Hartley Colliery disaster - Knowledge (XXG)

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raised to provide for them. The British public responded generously; despite attempts to persuade them to give instead to other worthwhile causes, £20,000 was raised in London alone; the total receipts of the Hartley Relief Fund came to £83,000. A fuller reckoning of dependents including 26 posthumous children brought their number up to 467, but even on the most pessimistic assumptions, only £55,000 was needed to provide for them, so in 1863 £20,000 was distributed between the districts covered by each mining inspector, to be administered by local committees and applied for the relief of suffering caused by colliery accidents. The money provided financial backing for the first miners' relief societies, providing insurance against death or injury, whether in a disaster or incidental to routine operations (in 1862 it was estimated that for every million tons of coal produced, fifteen miners had died ). The Hartley Relief Fund was wound up in 1909; after buying annuities for the ten surviving dependents £13,000 was left and went to the Northumberland and Durham Aged Miners' Homes Associations; the accommodation built with the money was to bear a suitable inscription.

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inadequately ventilated with too few shafts for the size of the underground workings (a view supported by evidence from George Stephenson, amongst others). The committee's report had specifically argued against the practice for all new works (which it thought Parliament should legislate against), of sinking a single shaft and sub-dividing it by bratticing to separate in- and out-flowing ventilation air (since any explosion destroying the bratticing would destroy the ventilation of the mine and ensure the death by asphyxiation of those underground). It was later estimated that sinking two 8.5 feet (2.6 m) shafts instead of one 12 feet (3.7 m) would have cost an extra £900.

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falls, with the shaft expanding to up to 27 feet (8.2 m) across in some directions. It became necessary to timber up the sides to secure them before attempting to go lower in the shaft; this took about twelve hours. From Sunday morning onwards, a small hole was excavated through the fallen stone towards the furnace drift. As the men worked through the blockage they were inconvenienced by fumes of carbon monoxide from the upcast furnace and from measures it had ignited. When a small penetration was finally made (3 a.m. Tuesday) there was a release of noxious gas ('carbonic oxide'

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one also told of an incident during maintenance about a month previously. The beam had been lifted by hydraulic jacks from its centre bearing to allow the bearing brasses to be replaced. During this operation, the hydraulics had failed, and the beam had fallen. However it had fallen only 3 inches (76 mm), back into its bearings; the witness did not think so small a drop would have damaged the beam; he had not seen any damage to the beam, and the engine had run well until the beam failure. It was also noted that there were casting defects visible at the fracture surface.

688:. Others were less restrained: "Peril, imminent and unexpected, is the position in which the grandeur of British character stands forth in its full proportions. Give a terrible and stupendous disaster – such a disaster as in some department of industrial enterprise almost every year brings us, and let British workmen be present in the scene, either as victims or spectators – and the consequence will invariably be an exhibition of noble daring, or magnificent fortitude, or unselfish devotion, such as it is impossible to obtain under other circumstances." thought the 763:(the Act to Amend the Law Relating to Coal Mines of 1862) was passed. This required all new mines to have two shafts and all existing mines to ensure access to a second shaft before the end of 1864; the maximum penalty was £10, but the prohibition was enforceable by injunction. There was no similar legislation to outlaw the use of cast-iron beams in colliery pumping engines, but malleable iron beams became the rule in new installations. An 1863 paper describing a new pumping engine at 426:(HM Inspector of Mines). By midnight rescuers had reached the damaged cage and George Sharp Snr was brought up in a rope sling. However, he jammed against some overhanging timbers, came out of the sling and fell to his death. The rescuers (including the by then rested Chapman) then descended the pump staple and lowered a rope sling from the high main. William Shape and Ralph Robinson were brought up from the cage in this manner. Thomas Watson, a Primitive Methodist 473:

in every direction, most near the shaft; most seemed to have died placidly: "The exploring parties have seen little boys in the arms of their fathers, and brothers sleeping dead in the arms of brothers". The dead pony was untouched; its corn bins had been emptied and some of the dead had corn in their pockets. Although the rescuers had thought they had heard signalling from the trapped men as late as Saturday night, the last entry in the notebook of the

675:, only a month previously) sent a telegram of condolence, following it up by a letter: "Her Majesty commands me to say that her tenderest sympathy is with the widows and mothers and that her own misery only makes her feel the more for them". In her personal journal she recorded: "The accounts of the colliery accident are terrible, — such awful misery". The letter was read by clergy to the widows which was "a great comfort and a consolation to them". 606:

weakened the beam and given points from which a fracture could start. The beam had been secured on the gudgeon by driving wedges between them; from the hammer marks on the wedges, this seemed to have been done with excessive force, which would have introduced undesirably high local stress. It would have been better ('modern practice') to machine the central boss holes and the middle portion of the 'gudgeon' circular, with better engineered

373:). The pit was known as a wet pit and the engine (capable of nine to ten strokes a minute) normally ran at about seven strokes a minute to cope with the water ingress; on loss of pumping the low main would flood within little more than a day from seawater percolating through the roof of the seam from the North Sea above it. Three miners from Hartley were amongst the death toll of an explosion at Burradon in 1860 because (explained the 519:

passed up the row, and saw two, and three, and four coffins all in one little room, till, at last, coming to the end house, we were appalled to see a perfect pile of them…; and looking round, we were informed that seven dead bodies lay in the cottage. In every house women were sitting by the fire nursing their grief; and strong men, pale and dejected, were visibly suffering from the reaction of the excitement of the past week.

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work with a zeal and determination rarely witnessed…" and (more generally, but clearly applicable to Hartley) that he was "much respected and beloved by his men; and such was their confidence in his judgement, they would unhesitatingly enter the most dangerous places in connection with their sinking operations" He told the inquest he had 'won' eighty-four collieries; roughly twenty of them had been single-shaft.

