Hay - Knowledge

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be stacked and are easier to transport on trucks. Large round bales, which typically weigh 300 to 400 kilograms (660–880 lb), are more moisture-resistant, and pack the hay more densely (especially at the center). Round bales are quickly fed with the use of mechanized equipment. The ratio of volume to surface area makes it possible for many dry-area farmers to leave large bales outside until they are consumed. Wet-area farmers and those in climates with heavy snowfall can stack round bales under a shed or tarp, but can also use a light but durable plastic wrap that partially encloses bales left outside. The wrap repels moisture but leaves the ends of the bale exposed so that the hay itself can "breathe" and does not begin to ferment. When it is possible to store round bales under a shed, they last longer and less hay is lost to rot and moisture.

1010:. If this is not done, the top two layers of the stack are often lost to rot and mold, and if the stack is not arranged in a proper haystack, moisture can seep even deeper into the stack. The rounded shape and tighter compaction of round bales make them less susceptible to spoilage, as the water is less likely to penetrate into the bale. The addition of net wrap, which is not used on square bales, offers even greater weather resistance. People who keep small numbers of animals may prefer small bales that can be handled by one person without machinery. There is also a risk that hay bales may be moldy, or contain decaying carcasses of small creatures that were accidentally killed by baling equipment and swept up into the bale, which can produce toxins such as 905:, machines that gather and bale hay in one process were first developed around 1940. The initial balers produced rectangular bales that were small enough for an individual to lift, typically weighing between 70 and 100 pounds (32 to 45 kg) each. The size and shape of these bales allowed for manual handling, including lifting, stacking on transport vehicles, and constructing a haystack by hand. To reduce labor and enhance safety, loaders and stackers were subsequently developed to mechanize the transportation of small bales from the field to the haystack or hay barn. Later in the 20th century, balers were developed capable of producing large bales that weigh up to 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg). 596:, grass grows at a fast pace. Hay reaches its peak nutritional value when all leaves are fully developed and seed or flower heads are just shy of full maturity. At this stage of maximum growth in the pasture or field, if timed correctly, the hay is cut. Grass hay cut too early retains high moisture content, making it harder to cure and resulting in a lower yield per acre compared to more mature grass. However, hay cut too late becomes coarser, has a lower resale value, and loses some of its nutrients. Typically, there is a two-week "window" during which grass is at its ideal stage for harvesting hay. The time for cutting 647: 1177: 1345:, which is a leading cause of haystack fires. Heat is produced by the respiration process, which occurs until the moisture content of drying hay drops below 40%. Hay is considered fully dry when it reaches 20% moisture. Combustion problems typically occur within five to seven days of baling. A bale cooler than 120 °F (49 °C) is in little danger, but bales between 120 and 140 °F (49 and 60 °C) need to be removed from a barn or structure and separated so that they can cool off. If the temperature of a bale exceeds more than 140 °F (60 °C), it can combust. 526:, take a considerable amount of time for their stomachs to digest food, often accomplished while the animal is lying down, at rest. Thus quantity of hay is important for cattle, who can effectively digest hay of low quality if fed in sufficient amounts. Sheep will eat between two and four percent of their body weight per day in dry feed, such as hay, and are very efficient at obtaining the most nutrition possible from three to five pounds per day of hay or other forage. They require three to four hours per day to eat enough hay to meet their nutritional requirements. 1329:. Hay stored outside must be stacked in such a way that moisture contact is minimal. Some stacks are arranged in such a manner that the hay itself sheds water when it falls. Other methods of stacking use the first layers or bales of hay as a cover to protect the rest. To completely keep out moisture, outside haystacks can also be covered by tarps, and many round bales are partially wrapped in plastic as part of the baling process. Hay is also stored under a roof when resources permit. It is frequently placed inside sheds, or stacked inside of a 563: 1190: 637: 243: 552: 967: 955: 1368:

to people on the ground who are struck by falling bales. Large round hay bales present a particular danger to those who handle them, because they can weigh over 1,000 pounds (450 kg) and cannot be moved without special equipment. Nonetheless, because they are cylindrical in shape, and thus can roll easily, it is not uncommon for them to fall from stacks or roll off the equipment used to handle them. From 1992 to 1998, 74 farm workers in the

