503:, a disease of pathological collagen production and deposition in the hands. This disease causes flexion contractures of the joints, severely limiting hand function, most often in the ring and little fingers. Studies have shown that injection of collagenase clostridium histolyticum significantly reduces the contractures by lysing the collagen and disrupting the contracted cords. This treatment has restored contractured fingers to full extension 30 days after the last injection in 64% of joints injected with collagenase costridium histolyticum. Side effects are mild, and this treatment is preferred to surgical options because no extensive hand therapy is required post-treatment. Collagenase clostridium histolyticum is manufactured and marketed by Endo Pharmaceuticals in the US, and marketed by SOBI in the EU
25:
73:
411:, due to its ability to destroy collagen fibers in the body and cause necrosis. Beta-toxin has been shown to induce hemorrhage when placed on the surface of lungs of animals, hemorrhage and edema when injected into rat paws, and lethal intrapulmonary hemorrhage when injected intravenously into animals.
587:
as the causative agent is more difficult. With the exception of protein tests, all commonly used culture tests are negative. There is little or no gas production, and this bacterium is negative for lecithinase and lipase reactions. Anaerobic blood cultures are necessary for identification of
406:
and gelatin into small fragments. The seven collagenases are alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta. They are further identified by their molecular masses (68, 115,79,110, 125, and 130 kDa, respectively) to distinguish them from the five toxins. Beta-toxin plays a major role in the
579:
can cause gas gangrene, an acute infection of pain, fever, myonecrosis, and massive edema. If not controlled, the infection can result in systemic toxemia, multiorgan failure, and even death. Further, this infection can progress to life-threatening in a matter of hours.
471:
proteinases, including gamma- and delta-toxin, digest native and denatured proteins to amino acids with the production of ammonia. They can also clot milk and later digest the clot, and hemolyze sheep blood. The proteinases are capable of digesting burn
339:
is directly related to its sporulating potency: the higher the sporulating potency, the more toxigenic the strain. Additionally, toxigenic strains possess a stronger potential for growth than less toxigenic or nontoxigenic strains. Smooth substrains of
297:. On blood agar, colonies appear small, rough, irregularly round, and are surrounded by a zone of weak hemolysis. These bacteria tend to clump in pairs or short chains and are rods of 3-5μm x 0.5-0.7μm. Cells are richly flagellate and very motile.
490:
proteinases are unique in their efficiency of converting tissue proteins to amino acids and peptides. Further, these enzymes are unique in that they do not produce isoacids (isobutyric acid and isocaproic acid) as metabolic end products.
538:. This was the first documented case where this bacterium has been identified as the cause of infective endocarditis. All diagnostic tests in this case were negative or normal until an anaerobic blood culture identified
553:. Control specimen did not contain this species at all. In healthy adults, the amount of clostridia species in the feces is rarely higher than 106 cells/g feces, less than 1% of the total flora. This suggests that
522:
secretes potent exotoxins that have proteolytic and necrotizing properties, causing severe local necrosis. However, there have been few cases of human infection by this species. From 1984 to 2004, only one case of
603:
treatment is recommended. Further, a cocktail of antimicrobials targeting aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria may be used in necrotizing infections caused by multiple species, including
564:
infections in necrotic lesions in 11 injecting drug users in
England and Scotland. All patients were heroin users, and had injected the drug into the muscle rather than a vein. It was thought that
480:
proteinases gamma-toxin and delta-toxin are not active in the human body. It seems they only attack collagenous material already partially degraded by the beta-toxin, and aid in the nutrition of
1312:
682:
508:
504:
435:
activated by Ca2+ ions. This proteolytic enzyme is inhibited by cysteine and reversibly inactivated by reducing agents. The molecular weight is between 10 and 50 kDa.
1286:
266:
of culture caused extensive local tissue destruction, extrusion of a hemorrhagic muscle pulp, splitting of the skin, denudation of the bone, and sometimes
382:
cultures through cross-neutralization. Additionally, alpha-toxin is readily inactivated by proteolytic enzymes. It has been shown that only about 29% of
499:
Collagenase clostridium histolyticum is secreted by the bacterium and can destroy connective tissue of muscles. This collagenase has been used to treat
568:
spores had contaminated a batch of heroin early in production, and survived the production process before being distributed across the United
Kingdom.
1063:
Kleessen, B; Kroesen AJ; Buhr HJ; Blunt M (2002). "Mucosal and invading bacteria in patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with controls".
1273:
1299:
633:
1358:
293:
can be plated on
Zeissler plate agar, and appear as dewlike colonies of either rough or smooth morphology, surrounded by a zone of weak
305:
and are asaccharolytic and proteolytic. This bacterium is anaerobic, however minimal growth may be obtained through aerobic culture.
