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240:. In most other towns of the culture the houses would face into the oval plaza, but at Hardin they seem to have been arranged in clusters, although this may actually be the result of the rebuilding of a new houses in the same general location as the older demolished houses. Houses were built using the single set post method, meaning each individual post was set in its own individual hole, then the rectangular structure was covered in bark, thatch, or skins, probably resembling
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302:, it was added to wet clay and finely kneaded in. This technique of using ground mussel shell is a hallmark of Mississippian cultures to the south and west of the Fort Ancient, and displays how they were influenced by that culture. The clay would then be rolled into strips and layered and smoothed to form the appropriate shapes. It was then decorated with a variety of methods such as engraving designs with a sharpened stick,
278:
shells from local stream were used for tools and jewelry. Animal bone and shell attached to prepared tree limbs were also used for hoes in their gardens. Animal bone was shaped for use as tools. These included awls, punches, fish hooks, bone needles, and hide scrapers. Their jewelry included beads,
347:
Burials for the village would be made in designated areas of the village. A total of 301 to 445 burials have been found at the site by archaeologists, the largest number of burials found in a
Kentucky Fort Ancient site. Most of these burials were in the extended position, stretched straight out. A
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bones reburied as a bundle) and graves with stone slabs. About half of the burials contained grave goods, including pottery and stone tools. These utilitarian wares were more often interred with adults. Exotic goods were more likely to be interred with children up to about 4 years old (excluding
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lined the interior of the walls. Thin partitions divided the large structures into multi-family dwellings. A gap between two larger posts set on the river sides of the houses was used as the doorway. The houses could be quite large, some measuring up to 9.1 metres (30 ft) by 21.5 metres
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caused by the eating of maize as their major food source caused many of the Fort
Ancient peoples to have high rates of arthritis, dental diseases, lower life expectancies and a high infant mortality. This chronic malnutrition also made them prone to other infections, such as
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showing up as minor types. These decorations and shapes were unique to Fort
Ancient culture and are used as diagnostic tools for identifying their sites, which period in the chronology the sites are from and which other groups they interacted with the most.
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site. The site was first inhabited sometime in the early 16th century and abandoned by 1625. This era of protohistory saw the arrival of
Europeans in North America, although by the time they made it to this area, the village had been long abandoned.
232:. During its occupation it covered an area of about 4.5-hectare (45,000 m) and measured 160 metres (520 ft) on its east–west axis and 300 metres (980 ft) on its north–south axis. Like other Fort Ancient villages it had a defensive
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of the Ohio River, a little over 3 miles (4.8 km) from present day South Shore, Kentucky. It was occupied from sometime in the early 16th century and abandoned by about 1625, during the
Montour Phase of the
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Analysis of these burials has shown that Fort
Ancient peoples were not as healthy as their less agrarian ancestors, a byproduct of their heavy dependence on maize agriculture. The chronic malnutrition and
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peoples to the south and west of the Fort
Ancient peoples. By the time French and English explorers reached the area, the village had long been abandoned.
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429:"Encyclopedia of Prehistory Complete set of Volumes 1-8 and Volume 9, the index volume: Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files"
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small percentage of burials at the site have been of other types, including in the flexed position (with the knees drawn up), bundle burials (
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The site was excavated in the late 1930s, again in 1966 and, most recently, in 2015 by archaeologists from the
University of Kentucky.
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at the Hardin site was similar to that made and found at other Fort
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and metal objects made from brass tubes and copper from
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with twine, stamping, and beating with a wooden paddle. The majority of the pottery found at the site is of the
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The Hardin Village site is located on the large flat 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) wide floodplain
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those 1 year old or less) and adults over about 50, with males being buried with nonlocal
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surrounding it, but unlike other sites it does not seem to have had a central oval
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from their garden and turtle shell were used for ceremonial rattles.
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390:) a disease which many were found to have been afflicted with.
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Lewis, R. Barry (1996). "Chapter 5:Mississippian Farmers".
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The Role of Salt in Eastern North American Prehistory
1998:
Buildings and structures in Greenup County, Kentucky
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535:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 171–173.
