390:, making their way to City Hall. They pushed their way to the top of the front steps as some chanted "Hey, hey, whattya say? We support the USA", while others held American flags. The workers attempted to gain entrance, demanding the flag above City Hall be raised to whole staff. Police on duty at City Hall, and reinforcements, were able to stop them from getting inside. A few workers were asked to enter the building to calm tensions. One postal worker, who was already inside, went to the roof and raised the U.S. flag there to full mast. When one mayoral aide lowered the flag back down to half-mast, hundreds of construction workers stormed the area around City Hall, leading to a melee similar to the one on Wall Street the hour prior. Deputy Mayor Richard Aurelio, fearing the building would be overrun by the mob, ordered city workers to raise the flag back to full mast.
50:
606:
378:, converged on the student protest from four directions. Some construction workers carried U.S. flags and chanted, "USA, All the way" and "America, love it or leave it." Anti-war protesters shouted, "Peace now." More than 800 office workers soon joined the construction workers' ranks. Hundreds more construction workers arrived around noon, as the lunchtime crowd and onlookers in the streets exceeded 20,000. A thin and inadequate line of
578:
417:—hardly a hotbed of activism. More than 100 people were injured, including seven policemen. Most of the injured required hospital treatment. The most common victim was a "22-year-old white male collegian" and the worst injuries were to the "half-dozen young men beaten unconscious," but about one in four of the injured were women. Six people were arrested, but only one construction worker was arrested by police.
592:
457:, and in August 1970 the NYPD published a report that largely acquitted itself of any collusion with the construction workers though its own records were decades later shown to undercut that report. The construction workers and police were both mostly "white ethnics", lived in the same neighborhoods, and socialized in similar establishments; many were also veterans of
828:"pscale whites were slightly more in favor of escalating the war in Cambodia, compared to downscale whites"—and like most Americans in 1970, blue-collar whites also saw the war as a "mistake", but the "anti-war movement was less popular than the Vietnam War" among all Americans, and particularly blue-collar whites by 1970.
486:
protested against
Lindsay on May 11, holding signs reading, "Impeach the Red Mayor" and chanting, "Lindsay is a bum." They held another rally May 16, carrying signs calling Lindsay a "rat", "commie rat" and "traitor". Mayor Lindsay described the mood of the city as "taut". The rallies culminated in a
452:
by anti-war demonstrators. He also denied that anything except fists had been used against the demonstrators, though police records showed tools and some iron pipes were used. Brennan claimed telephone calls and letters to the unions were 20 to 1 in favor of the workers. One man, Edward Shufro, of
382:
police officers, who were largely sympathetic to the workers' position, formed to separate them from the protesters. Construction workers then broke through the police lines and began chasing students through the streets. Workers attacked those who looked like hippies and beat them with their hard
444:
Mayor
Lindsay severely criticized the NYPD for their lack of action. NYPD leaders later accused Lindsay of "undermining the confidence of the public in its police department" by his statements, and blamed their inaction on inadequate preparations and "inconsistent directives" in the past from the
325:
within the anti-war movement and perceived rejection of returning veterans, a disproportionate majority of whom were blue-collar, blue-collar whites came to oppose the anti-war demonstrators, who tended to be college-educated, a group which were disproportionately non-veterans.
1129:"Edward Shufro, of the brokerage firm Rose and Ehrman, watched through binoculars two men in grey suits who, he said, seemed to be directing the workers". See Bigart, "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers", nytimes.com, May 9, 1970.
487:
large rally on May 20 in which an estimated 150,000 construction workers, longshoremen and others rallied outside City Hall. When the workers later marched down
Broadway, many office workers in surrounding buildings showed their support by
426:
342:
for the four dead students at Kent State. By late morning, after some high school students, teachers and others joined, more than a thousand protesters were gathered in the street in front of
Federal Hall and on the steps around
502:
and presented him with several ceremonial hardhats and a flag pin. Nixon said he sought to honor those “labor leaders and people from Middle
America who still have character and guts and a bit of patriotism.” Nixon's
708:
1760:
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306:, and the vice president of the New York City Central Labor Council and the New York State AFL–CIO, umbrella groups for all labor unions in these respective areas. Brennan was a registered
1947:
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and male. Although blue-collar whites were not generally more pro-war than upscale whites, the anti-war movement was particularly unpopular among blue collar whites. In response to
2064:
619:
542:’s everyman first turned against the liberalism that once had championed him" and Nixon "moved the Republican Party from blue bloods to blue collars". In their reviews of
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wrote in his diary, "The college demonstrators have overplayed their hands, evidence is the blue-collar group rising up against them, and president can mobilize them".
394:
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and ending U.S. involvement in the war. He was also president of the
Building and Construction Trades Council of New York, the statewide umbrella group for construction
438:
310:
who had lobbied strongly for that party through the 1950s and 1960s, but increasingly supported
Republican candidates as support for skilled labor unions decreased.
