394:, thus giving each country a portion of its claim, but entirely disregarding the real problem involved. The original negotiators might, logically, have intended the line to be drawn either as the British claimed or as the Americans claimed; certainly they had no intention of dividing the channel islands between the two ... There can be scarcely any doubt that Lord Alverstone's final pronouncement was merely an attempt to rationalize a political expedient ... In all but one case they seem justified by the facts, and yet that one case of political compromise tarnished the whole award.
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33:
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449:", historian F. W. Gibson concluded that Canadians vented their anger less upon the United States and "to a greater degree upon Great Britain for having offered such feeble resistance to American aggressiveness. The circumstances surrounding the settlement of the dispute produced serious dissatisfaction with Canada's position in the British Empire." Infuriated, like most Canadians, Prime Minister
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2303:
190:. The Canadian government requested a survey of the boundary, but the United States rejected it as too costly; the border area was very remote and sparsely settled, and without economic or strategic interest. In 1898, the national governments agreed on a compromise, but the government of British Columbia rejected it. U.S.
453:
explained to
Parliament, "So long as Canada remains a dependency of the British Crown the present powers that we have are not sufficient for the maintenance of our rights." Canadian anger gradually subsided, but the feeling that Canada should control its own foreign policy may have contributed to the
432:
The
Canadian judges refused to sign the award, issued on 20 October 1903, due to the Canadian delegates' disagreement with Lord Alverstone's vote. Canadians protested the outcome, not so much the decision itself but that the Americans had chosen politicians instead of jurists for the tribunal, and
241:
very quickly forced the
Canadian police to retreat. They set up posts on the desolate summits of Chilkoot and White Passes, complete with a mounted Gatling gun at each post. This was still disputed territory, as many Americans believed that the head of Lake Bennett, another 12 miles (19 km)
221:
The presence of gold and a large new population greatly increased the importance of the region and the desirability of fixing an exact boundary. Canada wanted an all-Canadian route from the gold fields to a seaport. There were claims that
Canadian citizens were harassed by the United States as a
365:
The
British member Lord Alverstone sided with the U.S. position on these basic issues, although the final agreed demarcation line fell significantly short of the maximal U.S. claim (it was a compromise falling roughly between the maximal U.S. and maximal Canadian claim). The "BC Panhandle" (the
398:
This was one of several concessions that
Britain offered to the United States (the others being on fisheries and the Panama Canal). It was part of a general policy of ending the chill in Britain–U.S. relations, achieving rapprochement, winning American favor, and resolving outstanding issues
385:
there can be little doubt that the tribunal in this instance accepted a compromise, which, however justified by the political considerations involved, was a direct violation of the judicial character of the court. Instead of accepting either the
American or the British claim
944:
Survey of boundary line between Alaska and
British Columbia : letter from the Acting Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting a communication from the Secretary of State, submitting an estimate of appropriation for survey of the boundary line between Alaska and British
264:
The posts set up on the passes by the NWMP were effective in the short term, as the provisional boundary was accepted, if grudgingly. In
September 1898, serious negotiations began between the United States and Canada to settle the issue, but those meetings failed.
237:(NWMP) sent a detachment to secure the location for Canada. This was based on Canada's assertion that that location was more than ten marine leagues from the sea, which was part of the 1825 boundary definition. A massive influx of American stampeders through
424:, or to an impartial juridical body, as Canada had desired, the result would have been, in all probability, substantially the same, except that Canadians could not feel that they had been unfairly treated. ... Had justices of the
512:
242:
north, should be the location of the border. To back up the police in their sovereignty claim, the
Canadian government also sent the Yukon Field Force, a 200-man Army unit, to the territory. The soldiers set up camp at
290:, which were used as a fixing line by the commission of 1825, showed a continuous line of mountains parallel to the coast — however, the mountain range is neither parallel to the coast nor continuous.
381:
concluded, "The Americans, of course, did have the better case." He judged that most of the tribunal's decisions were fair. Regarding the key issue of the islands in the Portland Channel, however,
76:
gold fields to the sea. The disappointment and anger in Canada was directed less at the United States, and more at the British government for betraying Canadian interests in favor of healthier
2879:
467:
109:
latitude; from this last-mentioned point, the line of demarcation shall follow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast as far as the point of intersection of the
214:, Canada, enormously increased the population of the general area, which reached 30,000, composed largely of Americans. Some 100,000 fortune seekers moved through Alaska to the
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1674:
3010:
175:. This lease was later brought up by the Province of British Columbia as bearing upon its own territorial interests in the region, but was ignored by Ottawa and London.
