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653:. The new seaport would convert existing inland creeks into barge canals with lengths of up to 1.5 miles (2.4 km), and the 25 square miles (65 km) area of the bay was to be dredged. An aggregate 4,200 acres (1,700 ha) of marshlands in the bay would be converted to land that could be built upon, while residential communities would be built on Long Island for port workers. Railroads would be built to collect cargo from piers, and a canal would extend northward across Long Island to the
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1683:"JAMAICA BAY PLAN APPROVED BY CITY; Long Fight Over Development Ends When Board Votes for $ 26,000,000 Program. WALKER INCLINED TO DELAY Suggests Special Report by Berry on Finances, but Is Warned of Increasing Costs. LONE WOMAN OPPOSES IT Charges City Is "Experimenting With a Railroad"--Cosgrove to Ask $ 350,000 for Paerdegat Basin. Paerdegat Project Pushed. Points to Danger of Delay"
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with projections suggesting that the frequency of such storms is likely to increase over the coming century, New York City released "A Stronger, More
Resilient New York" in June 2013, an extensive report outlining a plan to reinforce and rebuild NYC infrastructure in order to create a city better able to withstand future storms. Later that year, Mayor
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1030:, recognizes two Priority Sites for Biodiversity within the Jamaica Bay and Breezy Point habitat complex: Breezy Point (B2 – very high biodiversity significance) and Fountain Avenue Landfill (B3 – high biodiversity significance). Jamaica Bay and Breezy Point have been designated as Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitats by the
393:, filling, and development. About 49 square kilometres (19 sq mi) of the original 65 square kilometres (25 sq mi) of wetlands in the bay have been filled in, mostly around the perimeter of the bay. Extensive areas of the bay have been dredged for navigation channels and to provide fill for the
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hit the city in force in
October 2012, causing billions of dollars of damage, and inundating coastal regions, including Jamaica Bay, with a storm surge estimated at close to 2.5 meters. The impact of Hurricane Sandy revealed the vulnerability of the city's coastal infrastructure to storm surges, and
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management plan for the bay was completed in 1993 by the New York City
Department of Environmental Protection in order to better protect and restore habitats and improve water quality. Wetlands are regulated in New York under the state's Freshwater Wetlands Act of 1975 and Tidal Wetlands Act of 1977.
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and dredging. Another 526 acres (213 ha) disappeared in 1974–1994, and 220 acres (89 ha) was lost during 1994–1999. By 2007, the bay was losing wetlands at a rate of 33 acres (13 ha) a year, nearly twice the rate in 2001. As of 2003, marshland is being lost at the rate of approximately
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spoken by the Native
Americans who lived in the area at the time of first European contact. The liquid "y" sound of English is spelled with a "j" in Dutch, the language of the first people to write about the area; the English retained this Dutch spelling, but, after repeated reading and speaking of
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The loss of marshlands has also contributed to flooding in communities surrounding the bay. In 2020 alone, surrounding neighborhoods were flooded 15 times; dredging, the loss of marshland, and global sea-level rise contributed to the flooding in nearly all of these cases. In an effort to reduce the
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of about three weeks. The bay communicates with Lower New York Bay and the
Atlantic Ocean via Rockaway Inlet, a high current area that is 0.6 mi (0.97 km) wide at its narrowest point, with an average depth of 23 ft (7.0 m). Measurements taken during recent surveys in Jamaica Bay
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pouring into the bay every day, 92 percent from four sewage treatment plants ringing the bay, may be partly to blame. They hypothesize that the high levels of nitrogen may stimulate the growth of sea lettuce, smothering other plants. The excess energy may also cause smooth cordgrass to reallocate
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The project began in 1911, despite doubts about the feasibility of the project. Some engineers believed that shifting sand dunes and the tides in
Jamaica Bay might make it impossible to construct the seaport district. The next year, developers began dredging within Jamaica Bay in order to make it
716:, which would then connect to the national railroad system at large. Dredging Paerdegat Basin was a key part of the plan, as it would allow easier access for ships headed to Canarsie. As part of the updated proposal, two artificial islands for shipping operations would be built in Jamaica Bay.
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in
Jamaica Bay. These plans were scrapped because there was not enough commercial traffic to justify the construction. Over the next two decades, commercial activity in New York City increased. New proposals for the Jamaica Bay seaport emerged in the 1900s. By 1905, the value of the city's
1589:"PROJECTS BIG PORT ABOUT JAMAICA BAY; The Port Authority Offers to Construct $ 2,000,000 Rail Link to Develop Area. WOULD LEASE IT TO CITY Five-Mile Line Connecting With the Long Island Would Permit 150 Miles of New Piers. Letter Describes Project. PROJECTS BIG PORT ABOUT JAMAICA BAY"
665:. The pier, which was to receive landfill for the other proposed piers, stretched 1 mile (1.6 km) northeast and was 700 feet (210 m) wide. A total of six such piers were planned for this area. In June 1918, a 447-foot-long (136 m) municipally owned pier was opened at
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approved Moses's proposal, ending all plans for the seaport project. The only thing that was completed was the dredging of
Paerdegat Basin to a 16-foot (4.9 m) depth. In the 1950s and 1960s, much of the city-owned land around the basin was sold off to private developers.
