460:. Rearmament of the forts with the new
2233:
2223:
205:from 1895 to 1950, beginning with the
15:
2472:Fort Warren: The Key to Boston Harbor
1308:Seacoast defense in the United States
1035:Brewster Islands Military Reservation
942:Brewster Islands Military Reservation
7:
2040:Coast Defense Study Group Newsletter
1155:is partly buried but still visible.
969:Salisbury Beach Military Reservation
409:was rebuilt with state resources as
2540:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications.
1847:US Army Railway Guns in World War I
1772:, Record Group 156, Records of the
331:fortification of Dorchester Heights
2527:Nahant Historical Society (1996).
975:. The site was transferred to the
957:Sagamore Hill Military Reservation
682:. These weapons saw action in the
595:10-inch (254 mm) disappearing guns
449:, best known as Superintendent of
399:second system of US fortifications
14:
1946:American Coast Artillery Materiel
1225:Fourth Cliff Military Reservation
1195:is not accessible; the bridge to
919:Fourth Cliff Military Reservation
638:4.72-inch (120 mm) Armstrong guns
604:4.72-inch (120 mm) Armstrong guns
427:third system of US fortifications
386:first system of US fortifications
245:'s principal coastal fort of the
2847:
1943:Ordnance Corps, US Army (1922).
1754:Congressional serial set, 1900,
1292:
1278:
963:at the northern entrance of the
866:Calf Island Military Reservation
864:, but this was not implemented.
48:
24:
2825:(East Boston & Long Island)
2536:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).
2391:. Boston: Boston City Council.
2383:Shurtleff, Nathaniel Bradstreet
2042:. Mclean, Virginia: CDSG Press.
2016:Salisbury Beach at FortWiki.com
1836:Fort Warren (2) at FortWiki.com
1145:East Point Military Reservation
1125:East Point Military Reservation
903:East Point Military Reservation
703:American entry into World War I
1191:are also accessible by ferry.
515:William Crowninshield Endicott
1:
2987:(Bartlett, McGuinness, Dewey)
2429:. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press.
2187:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
2005:Sagamore Hill at FortWiki.com
1889:Fort Standish at FortWiki.com
1578:Fort Winthrop at FortWiki.com
1048:during World War II, notably
977:Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth
961:Sagamore Beach, Massachusetts
382:fort in Newport, Rhode Island
2531:. Nahant Historical Society.
2365:World War II Order of Battle
2340:Seasholes, Nancy S. (2003).
2302:Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004).
2124:McKenney, Janice E. (1985).
2093:Scituate, MA indicator loops
1909:Fort Ruckman at FortWiki.com
1811:Fort Andrews at FortWiki.com
830:from 1918 to 1924, with two
817:Massachusetts National Guard
750:Massachusetts National Guard
684:Japanese invasion in 1941-42
663:, but none of it was built.
315:captured at Fort Ticonderoga
313:. In January 1776 artillery
2425:Weaver II, John R. (2018).
2363:Stanton, Shelby L. (1991).
2321:Roberts, Robert B. (1988).
2286:, vol. 23, issue 2, pp. 8-9
1932:Fort Duvall at FortWiki.com
1878:Fort Revere at FortWiki.com
1685:"J. L. Tiernon Has Retired"
1640:Fort Warren at FortWiki.com
850:M1919 16-inch (406 mm) guns
754:Rhode Island National Guard
174:Aerial view of Fort Warren.
3173:
2508:Butler, Gerald W. (2002).
2489:Butler, Gerald W. (2000).
2470:Butler, Gerald W. (2004).
2082:East Point indicator loops
1983:Fort Dawes at FortWiki.com
1825:Fort Banks at FortWiki.com
1383:Coats of Arms, pp. 123-126
670:; two of these survive at
352:. In 1778-1780 a force of
319:brought to the Boston area
2845:
1286:American Civil War portal
930:6-inch (152 mm) batteries
743:M1917 3-inch (76 mm) guns
533:. The six new forts were
263:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
188:Harbor Defenses of Boston
23:
19:Harbor Defenses of Boston
2455:. America Through Time.
2404:Wade, Arthur P. (2011).
2291:Parkman, Aubrey (1978).
2052:Butler 2001, pp. 352-354
1768:Gun and Carriage cards,
1063:and submarine-detecting
973:Salisbury, Massachusetts
880:A casemated 16-inch gun.
