43:
174:
688:), the sound is normally maintained. Sometimes the normal rules of spelling changes before suffixes can help signal whether the hard or soft sound is intended. For example, as an accidental byproduct of the rule that doubles consonants in this situation after a short vowel, a double
359:
588:
sound (the rationale for the spelling change of "gaol" to "jail"). This leads to special issues regarding the coherence of orthography when suffixes are added to words that end in a hard-
1953:
common in the language (e.g. ложиться, "to lie (down)", past tense лёг; подруга, "girlfriend", diminutive подружка). In other Slavic languages, there are similar phenomena involving
1770:
per se. However, since it was inherited from
European Romance languages (Portuguese and Italian) except the diacritics which were from Greek; the letter
723:. These are generally cases where the entire word, including the suffix, has been imported from Latin, and the general Romance-language pattern of soft
1079:
A number of two-letter combinations (digraphs) follow their own pronunciation patterns and, as such, may not follow the hard/soft distinction of
1882:– has "soft-type" and "hard-type" pronunciations, though Greek speakers do not use such a terminology. The "soft" pronunciation (that is, the
2412:
503:
family. Though this pronunciation is listed first in some
British dictionaries, hard pronunciation due to misinterpretation of orthographic
2394:
2302:
2256:
1432:
126:
1820:
in those positions. "gh" can be explained as following
Italian convention, and "ngh" as a form of analogy. However, there still is
707:
There are occasional exceptions where alternations between the hard and soft sound occur before different suffixes. Examples are
60:
165:
147:
1601:(poison, venom). Soft g occurs in loanwords, usually preserving the original pronunciation. So in words of French origin like
107:
1313:
64:
1435:(the new orthography now being compulsory in Brazil after a 2009-2016 transition period). The new orthography maintains the
79:
320:
266:
2462:
1016:(often realized as /ʒ/ in French and as /h/ or /χ/ in Spanish). A consequence of these orthographic tendencies is that
86:
173:
507:
is widespread in
British English and is listed second or alone in some British dictionaries. In some words, a soft
1933:
represents both hard (твёрдый ) and soft (мягкий ) pronunciations, and , respectively. The soft pronunciation of
316:
93:
2038:
1883:
1517:
812:
can occur at the end of a word – or at the end of a component root word that is part of a larger word – after
75:
53:
2011:
1915:
1802:
1626:
1385:
1167:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1107:
1069:
701:
697:
491:, the only one heard in North America, is sometimes cited as an exception, but it is actually conformant,
389:
381:
373:
347:
324:
161:
157:
143:
876:
may be dropped before another consonant while retaining the soft pronunciation in a number of words such
1787:
1742:
1567:
1073:
496:
2043:
1746:
1355:
1157:
1155:
1092:
1037:
605:
264:
181:
2452:
2265:
Arnaud, Leonard E. (1945), "Teaching the
Pronunciation of "C" and "G" and the Spanish Diphthongs",
2023:
1763:
1641:(academic high school), are pronounced with a hard g. Some pronunciations vary by region: The word
1381:
1377:
1347:
Different languages use different strategies to indicate a hard pronunciation before front vowels:
985:
977:
941:
821:
365:
256:
252:
2403:Þráinsson, Höskuldur; Petersen, Hjalmar P.; Jacobsen, Jógvan í Lon; Hansen, Zakaris Svabo (2012),
940:
origin, especially from French and
Italian. The ones from Italian often retain the conventions of
2365:
2328:
2282:
1543:
1373:
1309:
1301:
1094:
981:
424:
2457:
2408:
2390:
2298:
2252:
1490:
1329:
1285:
937:
343:
336:
100:
2357:
2320:
2274:
1922:
1553:
1533:
1498:
1351:
1338:
2033:
1991:
1977:
1973:
1926:
1494:
1188:
1183:
909:
908:
in some names of commercial entities, such as with "Enerjy
Software", or "Majic 105.7" in
1431:
In
Portuguese (especially Brazilian Portuguese) this was also used until the most recent
734:
Sometimes a silent letter is added to help indicate pronunciation. For example, a silent
1194:
1040:
or regular, displays strong regularity in at least one aspect. A few exceptions include
1859:
1849:
1297:
1293:
404:
2421:
Venezky, Richard L. (1970), "Principles for the Design of
Practical Writing Systems",
2446:
2247:
Andersson, Erik (2002), "Swedish", in König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.),
177:
1126:; when not final their pronunciation varies according to the word's etymology (e.g.