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estuaries, and to a diverse community of migratory birds and insects that use the Bay for refueling during transit between summer breeding and overwintering grounds. While the resident wildlife of
Jamaica Bay are poorly studied, survey data indicate that Jamaica Bay and the
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Handel, Steven N.; Marra, John; Kaunzinger, Christina M. K.; Bricelj, V. Monica; Burger, Joanna; Burke, Russell L.; Camhi, Merry; Colón, Christina P.; Jensen, Olaf P. (2016), Sanderson, Eric W.; Solecki, William D.; Waldman, John R.; Parris, Adam S. (eds.),
1011:. Occasionally the airport becomes a route of migration of some wildlife species disrupting the traffic. Small areas in the upland buffer around the bay and on the Rockaway Peninsula remain in private residential or commercial ownership.
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plans to dredge a small area of the bay in order to build up the soil in about 1 acre (4,000 m) of marsh. Opponents are concerned that the dredging may be harmful, perhaps leading to greater loss of marshland than the area saved.
1618:"PUSHES PORT PLANS FOR JAMAICA BAY; Board of Estimate Committee Approves Buying Land for the Paerdegat Basin Railroad. FAVORS DREDGING PROJECT It Also Recommends Extension of Tracks of Long Island Road to Canarsie and Barren Island"
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navigable for the large vessels that were supposed to use the bay. Significant progress on the dredging had been completed by 1918, and the city allowed the construction of several piers. However, only one pier was built near
1560:"URGES CITY TO RUSH JAMAICA BAY WORK; Hager Tells Long Island Cruise Members of Plan to Have $ 12,000,000 Set Aside. PROJECT INCLUDES AIRPORT Bullard Says Sheepshead Bay Seeks Breakwater, Wider Channel and a Mooring Place"
1719:"1932 HARBOR WORK HERE TO BE FINISHED; Funds to Be Borrowed From Other Projects to Complete New York Program. OUTLAY PUT AT $ 5,812,875 Upper Bay Anchorage Channel, Jamaica Bay Jetty and Passaic River Improvement Planned"
1472:"MAYOR OPENS CITY'S JAMAICA BAY PIER; Other Officials Take Part In Dedication of Mill Basin as a Port. DANIELS'S LETTER BY AIR Lieut. Kilgore Drops Secretary's Message of Congratulation into the Water, but It Is Rescued"
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Some modifications to
Jamaica Bay were conducted in the early 20th century as a result of a never-realized plan to develop Jamaica Bay as a seaport. As early as 1886, the U.S. Engineering Department (a part of the
1829:"CITY CLEARS WAY FOR JAMAICA PARK; Board Adopts Maps, Sets Time for Public Hearing on Huge Area on Waterfront COST MAY BE $ 10,000,000 Plan Favored by Moses Would Prevent Use of Site for Industry or Seaport"
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to the west. By that time, the city had spent $ 10 million, and the federal government $ 2 million, toward improving the bay for a proposed seaport district. Supporters of the new proposal included Mayor
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Significant habitats and habitat complexes of the New York bight watershed. US Fish and Wildlife. Charlestown, RI: Fish and Wildlife Service, Southern New England—New York Bight Coastal Ecosystems Program
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The location of Jamaica Bay, combined with its rich food resources, make it an important habitat for both plants and animals. This geographic location also provides valuable feeding habitat to marine and
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open water and extensive low-lying islands with areas of salt marsh, intertidal flats, and uplands important for colonial nesting waterbirds. The average mean low tide exposes 350 acres (1.4 km) of
452:; the smaller 49 acres (0.20 km) freshwater West Pond is kept as open water, and the larger 120 acres (0.49 km) slightly brackish East Pond is controlled to expose mudflats. Some of the
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357:(nutrient-rich) estuary covering about 25,000 acres (100 km), with a mean depth of 13 feet (4.0 m), a semidiurnal tidal range averaging 4.9 ft (1.5 m), and a
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669:. At the time, there were proposals to fill in 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) between Mill and Barren Islands so 14 more piers could be built. With the United States' entry into
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1793:"JAMAICA BAY TO BE PLAY AREA; Its 18,000 Acres of Water and Marshland Are Being Cleaned Up and Developed for Swimming, Boating and Fishing JAMAICA BAY TO BE PLAY AREA"
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448:). These rich food resources attract a variety of fish, shorebirds, and waterfowl. In addition, two freshwater impoundments were created on Rulers Bar Hassock in the
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Schubert, Christopher E.; Busciolano, Ronald J.; Jr, Paul P. Hearn; Rahav, Ami N.; Behrens, Riley; Finkelstein, Jason S.; Jr, Jack Monti; Simonson, Amy E. (2015).
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and supporting a vigorous fishing industry the area has been closed to shellfishing since the early 20th century. The marshlands are also fast diminishing.
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offered to build the new railroad link for $ 2 million and lease it to the city. In 1930, the city approved of a report recommending the acquisition of a
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was being constructed on the bay's west shore, and advocates for the seaport project were pushing the city to construct the docklands simultaneously. The
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In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer, American Airlines Flight 587, Airbus Industrie A300-605R, N14053, Belle Harbor, New York, November 12, 2001
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US Fish and Wildlife Service. "Significant habitats and habitat complexes of the New York bight watershed: Jamaica Bay and Breezy Point. Complex# 16."
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and Sunset Cove at Broad Channel. Portions of the wetlands and uplands are part of JFK Airport, owned by the city of New York and operated by the
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295:"Jamaica", slowly replaced the liquid sound with the hard "j" of the English pronunciation of the name today. (In the Caribbean, the aboriginal
800:, crashed after takeoff from JFK Airport after its vertical stabilizer separated in-flight and landed in Jamaica Bay. The aircraft crashed into
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on Jamaica Bay that is part of the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. All 95 people on board were killed, including 87 passengers and 8 crew members.
