Headache - Knowledge (XXG)

1190:. Migraines are often unilateral, pulsing headaches accompanied by nausea or vomiting. There may be an aura (visual symptoms, numbness or tingling) 30–60 minutes before the headache, warning the person of a headache. Migraines may also not have auras. Tension-type headaches usually have bilateral "bandlike" pressure on both sides of the head usually without nausea or vomiting. However, some symptoms from both headache groups may overlap. It is important to distinguish between the two because the treatments are different. 1275:) should be done. If the CT scan does not show a bleed, a lumbar puncture should be done to look for blood in the CSF, as the CT scan can be falsely negative and subarachnoid hemorrhages can be fatal. If there are signs of infection such as fever, rash, or stiff neck, a lumbar puncture to look for meningitis should be considered. If there is jaw claudication and scalp tenderness in an older person, a temporal artery biopsy to look for temporal arteritis should be performed and immediate treatment should be started. 2713: 1625: 1820: 321:: dull, bilateral headache that starts during sexual activity and becomes much worse during orgasm. These headaches are thought to be due to lower pressure in the head during sex. It is important to realize that headaches that begin during orgasm may be due to a subarachnoid hemorrhage, so serious causes must be ruled out first. These headaches are treated by advising the person to stop sex if they develop a headache. Medications such as 1303: 354: 60: 1839:. He made a distinction between three different types of headache: i) cephalalgia, by which he indicates a sudden onset, temporary headache; ii) cephalea, referring to a chronic type of headache; and iii) heterocrania, a paroxysmal headache on one side of the head. Another classification system that resembles the modern ones was published by 1954:. Generally, headaches caused by brain masses are incapacitating and accompanied by vomiting. One study found characteristics associated with brain tumor in children are: headache for greater than 6 months, headache related to sleep, vomiting, confusion, no visual symptoms, no family history of migraine and abnormal 1947:. If a child with a recurrent headache has a normal physical exam, neuroimaging is not recommended. Guidelines state children with abnormal neurologic exams, confusion, seizures and recent onset of worst headache of life, change in headache type or anything suggesting neurologic problems should receive neuroimaging. 1961:

Some measures can help prevent headaches in children. Drinking plenty of water throughout the day, avoiding caffeine, getting enough and regular sleep, eating balanced meals at the proper times, and reducing stress and excess of activities may prevent headaches. Treatments for children are similar to

1301:

indicating a dangerous secondary headache should receive neuroimaging. The best form of neuroimaging for these headaches is controversial. Non-contrast computerized tomography (CT) scan is usually the first step in head imaging as it is readily available in Emergency Departments and hospitals and is

1270:

are present such as visual loss, new seizures, new weakness, new confusion, further workup with imaging and possibly a lumbar puncture should be done (see red flags section for more details). If the headache is sudden onset (thunderclap headache), a computed tomography test to look for a brain bleed

609:

is caused by constriction of intracranial vessels (vessels inside the brain), and the headache itself is caused by rebound dilation of extracranial vessels (vessels just outside the brain). Dilation of these extracranial blood vessels activates the pain receptors in the surrounding nerves, causing a

269:

Ninety percent of all headaches are primary headaches. Primary headaches usually first start when people are between 20 and 40 years old. The most common types of primary headaches are migraines and tension-type headaches. They have different characteristics. Migraines typically present with pulsing

4992:

he prevalence was on average 46% based on 35 different studies from all over the world, but the variation was immense, between 1% and 87%. The lifetime prevalence was much as expected – 64%, varying between 8% and 96% in 14 studies. For current chronic headache, the average of 10 studies was 3.4%,

1288:

The US Headache Consortium has guidelines for neuroimaging of non-acute headaches. Most old, chronic headaches do not require neuroimaging. If a person has the characteristic symptoms of a migraine, neuroimaging is not needed as it is very unlikely the person has an intracranial abnormality. If the

1867:

In general, children experience the same types of headaches as adults do, but their symptoms may be slightly different. The diagnostic approach to headaches in children is similar to that of adults. However, young children may not be able to verbalize pain well. If a young child is fussy, they may

1799:

of headache varies widely depending on how the survey was conducted, with studies finding lifetime prevalence of as low as 8% to as high as 96%. Most of these headaches are not dangerous. Only approximately 1–5% of people who seek emergency treatment for headaches have a serious underlying cause.