1914:(which all represent ). In other instances, the "hard" pronunciation (that is, the
1845:
1685:. However, when those letters are pronounced separately, as in compound words like
1086:
1036:
in
English—one way in which English orthography, which is generally not especially
192:
2206:
1674:
400:), also sometimes occurs as an allophone of in some accents in certain words.
340:
332:
42:
742:; this may be maintained before a suffix to indicate this pronunciation (as in
300:(as in "rag"), while if a soft rendition is intended it would be followed by a
1867:
1504:
1473:
A soft pronunciation before non-front vowels is usually indicated by a silent
972:(often even without any semivowel/vowel sound, thus representing /dʒ/ just as
849:
328:
215:
1739:
1753:
always represents a hard g; a soft g is represented by the accented letter
1701:
is clearly audible. There are exceptions in loanwords like French-derived
1645:
is pronounced with a soft G in Austria, but with a hard G in Germany. The
1443:
is silent; the reader must already know the pronunciation of words with a
1716:
pronunciations except possibly in loanwords where it may represent or .
1235:
806:
301:
153:
2311:
Emerson, Ralph H. (1997), "English Spelling and Its Relation to Sound",
892:, retains the soft pronunciation despite being spelled without a silent
2251:, Routledge language family descriptions, Routledge, pp. 271–312,
1945:
functions as a "soft g" in the Romance sense, with alterations between
1720:
1048:
770:
can indicate a hard pronunciation in words borrowed from French (as in
750:
can also indicate a soft pronunciation, particularly with the suffixes
570:
200:
2369:
2332:
2286:
17:
2003:
1995:
1677:, and the g is not spoken in its own right; e.g., in the German word
1042:
1198:.) Other letter combinations that don't follow the paradigm include
980:). The ones from French and Spanish often retain the conventions of
331:, and led to a change in the pronunciation of the sound before the
2361:
2324:
2278:
2002:), and when without a dagesh. An apostrophe-like symbol called a
1982:
1854:
408:
172:
27:"Soft G" redirects here. For the Turkish letter "yumuşak ge", see
1990:) typically has the sound within Hebrew words, although in some
1941:
and the hard pronunciation occurs elsewhere. However, the letter
573:
letter or letter combination which consistently indicates a hard
1754:
1409:
557:, which also has hard and soft pronunciations, exists alongside
28:
2230:
2083:
2081:
2190:
2188:
1570:
is a bit more complicated by having lenited pronunciations of
1068:
pronunciations that are accepted variants, which reflects the
36:
2348:
Hall, Robert Jr. (1944), "Italian Phonemes and Orthography",
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
746:), despite the rule that usually drops this letter. A silent
1292:, except a few that have undergone spelling reforms such as
624:
When suffixes are added to words ending with a hard or soft
592:
sound. This additionally leads to many words spelled with g
221:
or a consonant) is usually the voiced velar plosive (as in
2098:
2096:
868:
is often dropped and the soft pronunciation remains. While
259:, depending on the language. In English, the sound of soft
1705:(to rank, to shunt), spoken with a velar nasal and a soft
339:
from Latin, such as English, inherited this feature as an
2028:
1308:
is in almost all those languages (with the exception of
560:
552:
360:
List of English words where G is pronounced exceptionally
1416:
is used to indicate that it is not silent (e.g. Spanish
199:
is used in different contexts to represent two distinct
2006:
can be added immediately to the left of a gimel (i.e.,
1824:
which is considered a digraph on its own, shortened to
2341:
Colloquial Romanian: the complete course for beginners
2295:
The Phonology of Romanian: A Constraint-based Approach
2114:
782:) or words influenced by French spelling conventions (
2010:) to indicate that the gimel represents an affricate
1439:
for a hard g, but there is no marking of whether the
864:. When adding one of the above suffixes, this silent
350:, however, have undergone their shift independently.