239:, and is the westernmost of the coastal lagoons on the south shore of Long Island. Politically, it is primarily divided between the boroughs of
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40 acres (160,000 m) per year. The reasons for this loss are still unclear, but one hypothesis is that the loss is the result of rising
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support seasonal or year-round populations of at least 325 bird species, more than 100 species of fish, and more than 80 butterfly species.
303:, "land of wood and water", and the "x" spelling in Spanish was in time transformed to the hard "j" of the modern English name, "Jamaica".)
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Within Jamaica Bay, 1,290 acres (520 ha) of marshland disappeared between 1924 and 1974, of which 780 acres (320 ha) was due to
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indicate average yearly ranges for temperature of 34 to 79 °F (1 to 26 °C), salinity of 20.5 to 26 parts per thousand,
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1514:"Urge Sale of $ 200,000,000 of "Made Land" Along New Jamaica Bay Channels as Means to Get City Funds for New Transit Solution"
956:'s Jamaica Bay Unit. Administered by the National Park Service, the Jamaica Bay Unit includes the 9,100 acres (37 km) of
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696:, which would in turn allow freight to be delivered and shipped to the rest of the continental United States. By 1928, the
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1092:. The Institute, subsequently renamed the Science and Resilience Institute at Jamaica Bay (SRIJB), is currently housed at
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2406:"The Sea-Gate Of The Continent: ... The Flats Of New Jersey And Of Brooklyn The Ultimate Solution Of The Problem"
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of 3.5 to 18.5 milligrams/liter, and pH of 6.8 to 9. Loadings of nutrients and organic matter into the bay from
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2105:"ThermoEnergy Corporation Signs Contract with City of New York to Help Improve Overall Ecology of Jamaica Bay"
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manufacturing sector was assessed at $ 1.5 billion, a figure cited by supporters of the Jamaica Bay project.
401:(commonly known as JFK Airport) on the northeastern side of the bay, as well as the historic and now-defunct
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Significant Habitats and Habitat Complexes of the New York Bight Watershed: Jamaica Bay and Breezy Point."
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federal government, and the city of New York. Most of Jamaica Bay proper and portions of the uplands and
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Jamaica Bay has been designated and mapped as an otherwise protected beach unit pursuant to the federal
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and New York Bay, and is at the turning point of the primarily east-west oriented coastline of southern
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The plans were revived by 1927. At the time, the docklands were expected to gain a connection to the
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1334:"A Vast Project For Transforming New York's Marshlands.; JAMAICA BAY TO BECOME A GREAT WORLD HARBOR"
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American Airlines, Inc., Boeing 707-123B N 7506A, Jamaica Bay, Long Island, New York, March 1, 1962
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2307:"Jamaica Bay Science And Resilience Institute Will Investigate Natural Storm Resistance Defenses"
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announced the installation of enhanced treatment measures. An innovative technology, called the
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In 1910, developers unveiled a plan to convert Jamaica Bay to a seaport district as part of the
2435:(New York: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Institute for Space Studies).
1932:. Civil Aeronautics Board. January 15, 1963. Docket No. SA-366. File No. 1-0001. Archived from
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924:, which will further reduce nitrogen discharges from the bay by 3,000 pounds per day by 2014.
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signed an agreement to jointly manage Jamaica Bay and restore its parkland and greenspaces.
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approved a plan to build railroads on both sides of Paerdegat Basin, connecting the LIRR to
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Lin, Ning; Kopp, Robert E.; Horton, Benjamin P.; Donnelly, Jeffrey P. (October 25, 2016).
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1038:. Jamaica Bay was also designated as one of three special natural waterfront areas by the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2066:"Historical dredging and wetland loss in New York City's Jamaica Bay increase flooding"
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energy from its roots to its shoots, making it harder for marsh soil to hold together.
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Community-driven knowledge base of past, present, and future activities in Jamaica Bay
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1950:(Navigate: Historical Aircraft Accident Reports (1934–1965)→ 1962→ American Airlines)
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2433:"The Vanishing Marshes of Jamaica Bay: Sea Level Rise or Environmental Degradation?"
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along the northern and western shores of Jamaica Bay. Under Moses's leadership, the
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1966:(Report). National Transportation Safety Board. October 26, 2004. NTSB/AAR-04/04.
804:. All 260 people on board were killed, as well as five more people on the ground.
231:. The estuary is partially man-made, and partially natural. The bay connects with
2053:"Nitrogen Loading in Jamaica Bay, Long Island, New York: Predevelopment to 2005."
740:, City Comptroller Charles Berry, and Brooklyn's and Queens' borough presidents.
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2128:"Turtles Stop Traffic at New York's JFK Airport, Promptly Get a Twitter Account"
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1443:"JAMAICA BAY WORLD HARBOR; Six 1,000-Foot Piers to Be Installed as a Beginning"
1234:, Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, pp. 91–116,
875:. Most of the waters and marshes have been protected since 1972 as part of the
781:, crashed on takeoff from JFK Airport after its rudder jammed. It crashed into
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as late as the 1940s. Jamaica Bay is located adjacent to the confluence of the
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These statutes are in addition to federal regulation under Section 10 of the
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moved to convert much of the Jamaica Bay area into a city park. In 1949, the
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United States Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5051.