847:

The first step to diagnosing a headache is to determine if the headache is old or new. A "new headache" can be a headache that has started recently, or a chronic headache that has changed character. For example, if a person has chronic weekly headaches with pressure on both sides of his head, and

1965:

Children who have headaches will not necessarily have headaches as adults. In one study of 100 children with headache, eight years later 44% of those with tension headache and 28% of those with migraines were headache free. In another study of people with chronic daily headache, 75% did not have

1244:

For chronic, unexplained headaches, keeping a headache diary can be useful for tracking symptoms and identifying triggers, such as association with menstrual cycle, exercise and food. While mobile electronic diaries for smartphones are becoming increasingly common, a recent review found most are

1223:

3). If only 2 POUND characteristics are present, tension-type headaches are 60% more likely (likelihood ratio 0.41). Another study found the following factors independently each increase the chance of migraine over tension-type headache: nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, exacerbation by physical

314:

primary exertional headache: throbbing, pulsatile pain which starts during or after exercising, lasting for 5 minutes to 24 hours. The mechanism behind these headaches is unclear, possibly due to straining causing veins in the head to dilate, causing pain. These headaches can be prevented by not

1775:

For people with extended periods of cluster headaches, preventive therapy can be necessary. Verapamil is recommended as first line treatment. Lithium can also be useful. For people with shorter bouts, a short course of prednisone (10 days) can be helpful. Ergotamine is useful if given 1–2 hours

890:

In general, people complaining of their "first" or "worst" headache warrant imaging and further workup. People with progressively worsening headache also warrant imaging, as they may have a mass or a bleed that is gradually growing, pressing on surrounding structures and causing worsening pain.

310:

primary cough headache: starts suddenly and lasts for several minutes after coughing, sneezing or straining (anything that may increase pressure in the head). Serious causes (see secondary headaches red flag section) must be ruled out before a diagnosis of "benign" primary cough headache can be

1673:

Preventive medications are generally recommended when people have more than four attacks of migraine per month, headaches last longer than 12 hours or the headaches are very disabling. Possible therapies include beta blockers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and NSAIDs. The type of preventive

1458:

for headache disorders. The first version of the classification, ICHD-1, was published in 1988. The current revision, ICHD-2, was published in 2004. The classification uses numeric codes. The top, one-digit diagnostic level includes 14 headache groups. The first four of these are classified as

1803:

More than 90% of headaches are primary headaches. Most of these primary headaches are tension headaches. Most people with tension headaches have "episodic" tension headaches that come and go. Only 3.3% of adults have chronic tension headaches, with headaches for more than 15 days in a month.

604:

Migraines are currently thought to be caused by dysfunction of the nerves in the brain. Previously, migraines were thought to be caused by a primary problem with the blood vessels in the brain. This vascular theory, which was developed in the 20th century by Wolff, suggested that the aura in

1871:

Approximately 1% of emergency department visits for children are for headache. Most of these headaches are not dangerous. The most common type of headache seen in pediatric emergency rooms is headache caused by a cold (28.5%). Other headaches diagnosed in the emergency department include

1593:

Although the ICHD-2 is the most complete headache classification there is and it includes frequency in the diagnostic criteria of some types of headaches (primarily primary headaches), it does not specifically code frequency or severity which are left at the discretion of the examiner.

270:

head pain, nausea, photophobia (sensitivity to light) and phonophobia (sensitivity to sound). Tension-type headaches usually present with non-pulsing "bandlike" pressure on both sides of the head, not accompanied by other symptoms. Such kind of headaches may be further classified into-

886:

A number of characteristics make it more likely that the headache is due to potentially dangerous secondary causes which may be life-threatening or cause long-term damage. These "red flag" symptoms mean that a headache warrants further investigation with neuroimaging and lab tests.