125:
from the ocean, the limit ... shall be formed by a line parallel to the winding of the coast, and which shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues therefrom.
329:. Canadians ridiculed the choice of the obscure ex-Senator Turner and, especially, Lodge, a leading historian and diplomatic specialist whom they saw as unobjective.
129:
This part of the treaty language was an agreement on general principles for establishing a boundary in the area in the future, rather than any exact demarcated line.
713:
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996:
325:, the Chief Justice of Ontario, who died in London on July 11, 1903, while working on the boundary commission. All sides respected Root, but he was a member of the
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The definition of the line from "the southernmost point of Prince of Wales Island to Portland Channel", which depended on the answer to the previous question.
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that the British had helped their own interests by betraying Canada's. This led to intense anti-British emotions erupting throughout Canada (including
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between the United States and the United Kingdom entrusted the decision to an arbitration by a mixed tribunal of six members: three Americans (
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as separate from an imperial identity. Although suspicions of the U.S. provoked by the award may have contributed to Canada's rejection of a
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487:
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989:
904:
Report relative to the Alaska Boundary Question, submitted to the Hon. J.H. Turner, Minister of Finance etc. etc. (sic), 15 August 1896.
2718:
1426:
482:
2238:
2097:
1302:
1481:
1375:
844:
Munro, John A. "English-Canadianism and the Demand for Canadian Autonomy: Ontario's Response to the Alaska Boundary Decision, 1903".
748:
John A. Munro, "English-Canadianism and the Demand for Canadian Autonomy: Ontario's Response to the Alaska Boundary Decision, 1903".
2165:
2160:
2102:
2087:
1409:
830:
Haglund, David G. and Tudor Onea, "Victory without Triumph: Theodore Roosevelt, Honour, and the Alaska Panhandle Boundary Dispute",
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94:
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707:
268:
The treaty of 1825 had been drawn up in French, and the 1903 British advocates discussed the exact meaning of words like "
93:
In 1825 Russia and the United Kingdom signed a treaty to define the borders of their respective colonial possessions, the
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in 1867. The final resolution favored the American position, as Canada did not get an all-Canadian outlet from the
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538:
234:
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been appointed in the place of the two Senators, Canadian criticism of the award would not have been audible.
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507:
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141:
171:, along with an annual amount of furs given to the Russian company. The lease was renewed until the end of
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1776:
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957:
339:
What "Portland Channel" meant, and how to draw the boundary line through it. Four islands were in dispute.
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so that they could be fairly quickly dispatched to deal with problems at either the coastal passes or the
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133:
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2195:
1781:
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British Columbia from the earliest times to the present, Vol 2, Chapter XXXI - Alaska Boundary Dispute
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Whenever the summit of the mountains ... shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine
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45:
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1979:
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1365:
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149:
963:
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2009:
2004:
1969:
1879:
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1837:
1827:
1822:
1796:
1536:
1416:
1211:
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1092:
1034:
865:
Neary, Peter. "Grey, Bryce, and the Settlement of Canadian-American Differences, 1905–1911"
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191:
183:
102:
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2019:
1939:
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32:
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1964:
1934:
1914:
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1307:
1189:
1174:
1082:
1044:
886:
600:"The Dryad Affair: Corporate Warfare and Anglo-Russian Rivalry for the Alaskan Lisière"
597:
502:
259:
215:
195:
167:
in exchange for the agricultural and pastoral products produced by its subsidiary, the
68:
and Britain since 1821, and was inherited by the United States as a consequence of the
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1999:
1954:
1949:
1884:
1817:
1453:
1448:
1119:
1029:
673:
497:
122:
49:
839:
This Kindred People: Canadian-American Relations and the Anglo-Saxon Idea, 1895-1903
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2727:
2723:
2539:
1974:
813:
Cranny, Michael "Horizons: Canada Moves West" pg 256 1999 Prentice Hall Ginn Canada
326:
243:
117:
The vague phrase "the mountains parallel to the coast" was further qualified thus:
17:
636:
2730:
1568:
1531:
1501:
1465:
1396:
1381:
1225:
153:
61:
2692:
2403:
1610:
1201:
1167:
298:
230:
223:
2815:
2525:
1216:
421:
161:
818:
The rise of Anglo-American friendship: a study in world politics, 1898-1906
787:
Bailey, Thomas A. "Theodore Roosevelt and the Alaska Boundary Settlement",
164:
808:
709:
Canada and the United States: Some Aspects of Their Historical Relations
635:. Victoria, British Columbia: R. Wolfenden. p. 1387. Archived from
2369:
371:
2409:
1614:
629:(1902). "Statement of facts regarding the Alaska boundary question".