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Visitor Information from National Parks of the New York Harbor Conservancy
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opposed the Jamaica Bay project, since it wanted to build the competing
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2282:"A Stronger, More Resilient New York | U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit"
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2216:"Hurricane Sandy's flood frequency increasing from year 1800 to 2100"
2092:"DEP Launches New Measures to Improve Overall Ecology of Jamaica Bay"
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748:. There was enough federal money for both projects, though. However,
560:) dune. Species introduced in the refuge to attract wildlife include
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Prospects for Resilience: Insights from New York City’s Jamaica Bay
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The majority of land and water within this complex is owned by the
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Other scientists suggest that the 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) of
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and Long Island and the north-south oriented coastline of the mid-
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Southern New England – New York Bight Coastal Ecosystems Program.
2187:"Analysis of storm-tide impacts from Hurricane Sandy in New York"
1112:, a drive along the Rockaways that borders the Jamaica Bay shore
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Benotti, Mark J., Michael Abbene, and Stephen A. Terracciano.
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1018:, prohibiting incompatible federal financial assistance or
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Cody, Sarah K.; Auwaerter, John; Curry, George W. (2009).
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amount of nitrogen being discharged into Jamaica Bay, the
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The bay contains numerous marshy islands. It was known as
1228:"Ecology of Jamaica Bay: History, Status, and Resilience"
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Charlestown, RI (1997).
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Jamaica Bay Research and Management Information Network
2020:"Jamaica Bay Loses Marshes at Faster Rate, Report Says"
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The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York
1202:"History of Jamaica – Lonely Planet Travel Information"
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New York City Department of Environmental Protection.
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species migrating between the New York Bight and the
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Map of Jamaica Bay, with subway lines and major roads
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New York City Department of Environmental Protection
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2380:"Cultural Landscape Report for Floyd Bennett Field"
1080:, together with the then Secretary of the Interior
612:subway train crossing Jamaica Bay, 1973. Photo by
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2625:Queens Gateway to Health Sciences Secondary School
2428:A c. 1910 plea to develop a harbor at Jamaica Bay.
2165:"The Institute – Science and Resilience Institute"
1394:New York City Department of Parks & Recreation
2471:Official Gateway National Recreation Area website
1132:Marine life of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
1036:New York Department of Environmental Conservation
27:Bay on the southern side of Long Island, New York
1096:, but will be relocating to a permanent home at
758:New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
382:and low bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations.
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3901:Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
2220:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1127:Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
1063:Science and Resilience Institute at Jamaica Bay
397:and other construction projects. This includes
456:in the bay have upland communities, including
385:Jamaica Bay is in the southern portion of the
219:on the southern portion of the western tip of
3082:
2645:The Young Women's Leadership School of Queens
2501:
2431:Hartig, Ellen K. and Gornitz, Vivien (1981).
2397:College of Environmental Science and Forestry
290:, a corruption of a word for "beaver" in the
171:The main waterways surrounding New York City.
8:
2676:Greater Allen A. M. E. Cathedral of New York
2147:"Delays at J.F.K.? This Time, Blame Turtles"
2107:(Press release). Thermoenergy. June 30, 2010
1086:Jamaica Bay Science and Resilience Institute
976:. There are two state parks at Jamaica Bay,
2871:Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport
3940:Bodies of water of Nassau County, New York
3666:
3456:
3235:
3226:
3111:
3089:
3075:
3067:
2827:
2508:
2494:
2486:
1499:
1414:
1376:
1364:
1298:
680:. Planners wanted to create a spur of the
31:
2257:
2239:
2198:
1040:New York City Department of City Planning
1009:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
702:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
684:south to Flatlands, with two branches to
378:concentrations which, in turn, result in
282:The name derives from the nearby town of
2681:Jamaica First German Presbyterian Church
2346:United States Department of the Interior
1997:Department of Environmental Conservation
629:in preparation for constructing a large
2411:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
1164:"What Is Jamaica, Queens, Named After?"
1154:
1024:New York State Natural Heritage Program
2712:Jamaica Center for Arts & Learning
2366:
2355:
1067:In 2012, the City of New York and the
408:The center of the bay is dominated by
3014:John F. Kennedy International Airport
1763:. New York: Knopf. pp. 341–343.
1546:
1426:
1315:
1281:
1084:, announced the establishment of the
399:John F. Kennedy International Airport
341:Jamaica Bay from the northwest (2013)
7:
2745:Jamaica Chamber of Commerce Building
2661:First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica
1220:
1218:
712:. The railroad would connect to the
3945:Bodies of water of Queens, New York
2630:Queens High School for the Sciences
2600:Children's Library Discovery Center
2018:DePalma, Anthony (August 2, 2007).
1973:from the original on April 30, 2017
1654:"Jamaica Bay Plan Approved by City"
69:
1902:"Tides Hampering Hunt for Victims"
1116:Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge
1032:New York State Department of State
991:within the bay complex, including
25:
3893:. Smaller ponds may not be shown.
2810:Triboro Hospital for Tuberculosis
1512:Wilhelm, Carl (October 2, 1927).
3955:Gateway National Recreation Area
2800:Sidewalk clock on Jamaica Avenue
2780:J. Kurtz and Sons Store Building
2605:Dominican Commercial High School
2191:Scientific Investigations Report
2126:Cohen, Zachary (June 29, 2011).
1162:Pollak, Michael (July 6, 2014).
954:Gateway National Recreation Area
877:Gateway National Recreation Area
816:
688:and Mill Basin. A connection to
68:
61:
45:
3930:Bays of Queens County, New York
2750:Jamaica Hospital Medical Center
928:Ownership and protection status
762:New York City Board of Estimate
721:New York City Board of Estimate
692:would be built via the planned
3920:Bays of Kings County, New York
2671:Grace Episcopal Church Complex
2145:Newman, Andy (June 29, 2011).
