573:, released Cabinet papers and minutes setting out intentions for reform of service delivery and funding arrangements for the three waters services nationwide. The Cabinet paper identified affordability and capability as two key challenges facing New Zealand's three waters service delivery infrastructure. The paper proposed transferring control and administration of three water provision services to a new entity that would focus on the provision of water services. The Government indicated that it would work with local government bodies to explore options for transitioning councils to new service delivery arrangements and investigate opportunities for collaborative approaches to water service delivery.
850:
1998, there had been a previous incident of contamination of drinking water at
Havelock North, but that the lessons from that incident had been forgotten. Another key finding was that several of the parties with responsibility for the water supply regime for Havelock North had failed to adhere to the high levels of care and diligence needed to protect public health and to avoid outbreaks of serious illness. The Inquiry concluded that a higher standard of care was needed, similar to that applied in the fields of medicine and aviation where the consequences of a failure could similarly be illness, injury or death.
492:
the next decade, split between $ 11.6 billion in waste and stormwater, and $ 5.6 billion for water supply. However, more than half of the planned investment in waste and stormwater is to replace assets that are at the end of their working life, with only a quarter of the money allocated for additions and improvements. They claimed that further new investment in water infrastructure is needed to cope with a growing population and the demands of the
Government's three waters review, aimed at improving the quality of drinking water, storm water and waste water.
1069:. One of the main conclusions was that the three councils had a reactive approach to understanding flood risk, by relying mostly on the information collected after a flood. The lack of forecasting could lead to a poor understanding of the risk and cost of future events, and inadequate preparation. The review also noted that the three councils were spending less than the annual depreciation amount on re-investment in stormwater systems, and that under-investment could lead to stormwater systems failing to contain and minimise flooding.
175:
3014:
459:. The increased rate was proposed to be $ 1800 per household by 2025 (almost four times the current rate), and $ 2000 by 2030. A former councillor said: "Most people in Inangahua Junction are pensioners; they're on low fixed incomes and they simply have no ability to pay these sorts of fees". The mayor of Buller District said that the planned increases related to the requirements to comply with government-mandated drinking water standards for public water supplies.
448:
range in charges is even greater at over ten times as much ($ 1,217 versus $ 116/year). In the most expensive jurisdiction, the average customer will have a water and wastewater bill of over $ 1,700. For those who depend on the single living-alone superannuation payment, the water and wastewater bill in the most expensive region constitutes over 8% of their income. For those dependent on the sole parent support payment, it constitutes more than 10% of their income.
269:. As of 15 April 2020, the Drinking Water online database included records of water supplied to an estimated population of approximately 4.1 million. This indicates that around 85% of the estimated total population of New Zealand at that date receive water from a registered supplier. The balance of the population (approximately 15%) rely upon small self-managed supplies including roof rainwater collection systems.
42:
783:. However, some communities have water sources derived from deep aquifers that they consider are "secure" or low risk without chlorination. There is opposition to chlorination in some of these communities. However, Water New Zealand, the industry association that represents 1900 water engineers and specialists, advocates for chlorination of all public water supplies.
696:
rainwater is "pure" and safe to drink. Indeed, the risk of disease arising from roof-collected rainwater consumption can be low, providing that the water is visibly clear, has little taste or smell and, most importantly, the storage and collection of rainwater is via a properly maintained tank and roof catchment system.
261:, including the sixth of the 17 goals which is to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. While the New Zealand Government has expressed its commitment to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, it is yet to announce any specific policy or data strategy for that purpose.
837:
In
September 2016, the Government announced an Inquiry into the outbreak, in two stages. Stage 1 focused on identifying what happened, what caused the outbreak, and assessing the conduct of those responsible for providing safe drinking water to Havelock North. Stage 2 of the Inquiry addressed lessons
695:
In New
Zealand more than 10% of the population depends on roof-collected rainwater systems for their drinking water – especially in rural areas that are not served by municipal town water supplies. Roof-collected rainwater consumption is also popular because the general public has the perception that
673:
In early August 2024, Brown announced that council-controlled organisations would be able to borrow money for water infrastructure from the Local
Government Funding Agency. The Government also introduced its first Local Water Done Well bill which is expected to pass into law in August 2024. Under the
624:
representatives reviewed issues of representation, governance and accountability, and reported back in March 2022 with 47 recommendations. In April 2022, the government accepted 44 of the recommendations. Key changes to the original proposals included providing shareholdings for councils in the four
1072:
In the summary of findings, the
Auditor-General noted that all councils face challenges when managing their stormwater systems, including ageing infrastructure, limited capacity, managing costs to the community, and having the right people and skills in their organisations. The main recommendations
798:
of public water supplies is undertaken in most public water supplies, typically at a rate between 0.7 and 1.0 mg/L. A report by the Office of the Prime
Minister's Chief Science Advisor issued in 2021 confirmed previous studies that showed a positive impact of fluoridation on dental health, and
717:
The 2018-19 National
Performance Review includes data about water supply volumes from the participants in the study. Residential consumption is estimated because only around 50% of residential properties nationwide have a meter installed. Water New Zealand noted that in this annual review, the total
491:
An economist from
Infometrics questioned whether the investment programme was focussed in the areas of greatest need, and pointed to New Zealand's ageing water infrastructure. Their analysis of council expenditure plans found that investment in the three waters is expected to be $ 17.2 billion over
222:
A major programme of nationwide reform is being developed by central government, with the aim of rationalizing the provision of services for the three waters. It is proposed that a small number of large publicly owned entities will be established to own and manage the three waters assets across the
1052:
In its summary of the findings from the
National Performance Review 2018–19, Water New Zealand observed that management of stormwater quality is not yet widespread. Stormwater quality monitoring programmes and/or catchment management plans are in place for just over half the Review's participants.