442:, the master sinker who had supervised the sinking of the shaft in 1845–46, was on a train passing through Hartley station on his way to another job. When passing through Newcastle that morning he had learnt of the accident; he sent a subordinate to see if assistance was needed. On offering his services, he was put in charge late on Friday afternoon, the previous committee yielding to his greater experience. 594:' whose middle portion was hexagonal was threaded through a hexagonal hole in the central boss of two massive castings joined back-to-back with bolts, studs and spacers. Each casting had a thickness of 15 inches (380 mm) at the central boss, and 9 inches (230 mm) at the upper and lower edges with a web thickness of 4.75 inches (121 mm). The beam had an 330:), one pit was the "downcast pit" down which fresh air travelled, the other the "upcast pit" up which spent air escaped. Within the colliery the air was forced to traverse the whole of the workings by the use of walls of coal left in place, stoppings and traps. In this period, the normal means of creating the updraft needed was by using a furnace in the upcast pit. 457:

Coulson's sinkers sent to investigate if what remained of the pumps would collapse further if debris around them was removed) got three yards into the furnace drift before being forced back by the gas. He had seen an axe, saw and sawn timber, indicating that trapped miners had attempted to escape along that route; but the tools were rusty.

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been triggered by a pump piston jamming; others held that the failure occurred simply because the spear was in poor condition). With the load on the beam removed, there had been an abnormally fast and large stroke and the beam had hit equipment on the 'in-house' (steam engine) side of the beam with great force; the shock loading causing

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he did not think that the earlier drop had any connection with the subsequent failure: the beam had fallen only 3 inches (76 mm) which he thought insufficient to initiate any fracture; the drop had occurred 33 days before the beam failed – he did not think a significantly damaged beam would have

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considerable voids (6 inches (150 mm) x 4 inches (100 mm)) could be seen at the fracture surface close to the central boss; they were shrinkage voids, to be expected with so massive a casting unless special precautions were taken, and would not significantly affect the strength of the beam.

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Humble and a fellow-viewer (a Mr Hall from Trimdon) penetrated further and found all the miners dead, but on their return to the bank were severely affected by the gas. Others went down later but many became seriously affected by the gas: they reported (according to the 'Newcastle Journal') dead men

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is most anxious to hear that there are hopes of saving the poor people in the colliery, for whom her heart bleeds") that there were still faint hopes of getting at least some of the men out alive, but these hopes were soon dashed. At the pit-head standers-by had expressed unease at the slow progress

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There were occasional falls of rock from the sides of the shaft below the high main workings. By Saturday night, the rescuers were about 4 fathoms (24 ft; 7.3 m) above the furnace drift. At this depth the shaft crossed a 'trouble'; when rubbish was removed below this there were massive rock

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The fears were heightened because there were flooded workings in the low main in the direction of the Mill Pit. The staple was installed at the request/suggestion of the mines inspector : the connection to the Mill Pit was being pursued on the advice/urging not of the mines inspectorate, but of

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An inquest was held on Tuesday 21 January 1862 on the five men killed directly by the beam fall, but this heard little evidence, the coroner expecting a "more particular inquiry, should some of the rest not be got out alive". The enginemen reported what they had seen and heard when the beam failed;

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On Thursday 16 January 1862 the fore shift went on duty at 02:30. At 10:30 the same morning the back shift were taking over from the fore shift, so most men of both shifts were at the coal face. As the first eight men were ascending, the beam of the pumping engine snapped and fell down the shaft.

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The newspapers were struck not only by the misery of the widows, but by the Christian resignation of the victims, and the heroic determination of those attempting to rescue them: "Everyone must be struck by the good sense, the Christian principle, the intelligence, and bravery of many of the miners

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Even with equally substantial spears bucket pumps were more liable to break their spears (and hence 'lose the load') than plunger pumps; either by deformation of the piston, or by obstruction of water flow into the pump, and it had been proved that the sump at the bottom of the shaft at Hartley had

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John Hosking gave expert evidence on the pump beam. He pointed to weakness in the beam design and its installation. There was too much metal in the central boss and in ribs, whose net effect was to weaken the beam. The orientation of the hexagonal holes (apexes at dead top and dead bottom) had both

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At the second inquest, a variety of experts and experienced men gave their opinions on the cause of the beam fracture. They differed over some details but were in general agreement that the 'spears' linking the engine beam to the pumps it was operating had failed in tension (some held that this had

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In 1852, the pit was flooded to a depth of 8 fathoms (48 ft; 15 m) by water from the old pit. A powerful steam engine, 'the largest in the county employed in mining purpose', was therefore installed in 1855 to operate pumps to recover the pit. Pumping began in September 1855 (in June 1856

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had accepted that the beam had broken because the engine had lost its load on spear breakage, but asserted that this had only happened because the previous drop had initiated a crack from a casting defect, that the crack would have been detected by inspection after the drop, and that therefore the

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The jury cannot close this painful inquiry without expressing their strong opinion of the imperative necessity that all working collieries should have at least a second shaft or outlet, to afford the workmen the means of escape should any obstruction take place, as occurred at the New Hartley Pit;

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Hester pit was never reopened. In 1874 a new colliery consisting of the Hastings and Melton pits was sunk nearby. In 1901 the low main workings of the old Hester pit were reentered, having been drained by a powerful pump. From 1929 onwards a series of takeovers and modernisations occurred until

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The heroism of the volunteers who attempted to rescue the victims was marked by a special medal, the Hartley Disaster Medal; it was struck in gold for Coulson and in silver for the sinkers, who were also given money in proportion to the hours they had spent in the shaft. An obelisk, commemorating

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By 9 am. Friday the rescuers had removed the debris in the shaft (mostly timber from the brattice) to within about 5 fathoms (30 ft; 9.1 m) from the furnace drift, and thought they could hear noises from the men in the yard seam. They were then relieved by sinkers from nearby pits.