1049:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
708:for a proposed LIRR branch to
625:) had created plans to dredge
1:
3950:Estuaries of New York (state)
3831:Croton Distributing Reservoir
2851:Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer
2590:Archbishop Molloy High School
1016:Coastal Barrier Resources Act
673:, the project was abandoned.
641:project, which would connect
286:, which in turn derives from
251:, with a small part touching
86:
2635:Thomas A. Edison High School
2404:Keys, C.M. (November 1910).
2393:State University of New York
2337:Black, Frederick R. (1981).
1190:, accessed December 16, 2006
794:American Airlines Flight 587
714:New York Connecting Railroad
370:plants and runoff result in
3965:Lagoons of New York (state)
3935:Bodies of water of Brooklyn
2988:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
2461:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
1240:10.5822/978-1-61091-734-6_5
1090:City University of New York
958:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
920:, is now being designed by
863:of Jamaica Bay offer prime
450:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
3986:
3897:Geography of New York City
3889:Former waterways shown in
1122:Geography of New York City
1100:within the next 3 years..
775:American Airlines Flight 1
639:New York State Barge Canal
576:), and Japanese barberry (
484:); scrub-shrub containing
387:New York metropolitan area
3887:
3058:Queens Community Board 12
3052:
2887:165th Street Bus Terminal
2815:United States Post Office
2795:Queens Detention Facility
2595:August Martin High School
2523:
825:This section needs to be
649:by way of a new canal in
56:
44:
39:
3925:Bays of New York (state)
3765:Williamsbridge Reservoir
2339:"JAMAICA BAY: A HISTORY"
1908:. Spokane, WA. p. 1
1390:"Marine Park Highlights"
922:ThermoEnergy Corporation
918:Ammonia Recovery Process
808:Environmental conditions
736:, President of Aldermen
3709:Meadow and Willow Lakes
2790:Loew's Valencia Theatre
2241:10.1073/pnas.1604386113
1993:"Tidal Wetlands Trends"
1530:Brooklyn Public Library
1139:, island in Jamaica Bay
1001:Rockaway Community Park
623:Army Corps of Engineers
557:Ammophila breviligulata
466:Schizachyrium scoparium
3750:Crotona Park Reservoir
2707:Afrikan Poetry Theatre
2620:The Mary Louis Academy
2365:Cite journal requires
1028:The Nature Conservancy
1026:, in conjunction with
941:
856:
852:Jamaica Bay seen from
792:On November 12, 2001,
617:
602:
515:Toxicodendron radicans
342:
205:
3755:Jerome Park Reservoir
3729:Roy Wilkins Park Pond
2763:161-02 Jamaica Avenue
2758:146-21 Jamaica Avenue
2754:Jamaica Savings Bank
2666:First Reformed Church
2610:Hillcrest High School
2554:Proctor-Hopson Circle
2350:National Park Service
1874:. February 15, 1964.
1069:National Park Service
1051:, Section 404 of the
1022:within the unit. The
940:seen from Jamaica Bay
935:
897:National Park Service
851:
783:Pumpkin Patch Channel
719:In January 1931, the
698:Barren Island Airport
678:Long Island Rail Road
608:
600:Plumb Beach, Brooklyn
598:
482:Solidago sempervirens
420:Spartina alterniflora
405:on the western side.
340:
235:to the west, through
170:
126:40.61778°N 73.84250°W
3838:Highbridge Reservoir
3210:Spuyten Duyvil Creek
2846:Jamaica–179th Street
2805:South Jamaica Houses
2094:Accessed 2010-06-30.
1906:The Spokesman-Review
1900:AP (March 2, 1962).
1692:. January 31, 1931.
1627:. October 22, 1930.
1518:Brooklyn Daily Eagle
802:Belle Harbor, Queens
694:Staten Island Tunnel
3724:Ridgewood Reservoir
3286:East Rockaway Inlet
3039:Springfield Gardens
2938:Metropolitan Avenue
2775:Jamaica Race Course
2735:Baisley Park Houses
2730:85-15 Wareham Place
2691:St. Monica's Church
2615:Jamaica High School
2286:toolkit.climate.gov
2232:2016PNAS..11312071L
2226:(43): 12071–12075.
2200:10.3133/sir20155036
2072:. February 24, 2023
1865:"Destroying a City"
1598:. November 27, 1929
1110:Beach Channel Drive
1098:Floyd Bennett Field
974:Floyd Bennett Field
785:, a remote area of
738:Fiorello La Guardia
729:Floyd Bennett Field
727:to the east and to
579:Berberis thunbergii
570:Japanese black pine
566:Elaeagnus umbellata
554:); and beachgrass (
552:Ailanthus altissima
528:Celtis occidentalis
490:Myrica pensylvanica
403:Floyd Bennett Field
299:named their island
131:40.61778; -73.84250
122: /
3793:Conservatory Water
3760:Van Cortlandt Lake
3719:Prospect Park Lake
3479:Coney Island Creek
3392:City Island Harbor
3258:Lower New York Bay
3240:Upper New York Bay
3124:Buttermilk Channel
2544:Captain Tilly Park
2445:2016-02-05 at the
2151:The New York Times
2024:The New York Times
1999:. November 7, 2014
1872:The New York Times
1836:The New York Times
1800:The New York Times
1728:. March 28, 1932.