858:
The recommendations arising from Stage 2 of the Inquiry including wide-ranging proposals for legislative and regulatory changes to drive systematic improvements in the management of drinking water nationwide. The recommendations also included mandatory treatment of all drinking water networks and
849:
secure from contaminants. The District Council did not treat water drawn from this aquifer before it was distributed to consumers. During a period of heavy rain, a paddock adjacent to the bore became inundated, and sheep faeces caused contamination of the bore water. The Inquiry found that in July
550:
required that around 2,000 water suppliers must prepare a primary water safety plan, and set a deadline of November 2022. Around 1200 of the 2000 water suppliers were also required to produce a risk management plan dealing with the sources of their water, but many missed the deadline. By May 2023,
532:
launched a review of the regulation and supply arrangements of drinking water, wastewater and stormwater (three waters). This review ran in parallel with the later stages of the Inquiry into the Havelock North drinking water contamination of 2016. The Three Waters Review was published in January
471:
published a report reviewing how well public organisations are managing water resources and delivering water-related services. In the introduction to the report, the Auditor-General observed a lack of clarity about the issues in managing the three waters, how to address them, and who will deliver
862:
The Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) carried out genome-sequencing on the campylobacter strain that was found in sick people during the outbreak. The subsequent research has shown that some people living outside Havelock North, but who visited the area during the time of the
703:
and the relative abundance of rain-fall ensures that water shortages are relatively uncommon. Regional authorities provide abstraction, treatment and distribution infrastructure to most developed areas. Many municipal systems draw water from deep aquifers thus avoiding the cost of long pipelines.
447:
Average water and wastewater charges are slightly under $ 850 per year. However, water and wastewater charges vary significantly around New Zealand. Consumers in some areas are paying over three times as much as for water as those in other areas ($ 863/year versus $ 262/year). For wastewater, the
196:
There is widespread evidence of ageing and failing infrastructure for the three waters (drinking water, stormwater and wastewater), and growing awareness of a multi-billion dollar national infrastructure deficit. In some regions there are forecast to be huge, and in some cases unaffordable cost
280:
Key data about the three waters (water, wastewater, and stormwater) is made publicly available in a National Performance Review undertaken by an industry body Water New Zealand. This review has been undertaken annually since 2008, to provide a performance assessment of service provision and the
897:
The Ministry of Health provides an annual report on the drinking-water quality of all registered networked drinking-water supplies serving populations of more than 100 people. The report for the period 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018 describes compliance with the requirements of the Drinking-water
537:
announced plans for regulatory changes in response to the Three Waters Review including establishing a new, dedicated drinking water regulator, extending regulatory coverage to all drinking water supplies; providing a multi-barrier approach to drinking water treatment and safety; strengthening
3002:
708:
was of sufficiently good quality that no disinfection of final water was practised until the recent earthquake events. Following restoration of the network the water is no longer chlorinated. Water taken from shallower or less secure aquifers are at risk of contamination.
223:
country. The reforms include complete separation of asset ownership from the existing territorial authorities. The nationwide reform programme is being developed in partnership with local government and iwi/Māori as the Crown's Treaty partner. In late October 2021, the
1053:
Consents for stormwater discharge are even less widespread. Only eight participants had all stormwater discharges consented. Most commonly, participants had consents for less than 10% of the network, and six participants had no stormwater discharge consents whatsoever.
770:
In the 2019 fiscal year, participants reported 119 million cubic meters of water was lost in their water supply systems, equivalent to over 47,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools. This constituted 18% of the 555 million cubic meters of water supplied to the system.
883:
was issued. The regulator Taumata Arowai issued a compliance order to the Queenstown Lakes District Council for one of its water treatment plants, because it did not have a protozoa barrier to prevent cryptosporidium entering the water supply.
879:, with most cases located in the central business area and affecting people under the age of 40. Health officials were unable to immediately link the cases, or identify the source of the outbreak, and described the outbreak as very unusual. A
799:
no significant adverse effects. In 2021, the Health (Fluoridation of Drinking Water) Amendment Bill was passed, transferring control over the decision to fluoridate drinking water from local councils to the Director-General of Health.
983:
Wellington and the Hutt Valley were the last major urban centres to cease the disposal of untreated sewage to the ocean. Fine screening was introduced in the 1980s and secondary treatment plants were installed between 1996 and 2002.
1944:
2088:
2643:
863:
outbreak, were also affected. The study suggests that the total number of campylobacteriosis cases traceable to the water contamination could be as high as 8320, with up to 2230 of these living outside of Havelock North.
2311:
2766:
1246:
580:" to transfer management of storm water, drinking water and wastewater to four new entities by July 2024. These entities would be managed by independent boards jointly elected by a group set up by councils and Māori
1056:
In 2018, the Auditor-General reviewed the management of stormwater by three councils, to gain insights into how these councils were managing the risk of flooding in their communities. The councils reviewed were
2482:
2056:
1664:
2966:
2504:
264:
Access to drinking water provided by registered suppliers (as opposed to self-supply) can be estimated from the reports into the safety of drinking water from registered suppliers that are published by
2219:
2387:
2859:
2421:
1214:
1191:
2014:
2188:
281:
protection of public health and the environment. The participants in the 2020-21 review included 38 (of 64) service providers, with service areas covering 87% of the New Zealand population.
2253:
617:'s Te Maire Tau, the co-chair of Te Kura Taka Pini (the tribe's freshwater group), welcomed the Three Water reforms, claiming they would improve water services and environmental outcomes.
289:
The 38 participants in the 2020-21 review (covering 87% of the population), manage assets with a total book value exceeding $ 40 billion. A summary of assets is given in the table below.
