859:) – travelled ahead of the Anglo-French army to negotiate with the Qing officials in Tungchow on 14 and 17 September. After some negotiations, they managed to secure an agreement that the Anglo-French army should move to a position about 5 mi (8.0 km) away from Tungchow. On 18 September, he left Tungchow to mark out the site of the proposed British encampment, but returned to remonstrate with the Qing officials when he saw a Qing military force assembling at the site. After receiving a hostile response, he and the delegation attempted to head back to the British headquarters, but were arrested by Qing soldiers under the command of the general
826:, Tianjin to take possession of the evacuated fort and perform some reconnaissance during the advance to the Taku Forts. After the successful assault on the main north fort on 21 August, he assisted in the negotiations for the surrender of the remaining Chinese positions in the forts. Three days later, he arrived in Tianjin, where he arranged for provisions for the Anglo-French forces and had meetings with the Qing imperial commissioners. Upon learning that the imperial commissioners did not hold plenipotentiary powers from the
878:(the Xianfeng Emperor's brother), Parkes and Loch were transferred out of the prison to more comfortable living quarters in a temple, where they were pressured to intervene in the negotiations between the Anglo-French and Qing sides. Parkes refused to make any pledges or address any representations to Lord Elgin. On 8 October, Parkes, Loch and six other members of the delegation were released from captivity – just shortly before the Qing government received an order from the Xianfeng Emperor, who was taking shelter in the
596:
1185:, at the home of a mutual friend. "She was a beautiful girl," wrote a friend about her, "tall, well-proportioned, and graceful, her colouring rich and soft, her features expressing sensitiveness and the power of warm emotion; her dark brown eyes full of intelligence and speaking earnestness of purpose. She possessed in a large degree the power of fascination in which all her family were remarkable." After a six-week courtship, Parkes and Plumer were married on New Year's Day, 1856, in
549:. He was appointed as a translator in Shanghai on 9 April 1848. After taking a period of leave from 1850–51 in Europe, he returned to China and continued his service as a translator in Amoy – an appointment he assumed in July 1849. He was reassigned to Canton again on 21 November 1851 and travelled there in February in the following year. While he was in Canton, he served as an acting Consul during
1857:
968:
694:. The British did not have sufficient troops to permanently occupy Canton, but they kept warships on the Pearl River and positioned their artillery to overlook the city. On 16 December, Qing forces set fire to the European settlement outside the city. Parkes retreated to Hong Kong and spent nearly a year there. During this period of time, he was severely criticised in
32:
87:
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had not been about to leave port, there would have been no reason for her colours, under ordinary circumstances, to be up. Parkes alleged that the incident took place at 8:30 am, at which time the
British consulate at Canton would not have been scheduled to open for another hour and a half. Further,
941:
Parkes returned to
Beijing in April 1861 but left for Nanjing again in June for further meetings with the Taiping rebel leaders. On 21 October, the British and French returned the control of Canton to the Qing government, thereby ending Parkes's duties as the British commissioner in Canton. Parkes
663:
at the time of the incident, an account that his fellow diners, John Leach and
Charles Earl, corroborated. Unmooring the boat while Kennedy was not on board would have meant leaving without him. According to a local newspaper, the master and crew of a nearby Portuguese lorcha corroborated Chinese
756:
was nominally reinstated by the Qing government as the
Governor-General of Canton, but the city was actually governed by a European commission of two Englishmen (one of whom was Parkes) and a French naval officer. Parkes was the leader of the trio because he was the only one among them who could
1018:
forces, hoping for a peaceful resolution to the crisis. Due to his support for the reformers, he was marked and treated with bitter hostility by the reactionaries, who attempted to assassinate him on three separate occasions. The overthrow of the shogunate and the subsequent
629:, after they received intelligence that several pirates were on board. They arrested 12 Chinese sailors, leaving two behind to look after the vessel. Following the account of the ship's captain, a twenty-one-year-old Irishman called Thomas Kennedy, Parkes alleged that the
1076:, "She hoped to the last that I should have reached in time. I have now six children to take charge of, and feebly indeed shall I replace her in that charge, while the Legation will have lost that bright and good spirit to which it owed whatever attention it possessed."
1720:
1109:. In 1879, Kew sent duplicate samples to Glasgow, Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide, but these have been lost. The Parkes paper collection is important because the origin, price, manufacturing method and function of each paper was precisely documented.