195:
orthographies of many European languages, the letter
1052:, for which the most common pronunciations use soft
872:
commonly indicates a soft pronunciation, the silent
692:
will normally indicate the hard pronunciation (e.g.
604:
word "get". It has also resulted in the file format
152:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2143:
1520:also make a hard/soft distinction. Again, the hard
1072:pressure generated by the strong regularity of the
816:as well as word-internally. In this situation, the
794:
serves a similar purpose in Italian-derived words (
479:softened for unknown reasons, even though the name
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1178:. (The same pair of facts can also be said of how
2385:Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000),
2339:Gönczöl-Davies, Ramona; Deletant, Dennis (2002),
1994:dialects, it represents or when written with a
1617:is pronounced as ; words taken from English like
1577:In German, the g is mostly a hard g, also before
423:pronunciation occurs elsewhere. In some words of
392:, survives in a number of French loanwords (e.g.
34:Pronunciation of "G" in Latin-based orthographies
828:immediately before it is soft. Examples include
738:usually indicates the soft pronunciation, as in
519:would imply the soft pronunciation anyway (e.g.
180:'s slide at the 2013 Webby Awards regarding the
166:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
565:(which always indicates a hard pronunciation),
2207:Most Recent Changes to the Portuguese Language
1774:never occurs in "soft positions", i.e. before
1524:is in most of these languages, but the soft
8:
2297:, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter,
2139:
2137:
2135:
1937:occurs before any of the "softening" vowels
1874:) – which is ancestral to the Roman letters
443:), and irregular Greco-Latinate words (e.g.
296:at the end of a word usually renders a hard
2405:Faroese - An Overview and Reference Grammar
1681:, it is not audible as in the English word
447:), the hard pronunciation may occur before
2209:Brazil-Help.com, access date: 28 July 2016
1727:pronunciation before front vowels (namely
600:, including what may be the most common g
2218:
1064:. But both of those words also have hard
435:), loan words from other languages (e.g.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2126:
1343:or in Spanish, depending on the dialect
475:(a French borrowing whose original hard
2407:, Fróðskapur - Faroe University Press,
2194:
2179:
2155:
2087:
2058:
1998:(i.e., a dot placed inside the letter:
1723:is similar to Italian in having a soft
1408:). With the exception of Portuguese, a
2167:
2072:
1056:despite the lack of "softness signal"
606:GIF having two possible pronunciations
546:, have their own pronunciation rules.
515:due to suffixing, but the combination
1217:is sometimes used to indicate a hard
912:and some names commonly spelled with
844:also indicates that the vowel before
7:
2102:
1894:(both which represent ), and before
1712:Other languages typically have hard
1288:make the hard/soft distinction with
156:. For the distinction between ,
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2115:Gönczöl-Davies & Deletant (2002
1735:indicates this soft pronunciation.