215:
There are also significant challenges in meeting statutory requirements for the safety of drinking water, and the environmental expectations for management of stormwater and wastewater.
1281:
272:
In their National Performance Review 2020–21, Water New Zealand reported that 86% of residential properties are connected to a water network, and 85% connected to a wastewater network.
2676:
767:
The median of the average daily water consumption across participants is 263 litres per person per day, but there is a large spread in residential water efficiency in different areas.
1959:
1921:
3559:
2736:
2078:
1716:
551:
only 750 plans had been received, although the plans that included a separate risk management covered 86% of the population, leaving only smaller suppliers who were yet to comply.
1861:
3662:
3454:
3327:
2650:
2321:
2275:
2121:
1306:
2959:
2758:
2706:
718:
volume of non-residential water use is under-represented, and residential consumption overestimated, as some participants did not provide volumes of non-residential water use.
3799:
1236:
1786:
212:
billion on water pipe maintenance and upgrades in Wellington city, and an additional $ 147 to $ 208 million for plant upgrades at the Moa Point wastewater treatment plant.
3768:
1566:
3609:
2997:
2987:
649:
repealed the previous Labour Government's Three Waters legislation. The Government also announced that it would introduce its own water infrastructure reforms known as "
2157:
3707:
3614:
2474:
2046:
3619:
2952:
1353:
266:
2788:
2614:
2536:
1672:
3529:
3332:
2353:
1087:
1073:
concern the need for improved investment decision making, based upon better information about flood risks, and the performance and capacity of stormwater assets.
692:. However, although the population is relatively small, the population density in North Island is much greater than in South Island where most of the rain falls.
2511:
1819:
468:
2992:
2211:
1690:
496:
3342:
3159:
3154:
3049:
2852:
2562:
2376:
688:
New Zealand enjoys high rainfall, especially within the West Coast region of the South Island and the country is notable for its many large, and sometimes
538:
government oversight of wastewater and stormwater services; and providing transitional arrangements for water suppliers to conform to the new regulations.
1519:
3667:
3210:
3164:
1623:
664:
566:
546:
A new regulator for drinking water services was created with the passing of the Taumata Arowai - Water Services Regulator Act in 2020. The new regulator
2413:
1218:
3652:
3220:
3215:
3129:
1183:
200:
The challenges for local government include funding infrastructure deficits and preparing for large re-investments that are estimated to require $ 110
3064:
2024:
3778:
3723:
3697:
3672:
3403:
3347:
3257:
3235:
2180:
1891:
646:
529:
232:
2241:
3758:
3743:
3682:
3624:
3554:
3372:
3322:
3312:
3225:
3194:
3174:
3079:
513:
1375:
2451:
629:
was passed in December 2022. In mid-April 2023, the Government announced a major overhaul of its Three Waters reform programme, renaming it the
3809:
3773:
3748:
3728:
3687:
3494:
3474:
3449:
3382:
3307:
3247:
3179:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3104:
3099:
3029:
1645:
534:
224:
190:
1271:
3753:
3733:
3702:
3692:
3647:
3642:
3599:
3569:
3499:
3489:
3367:
3337:
3292:
3282:
3262:
3189:
3184:
3144:
3034:
2684:
1913:
1456:
193:
including city councils in urban areas and district councils in rural areas. As at 2021, there are 67 different asset-owning organisations.
3738:
3677:
3584:
3514:
3387:
3362:
3277:
3252:
3240:
3230:
3169:
3109:
3094:
3084:
3069:
3044:
674:
legislation, local councils have a year to develop plans for funding water services they need and ensuring their financial sustainability.
660:
1752:
987:
Rural communities and isolated housing is served by septic tanks or by chemical toilets or earth closets depending on location and usage.
3377:
2728:
1726:
3763:
3657:
3317:
3302:
3272:
3267:
3119:
1853:
251:
3469:
2289:
2111:
1316:
179:
3418:
2698:
3534:
1157:
2588:
1796:
1128:
670:
jointly announced that Auckland would avoid a 25.8 percent rates increase as part of the Government's Local Water Done Well plan.
626:
3594:
3352:
3089:
1558:
3408:
3297:
3287:
630:
577:
560:
228:
3524:
3357:
1404:
363:
The 2020-21 National Performance Review provides a summary of capital and operational expenditure on the three waters assets.
3579:
3574:
3459:
3074:
3059:
3039:
2887:
2147:
1592:
3604:
3564:
3509:
3504:
3484:
3479:
3464:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3054:
3589:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3519:
3114:
3804:
485:
258:
1984:
1686:
1430:
1341:
257:
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. At its heart are 17
2804:
2618:
2540:
517:
451:
The challenges for the affordability of modern safe water supplies in small townships were highlighted in 2021 when the
2903:
2343:
242:
The privately owned water supply schemes that service many small rural areas are not included in the reform programme.
231:, which aims to centralise the management and provision of water utilities services by 2024. In mid-February 2024, the
499:
estimated that investment of $ 110 billion in the three waters assets could be required over the next 30 to 40 years.
1831:
829:
entered the town's water supply. Of the town's 13,000 residents, 5,500 fell ill, 45 were hospitalised and four died.
1486:
1066:
606:
838:
learned for the future and steps to be implemented to reduce the likelihood of such an outbreak occurring again.