5058:

Calculating the mean of all the studies comprising more than 205,000 adult participants, current headache occurred in 53% of adults (61% among women and 45% among men).... The total lifetime prevalence of headache among adults was as expected higher than that of current headache

1400:

is a procedure in which cerebral spinal fluid is removed from the spine with a needle. A lumbar puncture is necessary to look for infection or blood in the spinal fluid. A lumbar puncture can also evaluate the pressure in the spinal column, which can be useful for people with

1417:'s International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD), which published the second edition in 2004. The third edition of the International Headache Classification was published in 2013 in a beta version ahead of the final version. This classification is accepted by the 978:

A bleed in the brain irritates the meninges which causes pain. Pituitary apoplexy (bleeding or impaired blood supply to the pituitary gland at the base of the brain) is often accompanied by double vision or visual field defects, since the pituitary gland is right next to the

281:: short episodes (15–180 minutes) of severe pain, usually around one eye, with autonomic symptoms (tearing, red eye, nasal congestion) which occur at the same time every day. Cluster headaches can be treated with triptans and prevented with prednisone, ergotamine or lithium. 1167:

Coughing and exertion increases the intra cranial pressure, which may cause a vessel to burst, causing a subarachnoid hemorrhage. A mass lesion already increases intracranial pressure, so an additional increase in intracranial pressure from coughing etc. will cause

1611:

The NIH system of classification is more succinct and only describes five categories of headaches. In this case, primary headaches are those that do not show organic or structural causes. According to this classification, primary headaches can only be vascular,

1524:

or different intracranial vascular disorders. Other secondary headaches are those due to intracranial disorders that are not vascular such as low or high pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure, non-infectious inflammatory disease, intracranial neoplasm,

843:

Most headaches can be diagnosed by the clinical history alone. If the symptoms described by the person sound dangerous, further testing with neuroimaging or lumbar puncture may be necessary. Electroencephalography (EEG) is not useful for headache diagnosis.

1589:

in a different category. According to this system, there are 19 types of neuralgias and headaches due to different central causes of facial pain. Moreover, the ICHD-2 includes a category that contains all the headaches that cannot be classified.

943:

Temporal arteritis is an inflammation of vessels close to the temples in older people, which decreases blood flow to the brain and causes pain. May also have tenderness in temples or jaw claudication. Some brain cancers are more common in older

3212:

Amin FM, Asghar MS, Hougaard A, Hansen AE, Larsen VA, de Koning PJ, et al. (May 2013). "Magnetic resonance angiography of intracranial and extracranial arteries in patients with spontaneous migraine without aura: a cross-sectional study".

1760:

and norepinephrine, and also reduces muscle tenderness by a separate mechanism. Studies evaluating acupuncture for tension-type headaches have been mixed. Overall, they show that acupuncture is probably not helpful for tension-type headaches.

5639: 5616: 1701:

blocks) can abort and prevent migraines, tension headaches and cluster headaches. It was originally described by American ENT surgeon Greenfield Sluder in 1908. Both blocks and neurostimulation have been studied as treatment for headaches.

1536:

ICHD-2 classifies headaches that are caused by the ingestion of a certain substance or by its withdrawal as secondary headaches as well. This type of headache may result from the overuse of some medications or exposure to some substances.

1549:

and systemic infections may also cause secondary headaches. The ICHD-2 system of classification includes the headaches associated with homeostasis disorders in the category of secondary headaches. This means that headaches caused by

856:

It can be challenging to differentiate between low-risk, benign headaches and high-risk, dangerous headaches since symptoms are often similar. Headaches that are possibly dangerous require further lab tests and imaging to diagnose.

2233:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 216:

About half of adults have a headache in a given year. Tension headaches are the most common, affecting about 1.6 billion people (21.8% of the population) followed by migraine headaches which affect about 848 million (11.7%).