579:12-inch (305 mm) mortars
317:in upstate New York was
222:Coast Defenses of Boston
2325:. New York: Macmillan.
2247:Coast Artillery Journal
1149:Northeastern University
1088:Eastern Defense Command
837:dreadnought battleships
593:. Fort Strong had five
511:Board of Fortifications
104:Eastern Defense Command
3137:Forts in Massachusetts
2451:Butler, Jerry (2015).
2071:Indicator loop website
1565:Wade, pp. 139-141, 242
1479:Shurtleff, pp. 495-496
1313:Harbor Defense Command
881:
792:
781:
591:disappearing carriages
506:
498:
393:in 1834) was built on
209:. These included both
195:harbor defense command
183:
175:
167:
159:
151:
86:Harbor Defense Command
2611:42.38417°N 70.98028°W
2284:Coast Defense Journal
2061:Stanton, pp. 489, 492
1109:Air Defense Artillery
1031:Great Brewster Island
938:Outer Brewster Island
907:16-inch (406 mm) guns
879:
862:Great Brewster Island
832:12-inch (305 mm) guns
813:241st Coast Artillery
787:
771:
741:batteries armed with
565:on Point Allerton in
519:underwater minefields
504:
496:
473:siege of Fort Pulaski
413:, named for Governor
259:Fort William and Mary
218:underwater minefields
203:Boston, Massachusetts
197:. It coordinated the
181:
173:
165:
157:
149:
2306:. General Data LLC.
2210:. 1st Book Library.
1959:Parkman, pp. 123-125
1857:Williford, pp. 92-99
1650:Roberts, pp. 411-412
1508:Roberts, pp. 408-409
1454:Roberts, pp. 402-404
1428:Rinaldi, pp. 165-166
1399:Stanton, pp. 455-481
1300:United States portal
998:, and Race Point in
852:on a new high-angle
650:Ansonia, Connecticut
624:4-inch (102 mm) guns
622:with an odd pair of
612:5-inch (127 mm) guns
608:6-inch (152 mm) guns
606:at Fort Strong, two
335:Halifax, Nova Scotia
2818:Standish (Plymouth)
2616:42.38417; -70.98028
2607: /
1724:Berhow, pp. 205-206
1659:Weaver, pp. 104–114
1265:9th Coast Artillery
1229:fire control towers
925:but was not built.
844:on Hog Island (now
805:9th Coast Artillery
636:The battery of two
620:3-inch (76 mm) guns
291:American Revolution
267:American Revolution
3147:Military in Boston
2746:Long Point Battery
2254:2019-05-15 at the
2236:has generic name (
1626:Parkman, pp. 19-20
1440:Berhow, p. 430-434
1075:(Station 1C), and
882:
793:
789:Fire control tower
782:
752:and five from the
507:
499:
233:Early Boston forts
184:
176:
168:
160:
152:
3152:History of Boston
3119:
3118:
2889:Elizabeth Islands
2864:Barneys Joy Point
2813:Standish (Boston)
2547:978-0-929521-11-4
2519:978-0-738510-09-5
2500:978-1-531602-87-1
2481:978-1-414001-48-7
2462:978-1-625450-18-0
2436:978-1-7323916-1-1
2417:978-0-9748167-2-2
2367:. Galahad Books.
2217:978-0-759647-30-5
2198:978-0-9748167-3-9
1774:Chief of Ordnance
1744:Seasholes, p. 326
1141:Fort Independence
1102:Post World War II
949:155 mm (6.1 inch)
791:near Fort Duvall.
711:railway artillery
395:Governor's Island
378:Fort Independence
350:Fort Independence
307:Governor's Island
303:George Washington
285:Revolutionary War
273:. The fort is on
271:Fort Independence
141:
140:
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2869:Brewster Islands
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1213:Spinnaker Island
1205:Fort Revere Park
846:Spinnaker Island
797:3-inch gun M1898
626:at Fort Warren.
482:caretaker status
368:1783-War of 1812
325:, providing the
299:Continental Army
207:Endicott program
54:
52:
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2985:Camp Framingham
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2904:Lovell's Island
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2798:Salisbury Point
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2474:. Authorhouse.
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2447:
2445:Further reading
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2256:Wayback Machine
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2134:. pp. 5–7.