1161:, or kept within a protective structure. One such structure is a moveable roof supported by four posts, historically called a Dutch roof, hay barrack, or hay cap. Haystacks may also be built on top of a foundation laid on the ground to reduce spoilage, in some places made of wood or brush. In other areas, hay is stacked loose, built around a central pole, a tree, or within an area of three or four poles to add stability to the stack. 1972: 225: 683: 235: 850: 1165:

off the ground and let air into the center for better drying. The shape causes dew and rainwater to roll down the sides, allowing the hay within to cure. People who handle the hay may use hayforks or pitchforks to move or pitch the hay in building haycocks and haystacks. Construction of tall haystacks is sometimes aided with a ramp, ranging from simple poles to a device for building large loose stacks called a

697: 3397: 929:. Organic forms of fertilization and weed control are required for hay grown for consumption by animals whose meat will ultimately be certified organic. To that end, compost and field rotation can enhance soil fertility, and regular mowing of fields in the growth phase of the hay will often reduce the prevalence of undesired weeds. In recent times, some producers have experimented with human 1236: 1006:. Small square bales are often stacked mechanically or by hand in a crisscrossed fashion sometimes called a "haystack", "rick" or "hayrick". Rain tends to wash nutrition out of hay and can cause spoilage or mold; hay in small square bales is particularly susceptible to this. Small bales are therefore often stored in a haymow or hayshed. Haystacks built outside are often protected by 1357: 858: 798:

weight, allowing the hay to cure through the release of heat generated by the residual moisture and compression forces. The haystack was usually enclosed in a fenced-off area, known as a rick yard, to separate it from the rest of the paddock, and was often thatched or covered with sheets to protect it from moisture. When needed, slices of hay would be cut using a

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quickly, allowing them to extract a higher nutritional value from smaller quantities of feed When horses are fed low-quality hay, they may develop an unhealthy, obese, "hay belly" due to over-consumption of "empty" calories. If their type of feed is changed dramatically, or if they are fed moldy hay or hay containing toxic plants, they can become ill;

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cause cut hay to spoil in the field before it can be baled. Consequently, the primary challenge and risk for farmers in hay production is managing the weather, especially during the critical few weeks when the plants are at optimal maturity for harvesting. A lucky break in the weather often moves the haymaking tasks (such as mowing,

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does not necessarily mean a light, fluffy lay of randomly oriented stems. Especially in wet climates, such as those of Britain, the degree of shedding of rainwater by the stack's outer surface is an important factor, and the stacking of loose hay was developed into a skilled-labor task that in its more advanced forms even involved

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one-person operation of many tasks. Today tons of hay can be cut, conditioned, dried, raked, and baled by one person, as long as the right equipment is at hand (although that equipment is expensive). These tons of hay can also be moved by one person, again with the right (expensive) equipment, as loaders with long spikes run by

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in the hobby animal market and are preferred for their convenient size. The larger, three-tie bales are favored by producers wanting to export bales because of the increase of efficiency in transportation and also by customers for a better price per ton. The two-tie small bales are the original form factor of hay bales.

1041:, and for producing silage that is transported to other locations. In very damp climates, it is a legitimate alternative to drying hay completely and when processed properly, the natural fermentation process prevents mold and rot. Round bale silage is also sometimes called "haylage", and is seen more commonly in 529:

Unlike ruminants, horses digest their food in small portions throughout the day and can utilize only about 2.5% of their body weight in feed within a 24-hour period. Horses evolved to graze continuously while on the move, covering up to 50 miles (80 km) per day in the wild. Their stomachs digest food

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Due to its weight, hay can cause a number of injuries to humans, particularly those related to lifting and moving bales, as well as risks related to stacking and storing. Hazards include the danger of having a poorly constructed stack collapse, causing either falls to people on the stack or injuries

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Conditioning of hay crop during cutting or soon thereafter is popular. The basic idea is that it decreases drying time, particularly in humid climates or if rain threatens to interfere with haying. Usually, rollers or flails inside a mower conditioner crimp, crack or strip the alfalfa or grass stems

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Loose hay was transported to a designated storage area, typically a slightly elevated location to ensure proper drainage, where it was constructed into a haystack. Building the stack was a skilled task, as it needed to be made waterproof during construction. The haystack would compress under its own

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unavailable. Animals that can eat hay vary in the types of grasses suitable for consumption, the ways they consume hay, and how they digest it. Therefore, different types of animals require hay that consists of similar plants to what they would eat while grazing, and, likewise, plants that are toxic