240:

is a type of primary headache. While primary headaches may cause significant daily pain and disability, they are not dangerous from a physiological point of view. Secondary headaches are caused by an underlying disease, like an

1040:

People with HIV or cancer are immunosuppressed so are likely to get infections of the meninges or infections in the brain causing abscesses. Cancer can metastasize, or travel through the blood or lymph to other sites in the

335:: a moderate-severe headache that starts a few hours after falling asleep and lasts 15–30 minutes. The headache may recur several times during the night. Hypnic headaches are usually in older women. They may be treated with 2872:

Edlow JA, Panagos PD, Godwin SA, Thomas TL, Decker WW (October 2008). "Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache".

1230:

are relatively rare (1 in 1000 people) and are more common in men than women. They present with sudden onset explosive pain around one eye and are accompanied by autonomic symptoms (tearing, runny nose and red eye).

307:: recurrent episodes of stabbing "ice pick pain" or "jabs and jolts" for 1 second to several minutes without autonomic symptoms (tearing, red eye, nasal congestion). These headaches can be treated with indomethacin. 202:; the effects of medications (overuse) and recreational drugs, including withdrawal; viral infections; loud noises; head injury; rapid ingestion of a very cold food or beverage; and dental or sinus issues (such as 1677:

Abortive therapies for migraines may be oral, if the migraine is mild to moderate, or may require stronger medicine given intravenously or intramuscularly. Mild to moderate headaches should first be treated with

1807:

Approximately 12–18% of people in the world have migraines. More women than men experience migraines. In Europe and North America, 5–9% of men experience migraines, while 12–25% of women experience migraines.

1669:

can be somewhat improved by lifestyle changes, but most people require medicines to control their symptoms. Medications are either to prevent getting migraines, or to reduce symptoms once a migraine starts.

6218: 485:(increased pressure in the eyeball): a headache that starts with eye pain, blurry vision, associated with nausea and vomiting. On physical exam, the person will have red eyes and a fixed, mid-dilated pupil. 2327: 473:(a form of cancer): dull headache, worse with exertion and change in position, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Often, the person will have nausea and vomiting for weeks before the headache starts. 586:

Headaches often result from traction or irritation of the meninges and blood vessels. The pain receptors may be stimulated by head trauma or tumours and cause headaches. Blood vessel spasms, dilated

610:

headache. The vascular theory is no longer accepted. Studies have shown migraine head pain is not accompanied by extracranial vasodilation, but rather only has some mild intracranial vasodilation.

3660:

American College of Emergency Physicians (January 2002). "Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache".

5477:

Guidetti V, Galli F, Fabrizi P, Giannantoni AS, Napoli L, Bruni O, et al. (September 1998). "Headache and psychiatric comorbidity: clinical aspects and outcome in an 8-year follow-up study".

6604: 6599: 632:

People who are more susceptible to experiencing migraines without headaches are those who have a family history of migraines, women, and women who are experiencing hormonal changes or are taking

6616: 6594: 4809:

Melchart D, Streng A, Hoppe A, Brinkhaus B, Becker-Witt C, Hammes M, et al. (December 2005). "The acupuncture randomised trial (ART) for tension-type headache--details of the treatment".

597:

Primary headaches are more difficult to understand than secondary headaches. The exact mechanisms which cause migraines, tension headaches and cluster headaches are not known. There have been

5584: 5071:

Stovner LJ, Hagen K, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Lipton R, Scher A, et al. (March 2007). "The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide".

7477: 5767: 1624: 613:

Currently, most specialists think migraines are due to a primary problem with the nerves in the brain. Auras are thought to be caused by a wave of increased activity of neurons in the

1686:. If accompanied by nausea or vomiting, an antiemetic such as metoclopramide (Reglan) can be given orally or rectally. Moderate to severe attacks should be treated first with an oral 236:

Headaches are broadly classified as "primary" or "secondary". Primary headaches are benign, recurrent headaches not caused by underlying disease or structural problems. For example,

3966:

Lewis DW, Dorbad D (September 2000). "The utility of neuroimaging in the evaluation of children with migraine or chronic daily headache who have normal neurological examinations".