423:
that digests hide powder, gelatin, and casein. It is not active against collagen. The molecular weight of gamma-toxin is 50,000 Da.
1353:
1304:
289:
can be isolated from soil during the early stage of soil cultivation, by heating the sample at 60 °C for 30 minutes.
311:
is difficult to culture because growth is inhibited by sugars, and spores are not very heat resistant. In wound smears,
545:
A 2002 study of the intestinal flora of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) researchers found that in patients who had
643:
500:
72:
1363:
263:
1215:
648:
531:
467:
secrete proteinases and collagenases that can degrade and necrotize organs and muscles in the human body.
262:. They discovered this bacterium was pathogenic for guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits, but less so for rats.
227:
1368:
157:
1260:
583:
While gas gangrene is easily diagnosed by the visible necrosis and characteristic smell, identifying
370:. When injected into muscle, it can cause death in laboratory animals within hours. Alpha-toxin is a
1373:
1196:
1088:
653:
546:
179:
67:
1291:
134:
1325:
1247:
1175:
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1080:
1045:
997:
949:
904:
842:
786:
730:
709:"The alpha, beta and gamma antigens of Clostridium histolyticum (Weinberg & Séguin, 1916)"
1330:
1165:
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1035:
987:
939:
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886:
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824:
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768:
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828:
527:
necrotizing infection was reported, in an agricultural worker with a crushed-hand injury.
1154:"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections"
1317:
374:, but not hemolytic, toxin. This toxin is secreted, as it is isolated from filtrates of
38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
267:
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may play a role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis as putative pathogens.
596:
476:, and may be useful for removal of burn tissue from wounds. By themselves, the
399:
1238:
1076:
992:
971:
600:
104:
725:
708:
1148:
Stevens, DL; Bisno AL; Chambers HF; Everett ED; Dellinger P; Goldstein EJC;
378:
cultures. It is neutralized by antisera produced against toxic filtrates of
302:
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1179:
1131:
1084:
1049:
1001:
953:
846:
734:
908:
790:
32:
Parts of this article (those related to
Hathewaya histolytica) need to be
1232:
928:
culture supernatant on HeLa cells in the presence of protease inhibitors"
617:
432:
420:
403:
371:
235:
223:
84:
254:
In 1916, Weinberg and Séguin isolated this bacterium from patients with
1278:
890:
238:
in many species, including guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits, and humans.
530:
In 2000, an 18-year-old female drug user in Turkey was diagnosed with
443:
Epsilon-toxin is an oxygen-labile hemolysin similar to the θ-toxin of
473:
1209:
1170:
1153:
679:"LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature"
1265:
1213:
624:
may only be treatable through amputation of the infected limb.
274:, and a year later Bergey, Harrison, et al. reclassified it as
542:
as the infectious agent isolated from the heart valve tissue.
386:
strains isolated from soil actually produce this alpha-toxin.
358:
produces five toxins: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon.
18:
549:, a form of IBD, 21% of the total bacteria in the colon were
976:
infections in injecting drug users in
England and Scotland"
1152:; Hirschmann JV; Kaplan EL; Montoya JG; Wade JC (2005).
1018:
Durmaz, B; Agel HE; Sonmez E; Turkoz R; Aydin E (2000).
922:
Jozwiak, J; Komar A; Jankowska E; Martirosian G (2005).
344:
seem to show higher toxigenicity than rough substrains.
335:
Studies have shown that the toxigenicity of a strain of
620:. However, advanced gas gangrene infections caused by
1110:
phospholipase C in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene".
683:
Deutsche
Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen
402:. Collagenases are zinc metalloproteases that cleave
246:, often in association with other bacteria species.
1222:
366:The alpha-toxin is the major toxigenic factor of
199:Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer, and Huntoon 1923
173:(Weinberg and Séguin 1916) Lawson and Rainey 2016
1106:Flores-Díaz, M; Alape-Girón A (2003). "Role of
970:Brazier, JS; Gal M; Hall V; Morris TE (2004).
813:"The histotoxic clostridial infections of man"
226:found in feces and the soil. It is a motile,
8:
806:
804:
802:
800:
1210:
1143:
1141:
924:"Determination of the cytotoxic effect of
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860:
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757:"Toxigenicity of Clostridium histolyticum"
507:, and by Actelion in Canada and Australia
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991:
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270:. In 1922, Heller renamed the bacterium
1205:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
665:
323:. This may interfere with diagnosis of
829:10.1128/MMBR.26.2_Pt_1-2.177-274.1962
7:
634:Collagenase clostridium histolyticum
572:Diagnosis and treatment of infection
419:Gamma-toxin is a cysteine-activated
560:In 2004, there was an outbreak of
14:
315:closely resembles the comparable
1041:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2000.00110.x
71:
23:
1020:"Infective endocarditis due to
755:Nishida S, Imaizumi M (1966).