434:
187:
57:
862:(Copp Clark Publishing Company, 1970), primary and secondary sources
803:
Carroll, F. M. "Robert Lansing and the Alaska Boundary Settlement".
1579:
931:, Victoria, British Columbia, publ. R. Wolfenden, 1902, report to
513:
List of Boundary Peaks of the Alaska–British Columbia/Yukon border
211:
73:
31:
101:
the said line shall ascend to the north along the channel called
2321:
1583:
978:
36:
Varying claims in Southeast Alaska before arbitration in 1903.
572:
570:
178:
The United States bought Alaska in 1867 from Russia in the
967:
105:
as far as the point of the continent where it strikes the
960:, S.J. Clarke Pub. Co., Vancouver, British Columbia, 1914
928:
Statement of facts regarding the Alaska boundary question
420:
Had the United States been willing to submit her case to
468:
List of areas disputed by the United States and Canada
2934:
948:, R.Wike, US Dept. of State, publ. s.l.: s.n., 1895.
874:
The Alaska Boundary Dispute: A Critical Reappraisal.
194:
proposed a permanent lease to Canada of a port near
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2844:
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2619:
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2563:
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1805:
1724:
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1474:
1338:
1251:
1128:
1063:
1012:
27:
1867–1903 territorial dispute between the US and UK
919:, Victoria, British Columbia, publ. Unknown, 1900]
182:, but the boundary terms were ambiguous. In 1871,
907:, Victoria, British Columbia: R. Wolfenden, 1896]
706:Keenlyside, Hugh L. L.; Brown, Gerald S. (1952).
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
418:
383:
119:
99:
2880:Areas disputed by Canada and the United States
823:Gibson, F. W. "The Alaskan Boundary Dispute",
532:Farr, D.M.L.; Block, Niko (February 6, 2006).
309:, ex-senator from Washington), two Canadians (
97:. Part of the wording of the treaty was that:
2333:
1595:
990:
796:American Foreign Policy in Canadian Relations
660:American Foreign Policy in Canadian Relations
64:in 1903. The dispute had existed between the
8:
2885:Proposed provinces and territories of Canada
885:(Yale University Press. 1943), pp. 121-265.
361:Whether mountain ranges existed in the area.
353:
281:
275:
269:
233:was the main gateway to the Yukon, and the
54:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2340:
2326:
2318:
1602:
1588:
1580:
997:
983:
975:
602:, J. W. Shelest, ExploreNorth.com website"
2349:Former colonies and territories in Canada
332:The tribunal considered six main points:
60:'s foreign relations. It was resolved by
358:(border or edge), and how to measure it.
2941:
916:Review of the Alaskan boundary question
524:
317:, K.C., from Toronto), and one Briton (
198:, but Canada rejected that compromise.
883:Canadian-American Relations, 1875–1911
825:Canadian Historical Association Report
546:from the original on December 15, 2017
493:United Kingdom–United States relations
412:Growth of a distinct Canadian identity
345:The line from Portland Channel to the
3016:Political history of British Columbia
736:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
712:. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 178–189.
313:, Lieutenant Governor of Quebec; and
136:created an understanding between the
7:
3011:Canada–United States border disputes
937:Attorney-General of British Columbia
876:(McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1972). 120 pp.
647:Attorney-General of British Columbia
1006:International relations (1814–1919)
374:from the rest of British Columbia.
