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his face. Arrested by the town marshal, the official retaliated by having Odell arrested for "congregating" in violation of the injunction. Odell served 10 days in jail for contempt of court. Pollock, too, was arrested and jailed. When a truckload of strikebreakers attempted to run down a group of pickets, the pickets (led by
Pollock) retaliated by hurling stones and bottles at the truck. Pollock was charged with unlawful assemblage, inciting to riot, and malicious destruction of property. Pollock's wife and defense lawyers were unlawfully denied access to him for several days. When they finally did see him, sheriff's deputies stood close by to intimidate them and listen in on their
378:(AWP). The goal of the League was to organize jobless workers, advocate for higher relief payments for the unemployed, and help the unemployed resist employer calls to take striking workers' jobs. The League and the union struck a deal which provided for the legal defense of union members by the AWP and the League. League leaders obtained representation on the union's strike committee, assurances that the strike would be carried out using militant tactics, and that no settlement of the strike would be made without agreement of the strikers. Pursuant to this agreement, Toledo League leader
503:
seized Odell, took him out of the jail and threw him on a waiting truck. Sheriff's deputies stopped the truck and demanded to know if Odell was aboard. Odell claimed he shouted to let the deputies know he was there, but the deputies ignored him. Odell also claimed that at least 15 sheriff's deputies were in the jail and could have prevented his abduction, but the county sheriff contended that only three deputies were on hand. To Odell and union sympathizers, the sheriff's deputies appeared to be cooperating in the kidnapping.
257:
359:
meeting with the union was pointless, since the growers were already losing money. The union challenged this claim, pointing out that at least one grower had recently purchased three new automobiles. But the growers stuck by their claim. A few weeks later, the Ohio state legislature asked the growers to open their books as part of a state investigation into the strike. But the growers declined to do so. To the union, this was merely additional evidence that the growers were profitable.
479:
out whenever striking workers and strikebreakers encountered one another. Union members and sympathizers cut telephone wires throughout the county, blew up bridges, scattered nails on roads to stop and slow truck traffic, fired shots at strikebreakers, burned warehouses, and set off small explosions in towns, villages and onion processing stations throughout the county. Strikers even bombed the home of the owner of the Scioto Land
Company, the largest landowner in Scioto Marsh.
26:
279:(69 km) of farmland. The top three growers controlled about 30 percent of Scioto Marsh land under cultivation. Hog Creek Marsh was a smaller growing area which consisted of about 4,000 acres (16 km). The largest owner of Hog Creek marshland controlled about a third of that area's total land under cultivation. Roughly 25 smaller growers cultivated the rest of the farmland.
529:
house. The crowd continued to surround Odell's house throughout the evening, shouting obscenities and threatening Odell and his family. Only five sheriff's deputies stood nearby to handle the mob. Around midnight, the crowd climbed into cars and trucks and paraded around Odell's home, honking horns and brandishing clubs. The vigilante caravan then headed to the nearby town of
1164:
405:
between pickets to 50 yards (46 m), and still arrests occurred. Distance between pickets was extended to 100 yards (91 m), then a one-quarter mile (400 m), and in some cases a one-half mile (800 m). Arrests continued. On a number of occasions, deputies called pickets together and, when they obeyed, arrested them for congregating unlawfully.