453:
the brokerage firm Rose and Ehrman, saw two men wearing grey suits directing the workers. The NYPD "buried most records of police malfeasance", according to Kuhn's
2089:
2054:
1719:
163:. Some construction workers carried U.S. flags and chanted, "USA, All the way" and "America, love it or leave it." Anti-war protesters shouted, “Peace now."
1917:
441:, Nixon told some protesters that, "I understand just how you feel" and defended the recent troop movements into Cambodia as aiding their goal of peace.
54:
Hard hats on cabinet table after Nixon meeting with and supporting construction trades group less than three weeks after the New York City Hard Hat Riot
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The following week, Brennan claimed that "the unions had nothing to do with" the riot and that workers were allegedly "fed up" with violence and
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193:. Six people were arrested, but only one of them was a construction worker associated with the rioters. Nixon invited the hardhat leaders to
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Rioting construction workers, many of them
Catholic "white ethnics", also attacked buildings near City Hall. Several workmen ripped the
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During a press conference that evening, President Nixon tried to defuse the situation before tens of thousands of students arrived in
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collided that day, presaging the long
Democratic civil war ahead", and that the riot and demonstrations after captured the "era when
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hats and other weapons, including tools and steel-toe boots. Victims and onlookers reported that the police stood by and did little.
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515:, identified Brennan as a friendly labor leader due to his role in organizing the counter-protests in the weeks after the riot.
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On May 26, Brennan led a delegation of 22 union leaders, who represented more than 300,000 tradesmen, to meet with Nixon at the
2109:
1076:"P.B.A BLAMES CITY IN REPLY TO MAYOR ON LAXITY CHARGE; City Hall Directive Called 'Inconsistent' as Guide in Attack by Workers"
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Brennan later organized significant union political support for Nixon in the 1972 election. Nixon appointed
Brennan as his
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1118:"Head of Building Trades Unions Here Says Response Favors Friday's Action; 20-1 Endorsement Cited In Phone Calls and Mail"
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and smaller clashes between construction workers and anti-war demonstrators. As a show of sympathy for the dead students,
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and Long Island and in turn helped fuel local activism. In the days before the riot, there were anti-war protests on
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and lasted more than three hours. Around 100 people, including seven policemen, were injured on what became known as
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1952:
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511:, who organized the meeting and was later in charge of developing a strategy to win union support for Nixon in the
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409:, smashing lobby windows and beating up students and professors, including with tools. Ironically, Pace was a
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At 7:30 a.m. on May 8, several-hundred anti-war protesters, mostly college students, began picketing the
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characterized the riot as "a blue-collar rampage whose effects still ripple, not the least of them being
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Freeman, Joshua B. "Hardhats: Construction Workers, Manliness, and the 1970 Pro-War Demonstrations",
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Perlmutter, Emanuel. "Head of Building Trades Unions Here Says Response Favors Friday's Action",
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Freeman, "Hardhats: Construction Workers, Manliness, and the 1970 Pro-War Demonstrations",
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
814:
The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution
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1037:"NIXON DEFENDS CAMBODIA DRIVE AS AIDING STUDENTS' PEACE AIM; says pullout will begin soon
352:
1472:
Naughton, James M. "Construction Union Chief in New York Is Chosen to Succeed Hodgson",
374:
Shortly before noon, more than 400 construction workers, many of whom were building the
1967:
1817:
1165:, The Wall Street Journal book review of The Hardhat Riot; accessed September 11, 2020.
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465:, and both were also disproportionately likely to have family and friends in Vietnam.
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haven. Several groups of construction workers stormed the newly-built main building at
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and around 800 office workers attacked around 1,000 demonstrators affiliated with the
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Peter J. Brennan, U.S. Secretary of Labor during the Nixon and Ford administrations.
1972:
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710:, The Washington Post book review of The Hardhat Riot; accessed September 11, 2020.
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479:
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1354:, The New York Daily News review of The Hardhat Riot; accessed September 11, 2020.
952:. Oxford University Press. pp. Part Two of the book, notable pages 176, 197.
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was among the speakers. The protesters demanded an end to the war, the release of
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Stetson, Damon. "Brennan Reports Labor Leaders Favoring Nixon Are Organizing",
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261:
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McFadden, Robert D. "Peter Brennan, 78, Union Head and Nixon's Labor Chief",
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New York City's building and construction unions were overwhelmingly white,
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699:, The Daily Beast excerpt of The Hardhat Riot; accessed September 11, 2020.
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wrote that the riot "changed American politics, perhaps forever" and, in
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Bigart, Homer. "Huge City Hall Rally Backs Nixon's Indochina Policies",
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afterward as a reward for his support and he was retained by President
425:
1766:
1096:. Oxford University Press. pp. Part Three, key pages: 231, 241.
