444:. He was in the ninth grade, and was attending summer school at the Robert F. Wagner Sr. Junior High School on East 76th Street, across the street from where he was shot. Neighbors said the young boy had become "a little wild" after the death of his father. He had four prior run-ins with the law. He was twice caught trying to board a subway or bus without paying. He was accused of breaking a car window and attempted robbery, but he was cleared of those charges. He was 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm) tall and weighed 122 pounds (55 kg).
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470:(CORE) went to the school building. They demanded a civilian review board to discipline the police, but they were met by 50 officers holding nightsticks. About 200 picketers, mainly whites and Puerto Ricans, protested at the school around noon that day. They chanted “Stop killer cops!”, “We want legal protection” and “End police brutality!”
375:. Lynch was frequently aggravated by young people who hung out on the building stoop. On July 16, 1964, around 9:15 a.m., he sprayed water from a hose on Black students, who said Lynch shouted “Dirty niggers, I'll wash you clean." Lynch refuted this account. The students responded by throwing bottles and garbage can lids at Lynch.
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Thousands of young people were employed in a variety of jobs intended in the short run to keep them busy and, in the long run, to give them skills and opportunities to break out of poverty. Young people were employed running a summer camp, planting trees, repairing damaged buildings, and printing a
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The
Brooklyn CORE branch had prepared an all-day march for Monday in support of the rioters and activists in Harlem. They protested the shooting of Powell and denounced police brutality against Harlem residents. After blocking four main intersections in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood, the CORE
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The chaos ended at 8 a.m. on Lenox Street, where what was left of the rioters had regrouped before being dispersed by a large number of police officers. One rioter had been killed, 12 policemen and 19 civilians were injured, and 30 were arrested. Over 22 stores had been looted, according to police.
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Police officers received permission to draw their firearms, and some fired into the air. Officials later found a man who had been shot in the chaos with a .38 caliber round. Meanwhile, police in the Bronx loaded a truck with ammunition to be driven to the scene of unrest. Other people were swept up
406:
The most controversial account of the shooting came from Cliff Harris, Powell's friend. Powell, Cliff Harris and Carl Dudley, left the Bronx that morning and headed to
Manhattan. Powell had two knives which he had given to each of his friends to hold for him, Harris said. In Yorkville, he asked for
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A fight broke out, and two reporters were beaten by some in the crowd, and police officers did not intervene. The group moved to the Delany
Funeral Home, where a service for Powell's death had been scheduled for 8 a.m. Someone threw a bottle at the police and the police threw it back at the crowd.
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Just moments after
Gilligan shot Powell, and as police were securing the crime scene, 300 teenagers who had been attending summer school across the street spilled out of the building. The students, who were mostly Black, began throwing bottles, cans, and chunks of cement at the police. At least 75
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Hearing a disturbance in the street, Gilligan said he ran to the apartment building with his badge and gun displayed. "I'm a police lieutenant. Come out and drop it!," he said he yelled at Powell. He then fired a warning shot as he saw Powell raising the knife. Powell then lunged at
Gilligan. With
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James Powell, 15, was among a group of Bronx youth who were drawn to the disturbance. Powell pursued Lynch into the building, and according to a witness, "didn't stay two minutes." As Powell exited the building, off-duty NYPD police
Lieutenant Thomas Gilligan had also been drawn to the disturbance
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occurred between July 16 and 22, 1964. It began after James Powell, a 15-year-old
African American, was shot and killed by police Lieutenant Thomas Gilligan in front of Powell's friends and about a dozen other witnesses. Hundreds of students from Powell's school protested the killing. The shooting
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drove a truck up and down local streets. A crowd later formed around the truck and an NAACP spokesperson addressed the crowd. He claimed that
Bedford-Stuyvesant was a "community of law". He said that riots weren't how they were going to get what they wanted. Several men soon approached the sound
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On July 18, the temperature soared to 92 °F (33 °C). About 250 people attended a funeral for James Powell. Police had erected barricades in the area around the funeral. Police officers were also present at a rally protesting the rising crime rate in Harlem. Both the funeral and protest
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Witnesses saw Powell run into the building and did not see a knife. As he exited the vestibule, some said he was laughing until
Lieutenant Gilligan shot him. Other witnesses with a clear view of the shooting said Powell threw up his right arm in a defensive gesture, and that he was not holding a
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Others were more measured in their response to the violence. "If we must die, we must die scientifically," said Bayard Rustin, engineer of the March on
Washington and the New York's first school boycott. Other speakers at the rally tried to reason with the crowd to join in a peaceful protest.
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More officers from the Tactical Patrol Force (TPF) arrived and attempted to break the crowd up. One group of rioters went down to 123rd St., leaving destruction in their wake. Around 10:30 p.m., a Molotov cocktail was thrown on a police car near the Theresa hotel, injuring an officer.