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Like Humble, he had a nephew trapped in the pit. When Coulson died in June 1865 he was 'in his 74th year' according to his obituary, which said of his efforts at Hartley "On his arrival there, without a moment's hesitation, when everyone seemed paralysed, he with his noble band of workmen, set to

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The spears ran as a single main dry spear of 14 inches (360 mm) square Memel pine to just above the high main. A 'Y' then connected the main spear both to the wet spear of the second stage pump and to the 10 inches (250 mm) square dry spear of the bottom pump. Coulson reported that the

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All the blinds were drawn; but, looking in at the open doors, we saw coffins in every house. In most instances, they lay upon the large bed, so characteristic of the pitman's dwelling … Sometimes the bed would not contain all the coffins; and then they were disposed on chairs beside it. And so we

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In common with many collieries of the period and locality, only one shaft was dug, which was of 12-foot (3.7 m) diameter, at a total cost of about £3,600. Coal, men, and materials travelled up and down the shaft, which also accommodated the pumps. In addition, the shaft provided the vitally

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The Queen's telegram of condolence, after expressing sympathy for the widows and orphans, had asked 'what is doing for them?'. An appeal was set up to raise enough money to save them from destitution; it was thought that the victims had left 407 dependents and that up to £20,000 would have to be

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By Saturday the works were complete and the sinkers and shaftmen withdrawn. The victims had been dead a week and so the bodies were "considerably swollen and disfigured" and the smell from them offensive. It had been intended to put them into coffins while they were still down the mine, and the

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The task was now recovery of bodies, and, the check-viewer told the waiters at the pit-head, it was no good throwing away the lives of living men to obtain the bodies of dead men: further entries into the yard seam were suspended until the canvas bratticing was completed, and the shaft properly

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in 1839 had led (as the result of a public meeting) to the formation of a committee to consider the prevention of accidents in mines. The Shields Committee issued their report in 1843; it had found that mines in the North-East were unnecessarily at risk of explosions because they were generally

311:) was reached on 29 May 1846. The colliery was called the New Hartley Colliery and the shaft the Hester Pit. Around the pit a new village grew up that was called New Hartley. Women and very young children (they had to be aged 10 or above) were not employed in the pit and, according to E. Raper ( 401:

was destroyed, the first part seems to have deflected the beam away from the cage. Other debris fell on the cage, snapping two of the four support chains. Four of the eight men fell; the others managed to cling on. The beam came to rest jammed in the shaft and other falling debris created a

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below the low main seam up to the yard seam. There, a second stage lifted the water up to a sump in the high main. The pumps were driven by a nominal 300 horsepower (220 kW) beam engine working the pumps directly: the first two stages were driven by the main beam, and the third stage by a

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The retrieval of bodies continued until four in the morning of Sunday; the yard seam was then checked thoroughly to ensure all bodies had been removed, and New Hartley and surrounding settlements canvassed to confirm that no body was missing. At one o'clock on the Sunday carts arrived at the

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To restart some ventilation a cloth brattice was rigged from the yard seam down to the work area. This was made from lengths of bratticing cloth held by various local collieries and was not complete until Thursday. On Wednesday morning, with the bratticing incomplete, George Emmerson (one of

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reported ugly scenes at the pithead, with demands that the bodies be retrieved immediately; conversely, the workers in the shaft were becoming more reluctant to run the risk of the continuing rockfalls. On Friday, the rubbish in the shaft fell away to below the entrance to the yard seam, but

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No reason was given for this reassurance, but the voids shown in the ILN illustrations are close to the beam's neutral axis. The word 'significantly' should be noted: his earlier criticism of 'too much metal' was expanded upon by other witnesses; shrinkage of unnecessary metal would lead to

388:; within the year it would have been possible to escape from Hester Pit via the Mill Pit. In the meantime, a staple was provided within which was a ladder; this allowed escape to the yard seam from the low main should there be a major inrush of water ("the only thing that was feared"). 469:

of the rescue operations. Two pitmen in their number (William Adams of Cowpen and Robert Wilson of Backworth) were invited to go down the pit and report back to their colleagues on how things stood; exceeding their instructions, they managed to enter the yard seam and found dead men.

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cycle for beam pumping engines, only the 'inhouse down' stroke was a power stroke, the return stroke being driven by the weight of the pump gear. On loss of load, therefore a Cornish engine would stall, whereas there was nothing to stop the Hartley engine over-speeding to its own

756:, had given as his opinion that "Parliament should pass an act this session" requiring two shafts, but that the materials used in colliery engines "might be left to the people who put up the engines. I myself think there will be no more cast-iron beams" and this view prevailed. 536:; a large number of graves suddenly needed were dug by men from Seaton Delaval colliery. Fifty men were employed in digging the graves, and they did not complete their task until well after interments started (at about one thirty); dusk was falling as the last coffin was buried. 954:

When medals were presented to 'the Hartley sinkers' later, there were 8 from North Seaton, 10 from Cowpen, 2 from Seaton Delaval, and 5 from Cramlington, in addition to Coulson and his men (11 including his son) who were on their way to sink a pit at Sleekburn, near Bedlington

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Responsible for the management of underground operations, but not for the engine, the pumps, or the maintenance of the shaft. One of the Carr brothers (owners of the pit) was their own viewer (overall manager). Humble (the great-great-great grandfather of television presenter

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He had been in post only ten weeks; in that time he had thought it desirable to change the beam bearings and had wanted to clean the pump sumps, which had not been cleaned for at least four years, according to Humble. Short's predecessor was neither examined nor named by the

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it could raise 1,500 imperial gallons (6,800 L; 1,800 US gal) per minute; this is a good match to the pump dimensions (24 inches (610 mm) diameter bore,9.25 feet (2.82 m) stroke) and maximum stroke rate (8 to 8.5 per minute) stated at the inquest;

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One of the deputies, Matthew Chapman, had been on his way home when he heard the crash. Retracing his steps he had himself lowered on a rope and started to clear away some of the debris with an axe. Realising that the man was exhausted, having just come off shift, the

1069:, he had "carried out for Mr. Stephenson an elaborate series of experiments upon the strength of cast iron, which were published in the Commissioners' Report upon Railway Structures": he had also – he told the inquest – studied the failure of wood under tension. 571:(to whom the Mining Inspectorate reported) sent down an expert ((John) Kenyon Blackwell) to assist the coroner. Blackwell was to make a separate report on technical issues and was to use the inquest as an opportunity to collect information for his own report. 433:

With the pumps stopped, all knew that the low main would quickly flood. Those on the surface, therefore, assumed correctly that the men below would make their way via the staple up to the yard seam. Throughout the night men continued to work from ropes.

238:, England, that occurred on 16 January 1862 and resulted in the deaths of 204 men and children. The beam of the pit's pumping engine broke and fell down the shaft, trapping the men below. The disaster prompted a change in British law that required all 602:

main spear had broken 12–14 feet below the bank; the bottom dry spear was broken at a 'spear plate' (junction piece) opposite the high main. From his examination, they had failed under tension (and therefore, he deduced, before the beam broke).

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An ironfounder considered the iron of good quality; its strength was demonstrated by the irregularity of the fracture surface, and its quality by the colour of the fracture surface when fresh. There was no undue contraction.