662:(Macmillan, 1937) pp. pp. 470-472.
305:, senator from Massachusetts; and
25:
2166:Bering Straits Native Corporation
2161:Arctic Slope Regional Corporation
443:free trade with the United States
2968:
2956:
2944:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2875:Territorial evolution after 1867
2301:
1715:
969:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
416:Keenlyside and Brown wrote that
186:united with the new Dominion of
169:Puget Sound Agricultural Company
95:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1825
3026:1903 in international relations
3021:Pre-statehood history of Alaska
716:from the original on 2020-09-15
608:from the original on 2018-07-11
488:Canada–United Kingdom relations
144:. Typically referred to as the
2191:Bristol Bay Native Corporation
798:(Macmillan, 1937), pp 465-492.
483:Canada–United States relations
1:
2221:The 13th Regional Corporation
1376:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
1330:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
1320:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
675:An Abridged History of Alaska
390:, the line was drawn through
2781:British Columbia (1866–1871)
2776:British Columbia (1858–1866)
1236:Second Industrial Revolution
1110:League of the Three Emperors
805:International History Review
761:Gibson (1943) at notes 60–61
3006:Canada–United States border
1266:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
956:, E.O.S. Scholefield &
869:(1968) 49#4 pp 357–380. ...
860:The Alaska Boundary Dispute
478:Canada–United States border
473:Foreign relations of Canada
426:United States Supreme Court
321:). Aylesworth had replaced
3042:
2688:British Arctic Territories
2201:Chugach Alaska Corporation
1315:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
867:Canadian Historical Review
834:(March 2008) 19#1 pp 20–41
789:Canadian Historical Review
579:, by Norman J. G. Pounds (
377:In 1929, Canadian scholar
257:
160:was given to the HBC as a
2898:
2297:
2171:NANA Regional Corporation
1713:
1621:
1136:European balance of power
539:The Canadian Encyclopedia
534:"Alaska Boundary Dispute"
368:Tatshenshini-Alsek region
336:Where the boundary began.
235:North-West Mounted Police
148:(edge), a stretch of the
1427:Venezuela Naval Blockade
1098:Anglo-Russian Convention
832:Diplomacy and Statecraft
794:Callahan, James Morton.
791:(1937) 18#2 pp: 123-130.
632:Alaska Boundary Question
437:) as well as a surge in
222:deterrent to making any
138:Russian-American Company
78:Anglo-American relations
56:, which then controlled
2791:North-Western Territory
2766:Queen Charlotte Islands
2186:Cook Inlet Region, Inc.
1432:Alaska boundary dispute
1105:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
1088:Franco-Russian Alliance
964:Alaska boundary dispute
672:Brown, John W. (1909).
658:James Morton Callahan,
508:Oregon boundary dispute
401:the Great Rapprochement
42:Alaska boundary dispute
1351:Unification of Germany
1298:Taft–Katsura agreement
958:Frederic William Howay
456:Statute of Westminster
430:
396:
354:
293:Finally, in 1903, the
282:
276:
270:
127:
115:
37:
2996:Alexander Archipelago
2279:Prince of Wales–Hyder
2196:The Aleut Corporation
1843:Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
1437:First Moroccan Crisis
1151:Spread of nationalism
1115:Eight-Nation Alliance
848:1965 57(4): 189-203.
678:(1 ed.). Author.
379:Hugh L. L. Keenlyside
286:/crest". The maps of
35:
2890:Population of Canada
2741:Prince Edward Island
2211:Koniag, Incorporated
2206:Sealaska Corporation
2068:Fairbanks North Star
1442:Algeciras Conference
1422:Annexation of Hawaii
1361:Great Eastern Crisis
1356:Unification of Italy
1346:Formation of Romania
1163:French–German enmity
881:Tansill, Charles C.
872:Penlington, Norman.
858:Munro, John A., ed.
807:1987 9(2): 271-290.
752:1965 57(4): 189–203.