1653:is pronounced as a hard g, but the
1324:, differs amongst them as follows:
1320:pronunciation, which occurs before
1801:") is used instead. Likewise, the
1259:). In some cases, the intervening
25:
1420:is pronounced , with both a hard
451:as well. The orthography of soft
335:and . Later, other languages not
1629:-sound. However others, such as
896:(i.e., pronounced as if spelled
824:that helps to indicate that the
577:sound, even though English uses
534:Digraphs and trigraphs, such as
319:has its origins in a historical
41:
1766:does not have a hard or a soft
148:International Phonetic Alphabet
52:needs additional citations for
1689:(input) or also in verbs like
1661:is pronounced like the French
1314:voiceless pharyngeal fricative
727:before front vowels, but hard
1:
2376:Hualde, José Ignacio (2005),
1816:") also replaces the digraph
487:). The soft pronunciation of
463:. The notable exceptions are
459:is almost always followed by
455:is fairly consistent: a soft
2380:, Cambridge University Press
2144:Mateus & d'Andrade (2000
1166:, but it may also represent
499:spelling for a vowel in the
415:pronunciation occurs before
368:, the pronunciation of hard
235:) while the sound of a soft
2423:Anthropological Linguistics
2389:, Oxford University Press,
2387:The Phonology of Portuguese
2267:The Modern Language Journal
1939:⟨е ё и ю я ь⟩
1388:orthographies use a silent
596:and pronounced with a hard
467:(now more commonly spelled
203:that in English are called
2479:
1300:and archaic variants like
936:English has many words of
357:
214:(which often precedes the
26:
1669:. The letter combination
1548:⟨i y ei øy⟩
1538:⟨e i y ä ö⟩
1312:, which may instead be a
1239:), including cases where
904:is sometimes replaced by
731:otherwise, is preserved.
2293:Chițoran, Ioana (2001),
2039:Hard and soft G in Dutch
1884:voiced palatal fricative
1558:⟨e i y ey⟩
1518:North Germanic languages
1334:in French and Portuguese
1118:, when final, represent
2434:Wheeler, Max W (1979),
1793:(colloquially known as
1673:is usually merged to a
1294:Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish)
916:are given unusual soft
144:phonetic transcriptions
2249:The Germanic Languages
2231:Þráinsson et al. (2012
1916:voiced velar fricative
1263:is pronounced as /w/ (
1186:, as, for example, in
1070:spelling pronunciation
511:has lost its trailing
348:Scandinavian languages
210:. The sound of a hard
188:
141:This article contains
2378:The sounds of Spanish
1693:(to feign), both the
1568:Icelandic orthography
1451:) digraph (previous:
1322:⟨i e y⟩
1223:⟨i e y⟩
1221:pronunciation before
602:⟨e i y⟩
594:⟨e i y⟩
581:consistently for the
501:⟨e i y⟩
461:⟨e i y⟩
449:⟨e i y⟩
417:⟨e i y⟩
219:⟨a o u⟩
176:
2436:Phonology Of Catalan
1528:differs as follows:
1358:writing systems use
888:, a clipped form of
327:which took place in
61:improve this article
2463:English orthography
2438:, Oxford: Blackwell
2024:English orthography
1852:, the Greek letter
1832:, even in the word
1806:⟨ngh⟩
1764:Vietnamese alphabet
1729:⟨i y⟩
1719:The orthography of
1433:orthographic reform
1316:), though the soft
1116:⟨nge⟩
986:Spanish orthography