649:
Subsequent scholarship has established discrepancies in Parkes's account of the alleged insult to the
British flag. First, the ship's papers were still in his possession at the time of the incident, meaning that it would have been illegal for the
1072:. She fell ill and died in London in November 1879 while making preparations for her family to come home. Although he was summoned urgently by telegraph, Parkes did not manage to reach London until four days after her death. He wrote to
637:
was owned and crewed by
Chinese sailors and that the flag had not been flying at the time. Parkes persisted with his allegation of an insult to the British flag, which he considered a violation of British treaty rights and reported to
744:
reported that Parkes took special pleasure in humiliating Ye. "Ye was my game," said Parkes, and finally found what a report called "a very fat man contemplating the achievement of getting over the wall at the extreme rear" of the
526:(the British consul in Amoy) were transferred to Fuzhou, where they were attacked on 4 October by Chinese soldiers, who threw stones at them. In June 1846, he assisted Alcock in securing $ 46,163 from the Chinese authorities in
1491:
The first
British Ambassador to Japan was appointed in 1905. Before 1905, the senior British diplomat had different titles: (a) Consul-General and Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, which is a rank just below
706:, "If it were not for the serious consequences involved in this matter, I do not know that I have ever met anything which I should consider more grotesque than the conduct of Consul Parkes throughout these transactions."
954:
for his services. Parkes left
England in January 1864 and arrived on 3 March in Shanghai, where he assumed the position of consul which he was previously appointed to on 21 December 1858. He was elected President of the
728:, who had been appointed as the British High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary to China. The British acted in coordination with the French, who were also drawn into the Second Opium War over the death of
1097:(Japanese paper) and papermaking from the British embassy in Japan. Parkes and his team of consular staff conducted a thorough investigation in different towns, and then published a government report,
882:, for their executions. On 18 October, in retaliation for the torture and deaths of the other members of the delegation, Lord Elgin ordered the British and French troops to burn down the Qing Empire's
679:
incident as an opportunity to enforce this right. The deliberate escalation of the incident into a war had the object of forcing the removal of
Britain's obstacles to trade and diplomacy in Canton.
671:
Parkes demanded that Ye release the detained sailors immediately and apologise for the alleged insult to the
British flag. Although the British right to enter Canton had been established under the
576:
with Chinese and Siamese business. He exchanged the ratified Bowring Treaty in Bangkok on 5 April 1856 and arrived in Canton in June to serve as the acting British consul during Alcock's absence.
1989:
654:
to leave port. British captains were obliged to give their papers to the consul when they arrived and were not permitted to leave until they had retrieved them, with the proper stamps. If the
336:
1307:
1130:
365:
210:
1196:
Lady Fanny Parkes is noted for being the first non-Japanese woman, possibly the first woman, ever to scale Mount Fuji on 7 and 8 October 1867. She died of illness in October 1879.
1919:
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1302:
687:
1974:
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1964:
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in December. In January 1862, he returned to England, where stories about his brief captivity in China during the Second Opium War had made him famous. On 19 May 1862,
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1924:
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on 18 April. Parkes then returned to Britain with the Bowring Treaty for it to be ratified by the British government. He delivered it on 1 July and was received by
396:. His mother died when he was four, while his father was killed in a carriage accident in the following year. He lived with his uncle, a retired naval officer, in
732:, a French missionary in China. Parkes, who was attached to Admiral Seymour's staff, was part of the group of Anglo-French representatives who delivered an
633:
had been flying on the ship's mast at the time, and protested to Ye against its removal, which would have represented an insult to Britain. Ye replied that
1881:
1101:, and produced a collection of over 400 sheets of handmade paper. The main parts of this collection are housed in the Paper Conservation Laboratory of the
1000:
1035:
765:
remained hostile towards Europeans in Canton throughout 1858. They even mobilised militias and placed a large bounty on Parkes's head. Parkes was made a
503:
after the British occupied the island. In August 1843, he passed the consular examination in Chinese in Hong Kong and was appointed as a translator in
340:
53:
40:
1949:
1247:
1118:
1929:
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1979:
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1959:
1954:
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in the following month. However, as there was a delay in the opening of Fuzhou port, he was instead reassigned to serve at the consulate in
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868:
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1766:
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as a joint secretary of the diplomatic mission to conclude a commercial treaty between the British and Siamese. The treaty, known as the
1212:
405:
512:
1840:
1756:
1735:
1703:
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speak Chinese. The commission established a court, administered a police force, and opened the port on 10 February. Even though the
1590:
JE Hoare, "The Centenary of Korean-British Diplomatic Relations: Aspects of British Interest and Involvement in Korea 1600–1983,"
659:
Captain Kennedy admitted in his deposition to Parkes of 9 October 1856 that he had been breakfasting in another vessel called the
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996:
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573:
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In June 1841, Parkes sailed to China to live with his cousin, Mary Wanstall, who was also the wife of the German missionary
1944:
1890:
1053:
He ran the British mission in a way that encouraged the junior members to research on, and study, Japan in greater depth.
