33:
255:
1428:
555:. While encouraging women to contribute to the war effort, Caraway insisted that caring for the home and family was a woman's primary task. Yet her consciousness of women's disadvantages was evident as early as 1931, when, upon being assigned the same Senate desk that had been briefly occupied by the first widow ever appointed to take her husband's place, she commented privately, "I guess they wanted as few of them contaminated as possible." Moreover, in 1943, Caraway became the first woman legislator to cosponsor the
591:
610:. Caraway's defiance of the Arkansas establishment in insisting that she was more than a temporary stand-in for her husband enabled her to set a valuable precedent for women in politics. Although she remained at the margins of power, Caraway's diligent and capable attention to Senate responsibilities won the respect of her colleagues, encouraged advocates of wider public roles for women, and demonstrated that political skills were not the exclusive property of men.
1989:
2013:
426:
The child began fretting and then began to cry. One of the young men accompanying us immediately gave it a drink of water. The child quieted for a bit and resumed a whimper, whereupon the same campaign worker handed the baby an all-day sucker, which it immediately grasped and soon fell asleep. Mrs. Caraway did not understand that it was a matter of design until it had been repeated several times.
2001:
1977:
464:, who argued that a man could more effectively promote the state's interests using the slogan, "Arkansas Needs Another Man in the Senate!" With backing from government employees, women's groups, and unions, Caraway won a narrow victory in the primary and took the general election with 89.4 percent of the vote over the
32:
281:
in
Humphreys County. Despite her family's relative poverty, she had always hoped to pursue higher education, which was made possible through the generosity of a wealthy aunt. After attending a one-room schoolhouse and Ebenezer Church in Hustburg, she transferred to Dickson (Tennessee) Normal College,
425:
Mrs. Caraway would never forget nor cease to laugh over the plans we made for caring for obstreperous infants in the audience so that their mothers might listen to the speeches without the crowds being disturbed. I remember when I saw her notice one of our campaigners take charge of the first baby.
405:
traveled to
Arkansas on a seven-day campaign swing on her behalf. She was the first female senator to preside over the body as well as the first to chair a committee (Senate Committee on Enrolled Bills). Lacking any significant political backing, Caraway accepted the offer of help from Long, whose
381:
In May 1932, Caraway surprised
Arkansas politicians by announcing that she would run for a full term in the upcoming election, joining a field already crowded with prominent candidates who had assumed she would step aside. She told reporters, "The time has passed when a woman should be placed in a
531:
that year. Although she carefully prepared herself for Senate work, Caraway spoke infrequently and rarely made speeches on the floor but built a reputation as an honest and sincere senator. She was sometimes portrayed by patronizing reporters as "Silent Hattie" or "the quiet grandmother who never
337:
when he became a U.S. senator. Although she took an interest in her husband's political career, Hattie
Caraway avoided the capital's social and political life as well as the campaign for women's suffrage. She recalled that "after equal suffrage I just added voting to cooking and sewing and other
518:
Caraway's Senate committee assignments included
Agriculture and Forestry, Commerce, and Enrolled Bills and Library, which she chaired. She sustained a special interest in relief for farmers, flood control, and veterans' benefits, all of direct concern to her constituents, and cast her votes for
406:
efforts to limit incomes of the wealthy and increase aid to the poor she had supported. Long was also motivated by sympathy for the widow and his ambition to extend his influence into the home state of his party rival, Senator
418:. Bringing his colorful and flamboyant campaign style to Arkansas, Long stumped the state with Caraway for a week just before the Democratic primary. He helped her to amass nearly twice as many votes as her closest opponent.
807:
823:
547:– held brief tenures of two years or less in the Senate, but none of them overlapped, and so there were never more than two women in the body. She supported Roosevelt's foreign policy, arguing for his
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745:
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306:, Arkansas, where he established a legal practice while she cared for the children, tended the household and kitchen garden, and helped to oversee the family's
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277:, the daughter of William Carroll Wyatt, a farmer and shopkeeper, and the former Lucy Mildred Burch. At the age of four, she moved with her family to
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367:'s backing, she easily won a special election in January 1932 for the remaining months of the term, becoming the first woman elected to the Senate.
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Thaddeus
Caraway died in office in 1931. Following the precedent of appointing widows to temporarily take their husbands' places, Arkansas governor
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in
January 1950. She died on December 21 of the same year in Falls Church, Virginia, and was buried in Oaklawn Cemetery in Jonesboro, Arkansas.