1726:The New York Times
1690:The New York Times
1663:. January 31, 1931
1661:The New York Times
1625:The New York Times
1596:The New York Times
1567:The New York Times
1479:The New York Times
1450:The New York Times
1417:, pp. 29, 46.
1341:The New York Times
1168:The New York Times
1042:. A comprehensive
987:There are several
942:
938:World Trade Center
857:
773:On March 1, 1962,
618:
603:
343:
233:Lower New York Bay
206:
195:Lower New York Bay
191:Upper New York Bay
3907:
3906:
3883:
3882:
3808:Onassis Reservoir
3656:
3655:
3571:Westchester Creek
3561:Rattlesnake Creek
3425:
3424:
3384:Long Island Sound
3338:
3337:
3218:
3217:
3167:Long Island Sound
3064:
3063:
2966:
2965:
2958:Union Hall Street
2953:Sutphin Boulevard
2948:Rockaway Junction
2892:Hillside Facility
2866:Sutphin Boulevard
2861:Parsons Boulevard
2559:Prospect Cemetery
2549:Foch Sitting Area
2313:. August 13, 2013
2193:. pp. 1–75.
1802:. June 29, 1941.
1770:978-0-394-48076-3
1429:, pp. 77–79.
1249:978-1-61091-734-6
997:Spring Creek Park
846:
845:
655:Long Island Sound
610:IND Rockaway Line
591:Seaport proposals
478:seaside goldenrod
345:Jamaica Bay is a
183:Long Island Sound
165:
164:
16:(Redirected from
3977:
3970:Rockaway, Queens
3714:Potamogeton Pond
3667:
3551:Hutchinson River
3457:
3236:
3227:
3150:Other interstate
3112:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3068:
3029:Rochdale Village
2943:Queens Boulevard
2856:Jamaica–Van Wyck
2828:
2721:Other buildings/
2686:Masjid Al-Mamoor
2569:Springfield Park
2564:Roy Wilkins Park
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2400:
2384:
2374:
2368:
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2343:
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2322:
2320:
2318:
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2297:
2296:
2294:
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2278:
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2261:
2243:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1924:
1918:
1917:
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1913:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1869:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1838:. May 13, 1949.
1833:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1797:
1789:
1783:
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1751:
1745:
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1538:
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1527:
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1476:
1468:
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1457:
1447:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1343:. March 13, 1910
1338:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1302:
1296:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1159:
1094:Brooklyn College
1057:Executive Orders
978:Shirley Chisholm
952:are part of the
841:
838:
832:
820:
819:
812:
682:Bay Ridge Branch
651:upstate New York
574:Pinus thunbergii
474:Panicum virgatum
374:blooms and high
368:sewage treatment
364:dissolved oxygen
155:
154:Primary outflows
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
105:
72:
71:
65:
49:
32:
21:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3960:Jamaica, Queens
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3894:
3879:
3843:
3769:
3738:
3662:
3652:
3619:
3575:
3556:Pugsley's Creek
3534:
3489:Gerritsen Creek
3455:
3431:
3430:Rivers, creeks,
3421:
3407:Little Neck Bay
3397:Eastchester Bay
3378:
3334:
3296:Paerdegat Basin
3252:
3214:
3171:
3145:
3134:Ambrose Channel
3116:New York Harbor
3101:
3095:
3065:
3060:
3048:
3009:Jamaica Estates
2992:
2962:
2916:Former stations
2911:
2875:
2819:
2722:
2716:
2695:
2649:
2573:
2532:
2519:
2514:
2457:
2452:
2447:Wayback Machine
2421:
2419:
2403:
2382:
2377:
2364:
2354:
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2336:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2314:
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2184:
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2179:
2169:
2167:
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2139:
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2110:
2108:
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2102:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1939:on May 28, 2015
1936:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1827:
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1822:
1812:
1810:
1795:
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1786:
1771:
1753:
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1685:
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1680:
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1664:
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1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1569:. July 28, 1928
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1523:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1500:Cody et al 2009
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1452:. July 31, 1921
1445:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1415:Cody et al 2009
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1396:. June 17, 2003
1388:
1387:
1383:
1377:Cody et al 2009
1375:
1371:
1365:Cody et al 2009
1363:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1314:
1305:
1299:Cody et al 2009
1297:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1200:Lonely Planet.