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medical profession thought it unwise to allow the coffins to lie in the victims' homes until burial. In the event, the corpses were raised to the pit head to be identified as far as possible by the tally-boy, sprinkled with

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noted that initially a cast-iron beam had been intended; after the New Hartley accident a wrought-iron beam was specified instead, adding £480 to the cost of the engine (£3130 excluding boiler, engine house and pumps).

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On bucket pumps heavy spears would add to the load on the pumping stroke; on plunger pumps heavy spears gave a quicker return stroke, and therefore there was always a tendency for bucket pumps to have less substantial

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Hosking did not think a pump piston had wedged, the bottom spear had broken under normal load: "The wood does not appear to me to have been of very good quality. It might have been at one time, but is not now."

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As well as being the first man down, Chapman was one of the two longest lived survivors. On the fiftieth anniversary of the disaster, he was interviewed by Mr T Mason and his recollections formed the basis of

510:, shrouded, and coffined. In the end, however, as each body was coffined it was either sent home or, if unidentified, chalked "unknown" and sent to the Primitive Methodist chapel for later identification. The 430:, had earlier descended from the cage to the men who had fallen. He remained with them to pray and comfort them until they died. Watson likewise ascended in a sling and was therefore the last man out alive. 1124:

There was no question of compensation from the mine-owners; the legal position was that those taking up employment did so knowing the risks, and they were reflected in the wages agreed with the employer.

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Blackwell's report to Grey (written a week after the inquest) concurred with Hosking and drew attention to factors which Blackwell felt had made the accident more likely than for most pumping engines;

341:) was built from the top of the shaft to the bottom. Men and materials passed up and down on the downcast side, the pumps worked in the upcast. At Hartley a furnace was kept burning in the yard seam ( 893: 315:), this gave a higher standard of life for the miners: "the miner in New Hartley would return home after a hard day's work to a warm, clean, comfortable home and usually a substantial hot meal". 453:) rendering some of the rescuers speechless; the entire working party had to be rescued and within half an hour the gas had risen to 4 fathoms (24 ft; 7.3 m) above the high main. 263:) during the 13th century; the earliest existing records date from 1291. The colliery suffered increasingly from flooding as the seams were worked out under the sea and in 1760 the first 2007:

Ingham, Robert; Winterbottom, Thomas M; Shortbridge, Richard; Roxby, James Wardle; Clay, John; Bell, Errington; Swinburne, Robert Walter; Eddowes, William K; Harrison, Anthony (1843),

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of water per stroke and making five to six strokes per minute (equivalent to over 40,000 hp; presumably 180 imperial gallons (820 L; 220 US gal) per stroke was intended)

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Further supplies (together with air tubing) were offered unprompted by the manufacturer, and forwarded by passenger train from Manchester, but it is unclear when they arrived

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Diagram of the Hester Pit, Hartley, Northumberland, in 1862 at the time of the disaster; the drawing is a simplified and corrected version of one that appeared in the

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took over. The gradual decline followed with the whole colliery being abandoned in 1959, leaving a further 70 years (at peak production) worth of coal below ground.

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the pumping engine was shown off to a visiting French prince) but two years later the pit was not yet in full production and advertised for sale as 'just reopened'.

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A stopping is a partition made of wood, stone, or brick to block up a hole in a wall. Stoppings force the air to follow the desired route and not to take short cuts

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survived so long; the fracture surface after the beam failure had been uniformly bright, which ruled out any slow progressive failure or partial previous failure.

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A trap is a movable door in a stopping. The trap is opened for the passage of men and coal, but normally kept closed to force the air to follow the desired path

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A list was published of 'the workmen left alive that were employed at Hartley Colliery': there were only fifty-five. The loss of life was extreme, even by

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The vulnerability of such an arrangement had already been identified and publicised before the colliery was sunk. An explosion at the St Hilda pit in

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was installed, followed later by more powerful engines. Despite these efforts, the flooding became so severe that the old pit was abandoned in 1844.

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John Short, the engine-wright, gave the basic information about the engine, the beam, and the pump spears. The beam had been made nearby by Messrs

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cottages and most of the coffins were carried in procession to Earsdon Church. The graveyard was not large enough and more land was given by the

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North & South Shields Gazette and Northumberland and Durham Advertiser (23 January 1862), "Frightful Colliery Accident at Hartley New Pit.",

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disrupts the supply of oxygen to the brain, causing symptoms ranging from flu-like effects (headaches, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue) to death.

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At the time of the disaster, the high main had been worked out and was closed off; the yard seam was being worked, but only by a few men (and a

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above the yard seam, the shaft acted as the downcast; the staple (connected to the furnace of a boiler on the surface) acted as the upcast

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timbered and cleared further to allow the yard seam to be accessed directly, rather than via the furnace drift. The following day, the

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One of them was his brother-in-law, according to Watson's own account; given to a Newcastle prayer meeting and reported in

1062: 910:) had done his time as a hewer; he had been the under-viewer for about four years. A nephew of his was trapped in the pit. 295:

is the location of the blockage above the yard seam and covering the end of the furnace drift. The vertical passage near

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of 34.5 feet (10.5 m); its greatest height was 8 feet (2.4 m) at the central boss; it weighed over 40 tons.

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Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette (26 February 1901), "Trade and Wages: Reopening of the Hartley Colliery",

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Durham County Advertiser (5 July 1839), "Advertisement beginning 'At A Public Meeting of the Inhabitants...'",

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A sinker was responsible for the initial sinking of colliery shafts, including shoring up and lining the shaft.

2207:— (16 October 1909), "For Aged Miners' Homes: Hartley Fund Surplus Divided Between the Two Counties", 256: 50: 1966:"Description of the Cornish Pumping Engine with Wrought Iron Beam and the Pit Work at Clay Cross Colliery" 1405: 1318: 885: 753: 672: 2010:

The Report of the South Shields Committee, appointed to investigate the causes of Accidents in Coal Mines

2340:— (27 January 1862e), "The Appalling Accident at Hartley New Pit: The Bringing Up of the Bodies", 587: 384:); the workings in the low main seam at Hester Pit were being extended to meet those at the Mill Pit at 327: 789:

A pit is a single shaft. A colliery (or mine) may be accessed by several pits, though not in this case.