978:English orthography
942:Italian orthography
932:Letter combinations
900:). Similarly, soft
870:⟨dge⟩
715:(soft); similarly,
544:⟨dge⟩
495:being an alternate
366:English orthography
2008:⟨ג׳⟩
2000:⟨גּ⟩
1912:⟨υι⟩
1908:⟨οι⟩
1896:⟨ει⟩
1888:⟨αι⟩
1822:⟨gi⟩
1818:⟨ng⟩
1814:⟨ng⟩
1791:⟨gh⟩
1733:⟨gy⟩
1562:⟨ei⟩
1449:⟨qu⟩
1445:⟨gu⟩
1437:⟨gu⟩
1360:⟨gh⟩
1215:⟨gu⟩
1208:⟨gm⟩
1204:⟨gn⟩
1200:⟨gh⟩
1180:⟨cc⟩
1152:⟨gg⟩
1150:). In most cases,
990:⟨gu⟩
982:French orthography
946:⟨gh⟩
920:spellings such as
690:⟨gg⟩
540:⟨gg⟩
536:⟨ng⟩
517:⟨dg⟩
505:⟨ae⟩
493:⟨ae⟩
384:; the French soft
239:(typically before
189:
2414:978-99918-65-40-9
2044:Pronunciation of
1988:⟨ג⟩
1976:, which uses the
1967:⟨ż⟩
1963:⟨ž⟩
1959:⟨h⟩
1955:⟨g⟩
1951:⟨ж⟩
1947:⟨г⟩
1943:⟨ж⟩
1935:⟨г⟩
1931:⟨г⟩
1904:⟨ι⟩
1900:⟨η⟩
1892:⟨ε⟩
1880:⟨c⟩
1876:⟨g⟩
1872:⟨γ⟩
1864:⟨Γ⟩
1848:, which uses the
1830:⟨i⟩
1826:⟨g⟩
1799:⟨g⟩
1784:⟨i⟩
1780:⟨ê⟩
1776:⟨e⟩
1772:⟨g⟩
1768:⟨g⟩
1756:⟨ĝ⟩
1751:⟨g⟩
1725:⟨g⟩
1714:⟨g⟩
1572:⟨g⟩
1560:, but not before
1526:⟨g⟩
1522:⟨g⟩
1479:⟨i⟩
1475:⟨e⟩
1441:⟨u⟩
1426:⟨u⟩
1422:⟨g⟩
1414:⟨u⟩
1390:⟨u⟩
1318:⟨g⟩
1306:⟨g⟩
1290:⟨g⟩
1286:Romance languages
1261:⟨u⟩
1243:is silent (e.g.,
1241:⟨e⟩
1219:⟨g⟩
1091:often represents
1081:⟨g⟩
1066:⟨g⟩
1054:⟨g⟩
1034:⟨g⟩
1014:⟨g⟩
994:⟨g⟩
970:⟨g⟩
950:⟨g⟩
918:⟨g⟩
914:⟨j⟩
906:⟨j⟩
902:⟨g⟩
894:⟨e⟩
874:⟨e⟩
866:⟨e⟩
846:⟨g⟩
842:⟨e⟩
826:⟨g⟩
820:usually serves a
818:⟨e⟩
814:⟨g⟩
809:⟨e⟩
792:⟨h⟩
768:⟨u⟩
748:⟨i⟩
736:⟨e⟩
729:⟨g⟩
725:⟨g⟩
626:⟨g⟩
614:⟨g⟩
610:⟨g⟩
608:, with both hard
598:⟨g⟩
590:⟨g⟩
586:⟨g⟩
579:⟨j⟩
575:⟨g⟩
567:⟨g⟩
513:⟨e⟩
509:⟨g⟩
485:⟨g⟩
477:⟨g⟩
457:⟨g⟩
453:⟨g⟩
421:⟨g⟩
413:⟨g⟩
411:origin, the soft
386:⟨g⟩
378:⟨g⟩
376:and that of soft
370:⟨g⟩
304:⟨e⟩
298:⟨g⟩
294:⟨g⟩
263:is the affricate
261:⟨g⟩
249:⟨y⟩
245:⟨e⟩
241:⟨i⟩
237:⟨g⟩
212:⟨g⟩
207:⟨g⟩
197:⟨g⟩
182:pronunciation of
137:
136:
129:
111:
76:"Hard and soft G"
16:(Redirected from
2470:
2439:
2430:
2417:
2399:
2381:
2372:
2344:
2335:
2307:
2289:
2261:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1989:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1923:Russian alphabet
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:) occurs before
1881:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1752:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1637:(generation) or
1633:(act, agitate),
1628:
1573:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1508:
1480:
1476:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1391:
1361:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1291:
1262:
1242:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1181:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1067:
1055:
1035:
1015:
995:
992:represents hard
991:
976:usually does in
971:
951:
948:represents hard
947:
919:
915:
907:
903:
895:
875:
871:
867:
847:
843:
840:. Such a silent
827:
822:marking function
819:
815:
810:
793:
769:
749:
737:
730:
726:
703:
699:
691:
627:
615:
611:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
576:
568:
564:
556:
545:
541:
537:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
486:
478:
462:
458:
454:
450:
422:
418:
414:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
326:
307:(as in "rage").