517:
During the day, the town of McGuffey was seized by hundreds of armed anti-union vigilantes. The vigilantes patrolled the town on foot and accosted any citizens they found on the street. They demanded to know if the citizen was a union supporter. If the individual claimed not to be taking sides in the
478:
Union members and their supporters also resorted to violence. The growers began large-scale importation of replacement workers to break the strike. When they could intercept trucks carrying replacement workers, the strikers would throw rocks, bricks and bottles at the strikebreakers. Fistfights broke
474:
groups were formed which beat strikers and union sympathizers, and ran them out of town at gunpoint. Shots were fired at picketers and at union members attending meetings. The growers hired another 50 special deputies to patrol the fields with machine guns, and special deputies used extensive amounts
317:
By June 1934, economic conditions for farm workers in Hardin County were especially severe. The prevailing wage was 12 cents an hour, but many workers earned only 8 cents an hour. Eight out of 10 families were considered to be living in extreme poverty, and almost half of all workers reported working
447:
The special deputies quickly proved unruly. Local citizens complained that the guards were harassing them. The sheriff referred complaints to the commanding general of the Ohio
National Guard, who then told petitioners that this was a matter for the local county sheriff. When prominent Hardin County
404:
The injunction restricted picketing to groups of two. Judge Hoge left it up to the discretion of sheriffs' deputies how far apart each group must be. Initially, the union established 34 pickets at least 25 feet (7.6 m) apart. Deputies arrested half the strikers. The union increased the distance
528:
After Odell returned to his house, a crowd of 200 men and women gathered in front of the building and demanded that he leave town or suffer the consequences. Odell replied, "Tell them to go to hell." Odell then went to bed, a revolver under his pillow and armed union guards stationed throughout the
482:
The level of violence led to a large number of arrests. Over the next 20 days, more than 60 picketers were arrested. Odell was arrested and charged with contempt of court for violating Judge Hoge's injunction. A Scioto Land
Company official had approached Odell on the street and brandished a gun in
408:
To enforce the injunction, 54 "special" sheriff's deputies were hired and sworn in. The deputies' salaries were paid for by the growers. Although the deputies technically remained under the supervision of the Hardin County sheriff, the deputies were under the control of the growers and their field
573:
Within a few months, most of the strikebreakers left the area as the growing season wound down. But as onion production continued to drop over the next several years due to soil exhaustion, fewer and fewer onion weeders and pickers were needed in Hardin County. A few years after its founding, the
562:
On August 28, federal mediator Fox met with Ott, several large growers, and Odell. Odell agreed to reduce his demand for a wage increase to 25 cents an hour. The discussions went so well that Fox felt a resolution to the strike could be reached within a few days. Odell later told the press he had
443:
was asked why the special deputies were recruited solely from the Ohio
National Guard, he replied that the guardsmen were merely private citizens who had sought temporary employment. The governor saw no problem with arming the county deputies with state-owned weaponry or having full-time, on-duty
362:
Odell called a strike on June 20. About 800 of the county's 1,000 onion field workers walked out. To prevent replacement workers from entering the fields and breaking the strike, the strikers attempted to stop and search all automobiles entering the Scioto Marsh and Hog Creek Marsh areas. For the
343:
On June 18 and June 19, 1934, weeders and pickers working on onion farms in Hardin County formed a union, the
Agricultural Workers Union, under the leadership of Okey Odell, a 38-year-old weeder. The workers were assisted by J.M. Rizor, an organizer for the International Quarrymen's Union. Their
502:
Although he denied any involvement with the bombing, Odell was arrested minutes later and taken to the Hardin County jail (which was located in the town of McGuffey). However, sheriff's deputies refused to charge Odell. As Odell was being booked, about 200 anti-union vigilantes rushed the jail,
358:
Led by the top four landowners, the 30 growers formed the Onion
Growers' Association to oppose the union. Odell and Rizor asked to meet with the Association, but the growers refused and said they would let their fields be overgrown with weeds first. The growers subsequently told the press that
334:
from the protection of the law. Although it was not illegal for farm workers to organize unions, federal (and state) law did not protect their ability to do so. Subsequently, most employers discriminated heavily against agricultural workers who attempted to form unions, and used a variety of
475:
of tear gas to harass and break up pickets. National Guard troops began clubbing and beating picketers whenever they encountered them. On June 29, two strikers were shot and wounded by
National Guard troops after they attempted to stop a truck of strikebreakers from entering a field.
566:
The strike, however, was close to an end. The 800 strikers had dwindled to a handful as violence drove them from the picket lines. The larger growers were able to employ significant numbers of replacement workers, and onion production was nearly back to full capacity.
302:
were not provided. The black earth absorbed heat, and temperatures near the ground could reach 120 degrees
Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius). Many workers lived in employer-provided housing, and were given an employer-owned milk cow (on loan) to prevent starvation.
518:
strike, the vigilantes threatened them with death and told them to leave town. As the capture of the town continued throughout the day, union members and their families barricaded themselves inside their homes, fearing for their lives.
417:, which had only recently ended. The National Guard troops, most of whom were only 18 years old, were determined not to be intimidated by the picketers as they had been in Toledo. The newly appointed special deputies were armed with
313:
was not practiced. As the Great
Depression worsened, growers reduced the amount of land under cultivation even further to only 3,500 acres (14 km). Growers also cut wages and required laborers to work longer hours.
1205:
448:
business leaders forced the sheriff to deal with these problems, the sheriff ordered an investigation. But the investigation was never carried out, and the National Guard troops' behavior worsened.
525:
back to McGuffey. He obtained a revolver from his home and then walked with his brother through the center of town, defying the vigilantes to kill him. Odell returned home in the late afternoon.
570:
A few days later, several of the smaller growers signed a contract with the union. The contract raised wages to 35 cents per hour, but did not alter working conditions or recognize the union.