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Hay production is highly sensitive to weather conditions, particularly during the harvest period. In drought conditions, both seed and leaf production are stunted, resulting in hay with a high ratio of dry, coarse stems that possess very low nutritional value. Conversely, excessively wet weather can

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Hay baled before it is fully dry can produce enough heat to start a fire. Haystacks produce internal heat due to bacterial fermentation. If hay is stacked with wet grass, the heat produced can be sufficient to ignite the hay causing a fire. Farmers have to be careful about moisture levels to avoid

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Farmers who need to make large amounts of hay are likely to choose balers that produce much larger bales, maximizing the amount of hay that is protected from the elements. Large bales come in two types, round and square. Large square bales, which can weigh up to 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb), can

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Small square bales are made in two main variations. The smaller "two tie" (two twines to hold the bale together) or larger "three-tie" (three twines to hold the bale together). They vary in size within both groups but are generally popular in different markets. The smaller two-tie bales are favored

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is used. Or, especially with older equipment or methods, the hay is cut and allowed to lie spread out in the field until it is dry, then raked into rows for processing into bales afterwards. During the drying period, which can take several days, the process is usually sped up by turning the cut hay

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Cattle grazing fescue often develop a chronic, unthrifty condition, especially apparent during the summer months. In addition, some cattle occasionally develop lameness and lose portions of their feet and tails during fall and winter. Some mares grazing fescue have reproductive problems during the

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One loose hay stacking technique seen in the British Isles is to initially stack freshly cut hay into smaller mounds called foot cocks, hay coles, kyles, hayshocks or haycocks, to facilitate initial curing. These are sometimes built atop platforms or tripods formed of three poles, used to keep hay

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Loose stacks are built to prevent the accumulation of moisture and promote drying or curing. In some places, this is accomplished by constructing stacks with a conical or ridged top. The exterior may look gray on the surface after weathering, but the inner hay retains traces of its fresh-cut aroma

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Hay requires protection from the weather, and is optimally stored inside buildings, but weather protection is also provided in other ways involving outdoor storage, either in haystacks or in large tight bales (round or rectangular); these methods all depend on the surface of an outdoor mass of hay

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value for the animal than the stems do. Farmers try to harvest hay at the point when the seed heads are not quite ripe and the leaf is at its maximum when the grass is mowed in the field. The cut material is allowed to dry so that the bulk of the moisture is removed but the leafy material is still

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Traditionally, outdoor hay storage was done with haystacks of loose hay, where most of the hay was sufficiently preserved to last through the winter, and the top surface of the stack (being weathered) was consigned to become compost the next summer. The term "loose" means not pressed or baled but

616:. If it rains while the hay is drying, turning the windrow can also allow it to dry faster. Turning the hay too often or too roughly can also cause drying leaf matter to fall off, reducing the nutrients available to animals. Drying can also be sped up by mechanized processes, such as the use of a 1122:

for skilled farm laborers experienced in the thatching of haystacks. This no doubt contributed to the pressure for baling in large bales to increasingly replace stacking, which was happening anyway as haymaking technology (like other farm technology) continued toward extensive mechanization with

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Methods and the terminology to describe the steps of making hay have varied greatly throughout history, and many regional variations still exist today. Whether done by hand or by modern mechanized equipment, tall grass and legumes at the proper stage of maturity must be cut, then allowed to dry

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The successful harvest of maximum yields of high-quality hay is entirely dependent on the coincident occurrence of optimum crop, field, and weather conditions. When this occurs, there may be a period of intense activity on the hay farm while harvest proceeds until weather conditions become

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Poor-quality hay is dry, bleached out and coarse-stemmed. Sometimes, hay stored outdoors will look like this on the outside but still be green inside the bale. A dried, bleached or coarse bale is still edible and provides some nutritional value as long as it is dry and not moldy, dusty, or

821:. Alternatively, an upper storey of a cow-shed or stable was used, with hatches in the floor to allow hay to be thrown down into hay-racks below. Depending on the region, the term "hay rick" could refer to the machine for cutting hay, the haystack or the wagon used to collect the hay. 199:

on which to graze an animal, when grazing is not feasible due to weather (such as during the winter), or when lush pasture by itself would be too rich for the health of the animal. It is also fed when an animal cannot access any pastures—for example, when the animal is being kept in a

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Once hay is cut, dried and raked into windrows, it is usually gathered into bales or bundles, and then hauled to a central location for storage. In some places, depending on geography, region, climate, and culture, hay is gathered loose and stacked without being baled first.