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at Hartley both 'inhouse up' and 'inhouse down' strokes were driven by the engine, whilst in the usual

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The inquest verdict was returned on 6 February 1862 and was 'accidental death' with riders including:

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On 7 August 1862, just six months after the inquest and less than seven months from the disaster, an

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Durham Chronicle (9 March 1860), "Appalling Accident at Burradon Colliery: Seventy-six Lives Lost",

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Newcastle Chronicle (1 February 1862a), "The Terrible Catastrophe at Hartley Colliery: Ninth Day",

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Told that all hope was lost, Queen Victoria (who was herself in mourning, having lost her husband,

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Hartley Colliery disaster: the dead are brought up to their families (L'llustration, 1862, p. 101)

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Wrexham Advertiser (13 June 1868), "Ruabon: Petty Sessions: The Colliery Accident at Afoneitha",

264: 2316:— (23 January 1862b), "The Appalling Accident at Hartley New Pit: Death of All The Men", 1944: 2107: 2067: 2063:

Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847: The Collapse of the Dee Bridge, 1847

1860: 1058: 760: 607: 499: 377:) "little work has been doing at Hartley colliery lately owing to an accumulation of water". 2357:— (6 February 1862g), "The Accident at Hartley New Pit : Inquest on the killed", 507: 333:

With a single shaft colliery this simple arrangement could not be followed, and so a timber

2281:— (18 March 1865), "The Cash Account and Balance Sheet of the Hartley Relief Fund", 2003:

citation added for existing reference. Only the contents page is online, text unverified.

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The initial rescue attempt was carried out under the direction of Humble, Carr (owner and

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The pumps were in three stages. The lowest stage lifted water from a sump connected to an

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on the diagram alongside) was sunk about 1 mile (1,600 m) inland. The low main seam (

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Caledonian Mercury (4 September 1862), "The New Law to Prevent Accidents in Coal Mines",

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As the coroner had foreseen, a second inquest was needed and was held 4–6 February 1862.

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Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury (24 May 1862), "The Hartley Sinkers' Testimonial",

889: 639: 595: 568: 465: 427: 235: 2442: 2366:— (7 February 1862h), "The Accident at Hartley New Pit: Inquest on the Killed", 2348:— (4 February 1862f), "The Accident at Hartley New Pit: Inquest on the Killed", 2469: 1115:

because lift pumps do the pumping work on the upstroke; force pumps on the downstroke

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Morning Chronicle (30 January 1862a), "The Appalling Accident at Hartley Colliery",

1965: 1846:

Daily News (22 January 1862), "The Hartley Colliery Accident: Latest Intelligence",

748:

and that in future the beams of colliery engines should be made of malleable metal.

1907:

Evening Standard (23 January 1862a), "The Appalling Accident at Hartley Colliery",

275: 1416: 1414: 974:"A dislocation in a stratum; a fault (usu. small)" (amongst many other meanings): 834:

A drift is a tunnel leading to coal workings which is more horizontal than a shaft

2161: 2140: 2119: 2101: 2061: 2008: 543:

coal mining standards, and remains one of the worst mining accidents in England.

415:

Joseph Humble sent him home to rest whilst the main rescue effort was organised.

1065:; at that time he had been working for Stephenson on the project. Following the 907: 843:

A tunnel cut below a working tunnel for the purpose of collecting water, a drain

86: 2384:— (21 May 1862j), "Presentation of Testimonials to the Hartley Sinkers", 1898:— (16 June 1865), "Sudden Death of Mr William Coulson, Mining Engineer", 1406:

North & South Shields Gazette and Northumberland and Durham Advertiser 1862

1319:

North & South Shields Gazette and Northumberland and Durham Advertiser 1862

2081: 764: 651: 299:

is the staple containing a wire ladder connecting the yard and low main seams.

239: 2402:

Shields Daily Gazette (7 May 1863), "Hartley Colliery Accident Relief Fund",

2026: 1989: 1978: 825:

As with the term downcast pit, this implies that air is moving down this side

287:

is the pump staple in which pump rods worked by a subsidiary beam operated.

116: 103: 2054:

Transactions – North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers

684:

who have been brought into public notice by this disastrous event" said the

647: 580: 402:

blockage 30 yards (27 m) deep between the yard seam and the high main.

45: 2111: 1926: 1916:— (1 February 1862b), "An Episode in the Hartley Colliery Calamity", 1184: 1182: 2395:

North & South Shields Gazette and Northumberland and Durham Advertiser

2375:— (21 March 1862i), "The Hartley Fund at the London Mansion House", 2219:

Government and Mining: Legislation, Inspection, Enquiries, a resource list

2189:— (31 January 1862b), "The Appalling Accident at Hartley Colliery", 1751: 2332:— (25 January 1862d), "The Appalling Accident at Hartley New Pit", 2324:— (24 January 1862c), "The Appalling Accident at Hartley New Pit", 2308:— (22 January 1862a), "The Appalling Accident at Hartley New Pit", 1017:

similar delegations had gone down previously; for example on Monday night

398: 381: 334: 320: 2256:

Newcastle Courant (5 July 1839), "Awful Loss of Life at South Shields",

861:, p. 107 claimed a 400 horsepower (300 kW) engine lifting 180 498:

The calamity at the Hartley Colliery, bringing the dead bodies to bank,

303:

The coal was sufficiently valuable that the following year a new shaft (

2299:— (19 June 1858). "(advt) Sale of Collieries in Northumberland". 1890:— (21 February 1862), "The Pitmen of Durham and Northumberland", 710: 422:), G B Hunter (Cowpen & North Seaton), Hugh Taylor (Backworth) and 177: 2290:

Newcastle Journal (6 October 1855), "Local and General Intelligence",

816:

A brattice is a partition (usually of timber) which seals off air flow

709:

those who died, was erected in the churchyard at St Alban's church in

1078:

Thomas Clark; he had his own foundry and was also connected with the

1031: 591: 313:

Social and Working Conditions in the village of New Hartley 1845–1900

212:

Led to a legal requirement for all mines to have at least two shafts

1715: 1604: 1561: 1559: 1420: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 621:

He dismissed as irrelevant two points which had attracted comment:

590:

of Walker. It had been assembled from three components. A central '

1954:

Glasgow Morning Journal (30 January 1862), "The Morning Journal",

1306: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 699: 550: 522: 493: 274: 1762: 1760: 1588: 1586: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1509: 1507: 1494: 1492: 852:

the largest pumping engine in the North of England. According to

2252:– report of the second coroner's inquest (on the trapped miners) 1467: 1465: 365: 2225:, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 2198:

Morpeth Herald (1 February 1862), "Local & General News",

514:

reporter described the consequent appearance of the village:

1699: 1697: 477:

described a prayer meeting held at 1.45 on Friday afternoon.