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said anything or did anything." She explained her reticence as unwillingness "to take a minute away from the men. The poor dears love it so."
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238:. She was the first woman to preside over the Senate. She won reelection to a full term in 1932 with the active support of fellow Senator
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On her final day in the Senate, she received a rare standing ovation from her all-male colleagues. Roosevelt then appointed her to the
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In her bid for reelection in 1944, Caraway placed a poor fourth in the
Democratic primary and lost to freshman U.S. Representative
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563:. However, by supporting the bill, she placed herself in opposition to powerful congressmen who condemned the bill for being
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510:. The lack of visibility with her constituents may have been the primary reason that Caraway lost the 1944 nomination.
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1372:
473:
270:
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at
Fayetteville who had already gained a national reputation. To claim the seat, Fulbright defeated sitting Governor
476:. In doing so, she became not only the first woman to be elected to the Senate, but also the first to be re-elected.
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Long effectively used a method to quiet crying babies at campaign stops in
Arkansas to encourage voter interest:
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1944:
559:. In early 1944, she was an early sponsor of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, popularly known as the
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to preside over the Senate she took advantage of the situation to announce that she would run for reelection.
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738:"Hattie Caraway, the First Woman Elected to the U.S. Senate, Faced a Familiar Struggle With Gender Politics"
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position and kept there only while someone else is being groomed for the job." When she was invited by
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gave her a post on the Employees' Compensation Appeals Board, on which she served until suffering a
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appointed Hattie Caraway to the vacant seat, and she was sworn into office on December 9.
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856:"CARAWAY, Hattie Wyatt | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"
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Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
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at Oaklawn Cemetery in Jonesboro, Arkansas, was listed in 2007 on the
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1107:
Silent Hattie Speaks: The Personal Journal of Senator Hattie Caraway
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During her tenure in the Senate, three other women – Long's widow,
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Suzi Parker, "Bill Clinton's native Arkansas no friend to women,"
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263:
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University of Arkansas, Special Collections Department, MS C176
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and voted against anti-lynching legislation along with other
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degree. She taught school for a time before in 1902 marrying
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who became the first woman elected to serve a full term as a
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bill from her perspective as a mother with two sons in the
983:
Women's Political Discourse: A 21st-Century Perspective
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Democratic Party United States senators from Arkansas
1965:
523:
measure. In 1938, she joined fellow Southerners in a
1134:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
498:. He was the young, dynamic former president of the
290:, whom she had met in college. They had three sons:
1912:
1861:
1810:
1754:
1693:
1637:
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1435:
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944:
American Women during World War II: An Encyclopedia
925:
Every Man a King: The Autobiography of Huey P. Long
200:
189:
161:
151:
130:
102:
97:
81:
69:
46:
23:
1823:Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority’s Beta Pi Omega Chapter
886:"Women in Congress: Statistics and Brief Overview"
649:Encyclopedia of Women's History in America, 2nd ed
980:Molly A. Mayhead; Brenda DeVore Marshall (2005).
687:"Huey Long and the Presidential Election of 1936"
1629:Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools
931:: National Book Club, Inc., 1933), pp. 313–314.
606:senators. She was generally a supporter of the
294:, Forrest, and Robert; Paul and Forrest became
486:1944 United States Senate election in Arkansas
452:1938 United States Senate election in Arkansas
434:in November, with the accompanying victory of
377:1932 United States Senate election in Arkansas
223:(February 1, 1878 – December 21, 1950) was an
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1162:United States Senator (Class 3) from Arkansas
8:
65:November 13, 1931 – January 3, 1945
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456:In 1938, Caraway entered a tough fight for
1670:Religious Sisters of Mercy of the Americas
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1537:
1529:
1305:
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1283:
1141:
1012:"Hattie Ophelia Wyatt Caraway (1878–1950)"
778:Senator Hattie Caraway: An Arkansas Legacy
31:
20:
1879:Hispanic Women's Organization of Arkansas
986:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47.
2079:People from Humphreys County, Tennessee
1972:
941:Weatherford, Doris (October 13, 2009).
652:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 40–41.
638:
506:and then the Republican Victor Wade of
313:The Caraways established a second home
182: 1902; died 1931)
1067:"National Register Information System"
1047:from the original on February 16, 2019
1010:Crawford, Julienne (January 7, 2022).