248:
on behalf of the growers, the strike ended in October with a partial victory for the union. Some growers met the union's demand for a 35-cents-an-hour minimum wage, but the majority did not.
290:
migrant farm workers kept wages far below those of other counties and states. Working conditions were harsh. Laborers worked on their hands and knees weeding and picking onions. The
554:. But on August 27, a federal prosecutor said the Federal Kidnapping act would not apply as Odell had not been taken across state lines or held for more than five days.
514:
about 12 miles (19 km) away. There, Odell was beaten and threatened with death, then taken to a highway in mid-afternoon and left at the side of the road.
1185:
499:. The explosion ripped away an entire side of the home. Although the mayor and his wife were sleeping in the home at the time, they were not injured.
351:
The workers immediately demanded recognition of their union, a 23-cents-an-hour wage increase (to obtain a minimum wage of 35 cents an hour), and an
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70:
464:
to Hardin County to help settle the strike. The growers agreed to raise the minimum wage to 15 cents an hour, but the union rejected the offer.
1140:
409:
foremen. Most of the special sheriff's deputies were members of the Hardin County detachment of the Ohio National Guard and veterans of the
533:, where they threatened three other union leaders. One union leader, Floyd Collins, was ill and had to be secretly rushed out of town.
294:
was 10 hours long, with a 15-minute break for lunch and no overtime. There were no toilet facilities or restroom breaks, and water and
1077:
1052:
1038:
1024:
1010:
995:
457:
1215:
537:
1210:
345:
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Agricultural Workers Union faded away. By the mid-1940s, most of the Hardin County agricultural workers had been replaced by
440:
368:
142:
484:
1200:
327:
394:
379:
364:
184:
147:
240:, in 1934. Led by the Agricultural Workers Union, Local 19724, the strike began on June 20, two days after the
495:
Near dawn on the morning of August 25, 1934, a bomb exploded at the home of Godfrey Ott, mayor of the town of
282:
Wages and working conditions for agricultural workers in Hardin County were poor even before the onset of the
1169:
256:
1152:
Valdes, Dennis N. "Legal Status and the Struggles of Farmworkers in West Texas and New Mexico, 1942-1993."
470:
The employers also began to resort to violence to protect their replacement workers and break the strike.
547:
375:
1195:
511:
551:
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The union also received assistance from the Ohio Unemployed League. The League was a branch of the
309:
from the Hardin County onion fields were declining significantly by 1930 due to soil exhaustion as
264:
245:
237:
162:
114:
63:
856:
Valdes, "Legal Status and the Struggles of Farmworkers in West Texas and New Mexico, 1942-1993,"
426:
125:
Union successfully bargained for a 13 cent-an-hour wage increase, no change to working conditions
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1073:
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1034:
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1006:
991:
507:
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After the settlement's rejection, employers began evicting workers from employer-owned homes.
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formed. After the kidnapping and beating of the union's leader and the intervention of the
25:
540:
543:
sent Robert C. Fox, another federal mediator, to Hardin County to try to end the strike.
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The growers immediately went to court to prevent the union from picketing in the fields.
335:
techniques (many heavy-handed, and some actually coercive) to resist farm unionization.
578:
496:
352:
287:
1179:
310:
233:
1124:
Sternsher, Bernard. "Scioto Marsh Onion Workers Strike, Hardin County, Ohio, 1934."
436:
The union demanded to know why the state was providing the county with troops. When
117:, and receive a 23 cents-an-hour wage increase, raise standard of working conditions
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72:
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officers of the Ohio National Guard command and drill the special deputies.
295:
843:
Sternsher, "Scioto Marsh Onion Workers Strike, Hardin County, Ohio, 1934,"
437:
418:
275:. Two main growing areas existed. Scioto Marsh consisted of about 17,000
1163:
575:
344:
union was recognized by the American Federation of Labor (AFL) as a
1045:
The Politics of Insurgency: The Farm Worker Movement in the 1960s.
1019:
Paperback rev. ed. New York: A.J. Muste Memorial Institute, 1982.
862:
The Politics of Insurgency: The Farm Worker Movement in the 1960s.
397:
Judge Hamilton E. Hoge issued one of the most sweeping anti-labor
268:
255:
988:
The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941.
883:
The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941,
276:
271:-growing region about 12 miles (19 km) east of the town of
976:"Anti-Unionists Seize Ohio Town After Mayor's Home Is Bombed."