349:) to join and draw foul air up the upcast side of the shaft. 1857:

Great pit disasters: Great Britain, 1700 to the present day

1827:

Blackwell, J Kenyon (24 May 1862), "The Hartley Accident",

1676: 1640: 1366: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1188: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 892:

Colliery, a leading mining engineer, vice president of the

858: 345:) with the rising hot gasses passing up the furnace drift ( 326:

In collieries with two or more pits (for instance see the

255:

Hartley old pit was established in the coastal village of

1928:

Local Records of Historical Register of Remarkable Events

2264:— (20 June 1856), "Prince Napoleon in Newcastle", 1665: 1432: 1389: 1387: 1294: 1652: 752:

However, giving evidence, a prominent mining engineer,

2031:

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers

1970:

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers

1727: 1565: 1251: 1096:

viewers were culpable for returning the beam to duty

2246:— (8 February 1862b), "The Hartley Inquest", 1991:

The Hartley Colliery monument in Earsdon churchyard

1026:A number of the victims (eighteen according to the 199: 191: 183: 172: 164: 156: 148: 140: 132: 93: 82: 74: 59: 1778: 1766: 1739: 1688: 1616: 1592: 1538: 1513: 1498: 1483: 1444: 555:An engraving of a close view of the fractured beam 319:important fresh air ventilation and extraction of 242:to have at least two independent means of escape. 2156:– subsequent, more detailed analysis with diagram 1471: 1354: 1342: 1330: 1282: 1142: 1140: 934: 1378: 978:(3rd edition: 1983 Book Club Associates reprint) 646:all three stages of pumping were carried out by 460:Carr felt able to reply to a telegram sent from 291:is the worked out and abandoned high main seam. 2013:, London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans 1833:– entire text of report, dated 15 February 1862 1752:Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette 1901 888:, the viewer of the neighbouring (eight-shaft) 745: 2443:"The Hartley Pit Disaster Northumberland 1862" 1703: 1628: 1550: 894:North of England Institute of Mining Engineers 1270: 1173: 921: 853: 8: 2118:The Mechanics' Magazine (24 January 1862a), 2025:Institution of Mechanical Engineers (1872), 32: 1960:– untitled editorial under general heading. 1855:Duckham, Frederick; Duckham, Helen (1973), 1067:failure of Stephenson's bridge over the Dee 2413:Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette 1456: 38: 31: 1949:, National Mining Memorabilia Association 1393: 1030:) were buried at "the Catholic chapel at 896:, and an advocate of multi-shaft working. 704:The obelisk in Earsdon churchyard in 2005 662:not been cleaned for a considerable time. 491:rockfalls and releases of gas continued. 1716:Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury 1865 1605:Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872 1421:Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury 1862 2423:(14 December 1861 – 31 December 1862), 2162:"The causes of the Hartley catastrophe" 2135:– contemporary news report and analysis 2047:"The Hartley Colliery Disaster of 1862" 1136: 782: 369:subsidiary beam above the pump staple ( 654:to lessen the normal load on the beam 7: 1977:The Illustrated London News (1862), 1943:Gardiner, Jeff; Smith, Mark (2001), 1790: 1106:unnecessarily large shrinkage voids. 1057:, who had executed the castings for 2283:Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury 2274:Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury 2080:Mason, T.; Atkinson, Peter (1911), 1946:The Hartley Colliery Disaster Medal 1859:, Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1809:"Work: The Hartley Mining Disaster" 1146: 187:21 January 1862, 4–6 February 1862 25: 2106:, Seaham, England: E McCutcheon, 2100:McCutcheon, John Elliott (1963), 976:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 259:, Northumberland, (today part of 2491:Coal mining disasters in England 1677:The Illustrated London News 1866 1641:The Illustrated London News 1862 1367:The Illustrated London News 1862 1189:The Illustrated London News 1862 859:The Illustrated London News 1862 2441:Wanless, Colin (January 1993), 152:Fracture of pumping engine beam 27:1862 mining disaster in England 2496:19th century in Northumberland 2045:Jackson, N.W. (January 2020), 874:A staple is a very small shaft 1: 2103:The Hartley Colliery Disaster 2086:The Science and Art of Mining 1994:, The Illustrated London News 1983:, The Illustrated London News 1666:Durham County Advertiser 1862 1433:Durham County Advertiser 1865 1295:Durham County Advertiser 1839 2160:— (7 February 1862a), 2139:— (31 January 1862a), 1653:Glasgow Morning Journal 1862 610:between beam and 'gudgeon'. 