1023:
caught him by surprise, but he continued the policy of British neutrality. On 22 May 1868 he presented his credentials to
259:
20:
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1984:
1594:(58) (1983), p. 1. Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922).
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203:
1265:
File concerning Harry Parkes' mission to Bangkok in 1856 from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, London
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on 28 December and conquered the city by late December. Parkes hunted Ye Mingchen through the streets of Canton;
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in 1884. The new treaty came into force in April 1884, when Parkes returned to Seoul to exchange ratifications.
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encompasses roughly 20 works in more than 30 publications in four languages and over 400 library holdings.
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and joined Morrison in Hong Kong in May 1842. On 13 June, he accompanied Pottinger on an expedition up the
1166:
1039:
553:'s absence. In August 1853, he was temporarily placed in charge of the British vice-consulate in Canton.
1438:
850:
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643:
608:
475:
470:, the last major battle of the First Opium War, on 21 July. He was also present at the signing of the
1939:
1934:
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to the Qing officials on 12 December. When the ultimatum expired, the British and French bombarded
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and to build modern infrastructure, such as lighthouses, a telegraph system and a railway between
720:
British reinforcements assembled in Hong Kong in November 1857 in preparation for war against the
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Throughout his 18 years in office, Parkes was instrumental in bringing a large number of British
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While in Japan, Parkes's wife became known, in 1867, as the first non-Japanese woman to ascend
995:
in Japan". One of his tasks was to ensure the approval of the Imperial Court in Kyoto for the
603:
Parkes's position as the acting British Consul in Canton brought him into renewed contact with
556:
Parkes was appointed as the British consul in Amoy in 1854. In 1855, he accompanied Bowring to
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was boarded by officials from the Qing water patrol when she entered Canton Harbour, on the
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in the following year. In March 1848, he accompanied the British vice-consul in Shanghai to
496:
455:
428:
863:. Following his capture, Parkes was escorted to Beijing along with Loch, Nal Singh (a Sikh
753:
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to negotiate the punishment of the Chinese men who assaulted three British missionaries in
1897:
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Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary and Consul General of the United Kingdom
99:
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary and Consul General of the United Kingdom
1246:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
830:
as they initially believed, the British and French troops then advanced further towards
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770:
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431:. Upon arriving in Macau in October 1841, he prepared for employment in the office of
1913:
1876:
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1024:
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927:
811:. He sailed on 21 July and was appointed as Lord Elgin's Chinese secretary alongside
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401:
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1027:, thus making Great Britain the first foreign power to officially recognize the new
930:
to set up consulates at the three cities and attempt to reach an agreement with the
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1054:
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639:
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1808:
537:, where Parkes continued to serve as Alcock's translator. He started studying the
392:, England. His father, Harry Parkes, was the founder of Parkes, Otway & Co.,
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967:
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travelled to Shanghai in November and met up with the Taiping rebels again in
788:
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393:
1885:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 830–831.
1611:
Embassies in the East: The Story of the British and Their Embassies in China
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808:
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Deadly Dreams: Opium, Imperialism and the 'Arrow War' (1856-1860) in China
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as compensation for British property looted and destroyed during a riot.
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Between September 1842 and August 1843, Parkes served as a clerk under
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Observations on Mr. P.P. Thoms' rendering of the Chinese word ... Man.