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Edward Mills Davis and James Lawson. Arriving at the precinct, organizers briefly spoke with police Inspector Pendergast, but the crowd had quickly turned violent. People threw bottles and bricks at the police, and others took to nearby rooftops, hurling tiles and other debris on police.
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An estimated 144 people were injured, one person was killed, and a further 465 men and women were arrested over the course of the unrest. 541 shops were looted or damaged with costs estimated between $ 1 million (equivalent to $ 9,824,034 in 2023) and $ 2 million (equivalent to $
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The police, who had kept a low profile so far that day, suddenly called for reinforcements. CORE members tried to control the crowd and ultimately urged them to go home. Police charged into the crowd, indiscriminately beating people. The chaos continued until morning.
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Lieutenant Gilligan had served seventeen years in the NYPD. Prior to killing Powell, Gilligan had shot a man who he said was trying to push him off a roof, and he also shot a younger man who he said was burglarizing cars in front of his apartment. The
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The knife, which was not seen on the crime scene at the moment of the incident, was later found by a teacher, according to a school principal. The knife was found in the gutter about eight feet from where Powell lay shot, according to the principal.
542:, answered the missive later that day. "There are probably more armed Negroes in Harlem than in any other spot on earth. If the people who are armed get involved in this, you can bet they'll really have something on their hands," Malcolm X said.
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attended an event usually organized by CORE. During a speech, the crowd again grew agitated. Rioting soon brook out again, and police charged the mob, who responded with bottles and other objects. The unrest continued until 2 a.m. Wednesday.
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Officers rushed to the rooftops, arresting CORE members. Michael Doris became the first police officer injured in the riots when he was hit in the face with a bottle. Inspector Pendergast told officers to clear the streets.
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Police shot two young men in the chaos. The rioting continued past midnight. Molotov cocktails were thrown by protesters. The police shot and wounded two more men, and a police officer suffered a heart attack.
551:, national director of CORE, said he saw bullet holes in windows and walls of the Theresa Hotel, and blamed the police for much of the violence that had spread through the neighborhood the night before.
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benefited from the construction of new subway routes, and in turn, saw an increase in real estate investment. However, by 1905, many homes sat vacant, and landlords opened their doors to Black people.
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Gilligan, confronting Powell, said he fired a warning shot which hit a window in the building. Powell then lunged at him with a knife, and Gilligan fired twice in self defense, killing Powell.
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The violence ended around 1.30 a.m. and left 27 policemen and 93 civilians injured, 108 arrested and 45 stores looted. Hospitals however counted more than 200 entries in their registries.
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351:. Despite its attractive facade, tensions among Harlem residents increased. The murder rate in the area shot up dramatically, and street crime became a fixture of Harlem nightlife.
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members and other protestors met at Nostrand Ave. and Fulton St., where the crowd swelled to about 1000 people. The crowd became more agitated, and ignored speakers at the rally.
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allowed Black residents to invest in real estate and avoid eviction by white property owners. Black churches solidified their cultural and financial position in the neighborhood.
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The tension between the community and the NYPD increased, as citizens taunted police and firefighters. Firefighters at times turned their hoses on members of the public.
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By 10 p.m., a thousand people had assembled at the intersection of the Seventh Avenue and 125th Street. "Go home, go home", police shouted. The crowd answered back: "We
289:(NYPD), destroyed property, and looted stores. Several rioters were severely beaten by NYPD officers. The riots and unrest left one dead, 118 injured, and 465 arrested.
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his gun, Gilligan blocked Powell's from stabbing him, and deflecting the knife to his arm. The attack led Gilligan to fire a third round that killed Powell.
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said that a New York County grand jury would look into the murder of James Powell and at the same time, announced Mayor Wagner's hasty return to the city.
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The facts of the shooting are subject to debate. Witnesses said Powell was not holding a knife and that he threw up his right arm in a defensive gesture.
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A meeting was brokered between Black protest organizers and Captain Edward Jenkins of Brooklyn's 79th precinct at the Bedford YMCA, to little effect.
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in Harlem, New York, in the summer of 1965, it was intended to prevent the recurrence of the riots that had hit the community the summer before.
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distributed a statement to every church in Harlem. “In our estimation, this is a crime problem and not a social problem!," the flier read.
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960:"Police Board Absolves Gilligan In Slayin g of Negro Teen‐Ager; No Violation of Rules Found—Shooting Led to Riots in Harlem and Brooklyn"
324:, started moving their headquarters to Harlem which, with the continuous migration of Blacks, received the name of "Greater Harlem". The
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Police officials launched an investigation targeting protest organizers and other agitators, specifically Black Nationalists and the
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reported that Gilligan had disarmed suspects in the past. He was 6'2" (187 cm) tall and weighed 200 pounds (91 kg).