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for both types of small bales are still manufactured, as well as stackers, bundlers and bale accumulators for handling them. There are also some farms that still use equipment manufactured over 50 years ago to produce small bales. The small bale remains part of overall

833:. They used a horse-driven screw-press mechanism or a dropped weight to compress the hay. The first patent went to HL Emery for a horse-powered, screw-operated hay press in 1853. Other models were reported as early as 1843 built by PK Dederick's Sons of 211:

Hay production and harvest, commonly known as "making hay", "haymaking", "haying" or "doing hay", involves a multiple step process: cutting, drying or "curing", raking, processing, and storing. Hayfields do not have to be reseeded each year in the way that

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are sometimes used to shed the rain, with the goal of reduced hay wastage, but the cost of the tarpaulins must be weighed against the cost of the hay spoilage percentage difference; it may not be worth the cost, or the plastic's environmental footprint.

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With the advent of large bales since the 1960s, today hay is often stored outdoors because the outer surface of the large bale performs the weather-shedding function. The large bales can also be stacked, which allows a given degree of exposed

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in about 1850. Hay was baled for easier handling and to reduce space required for storage and shipment. The first bales weighed about 300 pounds. The original machines were of a vertical design similar to the one photographed by the

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in grass and hay, but do so by different mechanisms. Because of the four-chambered stomach of cattle, they are often able to break down older forage and have more tolerance of mold and changes in diet. The single-chambered stomach and

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or "hindgut" of the horse uses bacterial processes to break down cellulose that are more sensitive to changes in feeds and the presence of mold or other toxins, requiring horses to be fed hay of a more consistent type and quality.

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may be given a more limited amount of hay to prevent them from getting too fat. The proper amount of hay and the type of hay required varies somewhat between different species. Some animals are also fed concentrated feeds such as

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to grow hay. This is not a certified organic method and no warning labels are mandated by EPA. One concern with hay grown on human sewage sludge is that the hay can take up heavy metals, which are then consumed by animals.

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in multiple feedings throughout the day. Some animals, especially those being raised for meat, may be given enough hay that they simply are able to eat all day. Other animals, especially those that are ridden or driven as

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robust enough to be picked up from the ground by machinery and processed into storage in bales, stacks or pits. Methods of haymaking thus aim to minimize the shattering and falling away of the leaves during handling.

841:. Later, horizontal machines were devised. One was the “Perpetual Press” made by PK Dederick of Albany in 1872. They could be powered by steam engines by about 1882. The continuous hay baler arrived in 1914. 624:

of moisture, though these are more expensive techniques, not in general use except in areas where there is a combination of modern technology, high prices for hay, and too much rain for hay to dry properly.

1049:. Hay stored in this fashion must remain completely sealed in plastic, as any holes or tears will allow the entrance of oxygen and can stop the preservation properties of fermentation and lead to spoilage. 600:

hay is ideally done when plants reach maximum height and are producing flower buds or just beginning to bloom, cutting during or after full bloom results in lower nutritional value of the hay.

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To check hay moisture content, the farmer can use a hand, an oven or a moisture tester. The most efficient way is to use a moisture tester which shows the moisture content in a few seconds.

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These round bales have been left in the field for many months, perhaps more than a year, exposed to weather, and appear to be rotting. Not all animals can safely eat hay with rot or mold.

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Haystacks are also sometimes called haycocks; among some users this term refers more specifically to small piles of cut-and-gathered hay awaiting stacking into larger stacks. The words (

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may be used to seal a round bale completely and trigger the fermentation process. It is a technique used as a money-saving process by producers who do not have access to a superior

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by raking it into a linear heap by hand or with a horse-drawn implement. Turning hay, when needed, originally was done by hand with a fork or rake. Once the dried hay was rowed up,

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A fence may be built to enclose a haystack and prevent roaming animals from eating it, or animals may feed directly from a field-constructed stack as part of their winter feeding.