479:: inflammatory disease of arteries common in the elderly (average age 70) with fever, headache, weight loss, jaw claudication, tender vessels by the temples, polymyalgia rheumatica 4566:"Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" 4005:"Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" 1638:

Primary headache syndromes have many different possible treatments. In those with chronic headaches the long term use of opioids appears to result in greater harm than benefit.

1306:, or back of the brain. MRI is more sensitive for identifying intracranial problems, however it can pick up brain abnormalities that are not relevant to the person's headaches. 7022: 4774:

Hao XA, Xue CC, Dong L, Zheng Z (April 2013). "Factors associated with conflicting findings on acupuncture for tension-type headache: qualitative and quantitative analyses".

1566:

are considered secondary headaches. Secondary headaches, according to the same classification system, can also be due to the injury of any of the facial structures including

5156: 6925: 6898: 6875: 6857: 6848: 6806: 6778: 6753: 6723: 6714: 1811:

Cluster headaches are relatively uncommon. They affect only 1–3 per thousand people in the world. Cluster headaches affect approximately three times as many men as women.

1443: 1437: 539:(CVS). CVS is characterized by episodes of severe vomiting, and often occur alongside symptoms similar to those of migraine headaches (photophobia, abdominal pain, etc.). 1405:(usually young, obese women who have increased intracranial pressure), or other causes of increased intracranial pressure. In most cases, a CT scan should be done first. 5512: 1485:) are classified as primary headaches. The daily-persistent headaches along with the hypnic headache and thunderclap headaches are considered primary headaches as well. 1795:

find that approximately 64–77% of adults have had a headache at some point in their lives. During each year, on average, 46–53% of people have headaches. However, the

7472: 5963: 1694:(an agonist) and causes mild vasoconstriction. If accompanied by nausea and vomiting, parenteral (through a needle in the skin) triptans and antiemetics can be given. 4081:

Strain JD, Strife JL, Kushner DC, Babcock DS, Cohen HL, Gelfand MJ, et al. (June 2000). "Headache. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria".

3543:

Gronseth GS, Greenberg MK (July 1995). "The utility of the electroencephalogram in the evaluation of patients presenting with headache: a review of the literature".

2593:

Detsky ME, McDonald DR, Baerlocher MO, Tomlinson GA, McCrory DC, Booth CM (September 2006). "Does this patient with headache have a migraine or need neuroimaging?".

1784:

Peripheral neuromodulation has tentative benefits in primary headaches including cluster headaches and chronic migraine. How it may work is still being looked into.

617:(a part of the brain) known as cortical spreading depression followed by a period of depressed activity. Some people think headaches are caused by the activation of 5958: 5415:

Medina LS, Kuntz KM, Pomeroy S (August 2001). "Children with headache suspected of having a brain tumor: a cost-effectiveness analysis of diagnostic strategies".

182:

Headaches can occur as a result of many conditions. There are a number of different classification systems for headaches. The most well-recognized is that of the

3518: 1153:

Change in mental status indicates a global infection or inflammation of the brain, or a large bleed compressing the brainstem where the consciousness centers lie

5231: 3884: 3596: 3365: 2335: 1646:

Treatment of secondary headaches involves treating their underlying cause. For example, a person with meningitis will require antibiotics, and a person with a

5760: 1772:

for cluster headaches includes subcutaneous sumatriptan (injected under the skin) and triptan nasal sprays. High flow oxygen therapy also helps with relief.

1705:

Several complementary and alternative strategies can help with migraines. The American Academy of Neurology guidelines for migraine treatment in 2000 stated

3935: 1674:

medicine is usually chosen based on the other symptoms the person has. For example, if the person also has depression, an antidepressant is a good choice.