707:Oakley CL, Warrack GH (1950).
674:Species: Hathewaya histolytica
1:
1124:10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.013
509:Auxilium / Actelion agreement
319:, but without the capsule of
945:10.1016/j.femsim.2005.03.005
773:10.1128/JB.91.2.477-483.1966
1390:
1359:Bacteria described in 1916
1077:10.1080/003655202320378220
993:10.2807/esm.09.09.00475-en
932:FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol
272:Weinbergillus histolyticus
204:Weinbergillus histolyticus
197:(Weinberg and Séguin 1916)
505:Auxilium / SOBI agreement
230:, aerotolerant anaerobe.
185:
178:
163:
156:
68:Scientific classification
66:
59:
1318:clostridium-histolyticum
1224:Clostridium histolyticum
1199:Clostridium histolyticum
1022:clostridium histolyticum
974:Clostridium histolyticum
926:Clostridium histolyticum
726:10.1099/00221287-4-3-365
276:Clostridium histolyticum
242:has been shown to cause
220:Clostridium histolyticum
194:Clostridium histolyticum
1108:Clostridium perfringens
644:Dupuytren's contracture
612:is also susceptible to
501:Dupuytren's contracture
317:Clostridium perfringens
264:Intramuscular injection
1354:Gram-positive bacteria
875:"Toxigenic Clostridia"
649:Infective endocarditis
532:infective endocarditis
1065:Scand J Gastroenterol
1028:Clin Microbiol Infect
873:Hatheway, CL (1990).
823:(2_Pt_1–2): 117–274.
811:MacLennan JD (1962).
595:For most infections,
585:Hathewaya histolytica
577:Hathewaya histolytica
551:Hathewaya histolytica
520:Hathewaya histolytica
488:Hathewaya histolytica
465:Hathewaya histolytica
463:Toxigenic strains of
447:and the δ-toxins of
356:Hathewaya histolytica
350:Hathewaya histolytica
337:Hathewaya histolytica
313:Hathewaya histolytica
309:Hathewaya histolytica
299:Hathewaya histolytica
287:Hathewaya histolytica
260:Bacillus histolyticus
215:Hathewaya histolytica
189:Bacillus histolyticus
167:Hathewaya histolytica
61:Hathewaya histolytica
398:is a group of seven
16:Species of bacterium
431:Delta- toxin is an
149:H. histolytica
891:10.1128/CMR.3.1.66
879:Clin Microbiol Rev
654:Ulcerative colitis
547:ulcerative colitis
394:The beta-toxin of
222:) is a species of
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1326:Open Tree of Life
1216:Taxon identifiers
713:J. Gen. Microbiol
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33:
761:J Bacteriol
597:clindamycin
592:infection.
495:Collagenase
459:Proteinases
449:C. septicum
427:Delta-toxin
415:Gamma-toxin
380:C. septicum
372:necrotizing
362:Alpha-toxin
327:infection.
1348:Categories
1150:Gorbach SL
688:2022-09-27
660:References
601:penicillin
534:caused by
421:proteinase
390:Beta-toxin
348:Toxins of
303:endospores
236:pathogenic
218:(formerly
105:Clostridia
1374:Anaerobes
295:hemolysis
143:Species:
136:Hathewaya
95:Bacillota
1292:11357992
1239:Q3317228
1233:Wikidata
1180:16231249
1132:15019495
1093:10819885
1085:12374228
1050:11168053
1002:15381836
954:16051065
847:14468017
735:14778941
628:See also
618:imipenem
453:C. novyi
433:elastase
404:collagen
224:bacteria
180:Synonyms
121:Family:
91:Phylum:
85:Bacteria
81:Domain:
1279:3226657
1112:Toxicon
909:2404569
791:5935337
474:eschars
250:History
131:Genus:
111:Order:
101:Class:
34:updated
1331:257378
1305:960744
1266:974494
1201:at Bac
1178:
1130:
1091:
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907:
900:358141
897:
845:
838:441149
835:
789:
782:314883
779:
733:
451:, and
1287:IRMNG
1089:S2CID
672:Page
1313:LPSN
1300:ITIS
1274:GBIF
1253:WBMX
1203:Dive
1176:PMID
1128:PMID
1081:PMID
1046:PMID
998:PMID
950:PMID
905:PMID
843:PMID
787:PMID
731:PMID
616:and
599:and
1261:EoL
1248:CoL
1166:doi
1120:doi
1073:doi
1036:doi
988:doi
940:doi
895:PMC
887:doi
833:PMC
825:doi
777:PMC
769:doi
721:doi
676:on
234:is
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