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is the leading cause of death in horses. Contaminated hay can also lead to respiratory problems in horses. Hay can be soaked in water, sprinkled with water or subjected to

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must often be sprayed with chemical herbicides to keep unwanted weeds from the field, and sometimes even non-certified hayfields are sprayed to limit the production of

397:. Hay that was too wet at cutting may develop rot and mold after being baled, creating the potential for toxins to form in the feed, which could make the animals sick. 400:

After harvest, hay also has to be stored in a manner to prevent it from getting wet. Mold and spoilage reduce nutritional value and may cause illness in animals. A

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Different animals also use hay in different ways: cattle evolved to eat forages in relatively large quantities at a single feeding, and then, due to the process of

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Different balers can produce hay bales in different sizes and shapes. Here two different balers were used to create both large round bales and small square bales.

3200: 1333:. On the other hand, care must also be taken that hay is never exposed to any possible source of heat or flame, as dry hay and the dust it produces are highly 468:

Most animals are fed hay in two daily feedings, morning and evening, more for the convenience of humans, as most grazing animals on pasture naturally consume

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Hay must be fully dried when baled and kept dry in storage. If hay is baled while too moist or becomes wet while in storage, there is a significant risk of

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were killed in large round hay bale accidents, usually when bales were being moved from one location to another, such as when feeding animals.

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to increase evaporation rate. Sometimes, a salt solution is sprayed over the top of the hay (generally alfalfa) that helps to dry the hay.

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the top. In many stacking methods (with or without thatched tops), stems were oriented in sheaves, which were laid in oriented sequence.

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has been used on hayfields, but modern chemical fertilizers are used today as well. Hay that is to be certified as weed-free for use in

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Singleton, GR (1985). "A Demographic and Gentic Study of House Mice, Mus musulus, Colonizing Pasture Haystacks on a Cereal Farm".

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and which support a rich eco-system. The hay produced by these meadows is species rich and was traditionally used to feed horses.

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are also sometimes a part of the mix, though these plants are not necessarily desired as certain forbs are toxic to some animals.

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Round bales require equipment to handle. This round bale is partially covered with net wrap, which is an alternative to

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crops are, but regular fertilizing is usually desirable, and overseeding a field every few years helps increase yield.

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required for an animal. Hay is usually fed to an animal during times when winter, drought, or other conditions make

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Modern mechanized hay production today is usually performed by a number of machines. While small operations use a

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Hay Harvesting in the 1940s instructional films, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Library

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Alloway, Brian J.; Jackson, Andrew P. (1991). "The behaviour of heavy metals in sewage sludge-amended soils".

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When possible, hay, especially small square bales like these, should be stored under cover and protected from

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Hay or grass is the foundation of the diet for all grazing animals, and can provide as much as 100% of the

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It is the leaf and seed material in the hay that determines its quality, because they contain more of the

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such as cows and goats, and there have been animal deaths. Another concern is with a herbicide known as

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to pull various implements for mowing and raking, larger operations use specialized machines such as a

3267:, online edition. by: Oklahoma State University July 24, 2009, Article # 14589. Accessed June 13, 2010 2509: 1090:(stack or bale) taking the hit of the weather and thereby preserving the main body of hay underneath. 356:

is used mainly for animal bedding. Although straw is also used as fodder, particularly as a source of

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Hay can be raked into rows as it is cut, then turned periodically to dry, particularly if a modern

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Animals who eat spoiled hay may develop a variety of illnesses, from coughs related to dust and

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The Farmer's Magazine: A periodical work, exclusively devoted to agriculture and rural affairs

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Good quality hay is green, not too coarse, and includes plant heads, leaves, as well as stems.

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Modern hay production often relies on artificial fertilizer and herbicides. Traditionally,

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The Scythe Book: Mowing Hay, Cutting Weeds, and Harvesting Small Grains, with Hand Tools

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are usually pulled by a tractor, with larger balers requiring more powerful tractors.

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John T. Schlebecker, “Whereby We Thrive: A History of American Farming, 1607–1972,”

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This article is about dried plant material used as animal food. For other uses, see

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or tractor-drawn trailer, for which a sweep could be used instead of pitch forks.

3206:. Country Fire Authority (CFA) Victoria, Australia. December 2008. Archived from 3058: 3041: 2073: 1295:, a native Australian plant, also known as flax weed, is highly toxic to cattle. 1730: 1207: 1166: 1150: 806: 651: 621: 531: 2641: 1235: 894:, which are designed to cut the hay and arrange it into a windrow in one step. 3396: 2122: 1985: 1967: 1812: 1356: 1271: 935: 319: 177: 3314: 2830: 2142: 465:

to an animal in pasture are generally also toxic if they are dried into hay.