1199:
1198:
1194:
1188:Major Mark Park
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1106:
1073:Hurricane Sandy
1065:
1053:Clean Water Act
1020:flood insurance
982:Bayswater Point
970:Jacob Riis Park
930:
869:migratory birds
842:
836:
833:
830:
821:
817:
810:
771:
710:Paerdegat Basin
593:
588:
544:Prunus serotina
498:Prunus maritima
462:little bluestem
426:Spartina patens
376:suspended-solid
335:
309:
292:Lenape language
280:
211:(also known as
172:
130:
128:
124:
121:
116:
113:
111:
109:
108:
95:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
73:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3983:
3981:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3865:Sharrotts Pond
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3636:Richmond Creek
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3566:Tibbetts Brook
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3529:Sunswick Creek
3525:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Flushing River
3481:
3476:
3473:Bushwick Inlet
3469:
3463:
3461:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328:Sheepshead Bay
3325:
3323:Dead Horse Bay
3318:Rockaway Inlet
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3223:Bays and coves
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3205:Rockaway Inlet
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3141:New York Bight
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2880:Other stations
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2825:
2824:Transportation
2821:
2820:
2818:
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2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
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2740:Belson Stadium
2737:
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2585:Al-Iman School
2581:
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2456:
2455:External links
2453:
2451:
2450:
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2401:
2375:
2367:|journal=
2333:
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2324:
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2010:
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1952:
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1534:newspapers.com
1504:
1492:
1481:. June 2, 1918
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1055:, and various
929:
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843:
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815:
809:
806:
770:
767:
746:Port of Newark
627:Rockaway Inlet
592:
589:
587:
584:
548:tree-of-heaven
522:consisting of
518:); developing
460:consisting of
359:residence time
334:
331:
308:
305:
279:
276:
264:New York Bight
237:Rockaway Inlet
203:Atlantic Ocean
199:7. Jamaica Bay
163:
162:
160:Rockaway Inlet
157:
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3848:Staten Island
3846:
3840:
3839:
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3833:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Pool and Loch
3816:
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3804:
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3684:
3680:
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3675:
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3668:
3665:
3661:Lakes, ponds,
3659:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:Staten Island
3622:
3616:
3615:Sherman Creek
3613:
3611:
3610:
3609:Sawkill Creek
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:Minetta Creek
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
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3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Newtown Creek
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:Kissena Creek
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:Hawtree Creek
3497:
3495:
3494:Gowanus Canal
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3451:Raritan River
3449:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3374:Wallabout Bay
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
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3329:
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3320:
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3316:
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3309:
3306:
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3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Gravesend Bay
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Kill Van Kull
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Tidal straits
3104:
3100:
3099:New York City
3097:Waterways of
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:South Jamaica
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Jamaica Hills
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:Related areas
2995:
2989:
2986:
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2979:
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2975:
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2969:
2959:
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2954:
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2636:
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2555:
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2545:
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2530:New York City
2527:
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2418:: 13655–13673
2417:
2413:
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2129:
2122:
2119:
2106:
2100:
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2067:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1943:September 23,
1937:(web archive)
1935:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1920:
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1903:
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1610:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1549:, p. 71.
1548:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1502:, p. 47.
1501:
1496:
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1467:
1464:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1379:, p. 92.
1378:
1373:
1370:
1367:, p. 46.
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:, p. 73.
1317:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:, p. 45.
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:, p. 61.
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1255:September 21,
1251:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1203:
1196:
1193:
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1165:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
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1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
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1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
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1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
960:, as well as
959:
955:
951:
950:barrier beach
947:
946:United States
939:
934:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
909:
906:
901:
898:
894:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
850:
840:
828:
823:
814:
813:
807:
805:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
768:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
726:
725:Canarsie Pier
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Staten Island
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
663:Barren Island
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
632:
628:
624:
615:
611:
607:
601:
597:
590:
585:
583:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:dominated by
439:
435:
434:invertebrates
432:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:phytoplankton
369:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
339:
332:
330:
328:
323:
322:Raritan River
319:
315:
306:
304:
302:
298:
293:
289:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
253:Nassau County
250:
249:New York City
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
169:
161:
158:
156:
150:
147:
144:
140:
135:
107:
101:
98:
97:Nassau County
93:
92:New York City
90:
64:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3890:
3875:Wolfe's Pond
3836:
3829:
3788:Central Park
3782:Collect Pond
3780:
3704:Kissena Lake
3681:
3677:Baisley Pond
3607:
3600:
3595:Canal Street
3593:
3588:Broad Street
3586:
3527:
3523:Spring Creek
3510:
3503:
3471:
3439:Hudson River
3362:Flushing Bay
3352:Anable Basin
3308:Prince's Bay
3281:Bergen Basin
3275:
3231:New York Bay
3200:Harlem River
3054:
2982:
2928:168th Street
2923:160th Street
2902:Locust Manor
2841:169th Street
2640:York College
2537:Green spaces
2479:
2464:
2420:. Retrieved
2415:
2409:
2386:
2358:cite journal
2329:
2328:
2315:. Retrieved
2310:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2190:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2159:
2150:
2140:
2131:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2099:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:AGU Newsroom
2069:
2060:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2023:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1955:
1941:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1928:
1922:
1912:November 22,
1910:. Retrieved
1905:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1871:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1835:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1799:
1787:
1758:
1755:Caro, Robert
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1725:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1689:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1660:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1624:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1595:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1566:
1554:
1542:
1528:– via
1522:. Retrieved
1520:. p. 77
1517:
1507:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1478:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1449:
1422:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1393:
1384:
1372:
1345:. Retrieved
1340:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1253:, retrieved
1231:
1205:. Retrieved
1195:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1082:Sally Jewell
1066:
1013:
1005:Tribute Park
986:
962:Breezy Point
943:
910:
902:
888:land filling
885:
861:salt marshes
858:
854:Belt Parkway
834:
826:
791:
772:
754:Belt Parkway
750:Robert Moses
734:Jimmy Walker
718:
706:right-of-way
675:
659:
643:Hudson River
636:
619:
614:Arthur Tress
577:
573:
565:
562:autumn olive
555:
551:
543:
540:black cherry
535:
527:
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
445:
424:
418:
407:
384:
380:turbid water
344:
318:Hudson River
310:
300:
287:
281:
259:
257:
212:
208:
207:
198:
175:Hudson River
29:
3870:Silver Lake
3855:Clove Lakes
3823:Turtle Pond
3798:Harlem Meer
3734:Strack Pond
3694:Golden Pond
3683:Beaver Pond
3670:Long Island
3643:Lemon Creek
3631:Fresh Kills
3546:Bronx River
3505:Horse Brook
3460:Long Island
3444:North River
3417:Udalls Cove
3402:LeRoy's Bay
3313:Raritan Bay
3276:Jamaica Bay
3271:Great Kills
3248:Gowanus Bay
3157:Arthur Kill
3129:The Narrows
2983:Jamaica Bay
2978:Beaver Pond
2933:Cedar Manor
2317:October 20,
2291:October 20,
2170:October 20,
1885:January 20,
1849:January 22,
1813:January 22,
1739:January 20,
1703:January 20,
1638:January 20,
1602:January 22,
1573:January 22,
1524:January 22,
1485:January 21,
1456:January 22,
993:Marine Park
966:Fort Tilden
798:Airbus A300
671:World War I
647:Great Lakes
508:spp.), and
470:switchgrass
446:Ulva latuca
442:sea lettuce
268:New England
221:Long Island
209:Jamaica Bay
129: /
104:Coordinates
76:Jamaica Bay
35:Jamaica Bay
18:Head of Bay
3914:Categories
3895:See also:
3699:Goose Pond
3689:Bowne Lake
3663:reservoirs
3467:Alley Pond
3412:Pelham Bay
3367:Little Bay
3357:Bowery Bay
3344:East River
3303:Newark Bay
3291:Mill Basin
3188:East River
3183:Bronx Kill
3176:Intra-city
3044:St. Albans
3024:Meadowmere
2907:St. Albans
2770:King Manor
2723:structures
1547:Black 1981
1427:Black 1981
1400:January 6,
1347:January 8,
1316:Black 1981
1282:Black 1981
1207:January 7,
1144:References
1137:Ruffle Bar
989:city parks
893:sea levels
871:and other
779:Boeing 707
742:New Jersey
667:Mill Basin
510:poison ivy
494:beach plum
458:grasslands
438:macroalgae
260:Grassy Bay
225:U.S. state
213:Grassy Bay
187:Newark Bay
179:East River
117:73°50′33″W
114:40°37′04″N
40:Grassy Bay
3860:Long Pond
3774:Manhattan
3743:The Bronx
3648:New Creek
3580:Manhattan
3539:The Bronx
3193:Hell Gate
3055:See also:
3004:Briarwood
2971:Geography
2785:La Casina
2578:Education
2250:0027-8424
2032:0362-4331
1880:0362-4331
1844:0362-4331
1808:0362-4331
1734:0362-4331
1698:0362-4331
1633:0362-4331
1078:Bloomberg
1044:watershed
837:July 2024
787:marshland
769:Incidents
524:hackberry
355:eutrophic
333:Geography
327:Rockaways
314:estuarine
278:Etymology
223:, in the
142:Etymology
2834:stations
2654:Religion
2443:Archived
2422:July 10,
2268:27790992
2076:July 15,
2037:July 15,
2003:July 15,
1968:Archived
1757:(1974).
1667:April 3,
1173:April 6,
1104:See also
936:The old
905:nitrogen
873:wildlife
686:Canarsie
520:woodland
486:bayberry
410:subtidal
395:airports
391:dredging
351:brackish
272:Atlantic
241:Brooklyn
229:New York
215:) is an
88:Location
3891:italics
2897:Jamaica
2700:Culture
2517:Jamaica
2388:nps.gov
2330:Sources
2311:Bklyner
2259:5087008
2228:Bibcode
2111:July 1,
1977:July 3,
1272:(1997).
881:oysters
865:habitat
827:updated
645:to the
631:seaport
586:History
546:), and
538:spp.),
476:), and
454:islands
431:benthic
415:mudflat
307:Ecology
301:Xaymaca
297:Arawaks
284:Jamaica
274:coast.
217:estuary
3432:canals
2832:Subway
2526:Queens
2266:
2256:
2248:
2030:
1878:
1842:
1806:
1779:834874
1777:
1767:
1732:
1696:
1631:
1246:
980:, and
532:willow
347:saline
288:Yameco
245:Queens
146:Lenape
2383:(PDF)
2342:(PDF)
1971:(PDF)
1964:(PDF)
1868:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1796:(PDF)
1722:(PDF)
1686:(PDF)
1657:(PDF)
1621:(PDF)
1592:(PDF)
1563:(PDF)
1475:(PDF)
1446:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1149:Notes
964:Tip,
796:, an
536:Salix
502:sumac
201:, 8.
193:, 6.
189:, 5.
185:, 4.
181:, 3.
177:, 2.
3813:Pond
3803:Lake
2424:2009
2371:help
2319:2022
2293:2022
2264:PMID
2246:ISSN
2172:2022
2132:Time
2113:2010
2078:2024
2039:2024
2028:ISSN
2005:2024
1979:2017
1945:2010
1914:2009
1887:2018
1876:ISSN
1851:2018
1840:ISSN
1815:2018
1804:ISSN
1775:OCLC
1765:ISBN
1741:2018
1730:ISSN
1705:2018
1694:ISSN
1669:2012
1640:2018
1629:ISSN
1604:2018
1575:2018
1526:2018
1487:2018
1458:2018
1402:2018
1349:2018
1257:2022
1244:ISBN
1209:2015
1175:2019
999:and
972:and
867:for
859:The
777:, a
506:Rhus
436:and
320:and
243:and
94:and
2416:XXI
2254:PMC
2236:doi
2224:113
2195:doi
1236:doi
582:).
568:),
530:),
500:),
492:),
468:),
349:to
247:in
227:of
173:1.
3916::
3899:,
2528:,
2478:—
2463:—
2414:.
2408:.
2395:,
2391:.
2385:.
2362::
2360:}}
2356:{{
2348:,
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