447:reciprocity election
439:Canadian nationalism
301:, Secretary of War;
216:Klondike gold region
142:Hudson's Bay Company
132:Signed in 1839, the
111:141st degree of west
107:56th degree of north
2683:Newfoundland (1583)
2284:Southeast Fairbanks
2216:Ahtna, Incorporated
2176:Calista Corporation
2153:Native corporations
1507:Philippine–American
1492:First Sino-Japanese
1325:Racconigi agreement
1271:Treaty of Frankfurt
1231:Great Rapprochement
1185:Scramble for Africa
933:David McEwen Eberts
643:David McEwen Eberts
577:Political Geography
347:56th parallel north
315:Allen B. Aylesworth
248:141st meridian west
46:territorial dispute
2714:Nova Scotia (1710)
2578:Nova Scotia (1621)
2380:L'Anse aux Meadows
2098:Lake and Peninsula
1366:Congress of Berlin
1283:Reinsurance Treaty
1261:Congress of Vienna
1241:Industrial warfare
1207:Scramble for China
816:Gelber, Lionel M.
311:Sir Louis A. Jette
295:Hay–Herbert Treaty
208:Klondike Gold Rush
202:Klondike gold rush
192:President McKinley
38:
18:Hay-Herbert Treaty
3001:Arbitration cases
2932:
2931:
2923:Canada portal
2761:Columbia District
2588:Port Royal Colony
2555:Pacific Northwest
2365:Named territories
2315:
2314:
2308:Alaska portal
2103:Matanuska‑Susitna
2088:Ketchikan Gateway
1577:
1576:
1546:Albanian Revolts
1403:German Naval Laws
1387:Naval arms races
1371:Berlin Conference
1303:Hague Conventions
352:The width of the
303:Henry Cabot Lodge
150:Alaskan Panhandle
134:RAC–HBC Agreement
16:(Redirected from
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2960:
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2947:
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2921:
2920:
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2907:
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2859:Sverdrup Islands
2855:
2807:
2771:Vancouver Island
2679:
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2455:
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2376:
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2328:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2113:Northwest Arctic
1898:pop. over 25,000
1870:Seward Peninsula
1828:Alaska Peninsula
1823:Aleutian Islands
1719:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1497:Spanish–American
1417:Fashoda Incident
1293:Treaty of Björkö
1278:Treaty of Berlin
1212:Open Door Policy
1146:Eastern question
1093:Entente Cordiale
999:
992:
985:
976:
837:Kohn, Edward P.
775:
774:(1965) pp 431–32
768:
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370:) was not quite
357:
319:Baron Alverstone
288:George Vancouver
285:
279:
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184:British Columbia
103:Portland Channel
21:
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2806:Important sites
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2615:
2611:Russian America
2605:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2559:
2544:
2536:Fort San Miguel
2531:Important sites
2530:
2520:
2507:
2463:Annapolis Royal
2454:Important sites
2453:
2397:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2351:
2346:
2316:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2293:
2225:
2147:
2083:Kenai Peninsula
2034:
1928:pop. over 2,000
1927:
1919:
1897:
1889:
1860:Kenai Peninsula
1801:
1787:Rural dentistry
1720:
1711:
1629:
1617:
1608:
1578:
1573:
1512:Boxer Rebellion
1470:
1334:
1288:Treaty of Paris
1253:
1247:
1180:New Imperialism
1141:Ottoman decline
1124:
1071:Triple Alliance
1059:
1020:Austria-Hungary
1008:
1003:
895:
893:Further reading
846:Ontario History
827:(1945) pp 25–40
784:
779:
778:
770:Joseph Schull,
769:
765:
760:
756:
750:Ontario History
747:
743:
732:
728:
719:
717:
705:
704:
683:
671:
670:
666:
657:
653:
625:
624:
620:
611:
609:
596:
595:
591:
575:
568:
563:
559:
549:
547:
531:
530:
526:
521:
464:
451:Wilfrid Laurier
414:
409:
262:
256:
206:In 1897–98 the
204:
180:Alaska Purchase
173:Russian America
91:
86:
70:Alaska Purchase
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:1903 in Alaska
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2912:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2632:Oregon Country
2629:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:Trois-Rivières
2471:
2466:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:Pays d'en Haut
2437:
2432:
2430:Domaine du roy
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2239:Aleutians West
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Doyon, Limited
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Aleutians East
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:Smaller cities
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:Largest cities
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Inside Passage
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:Climate change
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1702:Transportation
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1522:Russo-Japanese
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Anglo-Egyptian
1484:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1461:Bosnian Crisis
1458:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:Austro-Italian
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1308:Martens Clause
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:Egyptian Lever
1177:
1175:Pax Britannica
1172:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:Sovereign debt
1153:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1083:Triple Entente
1080:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1050:United Kingdom
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1001:
994:
987:
979:
973:
972:
961:
949:
940:
923:Alexander Begg
920:
911:Alexander Begg
908:
899:Alexander Begg
894:
891:
890:
889:
878:
877:
870:
863:
856:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
811:
800:
799:
792:
783:
780:
777:
776:
763:
754:
741:
733:Paul Kennedy,
726:
681:
664:
651:
639:on 2011-05-27.