922:
to foreign trade. Between February and April 1861, Parkes accompanied
867:), and two French soldiers. In Beijing, he and Loch were taken to the
686:
breached Canton's walls on 29 October, after which Parkes accompanied
1231:
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Parkes,
943:
919:
527:
519:
504:
214:
910:. The Treaty of Tianjin had opened the three Chinese port cities of
443:
and superintendent of British trade in China. Around this time, the
86:
1862:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1479:
Chinese Christians: Elites, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong
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1093:
1043:
966:
864:
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691:
594:
320:
1813:
The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource:
1232:
1177:
While in England, Parkes met Fanny Plumer, the granddaughter of
557:
1117:
Having represented the British in the negotiations leading to
989:
Her Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
682:
Because Ye refused to capitulate despite minor reprisals, the
611:. Conflict between them eventually led to the outbreak of the
25:
1833:
Deadly Dreams: Opium and the Arrow War (1856–1860) in China
1695:
Sir Harry Parkes: British representative in Japan 1865–83.
971:
Attack on the delegation of Sir Harry Smith Parkes to the
1129:
on 26 November 1883, Parkes was appointed as the British
983:
ports, Parkes received a notification for him to succeed
1211:. His second daughter, Mabel Desborough Parkes, married
1145:
fever on 21 March 1885 in Beijing. On 8 April 1890, the
675:
in 1842, it had previously been denied. Bowring saw the
803:
sides resumed. On 6 July, Parkes was requested to join
664:
officers' account that no flags had been flying on the
447:(1839–42) was being fought between the British and the
1592:
Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch
1534:
Britain and Japan, 1859–1991: Themes and Personalities
533:
In August 1846, Parkes and Alcock were transferred to
518:
In June 1844, Parkes was appointed as a translator in
572:
on 9 July. He spent the rest of the year helping the
1831:
Wong, J.Y.; Patrick Hannan; Denis Twitchett (2003).
1313:
List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to China
1308:
List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Korea
1303:
List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Japan
1010:, Parkes pursued a policy of neutrality between the
1061:benefited from this to become prolific scholars of
898:on 18 October 1860, Parkes returned to his post in
599:
Parkes during the Second Opium War 1856-1860 Q70023
306:
274:
269:
253:
241:
231:
209:
197:
185:
175:
153:
141:
129:
119:
97:
77:
1990:Military personnel from the West Midlands (county)
1777:
384:Parkes was born in Birchill Hall in the parish of
1223:. She died after falling from her horse in 1890.
1157:, where it stood until it was removed during the
845:Parkes and a delegation – whose members included
344:(24 February 1828 – 22 March 1885) was a British
1850:This article incorporates text from OpenHistory.
1375:Li, Chien-Nung; Ssu-Yu-Teng, J. Ingalls (1956).
1199:Parkes's elder daughter, Marion Parkes, married
1119:a treaty of "Friendship, Commerce and Navigation
787:On 25 June 1859, with the British attack on the
350:Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
1767:"Reports on the manufacture of paper in Japan,"
957:North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
952:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
761:was signed on 26 June, the Qing authorities in
607:, the Qing-appointed Imperial Commissioner and
1835:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–66.
1626:p. 462: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.
959:in 1864, resuscitating the moribund society.
871:, where they were incarcerated and tortured.
869:Ministry of Justice (or Board of Punishments)
499:, who was appointed as a civil magistrate in
8:
1788:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1105:, and the Economic Botany Collection of the
1099:Reports on the manufacture of paper in Japan
1920:Royal Navy personnel of the First Opium War
1826:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1001:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce
902:in January 1861 and managed the cession of
818:On 1 August 1860, as an attaché to General
1975:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Korea
1970:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China
1965:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Japan
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
668:when it was boarded by the marine police.
171:28 September 1883 – 22 March 1885
85:
74:
1719:(Vol. I, China; Vol. II, Japan) London:
1404:. Cambridge University Press. p. 55.
799:hostilities between the Anglo-French and
400:and was educated at a boarding school in
19:For other people named Harry Parkes, see
1507:Campbell, Allen; Nobel, David S (1993).
1502:
1500:
1498:
1193:. The couple left England on 9 January.
56:of all important aspects of the article.
1785:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1532:Cortazzi, Hugh; Gordon Daniels (1991).
1331:
1324:
767:Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
1925:British people of the Second Opium War
1464:
1447:
1436:
52:Please consider expanding the lead to
1779:"Parkes, Sir Harry Smith (1828–1885)"
1377:Political History of China, 1840–1928
849:(Lord Elgin's private secretary) and
618:On 8 October 1856, the Chinese-owned
7:
1080:Japanese paper report and collection
783:Second Opium War § Second phase
1751:Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental.
1721:extract, volume 1, chapters XV-XVII
1622:"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral"
1749:British Envoys in Japan 1859–1972.