530:
wrote of the riot that it was the day when the Old Left attacked the
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and an end to military-related research on all university campuses.
1318:"Construction Union Chief in New York Is Chosen to Succeed Hodgson"
927:. Oxford University Press. pp. Part Two, key pages: 189, 352.
424:
1507:
Stetson, Damon. "200 Labor Chiefs in City Form Nixon Committee",
1398:
Bigart, Homer. "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers",
386:
Hundreds of construction workers and counter-protesters moved up
214:
1518:
1486:
Semple, Jr., Robert B. "Nixon Meets Heads Of 2 City Unions",
1310:"Brennan Reports Labor Leaders Favoring Nixon Are Organizing"
413:, business-oriented school where the most popular major was
1493:
Shabecoff, Philip. "Brennan Choice Called Political Move",
229:. One of the dead was Jeffrey Glenn Miller, who was from a
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Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
1546:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
1427:(paperback ed.) New York: International Publishers, 1989;
1948:
National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
1444:
Kifner, John. "4 Kent State Students Killed by Troops",
977:. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–144, 214, 236.
787:"Peter Brennan, 78, Union Head and Nixon's Labor Chief"
655:. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–144, 214, 236.
1207:. New York. Associated Press. May 20, 1970. p. 3.
625:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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The riot, first breaking out near the intersection of
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and thus strongly supported military involvement in
2001:
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1336:"The Day the White Working Class Turned Republican"
1222:"Thousands Assail Lindsay In 2d Protest by Workers"
1201:"150,000 New York workers join in pro-Nixon parade"
1050:"Police Assailed by Mayor On Laxity at Peace Rally"
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526:into 1975, following Nixon's resignation. The book
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1235:"Thousands in City March To Assail Lindsay on War"
744:Kifner, "4 Kent State Students Killed by Troops",
646:
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620:List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City
1251:. Oxford University Press. pp. Chapter 23.
891:"War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers"
1314:"200 Labor Chiefs in City Form Nixon Committee"
1674:April 15, 1967 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations
27:1970 riot in New York, New York, United States
1530:
1320:, nytimes.com, November 30, 1972; Shabecoff,
1316:, nytimes.com, September 28, 1972; Naughton,
1276:. Oxford University Press. pp. 252–253.
1143:. Oxford University Press. pp. 238–239.
1002:. Oxford University Press. pp. 224–225.
844:. Oxford University Press. pp. 70, 276.
816:. Oxford University Press. pp. 70, 276.
724:. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–131.
8:
1720:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
1312:, nytimes.com, September 9, 1972; Stetson,
566:’s improbable ascension to the presidency".
437:for a scheduled protest rally the next day.
286:and most U.S. labor leaders were vehemently
1918:Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee
1455:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.
338:, and later held a protest and memorial at
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1637:- Refused orders to go to Vietnam in 1966
1407:Biographical Dictionary of American Labor
869:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–9.
800:Biographical Dictionary of American Labor
491:. One magazine coined the day, "Workers'
152:, following the April 30 announcement by
144:. The students were protesting the May 4
2075:Right-wing populism in the United States
2060:Labor-related riots in the United States
1179:. Oxford University Press. p. 277.
762:. Oxford University Press. p. 276.
685:, chnm.gmu.edu; accessed April 23, 2016.
357:political prisoners in the United States
1663:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
640:
489:showering the marchers with ticker tape
478:Several thousand construction workers,
1368:. Oxford University Press. p. 3.
1322:"Brennan Choice Called Political Move"
237:, which led to funeral proceedings in
1803:Greenwich Village townhouse explosion
227:U.S. incursions into neutral Cambodia
7:
2090:May 1970 events in the United States
2055:Political riots in the United States
1787:Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam
1734:Columbia University protests of 1968
1063:5 Police Groups Rebut Critical Mayor
271:was deeply divided over support for
197:, and accepted a hardhat from them.
122:NYC union trade/construction workers
223:U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War
1943:Movement for a Democratic Military
1870:anti-Vietnam War road show for GIs
1609:1965 March Against the Vietnam War
1237:, nytimes.com, May 16, 1970, p. 11
1065:, nytimes.com, May 12, 1970, p. 18
25:
1963:Students for a Democratic Society
1224:, nytimes.com, May 12, 1970, p. 1
1052:, nytimes.com, May 10, 1970, p. 1
221:as they demonstrated against the
161:U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia
2045:Protests against the Vietnam War
1983:Vietnam Veterans Against the War
1581:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War
1334:Haberman, Clyde (July 1, 2020).
1324:, nytimes.com, December 1, 1972.
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136:on May 8, 1970, when around 400
2100:Labor disputes in New York City
1978:United States Servicemen's Fund
1299:, nytimes.com, October 4, 1996.