305:
299:
295:
270:
262:
250:
246:
242:
238:
220:
216:non-front vowels
213:
208:
198:
163:
159:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2420:
2415:
2402:
2397:
2384:
2375:
2347:
2338:
2313:American Speech
2310:
2305:
2292:
2264:
2259:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2219:Andersson (2002
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2060:
2055:
2034:Hard and soft C
2020:
2007:
1999:
1987:
1978:Hebrew alphabet
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1842:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1755:
1750:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1713:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1537:
1525:
1521:
1502:
1478:
1474:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1389:
1359:
1328:in Italian and
1321:
1317:
1305:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1275:Other languages
1260:
1240:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1184:hard and soft C
1179:
1151:
1115:
1084:
1083:. For example,
1080:
1065:
1053:
1033:
1013:
1012:represent soft
993:
989:
969:
968:represent soft
949:
945:
934:
917:
913:
910:Cleveland, Ohio
905:
901:
893:
884:Also, the word
873:
869:
865:
845:
841:
825:
817:
813:
808:
791:
767:
747:
735:
728:
724:
689:
625:
622:
616:in common use.
613:
609:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
574:
566:
558:
550:
543:
539:
535:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
492:
484:
476:
460:
456:
452:
448:
420:
419:while the hard
416:
412:
385:
377:
369:
362:
356:
313:
303:
297:
293:
260:
248:
244:
240:
236:
218:
211:
206:
196:
171:
170:
169:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2431:
2418:
2413:
2400:
2395:
2382:
2373:
2362:10.2307/475860
2345:
2336:
2325:10.2307/455654
2319:(3): 260–288,
2308:
2303:
2290:
2279:10.2307/318102
2262:
2257:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2131:
2127:Chițoran (2001
2119:
2107:
2092:
2077:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2016:
1925:(a variant of
1850:Greek alphabet
1841:
1838:
1609:(to lodge) or
1565:
1564:
1550:
1540:
1493:, Portuguese,
1481:(e.g. Italian
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1371:
1362:(e.g. Italian
1345:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1298:Haitian Creole
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1114:. The letters
1076:conventions.
933:
930:
848:is a historic
696:is pronounced
621:
618:
355:
352:
321:palatalization
312:
309:
205:hard and soft
164:⟩, see
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2475:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2396:0-19-823581-X
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2304:3-11-016766-2
2300:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2258:0-415-28079-6
2254:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:Wheeler (1979
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:Venezky (1970
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:Wheeler (1979
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:Emerson (1997
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1980:, the letter
1979:
1975:
1970:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1885:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1840:Other scripts
1839:
1837:
1835:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1789:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:and the hard
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:(floor), the
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:and non-mute
1419:
1411:
1407:
1404:, Portuguese
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:(e.g. French
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1211:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
987:
983:
979:
975:
967:
963:
959:
955:
943:
939:
931:
929:
927:
923:
911:
899:
891:
887:
883:
879:
863:
859:
855:
851:
839:
835:
831:
823:
811:
803:
801:
797:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
761:
757:
753:
745:
741:
732:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
695:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
619:
617:
607:
584:
572:
562:
554:
547:
532:
530:
526:
522:
498:
490:
482:
474:
470:
466:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:origin (e.g.
426:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
367:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
318:
310:
308:
306:
291:
289:
284:
282:
277:
275:
268:
258:
254:
234:
232:
227:
225:
217:
209:
202:
194:
186:
185:
179:
178:Steve Wilhite
175:
167:
155:
151:
149:
145:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
30:
19:
2435:
2429:(7): 256–270
2426:
2422:
2404:
2386:
2377:
2356:(2): 72–82,
2353:
2349:
2340:
2316:
2312:
2294:
2273:(1): 37–39,
2270:
2266:
2248:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2175:
2168:Hualde (2005
2163:
2151:
2122:
2110:
2073:Arnaud (1945
2045:
1981:
1971:
1920:
1853:
1846:Modern Greek
1843:
1833:
1809:
1794:
1761:
1737:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1566:
1515:
1510:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1367:
1363:
1346:
1283:
1280:Latin script
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1213:The digraph
1212:
1193:
1187:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1078:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1030:almost never
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
973:
965:
961:
957:
953:
935:
925:
921:
897:
889:
885:
881:
877:
861:
857:
853:
837:
833:
829:
804:
799:
795:
790:); a silent
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:). A silent
763:
759:
755:
751:
743:
739:
733:
720:
716:
712:
708:
706:
693:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
623:
582:
548:
533:
528:
524:
520:
488:
480:
472:
468:
464:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
403:In words of
402:
397:
393:
363:
341:orthographic
333:front vowels
314:
287:
286:
280:
279:
273:
272:
230:
229:
223:
222:
204:
190:
183:
160:and ⟨
142:
123:
117:October 2006
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2343:, Routledge
1743:orthography
1675:velar nasal
1589:(to give),
1366:, Romanian
1304:. The hard
1284:All modern
1265:distinguish
1182:relates to
1154:represents
882:abridgment.
711:(hard) vs.
620:Suffixation
483:has a hard
317:alternation
251:) may be a
193:Latin-based
2453:Consonants
2447:Categories
2241:References
2103:Hall (1944
1972:In Modern
1918:) occurs.
1812:"composed
1797:"composed
1786:where the
1659:Champagner
1635:Generation
1605:(orange),
1489:), though
1400:, Spanish
1396:, Catalan
1386:Portuguese
1176:exaggerate
850:long vowel
834:management
764:contagious
744:changeable
658:-ish(ness)
445:gynecology
358:See also:
344:convention
329:Late Latin
87:newspapers
1992:Sephardic
1868:lowercase
1860:uppercase
1740:Esperanto
1703:rangieren
1691:fingieren
1667:champagne
1639:Gymnasium
1597:(greed),
1593:(money),
1544:Norwegian
1485:, French
1459:current:
1418:vergüenza
1412:over the
1302:Sardinian
1253:catalogue
800:spaghetti
709:analogous
700:, not as
628:(such as
612:and soft
571:analogous
521:fledgling
473:margarine
337:descended
257:affricate
253:fricative
2458:Spelling
2018:See also
1927:Cyrillic
1810:ngờ ghép
1803:trigraph
1747:phonemic
1738:Because
1625:use the
1607:logieren
1516:Several
1507:⟩
1503:⟨
1487:mangeons
1461:guitarra
1457:pingüim,
1453:guitarra
1406:guitarra
1402:guitarra
1356:Romanian
1330:Romanian
1310:Galician
1257:analogue
1249:intrigue
1236:Guinness
1189:succinct
1122:, as in
1089:⟩
1085:⟨
1038:phonemic
988:whereby
944:whereby
926:Gennifer
890:vegetate
878:judgment
852:, as in
772:analogue
717:prodigal
702:/ˈbædʒd/
563:⟩
559:⟨
555:⟩
551:⟨
525:judgment
481:Margaret
425:Germanic
409:Latinate
271:, as in
201:phonemes
158:/ /
154:Help:IPA
2350:Italica
2158::7, 11)
1921:In the
1828:before
1795:gờ ghép
1788:digraph
1721:Luganda
1687:Eingabe
1643:Giraffe
1631:agieren
1556:before
1554:Faroese
1546:before
1536:before
1534:Swedish
1499:Catalan
1491:Spanish
1465:pinguim
1382:Spanish
1378:Catalan
1352:Italian
1339:Catalan
1269:unguent
1195:flaccid
1172:suggest
1099:(as in
1074:digraph
1049:digoxin
1020:before
996:before
952:before
938:Romance
807:silent
758:(as in
721:prodigy
713:analogy
698:/ˈbæɡd/
654:-edness
569:has no
529:pledgor
497:digraph
441:pierogi
354:English
311:History
302:silent
191:In the
146:in the
101:scholar
2411:
2393:
2370:475860
2368:
2333:455654
2331:
2301:
2287:318102
2285:
2255:
2004:Geresh
1996:dagesh
1974:Hebrew
1961:) and
1910:, and
1731:) and
1683:finger
1679:Finger
1651:Magnet
1623:Gender
1603:Orange
1511:jueves
1509:as in
1495:French
1483:giorno
1398:guerra
1394:guerre
1384:, and
1374:French
1231:guitar
1225:(e.g.