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This account was hotly contested by hospital officials, who counted 7 gunshot wounds and 110 persons with serious injuries.
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At a tense community meeting, some members of the Black Citizens Council called for "Guerilla warfare" against the NYPD.
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in the chaos as they exited the subway and local businesses, and some did not realize they were being pursued by police.
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truck. They started to rock the vehicle while the people around the truck grew agitated, and a riot soon began again.
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Bayard Rustin and other speakers were trying to calm the crowd, but the crowd shouted back at them: "Tom, Uncle Tom."
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the knives back. Upon Dudley's refusal he asked Cliff, who asked him why he wanted it back, and then handed it over.
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On Wednesday night, police on horseback patrolled the intersection of Nostrand Ave. and Fulton St. in Brooklyn. The
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Confrontation between African Americans and police at Fulton Street and Nostrand Avenue on July 21, in Brooklyn.
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Protestors rallied at the United Nations demonstration, calling for an end to genocide against Black Americans.
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called for protestors to march on the 28th police precinct. The organizers demanded that Gilligan be suspended.
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Meister, Richard J. (1971). The Black Ghetto: Promised Land or Colony?. Heath. OCLC 756463437
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800:: United States Government Printing Office. 1967. p. 19335 – via Google Books.
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By the time the rioting began, many members of the press had already left the protest.
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This article is about the Harlem riot of 1964. For other incidents in Harlem, see
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285:. By some accounts, 4,000 people participated in the riots. People attacked the
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RW Apple, "Police Defend the Use of Gunfire in Controlling Riots in Harlem",
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An incident at 133rd Street and Seventh Avenue during the Harlem riot of 1964
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Two months after the shooting, Gilligan was cleared of any wrongdoing by a
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In the Heat of the Summer: The New York Riots of 1964 and the War on Crime
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started spreading their ideas of salvation for the Black community. After
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The riot had started once again, and people threw objects from rooftops.
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The Harlem Uprising: Segregation and Inequality in Postwar New York City
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newspaper. Projects included a Project Uplift theater program, run by
744:, disturbances that began after a policeman shot and wounded a black
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Following the chaos of Saturday night, NYPD Police Commissioner
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More Black people began to move to New York from the south. The
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Demonstrators carrying photographs of Lieutenant Thomas Gilligan
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was a major short-term program of the Johnson administration's
474:
Day 3: Saturday, July 18, through early morning Sunday, July 19
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In the early 1920s, many Black American institutions, such as
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A history of the Congress of Racial Equality in New York City
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Barbara Benson, Letter to Editor, "Why Harlem Negroes Riot",
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The situation was quieter in the street of Harlem on Monday.
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Race, Space, and Riots in Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles
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Race, space, and riots in Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles
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set off six consecutive nights of rioting that affected the
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Proceedings and Debates of the 90th Congress First Session
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Day 6: Tuesday night, July 21, through Wednesday, July 22
666:. He maintained Powell had lunged at him with a knife.
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Day 5: Monday, July 20, through Tuesday Evening, July 21
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officers had to be called in to quell the angry crowd.
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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752:List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City
681:suite of social welfare programs. An experimental
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1239:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 478–480.
1233:. In Rucker, Walter C.; Upton, James N. (eds.).
715:(season 2, episode 10 and season 3, episode 1).
1337:George Barner, "The Negro Cop in a Race Riot",
1309:Peter Kihss, "Screvane Links Reds to Rioting",
528:Day 4: Sunday, July 19, through Monday, July 20
359:Patrick Lynch was a building superintendent in
297:In the early 1900s, the Harlem neighborhood in
1313:, 7/22/64; and letters in response on 7/24/64.
880:Fred C. Shapiro and James W. Sullivan (1964).
1208:Shapiro, Fred C.; Sullivan, James W. (1964).
493:Among those who marched on the precinct were
163:
8:
930:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
1411:African-American riots in the United States
1189:Pinkney, Alphonso; Woock, Roger R. (1970).
634:defended the police and the investigation.
389:Lieutenant Gilligan's version of the events
1172:The Black Ghetto: Promised Land or Colony?
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170:
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1421:Riots and civil disorder in New York City
1406:African-American history in New York City
379:and ran to the scene from a nearby shop.
1323:"'Casualty' List in Battle of Harlem",
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466:On the morning after the shooting, the
1193:. New College & University Press.
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1426:July 1964 events in the United States
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1351:"Rioting follows a common pattern",
1288:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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1330:"Injured in the Battle of Harlem",
1236:Encyclopedia of American Race Riots
709:." The riots were also depicted on
347:, the neighborhood again suffered
322:The United Order of True Reformers
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718:The riots inspired the 1965 song
701:The riots feature prominently in
1396:1964 crimes in the United States
1229:Threadcraft, Shatema A. (2007).