1509:Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia
979:In May 1865, during a trip to the
360:from 1865 to 1883 and the Chinese
14:
485:As a translator and then a consul
1855:
1823:Dictionary of National Biography
1650:The Cobbold Family History Trust
1165:. There is a memorial to him in
997:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty
591:Second Opium War § Outbreak
454:Parkes learnt the basics of the
406:King Edward's School, Birmingham
376:, Hong Kong is named after him.
30:
1950:People of the Taiping Rebellion
1159:Japanese occupation of Shanghai
1149:unveiled a statue of Parkes at
874:On 29 September, as ordered by
513:Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong
44:may be too short to adequately
1930:British diplomats in East Asia
1891:Chronology of Heads of Mission
1536:. Routledge. pp. 99–100.
1298:British Japan Consular Service
54:provide an accessible overview
1:
1980:19th-century Hong Kong people
1379:. Stanford University Press.
1361:Lane-Poole, Stanley. (1901).
894:Following the signing of the
886:in the northwest of Beijing.
356:of the United Kingdom to the
204:Sir Nicholas Roderick O'Conor
21:Harry Parkes (disambiguation)
1960:British expatriates in China
1955:British expatriates in Japan
1809:UK public library membership
890:Post-Second Opium War events
148:Sir Francis Richard Plunkett
1817:"Parkes, Harry Smith"
1698:Folkestone: Japan Library.
1683:Parkes, Harry Sir 1828–1885
1567:"Search results for Parkes"
926:on an expedition along the
924:Vice-Admiral Sir James Hope
688:Admiral Sir Michael Seymour
511:and as an assistant to the
439:, who was then the British
2006:
1904:Economic Botany Collection
1669:Lane-Poole, vol. 2, p. 289
1511:. Kodansha. p. 1188.
1363:Sir Harry Parkes in China,
1241:
1183:Vice Chancellor of England
1107:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1103:Victoria and Albert Museum
842:as "Peking" at the time).
780:
713:
588:
488:
420:
18:
1717:Life of Sir Harry Parkes.
1692:Daniels, Gordon. (1996).
1209:Jardine Matheson Holdings
1113:Career in Korea (1883–84)
963:Career in Japan (1865–83)
441:envoy and plenipotentiary
412:Career in China (1841–64)
326:
265:
220:
164:
108:
93:
84:
1906:, includes Parkes papers
1896:13 February 2013 at the
1869:Douglas, Robert Kennaway
1713:Frederick Victor Dickins
1635:Lane-Poole, pp. 131–133.
1433:(3): 1350, col. 2. 1857.
1293:Anglo-Japanese relations
1163:Second Sino-Japanese War
1074:Frederick Victor Dickins
522:. In March 1845, he and
1882:Encyclopædia Britannica
1873:Parkes, Sir Harry Smith
1288:Anglo-Chinese relations
1201:James Johnstone Keswick
880:Chengde Mountain Resort
834:near the Qing capital,
724:under the direction of
716:Battle of Canton (1857)
698:. On 26 February 1857,
364:from 1883 to 1885, and
192:Thomas George Grosvenor
1794:10.1093/ref:odnb/21353
1765:Parkes, Harry. (1871).
1726:Lovell, Julia (2011).
1267:by Harry Parkes (1856)
1213:Captain Egerton Levett
1091:requested a report on
1040:Imperial Japanese Navy
1006:During this turbulent
976:
600:
333:Sir Harry Smith Parkes
1571:ecbot.science.kew.org
1207:, the controllers of
985:Sir Rutherford Alcock
970:
851:Thomas William Bowlby
822:, Parkes was sent to
747:administrative office
742:George Wingrove Cooke
692:administrative office
644:Governor of Hong Kong
609:Viceroy of Liangguang
598:
421:Further information:
136:Sir Rutherford Alcock
1945:People from Bloxwich
1776:Wells, John (2004).
1646:"Lilian Hope Parkes"
1248:adding missing items
1187:St Lawrence's Church
1059:William George Aston
896:Convention of Peking
773:on 6 December 1859.
433:John Robert Morrison
1985:Royal Navy officers
1730:. London: Picador.
1679:WorldCat Identities
1556:Lane-Poole, p. 318.
1400:Wong, J.Y. (1998).