627:Alexander Begg
618:
589:
566:
557:
523:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
463:
460:
413:
410:
408:
405:
392:Tongas Passage
363:
362:
359:
350:
343:
340:
337:
323:John D. Armour
260:Dixon Entrance
255:
252:
203:
200:
90:
87:
85:
82:
66:Russian Empire
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3038:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2942:
2938:
2925:
2924:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Avalon (1620)
2814:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:New Caledonia
2754:
2752:
2751:United Canada
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:New Brunswick
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:Rupert's Land
2707:
2705:
2704:New Yorkshire
2702:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2502:List of forts
2499:
2497:
2496:
2495:List of towns
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2296:
2290:
2289:Yukon–Koyukuk
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Hoonah–Angoon
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Kodiak Island
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1885:Tanana Valley
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Mat‑Su Valley
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Italo-Turkish
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:Russo-Turkish
1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:Treaty of Fes
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:Agadir Crisis
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1120:Balkan League
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:Dual Alliance
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1055:United States
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
981:
980:
977:
971:
970:
965:
962:
959:
955:
954:
950:
947:
946:
941:
938:
934:
930:
929:
924:
921:
918:
917:
912:
909:
906:
905:
900:
897:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
815:
812:
810:
806:
802:
801:
797:
793:
790:
786:
785:
781:
773:
767:
764:
758:
755:
751:
745:
742:
738:
737:
730:
727:
715:
711:
710:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
682:
677:
676:
668:
665:
661:
655:
652:
648:
644:
638:
634:
633:
628:
622:
619:
607:
603:
601:
593:
590:
587:), 1972 p. 82
586:
585:0-07-050566-7
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
564:Gibson (1943)
561:
558:
545:
541:
540:
535:
528:
525:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
498:Aroostook War
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
461:
459:
457:
452:
448:
445:in the 1911 "
444:
440:
436:
429:
427:
423:
417:
411:
406:
404:
402:
395:
393:
389:
382:
380:
375:
373:
369:
360:
356:
351:
348:
344:
341:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:George Turner
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
284:
280:/strip" and "
278:
272:
266:
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158:54° 40′
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50:United States
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2914:
2902:
2836:Fort Langley
2821:York Factory
2811:Cuper's Cove
2550:Newfoundland
2540:Nootka Sound
2500:
2493:
2415:Isle St-Jean
2402:
2299:
2254:Copper River
2231:Census Areas
1875:Southcentral
1777:Homelessness
1752:Demographics
1623:
1431:
1395:
1391:Anglo-German
1380:
1252:Treaties and
1013:Great powers
968:
952:
943:
927:
915:
903:
882:
873:
866:
859:
845:
838:
831:
824:
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795:
788:
782:Bibliography
771:
766:
757:
749:
744:
739:(1987) p 251
734:
729:
718:. Retrieved