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Loose stacked hay built around a central pole, supported by side poles, in

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Modern small-scale transport. Pickup truck loaded with "large square" bales

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were the most common plants used for hay in the early 20th century in the

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or vitamin supplements in addition to hay. In most cases, hay or pasture

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plant materials are occasionally cut green and made into hay for animal

3336:"Fatalities Associated With Large Round Hay Bales—Minnesota, 1994-1996" 2753: 2134: 1990: 1887: 1787: 1291: 1211: 1194: 1078: 1068: 891: 883: 760: 604: 597: 593: 579: 461: 384: 288: 276: 252: 192: 149: 103: 3375:. Chicago, Illinois: Spencer Press, Inc. 1955. pp. 10–291/10–292. 2960:. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable. 1802. pp. 344–345. 2822: 2549:"Contamination on McElmurray farm from human sewage sludge fertilizer" 640:

A tractor mowing a hay field, with the cut hay lying in the foreground

114: 17: 2428:"The Importance of Hay Conditioning | UGA Forage Extension Team" 1912: 1862: 1278: 1274: 1181: 1158: 1042: 1030: 971: 918: 751:. Later, haying was accomplished with horse-drawn implements such as 744: 737: 729: 578:(preferably by the sun), then raked into long, narrow piles known as 494: 483: 469: 457: 443: 405: 341: 333: 308: 292: 284: 272: 268: 201: 157: 137: 27:

Dried grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants used as animal fodder

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induced by the inhalation of biologic dusts coming from hay dust or

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One of the most significant differences in hay digestion is between

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Hay can be used as animal fodder when or where there is not enough

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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

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to count for a larger volume of protected interior hay. Plastic

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During the growing season, which is spring and early summer in

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by teams of workers, dried in the field and gathered loose on

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describes the usual haying process of the early Roman Empire.

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pick up each large bale and move it to its feeding location.

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An Intrepid Traveller: Breaking China with the Idiots Abroad

2640:. West Virginia University Extension Service. Archived from 3145:. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. 3027:

Southern Crops as Grown and Described by Successful Farmers

2129:(28th ed.), Moline, Illinois, USA: Deere and Company, 1157:

and maintains a faded green tint. They can be covered with

620:, or by the use of chemicals sprayed onto the hay to speed 318:

In the UK some hay is harvested from traditionally managed

2668:. Penn State Cooperative Extension service. Archived from 782:

were used to pile it loose, originally onto a horse-drawn

2926:

Barns of New York: Rural Architecture of the Empire State

1317:

for people who are hypersensitive to airborne allergens.

1270:

or molds that may grow on living plants. For example, an

3043:

Scottish Literary Journal: Supplement No. 4, Issues 6–11

3030:. Cultivator Publishing Company. 1911. pp. 205–206. 2850:

Grass-Fed Cattle: How to Produce and Market Natural Beef

2055:"Baled Cornstalks | Illinois Extension | UIUC" 3278:"Top 7 Best Hay Moisture Tester Reviews (2021 Updated)" 1243:

Hay is generally one of the safest feeds to provide to

2788:. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 29–32. 1141:, but not always. Haystacks are also sometimes called 571:

Farmers harvesting hay from mountains in Switzerland.

144:

that have been cut and dried to be stored for use as

184:

can eat hay, but do not digest it as efficiently as

2323:. University of Wisconsin-Extension. Archived from 2923: 2405:. University of Missouri Extension. Archived from 2291: 714:Late 19th-century hay boat with small square bales 3179:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 1161–1172. 2127:The Operation, Care, and Repair of Farm Machinery 824:Hay baling began with the invention of the first 251:Commonly used plants for hay include mixtures of 3089:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2005. p. 521. 2785:The Haymakers: A Chronicle of Five Farm Families 2222:Western Maryland Research & Education Center 486:must make up 50% or more of the diet by weight. 311:in hay are ideally cut pre-bloom. Other pasture 84:"Haymaking" redirects here. For other uses, see 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 3112:"The Beaverslide: Homegrown Haying Technology" 2609:"Bale Baron | Marcrest Manufacturing Inc" 172:, or for smaller domesticated animals such as 2896: 2894: 2194:. Agry.purdue.edu. 1914-06-30. Archived from 1180:A traditional method of storing wheat hay in 805:On some farms, the loose hay was stored in a 774:After hay was cut and dried, it was raked or 586:or shed to protect it from moisture and rot. 8: 2574:"Milestone Herbicide Creates Killer Compost" 2321:"Equipment to rake and merge hay and forage" 2218:"An Introduction to Feeding Small Ruminants" 2117: 2115: 2917: 2915: 1313:products. Exposure to hay can also trigger 360:, it has lower nutritional value than hay. 3177:Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders 2595:"Stackcruiser® Self-Propelled Bale Wagons" 2043:. The Farmer's Magazine. 1870. p. 32. 2041:"The Best Method of Managing the Hay Crop" 1379: 3232:"Haystack Fires (Spontaneous Combustion)" 3004:. Trafford Publishing. pp. 230–231. 2974:About Dreams and Memories on the Old Farm 3262:"Barn Fires: Avoid Hay Bale Combustion." 2908:. Dictionary.com, LLC. 26 December 2013. 2224:. Maryland Cooperative Extension Service 998:competitions still held for fun at many 408:may cause illness in horses and cattle. 60:of all important aspects of the article. 2007: 344:, and more usually used in the form of 3118:. Montana Arts Council. Archived from 2068: 2066: 2064: 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 2930:. Cornell University Press. pp. 2723:, St. Paul, MN, USA: Voyageur Press, 2623:"Norden MFG | Bale Accumulators" 2260:Mike Neary and Keith Johnson (1991). 2017:"Best Food items to feed to Rabbits?" 1401:Extractive matter free from nitrogen 938:poisoning is a particular concern in 7: 2510:"Molybdenum Poisoning: Introduction" 1045:than in either the United States or 3086:Webster's II New College Dictionary 2268:. Purdue University. Archived from 736:, though both plants are native to 509:. Both types of animals can digest 3352:10.1001/jama.279.9.647-JWR0304-2-1 2159:Managing Fescue for Horses FSA3042 25: 3373:The American Peoples Encyclopedia 2998:Jackson, Mark (10 October 2011). 2971:Francis, Irv E. (4 August 2005). 2319:K. J. Shinners and R.T. Schuler. 2176:from the original on 2001-06-14, 2156:Jones, Steven M.; Russell, Mark, 1118:, British farmers found that the 654:dumping a freshly rolled hay bale 367:systems are developed to produce 3395: 3110:Ernst, Lisa; Swaney, Alexandra. 2846:"7: Planning for Winter Grazing" 2572:Pleasant, Barbara (2009-07-24). 2561:from the original on 2010-07-14. 2468:Science of the Total Environment 2442:"Certified Organic Requirements" 2125:(1957), "23: Hay conditioners", 1970: 853:Harvesting hay on the Swiss Alps 561: 550: 113: 102: 34: 2399:"Large Round Bales: Management" 1978:Agriculture and Agronomy portal 1255:with high energy requirements. 743:Much hay was originally cut by 48:may be too short to adequately 3412:New International Encyclopedia 2243:"Information on Feeding sheep" 913:Fertilization and weed control 58:provide an accessible overview 1: 3156:Alice Plate (March 2, 2006). 3057:Tresemer, David Ward (1996). 2811:Australian Journal of Zoology 2693:Karen Spivey and Jackie Nix. 831:Greene Co. Historical Society 802:and fed to animals each day. 767:, most hay production became 701: 394:make hay while the sun shines 123:Fresh grass hay, newly baled. 3346:(9): 647–649. 4 March 1998. 3063:. Alan C. Hood. p. 53. 2922:Falk, Cynthia (1 May 2012). 2488:10.1016/0048-9697(91)90377-Q 2179:last trimester of pregnancy. 