247:. Interior posts helped to support the roof and
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626:List of archaeological periods (North America)
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489:, Kentucky Heritage Council, pp. 830–832
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279:hair pins, pendants, tinklers, and bone and
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378:(which only a few specimens exhibited) and
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1420:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
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343:A typical piece of Fort Ancient pottery
210:Management Area along with the nearby
487:The Archaeology of Kentucky:An update
7:
435:. Vol. 6 : North America.
1993:Native American history of Kentucky
1891:Norse colonization of North America
16:Archaeological site in Kentucky, US
510:University of Kentucky Press, 1966
274:As with other peoples of the era,
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1988:Archaeological sites in Kentucky
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608:
560:The Pre-History of Scioto County
308:Madisonville-Fox Farm Cordmarked
68:
38:
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1911:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
437:Springer Science+Business Media
153:Montour Phase (AD 1550 to 1750)
480:"Chapter 6:Mississippi Period"
47:Location within Kentucky today
1:
735:Feurt Mounds and Village Site
1876:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
1826:Eastern Agricultural Complex
478:Henderson, A. Gwynn (2008),
310:(about 75% of examples) and
270:from the Hardin Village site
194:located on a terrace of the
1260:Bandelier National Monument
1134:List of Mississippian sites
921:Pre-Columbian North America
730:Buffalo Indian Village Site
320:Madisonville Groove Paddled
206:. It is located within the
2014:
1680:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1285:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
994:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
485:, in David Pollack (ed.),
433:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
324:Madisonville Net-Impressed
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1921:Three Sisters agriculture
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813:Ronald Watson Gravel site
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113:38.7419306°N 82.9148889°W
26:
1460:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1019:Buttermilk Creek complex
508:The Hardin Village site,
382:(a non venereal form of
355:engraved shell ornaments
204:Greenup County, Kentucky
86:Greenup County, Kentucky
64:Greenup County, Kentucky
1660:Town Creek Indian Mound
1630:Sierra de San Francisco
1485:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
669:SunWatch Indian Village
230:Fort Ancient chronology
118:38.7419306; -82.9148889
1315:Coso Rock Art District
1202:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1105:List of Hopewell sites
694:Alligator Effigy Mound
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328:Fox Farm Check Stamped
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1723:Arlington Springs Man
1565:Portsmouth Earthworks
854:Mississippian culture
427:, eds. (2001-12-27).
421:Peregrine, Peter Neal
363:Mississippian culture
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173:Excavation dates
60:South Shore, Kentucky
1983:Fort Ancient culture
1931:Transoceanic contact
1821:Container Revolution
1395:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1360:Etowah Indian Mounds
615:Fort Ancient culture
533:Kentucky Archaeology
188:Fort Ancient culture
162:Fort Ancient culture
1851:Green Corn Ceremony
1665:Turkey River Mounds
1455:Lake Jackson Mounds
1275:Blue Spring Shelter
859:Monongahela culture
740:Hardin Village site
192:archaeological site
184:Hardin Village site
109: /
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20:Hardin Village site
1936:Underwater panther
1610:Rosenstock Village
1480:Marmes Rockshelter
1465:L'Anse aux Meadows
565:2010-11-29 at the
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335:Mortuary practices
312:Madisonville Plain
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1962:Pre-Columbian era
1763:Spirit Cave mummy
1560:Plum Bayou Mounds
1470:Lynch Quarry Site
989:Ancient Beringian
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879:Springwells phase
839:Bone Stone Graves
808:Madisonville site
803:Lower Shawneetown
778:Cleek–McCabe site
649:Fort Ancient site
446:978-0-306-46260-3
371:niacin deficiency
212:Lower Shawneetown
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1743:Leanderthal Lady
1670:Upward Sun River
1645:Stallings Island
1635:Shell ring sites
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1345:El Fin del Mundo
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1450:Kolomoki Mounds
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1368:
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1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Effigy Mounds
1353:
1351:
1348:
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1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
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1320:Crystal River
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1232:Weeden Island
1230:
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1197:Safety Harbor
1195:
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1190:
1188:
1187:Poverty Point
1185:
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1168:
1167:Paleo-Indians
1165:
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1129:
1128:Mississippian
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845:
844:Bone Mound II
842:
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837:
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788:Fox Farm site
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721:
715:
714:Serpent Mound
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542:0-8131-1907-3
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425:Ember, Melvin
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281:shell gorgets
277:
269:
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265:Mississippian
262:
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104:82°54′53.60″W
101:38°44′30.95″N
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
65:
61:
58:
54:
34:
25:
1941:Water glyphs
1896:Oasisamerica
1886:N.A.G.P.R.A.