216:
2566:
1535:
625:
new water entities, and increased legislative protection against future privatisation of the water assets. The
602:
1615:
3814:
876:
633:. The proposed four water services entities were expanded into ten entities but would retain the same split
452:
205:
204:
billion over the next 30 to 40 years. As one example of the scale of expenditure required, in May 2021, the
174:
650:
236:
2249:
2083:
1955:
1827:
1760:
1349:
969:
1883:
1028:
592:
17:
1022:
2933:
2759:"Queenstown cryptosporidium outbreak: Council served with compliance order for water treatment plant"
2443:
1082:
1062:
1058:
991:
898:
Standards for New Zealand and progress made towards meeting the requirements of the Health Act 1956.
791:
683:
2312:"Auckland's new water plan unveiled by Mayor Wayne Brown and Local Government Minister Simeon Brown"
1945:"Proactive release of Cabinet material about three waters service delivery and funding arrangements"
1649:
3819:
3013:
880:
822:
599:
1460:
795:
780:
456:
1379:
1764:
2796:
2316:
2116:
2051:
1791:
1721:
1527:
1311:
1276:
842:
779:
Most drinking water supplied through reticulated networks in New Zealand is disinfected using
657:
585:
2377:"The microbiological quality of roof-collected rainwater of private dwellings in New Zealand"
846:
584:(tribes). These proposed reforms were criticised by several local council leaders including
2475:"Health (Fluoridation of Drinking Water) Amendment Bill passes final reading in Parliament"
637:
structure consisting of representatives of local councils and mana whenua representatives.
235:
repealed the Three Waters programme and announced its own water reform programme known as "
2891:
2152:
2079:"Wellington mayor disappointed by Government's move to force through Three Waters reforms"
1665:"Government set to announce $ 12b infrastructure splurge, with a lot of it going to roads"
1241:
1237:"Government pushes ahead with Three Waters reform, will take water services from councils"
872:
859:
certain self-supplied systems, and the review of drinking water standards and guidelines.
700:
610:
2944:
2924:
2047:"South Island councils disappointed by govt decision to push through Three Waters reform"
621:
2001:
Progress update – February 2020 – Three waters service delivery and funding arrangements
1153:
2592:
1120:
965:
818:
786:
Water supplies in New Zealand generally have low concentrations of naturally-occurring
595:
3793:
1748:
826:
689:
634:
570:
2885:
How many municipal wastewater treatment plants discharge to land, sea, lake, river?
1408:
705:
667:
41:
2884:
2827:
2505:"The Economic Costs of the Havelock North August 2016 Waterborne Disease Outbreak"
2143:
1588:
614:
2212:"Three waters: Councils to be shareholders as government accepts recommendations"
576:
On 27 October 2021, Mahuta confirmed that the Government would proceed with its "
2539:. Attorney-General, Hon Christopher Finlayson. 12 September 2017. Archived from
1004:
32:
1434:
1988:
1694:
2800:
1531:
2907:
841:
The drinking water for Havelock North was sourced from an aquifer under the
588:
2242:"Major shakeup will see affordable water reforms led and delivered locally"
1215:"Massive cycleways funding boost as city council signs off on record spend"
472:
programmes of work. The statement called for improved national leadership.
787:
2181:"Three waters reforms: Working group urges government financial backing"
1482:
2414:"The South Island towns (and city) fighting chlorinated drinking water"
2019:
1040:
998:
512:
The legal framework includes the Health Act 1956, amended in 2007, the
2348:
2280:
1376:"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 28 July 2010 - 64/292"
653:," which would emphasise local councils' ownership of water assets.
158:
Shared between Ministry of Health and Department of Internal Affairs
1272:"Three waters reforms to be mandatory for councils - Nanaia Mahuta"
1184:"Government thinks $ 110 billion needed to fix broken water system"
480:
On 29 January 2020, the Government announced the investment of $ 12
2276:"Three Waters reset: Mega-entities scrapped as new model proposed"
1034:
1016:
973:
925:
Implementation of a water safety plan for the supply has commenced
914:
Water complies with all the legislative requirements under the Act
173:
2906:. Office of the Auditor-General. 10 December 2018. Archived from
2677:"Havelock North campylobacter study estimates 8320 were infected"
2617:. Department of Internal Affairs. 6 December 2017. Archived from
1987:. Hon Nanaia Mahuta, Minister of Local Government. Archived from
964:
All significant sized urban developments are served by municipal
2285:
1914:"Many water supplies in New Zealand still need new safety plans"
1010:
2948:
2649:. Department of Internal Affairs. December 2017. Archived from
2615:"Report of the Havelock North Drinking Water Inquiry – Stage 2"
2015:"How mayors across New Zealand reacted to Three Waters mandate"
1717:"New govt regulator to have 'final say' on safe drinking water"
219:, and providing for population growth add to these challenges.
2928:
2853:"Statement of Evidence of Stephen John Hutchison – Wastewater"
2644:"Report of the Havelock North Drinking Water Inquiry: Stage 2"
2589:"Report of the Havelock North Drinking Water Inquiry: Stage 1"
977:
871:
In September 2023, there was an outbreak of illness caused by
581:
2939:
2729:"Boil water notice for Queenstown after outbreak of sickness"
2699:"Queenstown gastro outbreak 'very unusual' - health official"
2591:. Department of Internal Affairs. 10 May 2017. Archived from
2904:"Managing stormwater systems to reduce the risk of flooding"
1854:"Mass poisoning led to law for new safe water national body"
2112:"National, ACT promise to return water assets to councils"
208:
approved a 10 year plan that included expenditure of $ 2.7
1559:"Some West Coasters facing four-fold rise in water rates"
1307:"Parliament repeals Three Waters programme under urgency"
994:
plants discharge into the following type of environment:
1154:"Central/Local Government Three Waters Reform Programme"
254:
by the United Nations General Assembly on 28 July 2010.