866:from the original on February 15, 2019
327:United States House of Representatives
1109:, edited by Diane D. Kincaid (1979),
1005:
1003:
961:from the original on January 20, 2021
902:from the original on January 23, 2020
709:from the original on November 2, 2020
496:Arkansas's 3rd congressional district
333:, and he served in that office until
7:
2084:Politicians from Jonesboro, Arkansas
1314:United States senators from Arkansas
1072:National Register of Historic Places
850:
848:
846:
844:
748:from the original on January 8, 2020
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
627:National Register of Historic Places
1828:Diane Frances Divers Kincaid Blair
1037:"Arago: 76-cent Hattie W. Caraway"
776:Hendricks, Nancy (April 9, 2013).
666:from the original on June 30, 2020
572:Employees' Compensation Commission
414:'s vice-presidential candidate in
14:
2094:First women legislative speakers
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1426:
895:. December 6, 2019. p. 13.
1209:Senate Enrolled Bills Committee
460:, challenged by Representative
179:
18:American politician (1878–1950)
1802:Women’s Foundation of Arkansas
1129:"Hattie Caraway (id: C000138)"
893:Congressional Research Service
646:Kathryn Cullen-DuPont (2009).
619:Distinguished Americans series
325:. Thaddeus was elected to the
282:wherein 1896 she received her
1:
2104:American temperance activists
2069:Female United States senators
1787:Florence Beatrice Smith Price
1560:Arkansas Women's Hall of Fame
824:"U.S. Senate: Women Senators"
2049:Schoolteachers from Arkansas
1869:Margaret Louise Sirman Clark
1843:Charlotte Tillar Schexnayder
1797:Annabelle Clinton Imber Tuck
1746:Olivetan Benedictine Sisters
621:postage stamp in her honor.
615:United States Postal Service
365:Democratic Party of Arkansas
221:Hattie Ophelia Wyatt Caraway
1094:Hattie Wyatt Caraway Papers
430:Caraway went on to win the
262:Hattie Wyatt was born near
2120:
2089:Women in Arkansas politics
685:Snyder, Robert E. (1975).
613:On February 21, 2001, the
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2099:Suffragists from Arkansas
1848:Louise McPhetridge Thaden
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2054:American women educators
1945:Adolphine Fletcher Terry
1782:Bessie Grace Boehm Moore
1226:Party political offices
1127:United States Congress.
1016:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
947:. Taylor & Francis.
810:August 18, 2019, at the
302:. The couple settled in
206:Dickson Normal College (
1925:Dorothy McFadden Hoover
594:Grave of Hattie Caraway
1171:Joseph Taylor Robinson
595:
557:Equal Rights Amendment
500:University of Arkansas
428:
259:
258:Hattie Caraway in 1914
234:. Caraway represented
1955:Women's Giving Circle
1950:Joyce Williams Warren
1920:Sandra Keiser Edwards
1904:Sister Rosetta Tharpe
1077:National Park Service
921:Huey Pierce Long, Jr.
780:. The History Press.
593:
462:John Little McClellan
436:Franklin D. Roosevelt
423:
257:
232:United States Senator
48:United States Senator
1731:Elsijane Trimble Roy
1275:J. William Fulbright
1191:J. William Fulbright
742:Smithsonian Magazine
492:J. William Fulbright
107:Hattie Ophelia Wyatt
25:Hattie Wyatt Caraway
2059:Burials in Arkansas
1930:Cathy Hastings Owen
1853:Carolyn Witherspoon
1234:Thaddeus H. Caraway
1155:Thaddeus H. Caraway
604:Southern Democratic
537:Rose McConnell Long
504:Homer Martin Adkins
338:household duties."
2044:Arkansas Democrats
1762:Carolyn F. Blakely
1675:Lottie Shackelford
1168:Served alongside:
596:
553:United States Army
529:anti-lynching bill
468:C. D. Atkinson of
300:United States Army
260:
1963:
1962:
1935:Pat Steele Qualls
1884:Brownie Ledbetter
1874:Cynthia L. Conger
1721:Brinda J. Jackson
1645:Kay Kelley Arnold
1604:Roberta Fulbright
1526:
1525:
1281:
1280:
1272:Succeeded by
1216:Succeeded by
1201:Arthur Vandenberg
1188:Succeeded by
1166:1931–1945
1115:978-0-313-20820-1
993:978-1-4616-2244-4
954:978-0-203-87066-2
860:history.house.gov
787:978-1-60949-968-6
659:978-1-4381-1033-2
617:issued a 76-cent
541:Dixie Bibb Graves
474:Washington County
242:, of neighboring
218:
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134:December 21, 1950
88:William Fulbright
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288:Thaddeus Caraway
284:Bachelor of Arts
273:in west-central
271:Humphreys County
204:Ebenezer College
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168:Thaddeus Caraway
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117:February 1, 1878
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1079:. July 9, 2010.