1846:Folsom point
1836:Effigy mound
1816:Clovis point
1784:Aridoamerica
1685:Wickiup Hill
1640:Spiro Mounds
1620:Salmon Ruins
1615:Russell Cave
1410:Helen Blazes
1405:Grimes Point
1385:Fort Juelson
1375:Fort Ancient
1350:El Vallecito
1310:Chaco Canyon
1250:Angel Mounds
1212:Steed-Kisker
1162:Paleo-Arctic
1084:Glacial Kame
1069:Fort Ancient
961:Post-Classic
932:
864:Oliver phase
849:Cole culture
768:Buckner site
759:Madisonville
739:
709:Gartner site
699:Baldwin site
532:
507:
501:
491:, retrieved
486:
452:February 26,
450:. Retrieved
432:
397:
376:tuberculosis
367:
346:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
294:
273:
268:shell gorget
249:storage pits
222:
183:
181:
1926:Thunderbird
1794:Black drink
1758:Peñon woman
1695:Winterville
1675:Velda Mound
1655:Taos Pueblo
1550:Parkin Park
1535:Orwell site
1520:Nodena site
1415:Holly Bluff
1390:Four Mounds
1380:Fort Center
1305:Casa Grande
1255:Anzick site
1147:Monongahela
1074:Fort Walton
1049:Coles Creek
1014:Belle Glade
999:Anishinaabe
823:Turpin site
798:Larkin site
783:Clover site
750:Hobson site
723:Feurt Focus
394:Excavations
304:cordmarking
200:South Shore
116: /
92:Coordinates
1977:Categories
1871:Metallurgy
1831:Eden point
1728:Buhl Woman
1600:Rock Eagle
1590:River Styx
1515:Mummy Cave
1510:Moundville
1490:Mesa Verde
1475:Marksville
1222:Tchefuncte
1182:Plaquemine
1118:Las Palmas
1034:Calf Creek
1029:Cades Pond
773:Clay Mound
687:Baum Focus
517:0598262113
493:2011-02-25
402:References
350:excarnated
245:longhouses
196:Ohio River
168:Site notes
22:(15 GP 22)
1916:Stickball
1605:Rock Hawk
1435:Key Marco
1227:Troyville
1207:St. Johns
1192:Red Ocher
951:Formative
704:Baum Site
659:Kemp site
654:Hine site
242:Iroquoian
208:Big Sandy
142:Abandoned
1804:Chanunpa
1789:Ballgame
1768:Vero man
1718:Anzick-1
1690:Windover
1650:SunWatch
1580:Rassawek
1400:Glenwood
1290:Brewster
1142:Mogollon
1113:La Jolla
1099:Hopewell
1059:Deptford
972:cultures
640:Anderson
563:Archived
388:syphilis
359:hematite
291:Ceramics
234:palisade
158:Cultures
56:Location
1953:Related
1811:Chunkey
1711:remains
1700:Wupatki
1540:Paquime
1430:Huápoca
1295:Cahokia
1265:Bastian
1172:Patayan
1094:Hohokam
1079:Fremont
1054:Comondú
1009:Baytown
1004:Avonlea
984:Alachua
956:Classic
946:Archaic
934:Periods
314:, with
296:Pottery
225:terrace
150:Periods
145:AD 1625
134:Founded
129:History
66:,
62:,
1370:Folsom
1335:Cutler
1270:Benson
1157:Oneota
1089:Glades
1064:Folsom
1044:Clovis
941:Lithic
869:Oneota
539:
515:
443:
285:Gourds
276:mussel
82:Region
73:
1901:Piasa
1709:Human
1340:Eaker
1243:sites
1177:Plano
979:Adena
761:Focus
642:Focus
483:(PDF)
238:plaza
198:near
176:1930s
1861:Kiva
537:ISBN
513:ISBN
454:2015
441:ISBN
384:yaws
326:and
219:Site
182:The
1365:Eva
386:or
202:in
76:USA
1979::
523:^
462:^
431:.
423:;
410:^
357:,
322:,
318:,
283:.
913:e
906:t
899:v
600:e
593:t
586:v
545:.
456:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