2563:"Government Inquiry into Havelock North Drinking Water"
2510:. Ministry of Health. 25 September 2017. Archived from
821:
experienced New Zealand's largest recorded outbreak of
704:
Some of these aquifer fed systems such as that serving
189:
is provided for most people by infrastructure owned by
2793:
Annual Review of Drinking-Water Quality in New Zealand
1884:"Taumata Arowai–the Water Services Regulator Act 2020"
1787:"New Crown agency will enforce water safety standards"
1156:. Te Tari Taiwhenua - Department of Internal Affairs.
1336:
1334:
267:
Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR)
2448:
Office of the Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor
1616:"Auditor-General: NZ not managing water well enough"
1591:. Controller and Auditor-General. 12 February 2020.
1230:
1228:
947:
Met all the monitoring requirements in the Standards
3716:
3635:
3427:
3396:
3203:
3022:
3003:
Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
2980:
2789:"Annual Report on Drinking-water Quality 2017–2018"
2537:"Havelock North Drinking-Water Inquiry established"
1820:"Independent regulator to make drinking water safe"
488:, focussing on rail, roads, schools and hospitals.
162:
154:
146:
138:
133:
125:
117:
109:
101:
93:
85:
77:
69:
61:
53:
48:
31:
2344:"New details of Three Waters replacement revealed"
1266:
1264:
790:, at levels that are insufficient to promote good
620:From November 2021, a working group of mayors and
1301:
1299:
936:Met the bacteriological requirements of Standards
2873:– via Greater Wellington Regional Council.
2565:. Department of Internal Affairs. Archived from
1648:. NZ Government. 29 January 2020. Archived from
854:Recommendations and subsequent research findings
1589:"Reflecting on our work about water management"
845:(the Te Mata aquifer) that was thought to be a
1818:David Clark; Nanaia Mahuta (25 October 2019).
1378:. United Nations. 28 July 2010. Archived from
1088:List of water supply and sanitation by country
893:Annual drinking-water quality report - 2017-18
2960:
2375:Abbott, S.; Caughley, B.; Douwes, J. (2019).
8:
2638:
2636:
1342:"Labour's Three Waters legislation repealed"
333:Combined wastewater and stormwater pipelines
867:Cryptosporidium outbreak in Queenstown 2023
3800:Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand
2967:
2953:
2945:
2148:"Ngāi Tahu Welcomes Three Waters Decision"
1177:
1175:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
187:Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand
2858:. Wellington Water Ltd. 26 January 2018.
1459:. Human Rights Commission. Archived from
1433:. Human Rights Commission. Archived from
542:Taumata Arowai - Water Services Regulator
2832:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
900:
720:
476:Asset management and investment planning
455:proposed to increase the water rates in
365:
291:
1520:"2018-2019 National Performance Review"
1392:The human right to water and sanitation
1099:
18:Havelock North gastroenteritis outbreak
2975:Water supply and sanitation by country
2769:from the original on 26 September 2023
2739:from the original on 26 September 2023
2709:from the original on 26 September 2023
1924:from the original on 26 September 2023
1864:from the original on 26 September 2023
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
817:From 12 to 29 August 2016 the town of
62:Sanitation coverage (broad definition)
28:
2865:from the original on 13 February 2022
2485:from the original on 12 November 2021
2454:from the original on 12 November 2021
2444:"Fluoridation: an update on evidence"
2424:from the original on 12 November 2021
1356:from the original on 14 February 2024
1148:
1146:
1121:"National Performance Review 2020-21"
86:Average domestic water and sewer bill
78:Average residential water use (l/p/d)
7:
2795:. Ministry of Health. 27 June 2019.
2393:from the original on 24 January 2023
2160:from the original on 27 October 2021
2124:from the original on 27 October 2021
2091:from the original on 27 October 2021
2059:from the original on 27 October 2021
1663:Coughlan, Thomas (27 January 2020).
1457:"Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation"
1284:from the original on 27 October 2021
1249:from the original on 27 October 2021
110:Share of self-financing by utilities
2356:from the original on 11 August 2024
2110:Palmer, Russell (27 October 2021).
1753:"Speech for the WaterNZ conference"
1646:"The New Zealand Upgrade Programme"
359:Capital and operational expenditure
2256:from the original on 13 April 2023
2222:from the original on 29 April 2022
2191:from the original on 28 April 2022
1626:from the original on 15 March 2020
1614:Morton, Jamie (18 February 2020).
1489:from the original on 13 April 2020
1315:. 16 February 2024. Archived from
1182:Coughlan, Thomas (26 March 2021).
1067:Thames-Coromandel District Council
197:challenges for local authorities.
139:Decentralisation to municipalities
25:
2826:Dann, Christine (11 March 2010).
2473:Smith, Anneke (9 November 2021).
2210:Palmer, Russell (29 April 2022).
1943:Nanaia Mahuta (28 January 2020).
1795:. 25 October 2019. Archived from
1595:from the original on 6 April 2020
1235:Manch, Thomas (27 October 2021).
1131:from the original on 2 April 2022
813:Havelock North contamination 2016
734:Non-residential water consumption
647:National-led coalition government
233:National-led coalition government
155:Responsibility for policy setting
54:Water coverage (broad definition)
3065:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3012:
2179:Palmer, Russell (9 March 2022).
2013:Wade, Amelia (27 October 2021).
1894:from the original on 6 June 2023
1569:from the original on 31 May 2021
1483:"Drinking Water for New Zealand"
1407:. United Nations. Archived from
1194:from the original on 2 June 2021
1160:from the original on 2 June 2021
742:Residential consumption estimate
627:Water Services Entities Act 2022
276:Three waters assets and services
105:NZD$ 1.8 billion CAPEX (2020/21)
40:
2288:. 13 April 2023. Archived from
1405:"Sustainable Development Goals"
713:Water supply volumes and losses
631:Water Services Reform Programme
561:Water Services Reform Programme
503:Reform of policy and regulation
250:Access to water and sanitation
2925:Making our drinking water safe
2883:Ministry for the Environment:
1725:. 31 July 2019. Archived from
1691:Department of Internal Affairs
1557:Williams, Lois (31 May 2021).