708:
674:
667:
659:
654:
641:, report to
637:the original
631:
621:
610:. Retrieved
599:
592:
576:
560:
548:. Retrieved
537:
527:
431:
419:
415:
397:
387:
384:
376:
364:
331:
327:U.S. Cabinet
292:
267:
263:
244:Fort Selkirk
229:The head of
228:
220:
205:
177:
145:
131:
128:
120:
116:
100:
92:
48:between the
41:
39:
29:
2746:Cape Breton
2699:New Britain
2545:Expeditions
2445:Terre Neuve
2143:Unorganized
2108:North Slope
2058:Bristol Bay
1833:North Slope
1782:LGBT rights
1675:Delegations
1663:Earthquakes
1569:World War I
1532:Balkan Wars
1517:Second Boer
1502:Banana Wars
1466:July Crisis
1397:Dreadnought
1382:Weltpolitik
1226:Pan-Slavism
254:Arbitration
224:land claims
154:Cross Sound
62:arbitration
2985:Categories
2693:New Albion
2655:Nova Dania
2484:Louisbourg
2459:Port Royal
2420:ĂŽle Royale
2404:New France
2259:Dillingham
2118:Petersburg
1990:Petersburg
1980:North Pole
1945:Dillingham
1670:Government
1254:agreements
1202:Great Game
1168:Revanchism
720:2017-08-24
612:2013-04-07
550:October 4,
519:References
299:Elihu Root
274:/coast", "
258:See also:
231:Lynn Canal
84:Background
2846:Norwegian
2801:Red River
2795:districts
2526:New Spain
2489:Plaisance
2435:Louisiana
2053:Anchorage
2030:Utqiaġvik
1960:Ketchikan
1910:Fairbanks
1905:Anchorage
1880:Southeast
1838:Southwest
1767:Elections
1762:Education
1653:Geography
1628:(capital)
1217:Meiji era
1064:Alliances
854:0030-2953
422:The Hague
407:Aftermath
162:fur trade
113:longitude
89:1825–1898
2975:Politics
2909:Category
2831:Victoria
2786:Stickeen
2620:American
2565:Scottish
2479:Montreal
2269:Kusilvak
2133:Wrangell
2040:Boroughs
2025:Wrangell
2010:Unalaska
2005:Soldotna
1970:Kotzebue
1855:Interior
1813:The Bush
1792:Politics
1772:Gun laws
1737:Cannabis
1732:Abortion
1707:Wildlife
945:Columbia
809:in JSTOR
714:Archived
606:Archived
544:Archived
462:See also
372:exclaved
165:monopoly
140:and the
52:and the
2937:Portals
2868:Related
2826:Halifax
2670:British
2665:English
2598:Russian
2513:Spanish
2370:Vinland
2249:Chugach
2138:Yakutat
2128:Skagway
2020:Wasilla
1940:Cordova
1806:Regions
1757:Economy
1725:Society
1697:Symbols
1682:History
1658:Geology
1648:Climate
1197:In Asia
1030:Germany
966:in the
772:Laurier
503:Pig War
388:in toto
355:lisière
277:lisière
239:Skagway
146:lisière
123:leagues
2963:Alaska
2951:Canada
2854:Claims
2731:Canada
2719:Quebec
2678:Claims
2650:Claims
2642:Danish
2627:Claims
2606:Claims
2573:Claims
2521:Claims
2469:Quebec
2425:Canada
2410:Acadia
2398:Claims
2390:French
2375:Sites:
2244:Bethel
2078:Juneau
2073:Haines
2063:Denali
2015:Valdez
1995:Seward
1985:Palmer
1965:Kodiak
1935:Bethel
1915:Juneau
1818:Arctic
1797:Sports
1692:People
1635:Topics
1625:Juneau
1615:Alaska
1555:Second
1542:Second
1339:Events
1129:Trends
1045:Russia
1025:France
887:online
852:
841:(2005)
820:(1938)
583:
435:Quebec
196:Haines
188:Canada
58:Canada
44:was a
2728:Upper
2724:Lower
2583:Sites
2357:Norse
2123:Sitka
2000:Sitka
1955:Kenai
1950:Homer
1747:Crime
1687:Music
1643:Index
1611:State
1560:Third
1550:First
1537:First
1040:Japan
1035:Italy
283:crĂŞte
212:Yukon
152:from
74:Yukon
2726:and
2274:Nome
1975:Nome
1475:Wars
850:ISSN
581:ISBN
552:2021
271:cĂ´te
40:The
2695:(?)
2667:and
1613:of
403:).
210:in
156:to
2987::
2538:,
935:,
925:,
913:,
901:,
684:^
645:,
604:.
569:^
542:.
536:.
458:.
250:.
226:.
218:.
80:.
2939::
2797:)
2793:(
2465:)
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998:e
991:t
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939:.
723:.
649:.
615:.
598:"
554:.
399:(
349:.
20:)
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