1283:Thomas Blake Glover
1167:St Paul's Cathedral
813:Thomas Francis Wade
752:On 9 January 1858,
730:Auguste Chapdelaine
468:Battle of Chinkiang
466:. He witnessed the
437:Sir Henry Pottinger
1012:Tokugawa shogunate
977:
853:(a journalist for
601:
435:, a translator of
279:Harry Smith Parkes
1807:(Subscription or
1446:Missing or empty
1352:Oxford DNB (2004)
1271:Papers, 1853–1872
1179:Sir Thomas Plumer
1147:Duke of Connaught
1131:Minister to Korea
1121:," signed in the
1089:William Gladstone
884:Old Summer Palace
759:Treaty of Tianjin
690:in entering Ye's
673:Treaty of Nanking
539:Japanese language
524:Rutherford Alcock
472:Treaty of Nanking
366:Minister to Korea
330:
329:
71:
70:
1997:
1886:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1827:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1802:
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1482:
1481:. p. xxvii.
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1359:
1353:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1252:reliable sources
1063:Japanese studies
1036:foreign advisors
1029:Meiji government
1008:Bakumatsu period
999:of 1854 and the
975:, 23 March 1868.
828:Xianfeng Emperor
777:Beijing campaign
710:Battle of Canton
640:Sir John Bowring
613:Second Opium War
580:Second Opium War
564:, was signed in
551:Sir John Bowring
547:Qingpu, Shanghai
456:Chinese language
404:before entering
343:
313:
289:24 February 1828
288:
286:
270:Personal details
260:Sir John Walsham
256:
244:
225:
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169:
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79:Sir Harry Parkes
75:
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16:British diplomat
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1898:Wayback Machine
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1414:Wong, pp. 43–66
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1217:Flag Lieutenant
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1141:Parkes died of
1139:
1123:Kyongbok Palace
1115:
1082:
965:
906:, Hong Kong to
892:
785:
779:
718:
712:
700:Lord Malmesbury
593:
587:
585:Outbreak of war
582:
493:
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445:First Opium War
425:
423:First Opium War
419:
417:First Opium War
414:
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358:Empire of Japan
335:
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291:Birchill Hall,
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39:This article's
35:
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5:
2003:
2001:
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1987:
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1911:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1887:
1877:Chisholm, Hugh
1852:
1847:
1841:
1828:
1773:
1763:
1761:OCLC 249167170
1742:
1736:
1723:
1711:, Stanley and
1706:
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1671:
1662:
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1628:
1615:
1613:(2013) p. 172.
1583:
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1542:
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1494:
1484:
1469:
1467:, p. 258.
1457:
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1228:
1227:Selected works
1225:
1205:Keswick family
1174:
1171:
1138:
1135:
1114:
1111:
1086:Prime Minister
1081:
1078:
993:Consul-General
964:
961:
948:Queen Victoria
932:Taiping rebels
891:
888:
861:Sengge Rinchen
781:Main article:
778:
775:
771:Queen Victoria
714:Main article:
711:
708:
704:House of Lords
589:Main article:
586:
583:
581:
578:
574:Foreign Office
570:Queen Victoria
562:Bowring Treaty
491:Bowring Treaty
486:
483:
481:on 29 August.
418:
415:
413:
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381:
378:
354:Consul General
348:who served as
328:
327:
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314:(aged 57)
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124:Queen Victoria
121:
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82:
81:
78:
69:
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48:the key points
38:
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1902:Kew Gardens,
1901:
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1889:UK in Japan,
1888:
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1864:public domain
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1477:Smith, Carl.
1473:
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1465:Lovell (2011)
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973:Meiji Emperor
969:
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928:Yangtze River
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497:Karl Gützlaff
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460:Yangtze River
457:
452:
450:
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430:
429:Karl Gützlaff
424:
416:
411:
409:
408:in May 1838.
407:
403:
402:Balsall Heath
399:
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391:
390:Staffordshire
387:
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371:
370:Parkes Street
367:
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318:
310:22 March 1885
309:
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55:
49:
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37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1880:
1849:
1832:
1821:
1797:. Retrieved
1783:
1769:
1748:
1727:
1716:
1694:
1674:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:
1640:
1631:
1624:Sinclair, W.