1213:George, Damian (27 May 2021).
555:Three Waters reforms programme
497:Department of Internal Affairs
147:Water and sanitation regulator
1:
3810:Infrastructure in New Zealand
2934:Drinking-water in New Zealand
2675:Kitchin, Tom (13 July 2020).
578:Three Waters reform programme
486:New Zealand Upgrade Programme
259:Sustainable Development Goals
229:Three Waters reform programme
2320:. 6 May 2024. Archived from
567:Minister of Local Government
518:Resource Management Act 1991
319:Network length in kilometres
2412:Lee, Julian (26 May 2018).
1524:National Performance Review
1125:National Performance Review
949:
938:
927:
916:
775:Treatment of drinking water
760:
752:
744:
736:
435:
432:
429:
424:
419:
416:
413:
405:
402:
399:
391:
388:
385:
351:
348:
345:
337:
327:
324:
321:
313:
310:
126:Share of external financing
94:Share of household metering
3836:
681:
645:In mid-February 2024, the
558:
252:was declared a human right
3009:
2936:at the Ministry of Health
2828:"Sewage, water and waste"
972:with final discharges to
665:Local Government Minister
530:Fifth National Government
514:Local Government Act 2002
217:Climate change adaptation
39:
888:Drinking water standards
758:Water supplied to system
750:Total network water loss
678:Supply of drinking water
565:On 28 January 2020, the
102:Annual investment in WSS
70:Continuity of supply (%)
1888:New Zealand Legislation
535:Sixth Labour Government
453:Buller District Council
411:Operational expenditure
206:Wellington City Council
191:territorial authorities
178:Water Pipeline through
168:Water Services Act 2021
3455:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2384:environmentfirst.co.nz
2250:New Zealand Government
2084:The New Zealand Herald
1956:New Zealand Government
1828:New Zealand Government
1761:New Zealand Government
1350:New Zealand Government
968:which drain to modern
613:parties. By contrast,
467:In February 2020, the
463:Auditor-General review
183:
118:Share of tax-financing
35:: Water and sanitation
2890:12 March 2012 at the
2765:. 20 September 2023.
2735:. 18 September 2023.
2705:. 20 September 2023.
1985:"Three Waters Review"
1751:(16 September 2019).
1687:"Three Waters Review"
1526:. Water New Zealand.
1127:. Water New Zealand.
808:Significant incidents
803:Drinking-water safety
651:Local Water Done Well
641:Local Water Done Well
605:, and the opposition
593:Mayor of Christchurch
237:Local Water Done Well
177:
3805:Water in New Zealand
3378:United Arab Emirates
1352:. 14 February 2024.
1083:Water in New Zealand
1063:Porirua City Council
1059:Dunedin City Council
992:wastewater treatment
904:Performance criteria
833:Inquiry and findings
684:Water in New Zealand
89:NZD$ 960/year (2020)
3769:Trinidad and Tobago
3560:Republic of Ireland
2450:. 11 October 2021.
2146:(27 October 2021).
2087:. 28 October 2021.
2055:. 28 October 2021.
1319:on 16 February 2024
1280:. 27 October 2021.
881:"boil water" notice
600:Mayor of Wellington
533:2019. In 2019, the
524:Three Waters Review
383:Capital expenditure
369:Type of expenditure
285:Three waters assets
3663:Dominican Republic
2998:Sub-Saharan Africa
2027:on 27 October 2021
1431:"The Global Goals"
1035:River/stream/drain
1029:Near Shore Outfall
823:waterborne disease
656:In early May 2024
457:Inangahua Junction
184:
3787:
3786:
3615:England and Wales
2940:Water New Zealand
2927:2023 podcast, at
2352:. 8 August 2024.
2317:Radio New Zealand
2252:. 13 April 2023.
2117:Radio New Zealand
2052:Radio New Zealand
1890:. 6 August 2020.
1792:Radio New Zealand
1722:Radio New Zealand
1312:Radio New Zealand
1277:Radio New Zealand
957:
956:
843:Heretaunga Plains
765:
764:
699:The low level of
658:Mayor of Auckland
586:Mayor of Auckland
528:In mid–2017, the
440:
439:
356:
355:
225:Labour Government
172:
171:
73:Mostly continuous
16:(Redirected from
3827:
3620:Northern Ireland
3419:Papua New Guinea
3017:
3016:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2946:
2912:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2803:. Archived from
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2687:on 13 July 2020.
2683:. Archived from
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2381:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2292:on 13 April 2023
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2023:. Archived from
2010:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1958:. Archived from
1949:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1920:. 11 July 2023.
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1860:. 25 July 2020.
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1830:. Archived from
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1763:. Archived from
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1693:. Archived from
1683:
1677:
1676:
1671:. Archived from
1660:
1654:
1653:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1534:. Archived from
1516:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1217:. Archived from
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1117:
1023:Long Sea Outfall
901:
847:confined aquifer
721:
483:
366:
308:Treatment plants
292:
211:
203:
44:
29:
21:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3712:
3631:
3535:North Macedonia
3423:
3392:
3199:
3018:
3011:
3007:
2976:
2973:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2910:on 1 June 2020.
2902:
2901:
2897:
2892:Wayback Machine
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2246:Beehive.govt.nz
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1952:Beehive.govt.nz
1947:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1824:Beehive.govt.nz
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1757:Beehive.govt.nz
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1675:on 1 June 2020.
