132:
367:
1342:
593:
790:
654:
105:
585:, he described the Sanjak as "A homeland where Turks lived for centuries and can't be a captive at the hands of enemy". Turkish policy aimed at annexing the Sanjak of Alexandretta when the French mandate of Syria was due to expire in 1935. Turks in Alexandretta initiated reforms in the style of Atatürk's, and formed various organisations and institutions in order to promote the idea of union with the
392:
1240:
785:
According to the estimates of the French High
Commission in 1936, out of a population of 220,000, 39% were Turks, 28% Alawite Arabs, 11% Armenians, 10% Sunni Arabs, 8% other Christians and 4% were Circassians, Kurds and Jews. Although Turks formed the largest single ethno-religious minority, Arabic
680:
On 29 June 1939, following a referendum, the Hatay legislature voted to disestablish the Hatay State and join Turkey. This referendum has been labelled both "phoney" and "rigged", as the
Turkish government organised tens of thousands of Turks from outside Alexandretta to register as citizens and
942:
In 1937, most sources pointed that out of a total population of 186 thousand people (which is according to the French government's 1932 report) in sanjak of
Alexandretta, 85 thousand people were Turks, 25 thousand were Armenians, and the rest was largely made up of Arabs with some Greeks, Jews,
765:. By 23 July 1939, the last vestiges of the French Mandate authorities had left Antakya, and the territory was fully annexed by Turkey. The result was a flight of many Arabs and Armenians to Syria. The region's Armenian population, having been survivors of the
769:, migrated to the French Mandate of Syria due to fears of Turkish prosecutions and therefore weren't able to contemplate Turkish sovereignty. Following the annexation, almost the entire Armenian population of Hatay had settled in
131:
971:
1643:
1608:
1271:
1628:
700:
699:, resigned in protest at the continued French intervention in Syrian affairs, maintaining that the French were obliged to refuse the annexation under the
642:. On behalf of the League of Nations, representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and Turkey prepared a constitution for the
677:
assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of
Alexandretta as the Hatay State. The State lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision.
1341:
145:
1638:
581:(later known as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk), refused to accept the Sanjak of Alexandretta as part of the Mandate and, in a speech on 15 March 1923 in
1603:
1264:
1144:
1049:
1092:
164:
1633:
1458:
1623:
1613:
953:
1280:
1219:
1076:
754:
592:
1257:
650:
becoming 'distinct but not separated' from Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for military matters.
496:), was a transitional political entity that existed from 7 September 1938 to 29 June 1939, being located in the territory of the
1568:
1294:
1452:
1013:
852:
604:
In 1936, the elections returned two Syrian independentist MPs (favouring the independence of Syria from France) in the
1425:
681:
vote. The French encouraged the annexation, hoping it would act as an incentive to Turkey to reject an alliance with
1420:
1371:
999:
1446:
122:
1552:
568:, as it had a large Turkish community as well as its Arab and Armenian population. Then it was attached to the
1517:
578:
1618:
1578:
1408:
732:
565:
501:
1244:
608:, and this prompted communal riots and passionate articles in the Turkish and Syrian press. In particular,
572:, then in 1925 it was directly attached to the State of Syria, still with a special administrative status.
1388:
1356:
1326:
662:
544:
530:
497:
486:
462:
1100:
696:
372:
789:
104:
1527:
1537:
1502:
1403:
1383:
951:
A fictionalized Hatay, with its own potentate and army, is the setting for the climax of the movie
653:
627:
575:
1413:
1393:
1366:
1309:
1180:
1105:
762:
692:
586:
1573:
1507:
1398:
1361:
1316:
1304:
1215:
1140:
1072:
1045:
766:
639:
273:
1532:
1522:
1497:
712:
688:
631:
609:
437:
245:
213:
199:
52:
1331:
1299:
569:
552:
477:
453:
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297:
206:
80:
66:
1492:
966:
875:
796:
774:
758:
720:
666:
612:
540:
536:
509:
31:
600:
of congratulation sent by
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk after the proclamation of Hatay State.
1597:
1547:
1512:
1482:
1430:
1378:
1321:
1542:
1487:
682:
421:
338:
757:
approved the law establishing the Hatay
Province and incorporating districts from
1134:
1066:
1039:
1017:
905:
669:. One of the signs reads: "Our blood is sacrificed for the Syrian Arab Sanjak."
860:
17:
179:
166:
890:
728:
773:, with many others moving to Lebanon where they founded the modern town of
1249:
1239:
27:
Former transitional political entity in the Middle East, from 1938 to 1939
786:
speakers, including Sunnis, Alawites and
Christians, were more numerous.
724:
658:
623:
597:
1184:
1168:
816:
157:
856:
770:
735:
560:
548:
410:
385:
320:
138:
913:
837:
834:
819:
788:
742:
739:
652:
591:
582:
1068:
Identity, Conflict and
Cooperation in International River Systems
800:
Population of Hatay State in 1936 according to the French census
909:
1253:
1041:
The Great War for
Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East
661:
in 1939 by women demonstrators against the secession of the
1136:
State
Frontiers: Borders and Boundaries in the Middle East
646:. The new statute came into power in November 1937, the
1071:(Hardcover ed.). Ashgate Publishing. p. 130.