740:"Anti-Unionists Seize Ohio Town After Mayor's Home Is Bombed,"
491:
Bombing of the mayor's home and seizure of the town of McGuffey
105:
Long work day, low wages, lack of access to bathroom facilities
1206:
Agriculture and forestry labor disputes in the United States
550:, a new federal statute enacted in 1932 in the wake of the
546:
The day after his kidnapping, Odell sought to invoke the
490:
990:
Paperback edition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1970.
1133:
Unearthing the Land: The Story of Ohio's Scioto Marsh.
793:
Unearthing the Land: The Story of Ohio's Scioto Marsh,
363:
first week of the strike, there was no violence. The
1089:
Montross, Warren C. "Stepchildren of the New Deal."
330:(NLRA) was passed in 1935, it specifically exempted
382:became part of the union's strike leadership team.
201:
173:
129:
121:
109:
101:
58:
35:
18:
1072:Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1982.
1005:Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
1057:"Labor Conditions in the Onion Fields of Ohio."
602:"Labor Conditions in the Onion Fields of Ohio,"
452:First settlement attempt and outbreak of violence
1082:McLaird, Lee N. "Sam Pollock Labor Collection."
1135:Akron, Ohio: University of Akron Press, 1999.
955:
953:
736:
734:
732:
8:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
429:equipment from the National Guard armory in
1103:"Onion Strikers Ready for Pay Compromise."
1047:New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
959:"Onion Strikers Ready for Pay Compromise,"
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893:
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702:Montross, "Stepchildren of the New Deal,"
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24:
15:
866:Farm Workers, Agribusiness and the State,
1017:Peace Agitator: The Story of A.J. Muste.
879:Peace Agitator: The Story of A.J. Muste,
787:
785:
783:
1096:"Onion Strike Head to Seek Warrants."
1031:Labor Unionism in American Agriculture.
930:"Onion Strike Head to Seek Warrants,"
781:
779:
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775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
662:Labor Unionism in American Agriculture,
590:
598:
596:
594:
7:
1064:Majka, Linda C. and Majka, Theo J.
1003:Southern Migrants, Northern Exiles.
755:Southern Migrants, Northern Exiles,
1186:1930s strikes in the United States
260:Countryside in the Hog Creek Marsh
230:Hardin County onion pickers strike
19:Hardin County onion pickers strike
14:
1145:"Two Onion Field Strikers Shot."
910:"Two Onion Field Strikers Shot,"
458:United States Department of Labor
1162:
538:United States Secretary of Labor
371:raised funds for strike relief.
1191:1934 labor disputes and strikes
369:American Civil Liberties Union
252:The Hardin County onion fields
143:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
348:, and listed as Local 19724.
322:Legality of farm labor unions
1154:Latin American Perspectives.
1033:New York: Arno Press, 1976.
998:(Originally published 1969.)
858:Latin American Perspectives,
521:During the afternoon, Odell
328:National Labor Relations Act
140:Agricultural Workers Union;
86:40.679338000°N 83.79066000°W
1110:"Outside the Federal Law."
943:"Outside the Federal Law,"
236:by agricultural workers in
47:- August 28, 1934
1232:
1117:"Secretary Perkins Acts."
897:"Secretary Perkins Acts,"
365:Socialist Party of America
148:Socialist Party of America
91:40.679338000; -83.79066000
1126:Northwest Ohio Quarterly.
845:Northwest Ohio Quarterly,
563:made no such concession.
206:
178:
134:
23:
1128:58 (Spring/Summer 1986).
558:Conclusion of the strike
286:. A plentiful supply of
1216:Labor relations in Ohio
1170:Organized labour portal
864:1985; Majka and Majka,
485:privileged conversation
339:Beginning of the strike
160:Hardin County Sheriff;
39:June 20, 1934
1211:Labor disputes in Ohio
860:Winter 1995; Jenkins,
548:Federal Kidnapping Act
376:American Workers Party
261:
1059:Monthly Labor Report.
604:Monthly Labor Report,
510:, a small village in
401:in American history.
395:Court of Common Pleas
318:only 26 days a year.
259:
1029:Jamieson, Stuart M.
552:Lindbergh kidnapping
332:agricultural workers
267:, contained a large
194:Scioto Land Company
1201:Hardin County, Ohio
1156:22:1 (Winter 1995).
1093:September 12, 1934.
1084:Archival Chronicle.
1043:Jenkins, J. Craig.
847:Spring/Summer 1986.
706:September 12, 1934.
506:Odell was taken to
353:eight-hour work day
265:Hardin County, Ohio
246:Ohio National Guard
238:Hardin County, Ohio
163:Ohio National Guard
115:eight-hour work day
82: /
64:Hardin County, Ohio
262:
158:Vigilante groups;
30:newspaper clipping
1147:Associated Press.