1206:, and
1170:as in
1164:dagger
1162:as in
1148:banger
1132:danger
1124:orange
1112:finger
1110:as in
1043:turgor
860:, and
858:oblige
838:pigeon
836:, and
796:ghetto
776:league
760:region
756:-gious
740:change
694:bagged
686:-ishly
684:, and
678:-ingly
666:-iness
549:While
542:, and
471:) and
437:geisha
394:regime
346:. The
285:, and
276:eneral
162:
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
18:Hard g
2366:JSTOR
2329:JSTOR
2283:JSTOR
2221::275)
2182::261)
2170::4–5)
2117::xvi)
2090::266)
2053:Notes
1983:gimel
1855:gamma
1611:Etage
1587:geben
1410:trema
1364:laghi
1245:rogue
1227:guess
1140:anger
1128:/ndʒ/
1120:/ndʒ/
1106:) or
1032:soft
922:Genna
898:vedge
862:range
830:image
788:guest
784:guess
780:guide
752:-gion
719:with
682:-edly
674:-iest
489:algae
405:Greco
398:genre
315:This
247:, or
150:(IPA)
108:JSTOR
94:books
2409:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2233::20)
2129::10)
2105::82)
2075::38)
2012:/dʒ/
1965:(or
1957:(or
1949:and
1890:and
1878:and
1782:and
1762:The
1709:().
1627:/dʒ/
1599:Gift
1595:Gier
1591:Geld
1581:and
1501:use
1497:and
1463:and
1447:(or
1368:ghìd
1354:and
1192:and
1174:and
1168:/dʒ/
1136:/ŋg/
1108:/ŋɡ/
1046:and
1008:and
1004:and
1000:and
984:and
964:and
960:and
956:and
924:and
880:and
854:rage
754:and
670:-ier
662:-ily
650:-ist
646:-ism
642:-est
634:-ing
583:soft
469:jail
465:gaol
433:give
382:/dʒ/
283:iant
80:news
2358:doi
2321:doi
2275:doi
2197::7)
2146::7)
2046:GIF
2014:).
1969:).
1929:),
1844:In
1745:is
1665:in
1657:in
1649:in
1621:or
1619:Gin
1552:in
1542:in
1532:in
1477:or
1455:vs
1428:).
1337:in
1296:or
1271:).
1146:in
1144:/ŋ/
1138:in
1130:in
1060:or
1028:is
1024:or
886:veg
802:).
704:).
638:-er
630:-ed
531:).
429:get
390:/ʒ/
380:is
374:/ɡ/
372:is
364:In
325:/ɡ/
323:of
290:ym.
255:or
228:or
226:ain
184:GIF
63:by
2449::
2427:12
2425:,
2364:,
2354:21
2352:,
2327:,
2317:72
2315:,
2281:,
2271:29
2269:,
2187:^
2134:^
2095:^
2080:^
2061:^
1906:,
1902:,
1898:,
1870::
1866:;
1862::
1836:.
1834:gì
1778:,
1759:.
1749:,
1671:ng
1663:gn
1655:gn
1585::
1574:.
1513:.
1467:).
1380:,
1376:,
1370:),
1267:,
1255:,
1251:,
1247:,
1233:,
1229:,
1210:.
1202:,
1142:,
1134:,
1103:ng
1101:ri
1087:ng
1062:ge
1058:gi
1010:ge
1006:gi
966:ge
962:gi
928:.
856:,
832:,
805:A
798:,
786:,
778:,
774:,
762:,
680:,
676:,
672:,
668:,
664:,
660:,
656:,
652:,
648:,
644:,
640:,
636:,
632:,
538:,
527:,
523:,
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