994:
Picard, Elizabeth (Spring 1982). "Retour au Sandjak".
564:
from 1921 to 1923, as a result of the Franco-Turkish
555:
and constituted part of the French Mandate of Syria.
618:
In response, the Atatürk government coined the name
491:
467:
1561:
1475:
1468:
1439:
1349:
1287:
406:
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317:
307:
293:
283:
267:
255:
239:
227:
219:
195:
153:
39:
622:for the Sanjak of Alexandretta, as a reference to
665:, and its subsequent joining into Turkey as the
142:of Alexandretta / Hatay State (peach, top left)
1128:
1126:
1644:States and territories disestablished in 1939
1265:
1209:
558:The Sanjak of Alexandretta was an autonomous
44:
8:
1044:(Paperback ed.). Vintage. p. 335.
803:
719:) consisted of 40 members, consisting of 22
701:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936
72:
58:
1609:States and territories established in 1938
1472:
1272:
1258:
1250:
130:
36:
1211:Hatay'ın Kurtuluşu İçin Harcanan Çabalar
989:
987:
799:
1629:Former countries of the interwar period
983:
777:near the ruins of its historic castle.
418:
516:joining the country on 23 July 1939.
316:
306:
302:
266:
262:
254:
238:
234:
226:
30:For the modern Turkish province, see
7:
1459:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
1016:. Antakyarehberi.com. Archived from
630:), and raised the "Issue of Hatay" (
481:
457:
73:
954:Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
793:Ethnic composition of Hatay (1936)
711:The Hatay State Peoples Assembly (
25:
755:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
1340:
1238:
472:), also known informally as the
390:
365:
103:
1014:"History of Hatay (In Turkish)"
798:
1639:1939 disestablishments in Asia
1173:Bulletin of International News
1:
1604:Former countries in West Asia
288:Hatay State People's Assembly
1169:"The Sanjak of Alexandretta"
717:Hatay Devleti Millet Meclisi
504:. The state was transformed
1634:1938 establishments in Asia
1139:. I.B.Tauris. p. 144.
781:Population and demographics
761:(then Seyhan Province) and
492:
468:
1660:
528:
512:of Turkey on 7 July 1939,
29:
1614:History of Hatay Province
1453:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement
1338:
1229:, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1966
998:(in French) (99). Paris:
673:On 2 September 1938, the
416:
344:
330:
303:
279:
263:
251:
235:
129:
116:
100:
95:
1569:French High Commissioner
1553:Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar
1167:H. L (23 January 1937).
943:Kurds, and Circassians.
1409:Battle of al-Musayfirah
1281:French Mandate of Syria
1225:Dr. Abdurrahman Melek,
1133:Brandell, Inga (2006).
1065:Jack Kalpakian (2004).
1000:Documentation française
502:French Mandate of Syria
419:
1624:Syria–Turkey relations
1426:Syria–Lebanon campaign
1389:Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa
1384:1925–1927 revolt
1327:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1210:
1104:. 1991. Archived from
1093:"ARMENIA AND KARABAGH"
805:Ethnoreligious groups
794:
716:
670:
663:Sanjak of Alexandretta
635:
601:
545:Sanjak of Alexandretta
531:Sanjak of Alexandretta
498:Sanjak of Alexandretta
449:
441:
59:
45:
1518:Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah
1447:Sykes–Picot Agreement
1247:at Wikimedia Commons
1101:Minority Rights Group
792:
656:
595:
535:Formerly part of the
196:Common languages
180:36.43028°N 36.17417°E
1528:Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi
1227:Hatay Nasıl Kurtuldu
1038:Robert Fisk (2007).
753:On 7 July 1939, the
309:• Independence
1538:Saadallah al-Jabiri
1503:Mustafa Bey Barmada
1421:1936 general strike
1404:Battle of al-Mazraa
1372:Capture of Damascus
1111:on 3 September 2013
628:Syro-Hittite states
579:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
176: /
1414:1925 Hama uprising
1394:Capture of Salkhad
1367:Battle of Maysalun
1310:Al-Jazira Province
947:In popular culture
795:
763:Gaziantep Province
671:
602:
587:Republic of Turkey
551:at the end of the
319:• Union with
185:36.43028; 36.17417
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1574:Charles de Gaulle
1508:Shukri al-Quwatli
1399:Battle of al-Kafr
1362:Franco-Syrian War
1317:Jabal Druze State
1305:State of Damascus
1243:Media related to
1146:978-1-84511-076-5
1051:978-1-4000-7517-1
940:
939:
767:Armenian genocide
640:League of Nations
615:was influential.