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2114:Conn, pp. 33-35
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1899:Rinaldi, p. 162
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1591:Roberts, p. 413
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1345:Gaines, pp. 8-9
1344:
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1279:
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1274:
1243:
1189:Peddocks Island
1173:George's Island
1137:
1115:and later with
1104:
1065:indicator loops
988:Marblehead Neck
885:long-abandoned
874:
766:
699:
559:Peddocks Island
531:George's Island
523:John L. Tiernon
491:
489:Endicott period
447:Sylvanus Thayer
431:George's Island
423:
407:Noddle's Island
370:
311:Noddle's Island
295:Siege of Boston
287:
240:
238:Colonial period
235:
230:
211:coast artillery
144:
76:Coast artillery
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1071:(Station 1E),
990:, Red Rock in
965:Cape Cod Canal
895:Fall of France
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758:55th Artillery
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646:Sachuest Point
575:Lovells Island
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466:Parrott rifles
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354:French Marines
342:Castle William
327:Patriot forces
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2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:Massachusetts
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
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2589:
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2419:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2374:0-88365-775-9
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2355:0-262-19494-5
2351:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2332:0-02-926880-X
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2313:0-9720296-4-8
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2271:on 2007-12-25
2270:
2266:
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2259:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:|first2=
2227:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1922:Berhow, p. 61
1919:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1874:
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1854:
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1680:
1677:
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1671:The Bostonian
1665:
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1241:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:. The former
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:Fort Standish
1174:
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1134:
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1126:
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1078:
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1047:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:Fort Standish
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:anti-aircraft
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:Panama mounts
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:Logan Airport
888:
887:Fort Winthrop
878:
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
858:plunging fire
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
826:was built in
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
800:
798:
790:
786:
779:
778:16-inch M1919
775:
770:
763:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
735:
733:
727:
725:
720:
716:
715:Western Front
712:
708:
704:
696:
694:
691:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:Battery Geary
669:
664:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
642:Spanish fleet
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:Fort Standish
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
503:
495:
488:
486:
483:
479:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
443:Fort Winthrop
440:
439:Fort Winthrop
436:
432:
428:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Fort Winthrop
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
275:Castle Island
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Boston Harbor
237:
232:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
180:
172:
164:
156:
148:
143:Military unit
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
56:United States
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
22:
17:
2894:Fourth Cliff
2874:Butler Point
2857:Reservations
2731:Independence
2592:
2537:
2528:
2509:
2490:
2471:
2452:
2426:
2406:
2387:
2364:
2343:
2322:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2273:, retrieved
2269:the original
2263:
2246:
2207:
2188:
2173:
2162:
2151:
2140:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2077:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1955:
1945:
1938:
1927:
1904:
1895:
1884:
1873:
1862:
1853:
1842:
1831:
1790:
1781:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1729:
1690:Argus Leader
1688:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1611:Wade, p. 177
1607:
1596:
1561:
1556:Wade, p. 242
1552:
1527:
1504:
1495:
1484:
1475:
1412:
1240:Coat of arms
1185:Fort Andrews
1153:Fort Ruckman
1138:
1121:Nike missile
1105:
1096:antiaircraft
1081:
1077:Provincetown
1061:net defenses
1054:
1050:Fort Andrews
1043:
1039:
1015:40 mm Bofors
1004:
1000:Provincetown
981:
947:Two two-gun
946:
934:fire control
927:
893:. After the
883:
872:World War II
824:Fort Ruckman
821:
809:Regular Army
801:
794:
747:
739:antiaircraft
736:
728:
707:mobilization
700:
692:
688:
665:
654:
635:
628:
616:minesweepers
587:12-inch guns
555:Fort Andrews
508:
470:
455:
424:
415:Caleb Strong
405:the fort on
371:
339:
288:
247:colonial era
241:
221:
187:
185:
92:Part of
30:Coat of arms
2899:Long Island
2879:Calf Island
2614: /
2512:. Arcadia.
2493:. Arcadia.