1618:
1610:
1609:. JE Hoare,
1607:Google Books
1605:, p. 32, at
1601:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1552:
1533:
1527:
1508:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1460:
1448:|title=
1439:cite journal
1430:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1332:Douglas 1911
1327:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1244:dynamic list
1230:
1198:
1195:
1181:, the first
1176:
1140:
1116:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1067:
1055:Ernest Satow
1052:
1033:
1016:pro-Imperial
1005:
978:
940:
893:
873:
854:
844:
817:
786:
751:
719:
702:said in the
681:
676:
670:
665:
660:
655:
651:
648:
634:
622:
617:
602:
555:
532:
517:
494:
477:
453:
426:
383:
332:
331:
312:(1885-03-22)
255:Succeeded by
247:
222:
199:Succeeded by
166:
143:Succeeded by
110:
72:
59:
43:
41:lead section
1940:1885 deaths
1935:1828 births
1576:10 November
1492:Ambassador.
950:made him a
876:Prince Gong
820:James Grant
722:Qing Empire
627:Pearl River
615:(1856–60).
605:Ye Mingchen
449:Qing Empire
394:ironmasters
362:Qing Empire
243:Preceded by
187:Preceded by
131:Preceded by
1914:Categories
1811:required.)
1799:4 November
1747:. (2004).
1715:. (1894).
1709:Lane-Poole
1655:1 February
1518:406205938X
1319:References
1242:This is a
1221:Royal Navy
1191:Whitchurch
1070:Mount Fuji
1021:Boshin War
847:Henry Loch
805:Lord Elgin
789:Taku Forts
726:Lord Elgin
696:Parliament
684:Royal Navy
631:Red Ensign
489:See also:
478:Cornwallis
451:of China.
398:Birmingham
380:Early life
285:1828-02-24
62:April 2023
1871:(1911). "
1745:Nish, Ian
1728:Opium War
1203:from the
1084:In 1869,
1003:of 1858.
912:Zhenjiang
908:the Crown
856:The Times
840:romanized
809:Bohai Sea
793:Hai River
763:Guangdong
734:ultimatum
476:HMS
474:on board
368:in 1884.
227:1884–1885
223:In office
167:In office
115:1865–1883
111:In office
46:summarize
1894:Archived
1277:See also
1237:WorldCat
1155:Shanghai
1151:the Bund
1143:malarial
1048:Yokohama
1014:and the
916:Jiujiang
832:Tongzhou
535:Shanghai
501:Zhoushan
386:Bloxwich
346:diplomat
293:Bloxwich
211:Minister
1879:(ed.).
1866::
1426:Hansard
1365:p. 138.
1219:in the
1161:in the
981:Yangtze
936:Nanjing
904:Kowloon
836:Beijing
824:Beitang
807:in the
797:Tianjin
791:by the
566:Bangkok
543:Nanjing
464:Nanjing
374:Kowloon
317:Beijing
301:England
232:Monarch
176:Monarch
120:Monarch
1875:". In
1860:
1839:
1805:
1772:No. 4.
1770:Japan,
1755:
1734:
1702:
1602:p. 32.
1540:
1515:
1383:
1261:(1852)
1173:Family
944:Ningbo
920:Hankou
900:Canton
738:Canton
642:, the
620:lorcha
528:Fujian
509:Canton
505:Fuzhou
1250:with
1137:Death
1127:Seoul
1094:washi
1044:Tokyo
865:sowar
754:Bogui
677:Arrow
666:Arrow
656:Arrow
652:Arrow
635:Arrow
623:Arrow
339:
321:China
215:Korea
159:China
103:Japan
1837:ISBN
1801:2008
1753:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1657:2020
1578:2023
1538:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1452:help
1381:ISBN
1233:OCLC
1215:, a
1057:and
1046:and
991:and
987:as "
918:and
801:Qing
661:Dart
558:Siam
520:Amoy
352:and
337:GCMG
307:Died
275:Born
248:none
1790:doi
1431:144
1153:in
1125:in
934:at
795:in
769:by
462:to
388:in
372:in
341:KCB
213:to
157:to
101:to
1916::
1820:.
1782:.
1759:;
1681::
1648:.
1569:.
1497:^
1443::
1441:}}
1437:{{
1429:.
1339:^
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1169:.
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1050:.
1031:.
938:.
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815:.
749:.
646:.
515:.
319:,
299:,
295:,
1845:.
1803:.
1792::
1740:.
1659:.
1580:.
1546:.
1521:.
1454:)
1450:(
1389:.
1334:.
1254:.
1235:/
838:(
287:)
283:(
64:)
60:(
50:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