2486:Disasters in Northumberland 922:Mason & Atkinson (1911) 731:eventually in 1947 the new 2512: 2082:"The Hartley Pit Disaster" 2027:"Obituaries: John Hosking" 1728:Shields Daily Gazette 1863 2141:"The Hartley Catastrophe" 2120:"The Hartley Catastrophe" 1566:Newcastle Chronicle 1862a 1271:Mason & Atkinson 1911 1252:Newcastle Chronicle 1862b 1174:Gardiner & Smith 2001 988:Carbon monoxide poisoning 854:Gardiner & Smith 2001 220:Hartley Colliery disaster 211: 89:, Northumberland, England 63:16 January 1862 44:Drawing of the fractured 37: 33:Hartley Colliery disaster 18:Hartley Colliery Disaster 1980:The Hartley Pit Disaster 1900:Durham County Advertiser 1892:Durham County Advertiser 1884:Durham County Advertiser 1055:Hawks, Crawshay and Sons 935:Evening Standard (1862b) 2250:, pp. 2, 3 & 5 2216:NEIMME (January 2016), 2166:The Mechanics' Magazine 2145:The Mechanics' Magazine 2124:The Mechanics' Magazine 1988:— (14 May 1866), 1956:Glasgow Morning Journal 1779:Wrexham Advertiser 1868 1767:Caledonian Mercury 1862 1740:Newcastle Journal 1862j 1689:Newcastle Journal 1862i 1617:Morning Chronicle 1862b 1593:Newcastle Journal 1862a 1539:Newcastle Journal 1862e 1514:Newcastle Journal 1862d 1499:Newcastle Journal 1862c 1484:Newcastle Journal 1862b 1445:Newcastle Journal 1862f 686:Glasgow Morning Journal 281:Illustrated London News 51:Illustrated London News 2088:, Durham Mining Museum 1964:Howe, William (1863), 1931:, Durham Mining Museum 1472:Evening Standard 1862a 1355:Newcastle Journal 1858 1343:Newcastle Courant 1856 1331:Newcastle Journal 1855 1283:Newcastle Courant 1839 1053:The chief engineer of 886:Thomas Emerson Forster 754:Thomas Emerson Forster 750: 705: 556: 534:Duke of Northumberland 528: 521: 502: 328:description of Felling 300: 2476:1862 mining disasters 2404:Shields Daily Gazette 2066:, Tempus Publishing, 2060:Lewis, Peter (2007), 1807:BBC (February 2004), 1379:Durham Chronicle 1860 703: 588:Losh, Wilson and Bell 554: 526: 516: 497: 397:Although much of the 278: 2168:, London, p. 83 2147:, London, p. 59 2126:, London, p. 43 1664:Quoted at length in 224:Hartley Pit disaster 117:55.08389°N 1.51417°W 2248:Newcastle Chronicle 2239:Newcastle Chronicle 1925:Fordyce, T (1867), 1920:, London, p. 5 1911:, London, p. 6 1850:, London, p. 5 1829:Newcastle Chronicle 1704:Morpeth Herald 1909 1629:Queen Victoria 1862 1551:Morpeth Herald 1862 733:National Coal Board 696:Medals and memorial 228:Hester Pit disaster 222:(also known as the 176:St Alban's Church, 113: / 34: 2458:Wrexham Advertiser 1839:Caledonian Mercury 1307:Ingham et al. 1843 706: 557: 529: 503: 301: 265:atmospheric engine 144:Coal mine disaster 122:55.08389; -1.51417 2386:Newcastle Journal 2377:Newcastle Journal 2368:Newcastle Journal 2359:Newcastle Journal 2350:Newcastle Journal 2342:Newcastle Journal 2334:Newcastle Journal 2326:Newcastle Journal 2318:Newcastle Journal 2310:Newcastle Journal 2301:Newcastle Journal 2292:Newcastle Journal 2266:Newcastle Courant 2258:Newcastle Courant 2191:Morning Chronicle 2182:Morning Chronicle 2073:978-0-7524-4266-2 1309:, pp. 28–36. 1093:Morning Chronicle 1063:High Level Bridge 1059:Robert Stephenson 761:Act of Parliament 500:Illustrated Times 216: 215: 200:OS grid reference 54:, 1 February 1862 16:(Redirected from 2503: 2461: 2452: 2447: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2336: 2328: 2320: 2312: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2224: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2114: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2076: 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1647: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1584: 1579:mining disaster 1576: 1572: 1564: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1537: 1520: 1512: 1505: 1497: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1463: 1457:Daily News 1862 1455: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1301: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1258: 1250: 1195: 1187: 1180: 1172: 1153: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1100: 1090: 1086: 1077: 1073: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 998: 994: 986: 982: 973: 969: 963: 959: 953: 949: 944: 940: 932: 928: 918: 914: 904: 900: 882: 878: 873: 869: 851: 847: 842: 838: 833: 829: 824: 820: 815: 811: 806: 802: 797: 793: 788: 784: 779: 774: 741: 728: 719: 698: 681: 679:Public response 669: 577:brittle failure 565:Sir George Grey 549: 483: 451:carbon monoxide 440:William Coulson 408: 406:Rescue attempts 394: 273: 253: 251:Hartley old pit 248: 232:mining accident 203: 165:Property damage 121: 119: 115: 112: 107: 104: 102: 100: 99: 66: 64: 55: 48:beam, from the 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2509: 2507: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2453: 2438: 2429:, vol. 51 2421:Queen Victoria 2417: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2337: 2329: 2321: 2313: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2261: 2253: 2243: 2234: 2213: 2209:Morpeth Herald 2204: 2200:Morpeth Herald 2195: 2186: 2177: 2157: 2136: 2115: 2097: 2077: 2072: 2057: 2042: 2022: 2004: 1985: 1974: 1961: 1951: 1940: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1887: 1879: 1870: 1865: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1824: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1783: 1771: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1720: 1708: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1643:, p. 106. 1633: 1621: 1609: 1597: 1582: 1570: 1555: 1543: 1518: 1503: 1488: 1476: 1461: 1449: 1437: 1425: 1410: 1398: 1394:Blackwell 1862 1383: 1371: 1369:, p. 107. 