1662:
1661:
1657:
1652:on 1 June 2020.
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1541:
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1518:
1517:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
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1455:
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1440:
1438:
1429:
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1414:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1346:Beehive.govt.nz
1340:
1339:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1221:on 28 May 2021.
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1119:
1118:
1101:
1096:
1079:
1050:
970:treatment works
962:
895:
890:
873:cryptosporidium
869:
856:
835:
815:
810:
805:
777:
728:
715:
701:water pollution
686:
680:
643:
563:
557:
544:
526:
510:
508:Legal framework
505:
484:billion in the
481:
478:
469:Auditor-General
465:
445:
361:
287:
278:
248:
209:
201:
167:
166:Health Act 1956
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3833:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3815:Drinking water
3812:
3807:
3802:
3792:
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3785:
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3776:
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3670:
3665:
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3655:
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3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
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3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3610:United Kingdom
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
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3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Czech Republic
3467:
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3457:
3452:
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3255:
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3207:
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3201:
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3198:
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3182:
3177:
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3008:
3006:
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2988:European Union
2984:
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2957:
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2920:
2919:External links
2917:
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819:Havelock North
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690:braided rivers
682:Main article:
679:
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596:Lianne Dalziel
559:Main article:
556:
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548:Taumata Arowai
543:
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142:In all regions
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58:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3832:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:South America
3715:
3709:
3708:United States
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:North America
3634:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
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3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
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3491:
3488:
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3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
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3468:
3466:
3463:
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3426:
3420:
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3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
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3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
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3359:
3356:
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3351:
3349:
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3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Latin America
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2861:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2807:on 2 May 2020
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2656:on 2 May 2020
2652:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2621:on 2 May 2020
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2595:on 2 May 2020
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2569:on 2 May 2020
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2543:on 2 May 2020
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2517:on 2 May 2020
2513:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2324:on 6 May 2024
2323:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1991:on 2 May 2020
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1965:on 2 May 2020
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1834:on 2 May 2020
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1799:on 2 May 2020
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1767:on 2 May 2020
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:Nanaia Mahuta
1744:
1741:
1729:on 2 May 2020
1728:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1697:on 2 May 2020
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1538:on 2 May 2020
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1463:on 2 May 2020
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1437:on 2 May 2020
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1411:on 2 May 2020
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1382:on 2 May 2020
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
993:
988:
985:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
959:
952:
946:
945:
941:
935:
934:
930:
924:
923:
919:
913:
912:
909:
906:
903:
902:
899:
892:
887:
885:
882:
878:
874:
866:
864:
860:
853:
851:
848:
844:
839:
832:
830:
828:
827:Campylobacter
824:
820:
812:
807:
802:
800:
797:
793:
792:dental health
789:
784:
782:
774:
772:
768:
757:
756:
749:
748:
741:
740:
733:
732:
726:
724:Water end use
723:
722:
719:
712:
710:
707:
702:
697:
693:
691:
685:
677:
675:
671:
669:
666:
662:
659:
654:
652:
648:
640:
638:
636:
635:co-governance
632:
628:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
571:Nanaia Mahuta
568:
562:
554:
552:
549:
541:
539:
536:
531:
523:
521:
519:
515:
507:
502:
500:
498:
495:In 2021, the
493:
489:
487:
475:
473:
470:
462:
460:
458:
454:
449:
443:Affordability
442:
427:
423:
410:
409:
396:
395:
382:
381:
377:
374:
371:
368:
367:
364:
358:
343:Pump stations
342:
341:
335:
332:
331:
318:
317:
307:
306:
302:
299:
296:
294:
293:
290:
284:
282:
275:
273:
270:
268:
262:
260:
255:
253:
245:
243:
240:
238:
234:
230:
227:launched its
226:
220:
218:
213:
207:
198:
194:
192:
188:
182:, New Zealand
181:
176:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
27:
19:
3413:
3343:Saudi Arabia
3160:South Africa
3155:Sierra Leone
3050:Burkina Faso
2908:the original