1215:

One review article found that if 4–5 of the POUND characteristics are present, a migraine is 24 times as likely a diagnosis than a tension-type headache (

2088: 6586: 1069:

A stiff neck, or inability to flex the neck due to pain, indicates inflammation of the meninges. Other signs of systemic illness indicates infection.

7015: 3399: 2231:

Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015).

6576: 5753: 1220: 1216: 637: 5393: 583:, parts of the brainstem, eyes, ears, teeth, and lining of the mouth. Pial arteries, rather than pial veins are responsible for pain production. 3102: 6556: 6229: 5451: 1477:

autonomic headache as the main types of primary headaches. Also, according to the same classification, stabbing headaches and headaches due to

6581: 6213: 5127: 4977: 4296: 4263: 3816: 3491: 2928: 2525: 2383: 2298: 2108: 2037: 1302:

cheaper than MRI. Non-contrast CT is best for identifying an acute head bleed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is best for brain tumors and

6419: 6407: 5869: 1402: 1492:. According to the ICHD-2 classification, the main types of secondary headaches include those that are due to head or neck trauma such as 1880:

and reduce pressure in the brain) (11.5%) and migraine (8.5%). The most common serious headaches found in children include brain bleeds (

7008: 1513: 1234: 213:(especially in case of migraine or cluster headaches). A headache is one of the most commonly experienced of all physical discomforts. 6697: 6638: 6571: 6126: 493:

post-ictal headaches: Headaches that happen after a convulsion or other type of seizure, as part of the period after the seizure (the

6341: 6144: 894:

The American Headache Society recommends using "SSNOOP", a mnemonic to remember the red flags for identifying a secondary headache:

393: 5144: 3471: 1012:) it pushes more on surrounding structures causing pain. Medication overuse headaches worsen with more medication taken over time. 7467: 7427: 4236: 3071: 2374:

Goadsby PJ, Raskin NH (2012). "Chapter 14. Headache". In Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (eds.).

2065: 1143: 1083: 5297:

Kan L, Nagelberg J, Maytal J (January 2000). "Headaches in a pediatric emergency department: etiology, imaging, and treatment".

2541: 7588: 6460: 2628: 1943:. In these cases, the headache evaluation may include CT scan or MRI in order to look for possible structural disorders of the 1633: 1603: 1378: 1366: 1263:. They can, however, simply be the first presentation of a chronic headache syndrome, like migraine or tension-type headaches. 529: 7274: 5975: 5951: 5781: 1451: 1414: 1382: 1362: 375: 261:. Secondary headaches can be dangerous. Certain "red flags" or warning signs indicate a secondary headache may be dangerous. 183: 6167: 2565: 2284: 594:

sends a message up the length of the nerve fibre to the nerve cells in the brain, signalling that a part of the body hurts.

7394: 6943: 6829: 6791: 6654: 6539: 6455: 6397: 5946: 1425: 679: 513: 5340:

Burton LJ, Quinn B, Pratt-Cheney JL, Pourani M (February 1997). "Headache etiology in a pediatric emergency department".

7360: 6888: 6736: 6623: 5997: 1710: 1219:

24). If 3 characteristics of POUND are present, migraine is 3 times more likely a diagnosis than tension type headache (

1132:

Focal neurological signs indicate something is pushing against nerves in the brain responsible for one part of the body

7709: 6911: 6133: 5589: 3507: 1529:

or other types of disorders or diseases that are intracranial but that are not associated with the vasculature of the

455: 5223: 3892: 3604: 3373: 4609: 2518:

Clinch C. Chapter 28. Evaluation & Management of Headache - CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Family Medicine

1748:

are not helpful in tension-type headaches unless the person also has migraines. For chronic tension type headaches,

7704: 7657: 6611: 6161: 5833: 4906:"Peripheral neuromodulation and headaches: history, clinical approach, and considerations on underlying mechanisms" 1893: 1873: 1521: 795: 590:, inflammation or infection of meninges and muscular tension can also stimulate pain receptors. Once stimulated, a 521: 488: 6503: 364: 7072: 6561: 6529: 6481: 6330: 5909: 3945: 3931: 1756:

is a medication which treats depression and also independently treats pain. It works by blocking the reuptake of