1141:978-1-884836-52-7
1119:Associated Press.
1112:Associated Press.
1105:Associated Press.
1098:Associated Press.
1086:7:1 (March 1988).
984:Bernstein, Irving
978:Associated Press.
961:Associated Press,
945:Associated Press,
932:Associated Press,
912:Associated Press,
899:Associated Press,
881:1982; Bernstein,
742:Associated Press,
226:
225:
222:
221:
169:
168:
1223:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1121:August 26, 1934.
1114:August 27, 1934.
1107:August 28, 1934.
1100:August 27, 1934.
980:August 26, 1934.
964:
963:August 28, 1934.
957:
948:
947:August 27, 1934.
941:
935:
934:August 27, 1934.
928:
915:
908:
902:
901:August 26, 1934.
895:
886:
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841:
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744:August 26, 1934.
738:
707:
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456:On June 27, the
411:Auto-Lite strike
298:for injuries or
284:Great Depression
208:
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156:Strikebreakers;
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579:migrant workers
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541:Frances Perkins
536:That same day,
512:Auglaize County
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300:heat exhaustion
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113:Standardize an
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1149:June 29, 1934.
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1070:and the State.
1066:Farm Workers,
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1061:February 1935.
1055:
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1015:Hentoff, Nat.
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999:
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914:June 29, 1934.
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606:February 1935.
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497:McGuffey, Ohio
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77:83°47′26.376″W
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1078:0-87722-256-8
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1025:0-9608096-0-0
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1011:0-252-02429-X
1008:
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1001:Berry, Chad.
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996:0-395-11778-X
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768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
750:
747:
743:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
599:
597:
595:
591:
584:
582:
580:
577:
571:
568:
564:
557:
555:
553:
549:
544:
542:
539:
534:
532:
526:
524:
519:
515:
513:
509:
504:
500:
498:
488:
486:
480:
476:
473:
468:
465:
463:
459:
451:
449:
445:
442:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:
402:
400:
396:
391:
385:
383:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
360:
356:
354:
349:
347:
346:federal union
338:
336:
333:
329:
321:
319:
315:
312:
311:crop rotation
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
258:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
215:
210:
209:
205:
200:
195:
190:
186:
177:
172:
164:
152:
149:
144:
138:
137:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
65:
61:
57:
38:
34:
27:
22:
17:
1196:1934 in Ohio
1153:
1146:
1132:
1131:Rumer, Tom.
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1068:Agribusiness
1065:
1058:
1044:
1030:
1016:
1002:
987:
977:
960:
944:
939:
931:
911:
906:
898:
882:
878:
873:
865:
861:
857:
852:
844:
792:
754:
749:
741:
703:
661:
603:
572:
569:
565:
561:
545:
535:
527:
520:
516:
505:
501:
494:
481:
477:
469:
466:
455:
446:
441:George White
435:
431:Kenton, Ohio
423:machine guns
407:
403:
393:On June 22,
392:
389:
373:
361:
357:
350:
342:
325:
316:
305:
281:
263:
229:
227:
193:
181:
174:Lead figures
1091:The Nation.
704:The Nation,
523:hitch hiked
508:Waynesfield
399:injunctions
380:Sam Pollock
307:Crop yields
242:trade union
189:Okey Odell
185:Sam Pollock
182:J.M Rizor;
122:Resulted in
89: /
1180:Categories
971:References
660:Jamieson,
413:in nearby
386:Injunction
51:1934-08-28
43:1934-06-20
877:Hentoff,
472:Vigilante
419:riot guns
326:When the
296:first aid
288:Caucasian
154:Growers;
102:Caused by
462:mediator
438:Governor
427:tear gas
367:and the
292:work day
59:Location
791:Rumer,
753:Berry,
576:Mexican
460:sent a
130:Parties
49: (
41: (
1139:
1076:
1051:
1037:
1023:
1009:
994:
425:, and
415:Toledo
234:strike
232:was a
212:~1,000
202:Number
885:1970.
868:1982.
795:1999.
757:2000.
664:1976.
585:Notes
531:Alger
277:acres
269:onion
110:Goals
1137:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1021:ISBN
1007:ISBN
992:ISBN
273:Lima
228:The
217:~250
36:Date
1182::
986:.
952:^
919:^
890:^
800:^
762:^
711:^
669:^
611:^
593:^
581:.
487:.
433:.
421:,
355:.
187:;
145:,
53:)
45:)
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