493:Jumhūriyyat Ḥaṭāy
490:
474:Republic of Hatay
466:
431:
430:
402:
401:
398:
397:
378:
377:
274:Abdurrahman Melek
269:• 1938–1939
241:• 1938–1939
211:
204:
90:
16:(Redirected from
1651:
1533:Sultan al-Atrash
1523:Jamil Mardam Bey
1498:Hashim al-Atassi
1473:
1344:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1213:
1208:Sökmen, Tayfur:
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1025:
1010:
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991:
797:
689:Hashim al-Atassi
610:Arab nationalist
566:Treaty of Ankara
547:was occupied by
495:
485:
483:
471:
461:
459:
420:Preceded by the
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313:2 September 1938
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214:Levantine Arabic
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146:Mandate of Syria
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1332:Greater Lebanon
1300:State of Aleppo
1283:
1278:
1236:
1214:, Ankara 1992,
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996:Maghreb-Machrek
993:
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949:
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709:
697:Syrian Republic
570:State of Aleppo
553:First World War
533:
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373:Syrian Republic
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298:Interwar period
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1493:Ibrahim Hananu
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1295:State of Syria
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1234:External links
1232:
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667:Hatay Province
636:Hatay Meselesi
613:Zaki al-Arsuzi
541:Ottoman Empire
537:Aleppo Vilayet
529:Main article:
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510:Hatay Province
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1020:on 2013-05-15
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972:Kars Republic
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115:
106:
99:
94:
89:
82:
68:
61:
60:État du Hatay
54:
47:
46:Hatay Devleti
38:
33:
19:
1543:Haqqi al-Azm
1488:Saleh al-Ali
1237:
1226:
1188:. Retrieved
1176:
1172:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1135:
1113:. Retrieved
1106:the original
1099:
1087:
1067:
1060:
1040:
1033:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:the original
1008:
995:
952:
950:
941:
931:
918:
895:
880:
865:
842:
824:
808:Inhabitants
784:
752:
710:
687:
683:Nazi Germany
679:
674:
672:
657:Protests in
647:
643:
619:
617:
605:
603:
574:
559:
557:
534:
513:
505:
482:جمهورية حطاي
473:
469:Dawlat Ḥaṭāy
433:
432:
422:Syrian pound
355:Succeeded by
354:
349:
339:Turkish lira
326:29 June 1939
137:
121:
117:
88:Dawlat Ḥaṭāy
87:
1357:1919 revolt
1245:Hatay State
1179:(15): 3–7.
906:Circassians
707:Legislature
434:Hatay State
350:Preceded by
284:Legislature
183: /
144:within the
41:Hatay State
1598:Categories
1115:8 December
1024:2012-06-19
978:References
861:Christians
859:and other
749:Annexation
525:Background
220:Government
203:(official)
171:36°10′27″E
168:36°25′49″N
1350:Conflicts
891:Armenians
729:Armenians
693:President
638:) at the
508:into the
487:romanized
463:romanized
458:دولة حطاي
228:President
160:(Antioch)
96:1938–1939
74:دولة حطاي
1440:Treaties
1190:25 March
1185:25639616
961:See also
853:Melkites
738:and two
733:Orthodox
725:Alawites
659:Damascus
624:Hittites
598:telegram
514:de jure
506:de facto
335:Currency
223:Republic
210:(second)
1203:Sources
1152:30 July
932:220,000
817:Alawite
727:, five
723:, nine
713:Turkish
695:of the
632:Turkish
576:Marshal
539:of the
520:History
500:of the
489::
465::
438:Turkish
200:Turkish
158:Antakya
154:Capital
118:Anthem:
53:Turkish
1562:French
1476:Syrian
1469:People
1461:(1936)
1455:(1920)
1449:(1916)
1288:States
1218:
1183:
1143:
1075:
1048:
896:24,200
881:85,800
866:17,600
857:Greeks
843:22,000
825:61,600
771:Aleppo
736:Greeks
731:, two
691:, the
675:sanjak
648:sanjak
644:sanjak
606:sanjak
561:sanjak
549:France
543:, the
478:Arabic
454:Arabic
446:French
411:Turkey
386:Turkey
321:Turkey
259:
231:
207:French
139:sanjak
120:
81:Arabic
77:
67:French
63:
49:
1181:JSTOR
1109:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
936:100%
928:Total
919:8,800
914:Kurds
876:Turks
838:Arabs
835:Sunni
820:Arabs
775:Anjar
743:Arabs
740:Sunni
721:Turks
620:Hatay
583:Adana
1216:ISBN
1192:2022
1154:2013
1141:ISBN
1117:2014
1073:ISBN
1046:ISBN
910:Jews
900:11%
885:39%
847:10%
829:28%
596:The
136:The
111:Flag
923:4%
870:8%
1600::
1177:13
1175:.
1171:.
1125:^
1098:.
986:^
957:.
912:,
908:,
855:,
811:%
745:.
715::
703:.
685:.
634::
589:.
484:,
480::
460:,
456::
452:;
448::
444:;
440::
1273:e
1266:t
1259:v
1222:.
1194:.
1156:.
1119:.
1081:.
1054:.
1027:.
1002:.
626:(
476:(
436:(
424:.
148:.
83:)
79:(
69:)
65:(
55:)
51:(
34:.
20:)
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