2898:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2847:
2837:28 September
2835:. Retrieved
2831:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:the original
2792:
2783:
2773:26 September
2771:. Retrieved
2762:
2753:
2743:26 September
2741:. Retrieved
2732:
2723:
2713:26 September
2711:. Retrieved
2702:
2693:
2685:the original
2680:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2651:the original
2623:. Retrieved
2619:the original
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2567:the original
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2541:the original
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2512:the original
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2478:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2447:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2417:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2383:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2347:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:the original
2315:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2290:the original
2279:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2245:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2215:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2184:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2151:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2115:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2082:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2050:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:the original
2018:
2008:
2000:
1993:. Retrieved
1989:the original
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1960:the original
1951:
1938:
1928:26 September
1926:. Retrieved
1917:
1908:
1898:26 September
1896:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1868:26 September
1866:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1823:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1790:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1756:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:the original
1720:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1681:
1673:the original
1668:
1658:
1650:the original
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1619:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1562:
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:the original
1523:
1491:. Retrieved
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:the original
1399:
1391:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1345:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1310:
1286:. Retrieved
1275:
1251:. Retrieved
1240:
1219:the original
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1187:
1162:. Retrieved
1133:. Retrieved
1124:
1071:
1055:
1051:
989:
986:
982:
963:
896:
870:
861:
857:
840:
836:
816:
796:Fluoridation
785:
781:chlorination
778:
769:
766:
761:563,158,850
753:119,010,271
745:316,963,581
737:127,184,998
716:
706:Christchurch
698:
694:
687:
672:
668:Simeon Brown
655:
644:
619:
575:
564:
547:
545:
527:
511:
494:
490:
479:
466:
450:
446:
425:
372:Water supply
362:
288:
279:
271:
263:
256:
249:
241:
221:
214:
199:
195:
186:
185:
134:Institutions
26:
3668:El Salvador
3595:Switzerland
3530:Netherlands
3414:New Zealand
3397:Australasia
3353:South Korea
3333:Philippines
3211:Afghanistan
3165:South Sudan
3090:Ivory Coast
2489:12 November
2458:12 November
2428:12 November
1360:18 February
1323:18 February
1005:Groundwater
661:Wayne Brown
603:Andy Foster
378:Stormwater
303:Stormwater
33:New Zealand
3820:Sanitation
3794:Categories
3653:Costa Rica
3409:East Timor
3298:Kyrgyzstan
3288:Kazakhstan
3221:Bangladesh
3216:Azerbaijan
3130:Mozambique
2164:27 October
2128:27 October
2095:28 October
2063:27 October
2031:27 October
1288:27 October
1253:27 October
1094:References
1048:Stormwater
960:Sanitation
907:Population
877:Queenstown
375:Wastewater
300:Wastewater
163:Sector law
81:281 (2020)
3779:Venezuela
3724:Argentina
3698:Nicaragua
3673:Guatemala
3525:Lithuania
3404:Australia
3358:Sri Lanka
3348:Singapore
3328:Palestine
3258:Indonesia
3236:Hong Kong
2981:By region
2801:1179-2604
2360:11 August
2144:Ngāi Tahu
1620:NZ Herald
1532:2422-9970
950:3,531,000
939:3,751,000
928:3,810,000
917:3,250,000
615:Ngāi Tahu
589:Phil Goff
180:Waitakere
3759:Paraguay
3744:Colombia
3683:Honduras
3625:Scotland
3580:Slovenia
3575:Slovakia
3555:Portugal
3460:Bulgaria
3373:Thailand
3323:Pakistan
3313:Malaysia
3226:Cambodia
3195:Zimbabwe
3175:Tanzania
3080:Ethiopia
3075:Eswatini
3060:Cameroon
3040:Botswana
2888:Archived
2860:Archived
2811:27 April
2767:Archived
2737:Archived
2707:Archived
2483:Archived
2452:Archived
2422:Archived
2397:29 April
2388:Archived
2354:Archived
2296:19 April
2260:19 April
2254:Archived
2226:29 April
2220:Archived
2195:29 April
2189:Archived
2158:Archived
2122:Archived
2089:Archived
2057:Archived
1995:26 April
1969:26 April
1922:Archived
1892:Archived
1862:Archived
1624:Archived
1593:Archived
1567:Archived
1542:27 April
1487:Archived
1467:30 April
1441:30 April
1415:30 April
1386:30 April
1354:Archived
1282:Archived
1247:Archived
1192:Archived
1158:Archived
1135:13 April
1129:Archived
1077:See also
990:The 135
953:(92.0%)
942:(97.7%)
931:(99.3%)
920:(84.7%)
788:fluoride
607:National
516:and the
433:$ 1,264M
430:$ 1,299M
397:Interest
3774:Uruguay
3749:Ecuador
3729:Bolivia
3688:Jamaica
3605:Ukraine
3565:Romania
3510:Iceland
3505:Hungary
3495:Germany
3485:Finland
3480:Estonia
3475:Denmark
3465:Croatia
3450:Belgium
3445:Austria
3440:Armenia
3435:Albania
3383:Vietnam
3308:Lebanon
3248:Georgia
3180:Tunisia
3150:Senegal
3140:Nigeria
3135:Namibia
3125:Morocco
3105:Liberia
3100:Lesotho
3055:Burundi
3030:Algeria
2660:7 April
2625:3 April
2599:3 April
2573:3 April
2547:3 April
2521:3 April
2020:Newshub
1838:7 April
1803:7 April
1771:7 April
1733:7 April
1701:7 April
1630:7 April
1599:7 April
1485:. ESR.
1041:Wetland
999:Estuary
976:or the
436:$ 386M
420:$ 118M
392:$ 237M
328:18,452
3754:Guyana
3734:Brazil
3703:Panama
3693:Mexico
3648:Canada
3643:Belize
3600:Turkey
3590:Sweden
3570:Russia
3550:Poland
3545:Serbia
3540:Norway
3520:Latvia
3500:Greece
3490:France
3428:Europe
3368:Taiwan
3338:Russia
3293:Kuwait
3283:Jordan
3263:Israel
3190:Zambia
3185:Uganda
3145:Rwanda
3115:Malawi
3035:Angola
3023:Africa
2869:22 May
2799:
2349:1 News
2281:1 News
1573:31 May
1530:
1198:30 May
1164:30 May
1065:, and
966:sewers
727:Volume
482:
417:$ 465M
414:$ 376M
406:$ 31M
389:$ 714M
386:$ 868M
325:26,309
322:42,559
246:Access
210:
202:
3739:Chile
3678:Haiti
3585:Spain
3515:Italy
3388:Yemen
3363:Syria
3278:Japan
3253:India
3241:Macau
3231:China
3170:Sudan
3110:Libya
3095:Kenya
3085:Ghana
3070:Egypt
3045:Benin
2863:(PDF)
2856:(PDF)
2654:(PDF)
2647:(PDF)
2515:(PDF)
2508:(PDF)
2418:Stuff
2391:(PDF)
2380:(PDF)
2328:8 May
2153:Scoop
1963:(PDF)
1948:(PDF)
1669:Stuff
1493:4 May
1242:Stuff
1188:Stuff
974:river
622:Māori
426:Total
403:$ 85M
400:$ 56M
349:2,942
297:Water
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