789:, nytimes.com, October 4, 1996.
264:on May 8, the day of the riot.
1777:Weather High School Jailbreaks
1739:Court-martial of Susan Schnall
1425:U.S. Labor and the Vietnam War
1024:U.S. Labor and the Vietnam War
1:
2095:1970s crimes in New York City
2024:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth
439:Before dawn, the next morning
2105:20th-century political riots
1849:Winter Soldier Investigation
1669:Court-martial of Howard Levy
1120:, nytimes.com, May 12, 1970.
2009:Counterculture of the 1960s
1908:Concerned Officers Movement
1726:The whole world is watching
1039:, nytimes.com, May 9, 1970.
209:, four of them fatally, at
207:thirteen students were shot
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1953:Pacific Counseling Service
1693:The Ultimate Confrontation
1630:political self-immolations
681:December 12, 2005, at the
513:1972 presidential election
470:White House Chief of Staff
1604:Edmonton aircraft bombing
1439:Journal of Social History
1364:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
1272:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
1247:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
1175:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
1139:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
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923:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
911:Journal of Social History
865:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
840:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
812:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
758:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
720:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
651:Kuhn, David Paul (2020).
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256:, ordered all flags at
2110:1970s political events
1823:Student strike of 1970
1297:Peter Brennan obituary
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142:student strike of 1970
84:; 54 years ago
42:student strike of 1970
2085:1970 in New York City
1860:Clay v. United States
1854:1971 May Day protests
1833:Sterling Hall bombing
1679:March on the Pentagon
1511:, September 28, 1972.
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349:New York City Council
211:Kent State University
2050:Kent State shootings
1928:GI's Against Fascism
1813:Kent State shootings
1504:, September 9, 1972.
1476:, November 30, 1972.
1082:, May 11, 1970, p. 1
1074:Michael T. Kaufman.
612:United States portal
584:New York City portal
484:white-collar workers
397:flag down at nearby
146:Kent State shootings
138:construction workers
1988:Weather Underground
1958:Stop Our Ship (SOS)
1626:Roger Allen LaPorte
1576:Central Park be-ins
1405:Fink, Gary M., ed.
676:Profile of incident
549:New York Daily News
468:On Sunday, May 10,
361:Black Panther Party
182:, an attack on the
1903:Chicano Moratorium
1808:Free The Army tour
1665:" (April 4 speech)
1586:Draft-card burning
1451:Kuhn, David Paul.
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1080:The New York Times
555:The New York Times
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376:World Trade Center
347:'s statue. Future
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1205:The Vancouver Sun
1048:Maurice Carroll,
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823:978-0-19-006471-6
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18:Hard Hat riot
1973:The Newsreel
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1827:
1782:Days of Rage
1759:
1701:Nhat Chi Mai
1691:
1685:Flower Power
1684:
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340:Federal Hall
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284:George Meany
266:
250:John Lindsay
204:
190:
184:conservative
172:Broad Street
165:
132:occurred in
129:
127:
119:Perpetrators
40:Part of the
29:
1641:Human Be-In
1597:Before 1967
536:liberalisms
524:Gerald Ford
500:White House
369:Bobby Seale
365:Huey Newton
319:blue-collar
243:Wall Street
235:Long Island
168:Wall Street
150:Vietnam War
2080:1970 riots
2039:Categories
1889:People and
1614:Alice Herz
1556:and events
1386:References
785:McFadden,
415:accounting
282:president
262:half-staff
254:Republican
233:suburb on
201:Background
89:1970-05-08
1308:Stetson,
1035:Frankel,
493:Woodstock
421:Aftermath
403:first aid
395:Red Cross
273:President
267:The U.S.
239:Manhattan
154:President
1867:FTA Show
1554:Protests
1413:, 1984;
889:Bigart,
679:Archived
630:New Left
570:See also
532:New Left
388:Broadway
363:leaders
359:such as
330:The riot
315:Catholic
308:Democrat
148:and the
72:New York
68:New York
60:Location
2002:Related
1993:Yippies
1564:General
1026:, 1989.
1022:Foner,
802:, 1984.
351:member
280:AFL–CIO
159:of the
111:Injured
87: (
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304:unions
103:Deaths
74:, U.S.
1687:photo
1628:1965
636:Notes
463:Korea
1842:1971
1796:1970
1753:1969
1713:1968
1650:1967
1457:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1004:ISBN
979:ISBN
954:ISBN
929:ISBN
871:ISBN
846:ISBN
818:ISBN
764:ISBN
726:ISBN
657:ISBN
482:and
461:and
380:NYPD
367:and
252:, a
225:and
215:Ohio
170:and
128:The
114:100+
79:Date
540:FDR
495:".
217:by
213:in
174:in
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