1303:hypersensitivity pneumonitis 1210:with a full stack of hay in 1014:. Both can be deadly to non- 845:Modern mechanized techniques 322:which have a highly diverse 3201:"Preventing Haystack Fires" 2977:. AuthorHouse. p. 71. 2782:Steven R. Hoffbeck (2000). 2744:Henderson, George (2013) , 2290:Budiansky, Stephen (1997). 839:Switzerland County, Indiana 612:or spreading it out with a 3496: 3457:Collier's New Encyclopedia 3141:Wright, Bob; Kenney, Dan. 2879:Collins English Dictionary 2852:. Storey Publishing, LLC. 2638:"Round Bale Storage Costs" 2266:Indiana Sheep Tales Vol. 2 2192:"Selecting Hay for Horses" 2078:Living History Farms, Iowa 1936: 1911: 1886: 1861: 1836: 1811: 1786: 1754: 1729: 1704: 1679: 1654: 1629: 1604: 1569: 1546: 1523: 1500: 1477: 1454: 1431: 1408: 1056: 977: 441: 419: 90: 86:Haymaking (disambiguation) 83: 76: 3158:"Toxic Weed Kills Cattle" 2663:"Large Round Bale Silage" 2262:"Stretching Hay Supplies" 2169:Division of Agriculture, 1779: 1597: 1592: 1524:Red clover hay (average) 1120:demand outstripped supply 93:Haystack (disambiguation) 3315:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2001146 2844:Ruechel, Julius (2012). 2524:"Metal uptake by plants" 2350:Columella, De Re Rustica 1996:National Hay Association 1277:that sometimes grows on 1193:Hay cocks in a field in 1137:) are usually styled as 994:lore and tradition with 755:. With the invention of 3427:Encyclopædia Britannica 1570:Red clover hay (prime) 3442:Encyclopedia Americana 3430:(11th ed.). 1911. 2873:HarperCollins (2018), 2719:Yost, Spencer (2006), 2167:University of Arkansas 2098:"Northern Hay Meadows" 1547:Red clover hay (good) 1501:Red clover hay (poor) 1364: 1343:spontaneous combustion 1327:spontaneous combustion 1321:Spontaneous combustion 1240: 1218: 1197: 1184: 1086: 1071: 975: 963: 879: 862: 854: 837:, or Samuel Hewitt of 757:agricultural machinery 715: 707: 693: 665: 655: 641: 439: 248: 239: 231: 3400:Texts on Wikisource: 3162:ABC Rural: Queensland 2721:Small-Scale Haymaking 2576:. Motherearthnews.com 2403:Publication no. G1955 2371:Iowa State University 2015:Wassam (2024-05-12). 1432:Meadow hay (average) 1381:Chemical composition 1359: 1238: 1205: 1192: 1179: 1077: 1066: 1029:For animals that eat 970:A completely wrapped 969: 957: 877: 860: 852: 713: 699: 685: 663: 649: 639: 542:Harvest and transport 437: 245: 237: 227: 3143:"Abortion in Horses" 2875:"headword 'haycock'" 2294:The Nature of Horses 1376:Chemical composition 1018:herbivores, such as 686:Haymakers, from the 79:Hay (disambiguation) 3175:Enelow, RI (2008). 2748:(Kindle ed.), 2636:Rayburn, Edward B. 2480:1991ScTEn.100..151A 2386:. 15 December 2011. 1478:Meadow hay (prime) 1382: 700:Haymaking in Wales 501:, and nonruminant, 148:, either for large 3122:on October 1, 2012 2746:The Farming Ladder 2397:Hires, William G. 2373:Press, 1975, p 198 2352:(Book II ed.) 2216:Schoenian, Susan. 1455:Meadow hay (good) 1409:Meadow hay (poor) 1380: 1365: 1241: 1219: 1198: 1185: 1125:hydraulic circuits 1087: 1072: 976: 964: 880: 863: 855: 716: 708: 694: 666: 656: 642: 503:hindgut fermentors 440: 249: 240: 232: 152:animals raised as 3186:978-0-07-145739-2 3070:978-0-911469-14-1 3011:978-1-4269-9488-3 2984:978-1-4634-4959-9 2941:978-0-8014-6445-4 2859:978-1-60342-587-2 2823:10.1071/ZO9850437 2795:978-0-87351-395-1 2123:Deere and Company 2100:. Wildlife Trusts 1961: 1960: 1315:allergic rhinitis 1223: 1222: 1135:haystack, haycock 875: 718:Columella in his 670: 669: 493:animals, such as 438:Horses eating hay 142:herbaceous plants 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 3487: 3461: 3446: 3431: 3416: 3399: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3274: 3268: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3212: 3205: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2929: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2779: 2758: 2757: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2553: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2526:. 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Free Press. 2282: 2252: 2249:on 2007-11-14. 2234: 2208: 2183: 2148: 2111: 2089: 2060: 2046: 2032: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1838:Crimson clover 1834: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1656:Ky. blue grass 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1593:Protein fiber 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 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