1359: 1347: 1335: 1323: 1311: 1299: 1287: 1275: 1256: 1193: 1178: 1151: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1117: 1108: 1098: 1084: 1071: 1046: 1036: 1028:Morpeth Herald 1019: 1010: 1001: 992: 980: 967: 957: 947: 938: 926: 912: 898: 890:Seaton Delaval 876: 867: 845: 836: 827: 818: 809: 800: 791: 781: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 740: 737: 727: 724: 718: 715: 697: 694: 680: 677: 668: 665: 664: 663: 659: 655: 644: 640:Cornish engine 632: 631: 627: 596:effective span 569:Home Secretary 548: 545: 482: 479: 428:local preacher 407: 404: 393: 390: 272: 269: 252: 249: 247: 244: 236:Northumberland 214: 213: 209: 208: 205:NZ 31107 76720 201: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 174: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 97: 91: 90: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 61: 57: 56: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2508: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2450:Tree Magazine 2444: 2439: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2338: 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1002: 996: 993: 989: 984: 981: 977: 971: 968: 961: 958: 951: 948: 942: 939: 936: 930: 927: 923: 916: 913: 909: 902: 899: 895: 891: 887: 880: 877: 871: 868: 864: 860: 855: 849: 846: 840: 837: 831: 828: 822: 819: 813: 810: 804: 801: 795: 792: 786: 783: 776: 771: 769: 766: 762: 757: 755: 749: 744: 738: 736: 734: 725: 723: 716: 714: 712: 702: 695: 693: 691: 687: 678: 676: 674: 673:Prince Albert 666: 660: 656: 653: 652:plunger pumps 649: 645: 641: 637: 636: 635: 628: 624: 623: 622: 619: 615: 611: 609: 603: 599: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 572: 570: 566: 561: 553: 546: 544: 542: 541:Victorian era 537: 535: 525: 520: 515: 513: 509: 501: 496: 492: 489: 480: 478: 476: 470: 467: 463: 462:Osborne House 458: 454: 452: 449: 443: 441: 435: 431: 429: 425: 424:Matthias Dunn 421: 416: 414: 405: 403: 400: 391: 389: 387: 386:Seaton Sluice 383: 378: 376: 372: 367: 362: 358: 355: 354:South Shields 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 331: 329: 324: 322: 316: 314: 310: 306: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 270: 268: 266: 262: 261:Seaton Sluice 258: 250: 245: 243: 241: 237: 233: 230:) was a coal 229: 225: 221: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 133:Also known as 131: 126: 98: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 62: 58: 53: 52: 47: 41: 36: 30: 19: 2457: 2449: 2431:, retrieved 2425: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2341: 2333: 2325: 2317: 2309: 2303:. p. 4. 2300: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2265: 2257: 2247: 2238: 2227:, retrieved 2218: 2211:, p. 10 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2172:25 September 2170:, retrieved 2165: 2151:25 September 2149:, retrieved 2144: 2130:25 September 2128:, retrieved 2123: 2102: 2090:, retrieved 2085: 2062: 2053: 2035:, retrieved 2030: 2015:, retrieved 2009: 1996:, retrieved 1990: 1979: 1969: 1955: 1945: 1933:, retrieved 1927: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1891: 1883: 1874: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1828: 1817:, retrieved 1812: 1800:Bibliography 1786: 1774: 1747: 1735: 1723: 1711: 1684: 1672: 1660: 1648: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1573: 1546: 1479: 1459:, p. 6. 1452: 1440: 1435:, p. 8. 1428: 1401: 1381:, p. 7. 1374: 1362: 1357:, p. 4. 1350: 1338: 1333:, p. 5. 1326: 1321:, p. 5. 1314: 1302: 1297:, p. 3. 1290: 1285:, p. 2. 1278: 1120: 1111: 1101: 1092: 1087: 1074: 1049: 1039: 1027: 1022: 1013: 1004: 995: 983: 970: 960: 950: 941: 929: 915: 901: 879: 870: 862: 848: 839: 830: 821: 812: 803: 794: 785: 758: 751: 746: 742: 729: 720: 707: 689: 685: 682: 670: 648:bucket pumps 643:destruction. 633: 620: 616: 612: 604: 600: 585: 573: 562: 558: 538: 530: 517: 511: 504: 487: 484: 475:back overman 471: 459: 455: 447: 444: 436: 432: 417: 413:under-viewer 409: 395: 379: 374: 370: 363: 359: 351: 346: 342: 338: 332: 325: 317: 312: 308: 304: 302: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 254: 227: 223: 219: 217: 49: 29: 2460:, p. 6 2415:, p. 3 2406:, p. 5 2397:, p. 3 2388:, p. 3 2379:, p. 3 2370:, p. 2 2361:, p. 3 2352:, p. 2 2294:, p. 5 2285:, p. 4 2276:, p. 6 2241:, p. 2 2202:, p. 5 2193:, p. 3 2184:, p. 3 2017:25 December 1958:, p. 2 1902:, p. 8 1877:, p. 7 1841:, p. 3 1831:, p. 3 908:Kate Humble 739:Legislation 717:Relief fund 120: / 95:Coordinates 87:New Hartley 2470:Categories 2037:10 January 1848:Daily News 772:References 765:Clay Cross 271:Hester pit 246:Collieries 240:collieries 168:Pit closed 136:Hester Pit 108:01°30′51″W 105:55°05′02″N 67:1862-01-16 2092:3 October 1972:: 248–267 1935:3 October 1819:3 October 1791:Howe 1863 1132:Citations 777:Footnotes 690:Athenaeum 667:Aftermath 581:cast iron 283:of 1862. 46:cast iron 2433:21 April 1147:BBC 2004 1044:inquest. 481:Recovery 399:brattice 392:Disaster 382:pit pony 335:brattice 321:firedamp 83:Location 2426:Journal 2229:17 June 2112:4858395 2033:: 17–19 711:Earsdon 658:spears. 592:gudgeon 579:of the 512:Journal 488:Journal 257:Hartley 192:Coroner 184:Inquest 178:Earsdon 65: ( 2110: 2070: 1998:22 May 1863: 1032:Cowpen 608:keying 567:, the 547:Causes 464:("The 420:viewer 195:S Reed 173:Burial 157:Deaths 2446:(PDF) 2223:(PDF) 2050:(PDF) 1815:, BBC 1082:works 466:Queen 149:Cause 78:10:30 2435:2016 2231:2017 2174:2011 2153:2011 2132:2011 2108:OCLC 2094:2013 2068:ISBN 2039:2018 2019:2017 2000:2021 1937:2013 1861:ISBN 1821:2013 1577:See 1091:The 863:tons 448:i.e. 366:adit 218:The 141:Type 75:Time 60:Date 1061:'s 726:Pit 234:in 226:or 160:204 2472:: 2448:, 2164:, 2143:, 2122:, 2084:, 2052:, 2029:, 1968:, 1811:, 1759:^ 1696:^ 1585:^ 1558:^ 1521:^ 1506:^ 1491:^ 1464:^ 1413:^ 1386:^ 1259:^ 1196:^ 1181:^ 1154:^ 1139:^ 713:. 692:. 583:. 323:. 1793:. 1781:. 1769:. 1754:. 1742:. 1730:. 1718:. 1706:. 1691:. 1679:. 1655:. 1619:. 1607:. 1595:. 1568:. 1553:. 1541:. 1516:. 1501:. 1486:. 1474:. 1447:. 1423:. 1408:. 1396:. 1345:. 1273:. 1254:. 1176:. 1149:. 924:. 371:C 347:I 343:E 339:B 337:( 309:F 305:A 297:H 293:G 289:D 285:C 69:) 20:)

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