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828:www.senate.gov
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805:March 27, 2012
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440:U.S. President
387:Charles Curtis
384:Vice President
375:Main article:
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16:
1716:Ruth Hawkins
1701:Maya Angelou
1624:Alice Walton
1609:Mary L. Good
1588:
1497:
1245:U.S. Senator
1243:nominee for
1239:
1206:
1169:
1160:
1132:
1106:
1070:
1061:
1051:February 15,
1049:. Retrieved
1041:arago.si.edu
1040:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
982:
975:
965:November 11,
963:. Retrieved
943:
936:
924:
916:
904:. Retrieved
880:
870:February 15,
868:. Retrieved
859:
831:. Retrieved
827:
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802:
796:
777:
750:. Retrieved
741:
713:November 30,
711:. Retrieved
694:
690:
680:
668:. Retrieved
648:
641:
612:
597:
569:
534:
517:
489:
470:Fayetteville
455:
429:
424:
420:
397:and Senator
380:
362:
359:January 1932
345:
342:U.S. Senator
312:
261:
220:
219:
141:Falls Church
136:(1950-12-21)
83:Succeeded by
60:
15:
2039:1950 deaths
2034:1878 births
1772:Sue Griffin
1767:Karen Flake
1680:Patti Upton
1579:Daisy Bates
1146:U.S. Senate
929:New Orleans
752:January 17,
545:Gladys Pyle
527:against an
71:Preceded by
2028:Categories
1685:Pat Walker
1498:H. Caraway
1493:T. Caraway
1408:Hutchinson
1241:Democratic
1213:1933–1945
1121:References
906:January 9,
697:(2): 129.
549:Lend-Lease
525:filibuster
508:Batesville
466:Republican
458:reelection
315:Riversdale
267:Bakerville
250:Early life
228:politician
156:Democratic
120:Bakerville
113:1878-02-01
2074:Huey Long
2006:Education
1982:Biography
1899:Amy Rossi
1503:Fulbright
1393:McClellan
1373:Kavanaugh
1338:Sebastian
565:socialist
561:G.I. Bill
403:Louisiana
399:Huey Long
363:With the
354:Elections
304:Jonesboro
275:Tennessee
244:Louisiana
240:Huey Long
201:Education
124:Tennessee
61:In office
2018:Politics
1940:Nan Snow
1726:Pat Lile
1413:M. Pryor
1403:D. Pryor
1378:Robinson
1368:Heiskell
1343:McDonald
1249:Arkansas
1045:Archived
959:Archived
897:Archived
864:Archived
808:Archived
746:Archived
707:Archived
670:July 11,
664:Archived
608:New Deal
521:New Deal
412:Al Smith
395:Governor
391:Populist
323:Maryland
296:generals
279:Hustburg
236:Arkansas
225:American
190:Children
145:Virginia
53:Arkansas
1968:Portals
1838:Jo Luck
1518:Boozman
1513:Lincoln
1508:Bumpers
1458:Mitchel
1453:Johnson
1448:Borland
1436:Class 3
1388:Spencer
1353:Garland
1348:Clayton
1321:Class 2
1254:Class 3
1021:May 11,
833:May 11,
703:4231456
393:former
298:in the
184:
176:
172:
1483:Clarke
1473:Walker
1468:Dorsey
1443:Sevier
1418:Cotton
1398:Hodges
1383:Miller
1333:Ashley
1328:Fulton
1113:
990:
951:
784:
701:
656:
586:Legacy
580:stroke
543:, and
514:Tenure
310:farm.
308:cotton
162:Spouse
147:, U.S.
126:, U.S.
1488:Kirby
1478:Jones
1363:Davis
1358:Berry
1247:from
900:(PDF)
889:(PDF)
699:JSTOR
633:Notes
264:rural
178:(
174:
51:from
1913:2022
1862:2020
1811:2019
1755:2018
1694:2017
1638:2016
1567:2015
1463:Rice
1268:1938
1111:ISBN
1053:2019
1023:2022
988:ISBN
967:2020
949:ISBN
908:2020
872:2019
835:2022
782:ISBN
754:2020
715:2020
672:2016
654:ISBN
480:1944
446:1938
416:1928
371:1932
335:1921
331:1912
292:Paul
195:Paul
131:Died
103:Born
494:of
472:in
438:as
329:in
317:at
269:in
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111:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