1060:"Scravene Links Reds to Rioting"
398:Witnesses' version of the events
363:, a predominantly working-class
1119:Carter, Sandy (July 29, 2012).
287:New York City Police Department
1191:Poverty and Politics in Harlem
1058:Kihss, Peter (July 22, 1964).
331:Black public figures, such as
1:
1267:. Columbia University Press.
1149:Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2007).
926:Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2007).
624:Harlem Progressive Labor Club
482:Later, at a largely peaceful
448:Rioting, protests, and unrest
242:Hunters Point social uprising
1261:Hayes, Christopher. (2021).
1231:"New York City Riot of 1964"
1168:Meister, Richard J. (1971).
1084:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 162
307:Afro-American Realty Company
217:1966 Chicago West Side riots
1153:. Oxford University Press.
1048:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 80
1039:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 75
1030:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 74
1021:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 67
1012:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 65
1003:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 50
991:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 13
720:"In the Heat of the Summer"
626:, the Harlem branch of the
468:Congress of Racial Equality
207:1964 Philadelphia race riot
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1282:Flamm, Michael W. (2016).
1212:Race riots, New York, 1964
949:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 3
940:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 9
882:Race riots, New York, 1964
828:Shapiro and Sullivan, p. 4
420:Lieutenant Thomas Gilligan
29:
1121:"The Legacy of Phil Ochs"
659:19,648,069 in 2023).
187:
95:
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1431:Ghetto riots (1964–1969)
1109:Pinkney and Woock, p. 82
488:Reverend Nelson C. Dukes
479:ended without incident.
453:Day 1: Thursday, July 16
355:Shooting of James Powell
252:King assassination riots
247:Long, hot summer of 1967
197:1964 Rochester race riot
180:Ghetto riots (1964–1969)
758:Progressive Labor Party
693:, and a dance program.
628:Progressive Labor Party
616:Black Nationalist Party
1416:20th century in Harlem
1371:Who Speaks for Harlem?
1344:"The Total in Riots",
655:
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462:Day 2: Friday, July 17
227:1966 Perth Amboy riots
1391:1964 in New York City
670:Project Uplift (1965)
653:
593:
237:1966 Dayton race riot
232:Waukegan riot of 1966
966:. November 7, 1964.
884:. New York: Crowell.
683:anti-poverty program
742:Harlem riot of 1943
736:Harlem riot of 1935
712:Godfather of Harlem
328:was in full swing.
270:Harlem riot of 1964
257:1969 York race riot
192:Harlem riot of 1964
42:Harlem riot of 1964
18:Harlem Riot of 1964
1401:1960s in Manhattan
1353:The New York Times
1318:The New York Times
1311:The New York Times
1304:The New York Times
1064:The New York Times
964:The New York Times
697:In Popular Culture
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326:Harlem Renaissance
283:Bedford-Stuyvesant
27:1964 American riot
837:Abu-Lughod, p. 14
534:Michael J. Murphy
495:Black Nationalist
277:neighborhoods of
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202:Dixmoor race riot
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975:. Retrieved
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345:World War II
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191:
49:Ghetto riots
47:Part of the
36:
1216:. Crowell.
1131:January 13,
1093:Threadcraft
691:LeRoi Jones
337:Daddy Grace
318:Odd Fellows
222:Hough riots
212:Watts riots
32:Harlem riot
1386:1964 riots
1380:Categories
1355:, 8/30/64.
1320:, 7/22/64.
1306:, 7/21/64.
770:References
664:grand jury
429:Daily News
293:Background
118:Casualties
1348:, 8/l/64.
1341:, 7/25/64
1334:, 7/25/64
1327:, 7/25/64
1222:614949750
1182:756463437
1176:. Heath.
972:0362-4331
746:U.S. Army
724:Phil Ochs
646:Aftermath
540:Malcolm X
442:the Bronx
427:New York
373:Manhattan
361:Yorkville
299:Manhattan
748:soldier.
730:See also
630:. Mayor
139:Arrested
131:Injuries
123:Death(s)
75:Location
486:rally,
403:knife.
108:Rioters
91:Parties
1292:
1271:
1243:
1220:
1197:
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1157:
1070:May 6,
970:
415:People
320:, and
279:Harlem
80:Harlem
639:NAACP
365:white
314:NAACP
1290:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1218:OCLC
1195:ISBN
1178:OCLC
1155:ISBN
1133:2024
1072:2022
979:2023
968:ISSN
756:The
484:CORE
339:and
281:and
268:The
102:NYPD
67:Date
722:by
510:are
371:of
142:519
134:144
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