1776:, Entry 712
1499:Wade, p. 11
1209:Fort Duvall
1201:Fort Revere
1197:Long Island
1193:Fort Strong
1169:Fort Warren
1129:Fort Strong
1117:120 mm guns
1027:Fort Revere
915:Deer Island
842:Fort Duvall
774:Fort Duvall
697:World War I
668:Philippines
563:Fort Revere
551:Long Island
547:Fort Strong
527:Fort Warren
462:Rodman guns
435:Fort Warren
411:Fort Strong
403:War of 1812
358:D'Estaing's
255:William III
113:Garrison/HQ
3126:Categories
2996:Havedoneit
2884:East Point
2834:Washington
2758:(Merrimac)
2602:70°58′49″W
2599:42°23′03″N
2275:2017-03-03
1329:References
1217:Fort Dawes
1161:Fort Heath
1157:Fort Banks
1113:90 mm guns
1092:east coast
1084:First Army
1069:Gloucester
1019:Fort Heath
984:Gloucester
911:Fort Dawes
732:Fort Story
719:field guns
680:Corregidor
676:Fort Mills
583:Abbot Quad
539:Fort Heath
535:Fort Banks
451:West Point
433:and named
397:under the
374:John Adams
362:du Portail
348:and named
323:Henry Knox
136:Oozlefinch
117:Fort Banks
98:First Army
3101:Wellfleet
3041:Massasoit
2980:Ellsworth
2777:Pickering
2762:Old Stone
2226:cite book
1235:as well.
1046:POW camps
1007:90 mm gun
899:casemated
724:Armistice
478:casemated
421:1816-1890
281:in 1928.
132:Mascot(s)
106:1941–1945
100:1933–1941
39:1895-1950
3106:Wightman
3096:Washburn
3066:Prescott
3061:Plymouth
2839:Winthrop
2789:(Rodman)
2706:Defiance
2671:Acushnet
2385:(1871).
2252:Archived
1272:See also
1233:Cape Ann
1073:Scituate
996:Plymouth
923:Scituate
854:barbette
815:was the
807:was the
764:Interwar
631:magazine
610:and two
600:barbette
581:in the "
543:Winthrop
458:POW camp
293:was the
279:causeway
124:Motto(s)
3086:Stanton
3056:Perkins
3036:Lincoln
3026:Ipswich
3021:Houston
3006:Hingham
2975:Edmunds
2960:Candoit
2955:Cameron
2950:Brigham
2793:Ruckman
2772:Phoenix
2756:Nichols
2736:Juniper
2691:Beverly
2681:Andrews
2397:4422090
1246:Blazon
1135:Present
1057:US Navy
1033:in the
940:in the
772:One of
661:Hingham
228:History
44:Country
3091:Sutton
3031:Lander
3016:Hooker
3011:Hobson
2970:Dalton
2940:Andrew
2829:Warren
2823:Strong
2803:Sewall
2782:Revere
2767:Philip
2751:Miller
2721:Glover
2711:Duvall
2696:Dalton
2676:Andrew
2544:
2516:
2497:
2478:
2459:
2433:
2414:
2395:
2371:
2352:
2329:
2310:
2214:
2195:
1029:, and
828:Nahant
321:under
301:under
190:was a
62:Branch
53:
36:Active
3076:Scott
3046:Meigs
2991:Guild
2965:Chase
2945:Banks
2935:Adams
2928:Camps
2808:Stage
2787:Taber
2726:Heath
2701:Dawes
2686:Banks
2664:Forts
1005:Four
971:, in
959:, in
780:guns.
356:from
261:near
214:forts
3111:Wool
3001:Hill
2542:ISBN
2514:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2393:OCLC
2369:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2238:help
2212:ISBN
2193:ISBN
1183:and
1127:and
1055:The
992:Lynn
701:The
659:and
657:Lynn
567:Hull
537:and
509:The
346:Hull
309:and
249:was
216:and
186:The
82:Role
72:Type
2741:Lee
1211:on
1187:on
1179:on
1171:on
921:in
913:on
776:'s
589:on
573:on
557:on
549:on
541:in
529:on
201:of
3128::
2230::
2228:}}
2224:{{
2130:.
1964:^
1915:^
1817:^
1799:^
1703:^
1687:.
1632:^
1616:^
1584:^
1570:^
1536:^
1513:^
1459:^
1445:^
1433:^
1421:^
1404:^
1388:^
1368:^
1350:^
1336:^
1131:.
1079:.
1052:.
1037:.
1025:,
1021:,
1002:.
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678:,
674:,
652:.
561:,
553:,
545:,
468:.
417:.
2648:e
2641:t
2634:v
2550:.
2522:.
2503:.
2484:.
2465:.
2439:.
2420:.
2399:.
2377:.
2358:.
2335:.
2316:.
2240:)
2220:.
2201:.
1697:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