1509: 1064: 371: 297:: continuous unilateral pain with episodes of severe pain. Hemicrania continua can be relieved by the medication 187: 33: 6963: 3949: 7626: 6628: 6402: 5816: 5658: 4115: 1698: 536: 517: 501: 304: 230: 6633: 4378: 2129: 860:

The American College for Emergency Physicians published criteria for low-risk headaches. They are as follows:

7067: 7035: 6566: 6322: 6140: 5992: 5982: 5826: 4255: 2672:"The neurology of coeliac disease in childhood: what is the evidence? A systematic review and meta-analysis" 1899:

Just as in adults, most headaches are benign, but when head pain is accompanied with other symptoms such as

1571: 1309:

The American College of Radiology recommends the following imaging tests for different specific situations:

1272: 1224:

activity, unilateral, throbbing quality, chocolate as a headache trigger, and cheese as a headache trigger.

1104: 972: 960: 568: 449: 443: 254: 2712: 7241: 6958: 6948: 6766: 6690: 6498: 6490: 6445: 6121: 6093: 5941: 5526:

Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Lu SR (August 2009). "Chronic daily headache in adolescents: an 8-year follow-up study".

3911: 2154: 1944: 1832: 1530: 406:

Headaches may be caused by problems elsewhere in the head or neck. Some of these are not harmful, such as

107: 1966:

chronic daily headaches two years later, and 88% did not have chronic daily headaches eight years later.

410:(pain arising from the neck muscles). The excessive use of painkillers can paradoxically cause worsening 7672: 7560: 7389: 7162: 7000: 6513: 6387: 6205: 6183: 6098: 6021: 5931: 5918: 5843: 5506: 3395: 2726:

Aziz I, Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS (September 2015). "The spectrum of noncoeliac gluten sensitivity".

1721: 1497: 1238: 1147: 964: 407: 168: 2670:

Lionetti E, Francavilla R, Pavone P, Pavone L, Francavilla T, Pulvirenti A, et al. (August 2010).

1193:

The mnemonic 'POUND' helps distinguish between migraines and tension-type headaches. POUND stands for:

532:. The treatment of the gastrointestinal disorders may lead to a remission or improvement of headaches. 5383: 3908:

Evidence-based guidelines in the primary care setting: neuroimaging in patients with nonacute headache

1995: 7583: 6984: 6933: 6819: 6450: 6267: 6156: 3906:

Frishberg BM, Rosenberg JH, Matchar DB, McCrory DC, Pietrzak MP, Rozen TD, et al. (April 2000).

3269: 953: 336: 284: 5455: 4515:"Sphenopalatine ganglion: block, radiofrequency ablation and neurostimulation - a systematic review" 3916: 1848: 848:

then develops a sudden severe throbbing headache on one side of his head, they have a new headache.

7077: 6938: 6814: 6379: 6026: 5881: 5821: 5643: 3769:"The diagnostic value of historical features in primary headache syndromes: a comprehensive review" 1877: 1706: 1579: 1555: 1493: 1455: 633: 505: 411: 294: 288: 1092:

Increased intracranial pressure pushes on the eyes (from inside the brain) and causes papilledema.

7699: 7337: 7267: 7031: 6549: 6534: 6522: 6272: 6223: 6060: 5923: 5811: 5551: 5365: 5322: 5096: 4834: 4345: 3991: 3568: 3256:

Hadjikhani N, Sanchez Del Rio M, Wu O, Schwartz D, Bakker D, Fischl B, et al. (April 2001).

3238: 3194: 2898: 2751: 2701: 2430: 2017: 1962:

those for adults, however certain medications such as narcotics should not be given to children.

1504:

or other head or neck injury. Headaches caused by cranial or cervical vascular disorders such as

1182:

Old headaches are usually primary headaches and are not dangerous. They are most often caused by

968: 476: 250: 242: 5745: 2772:

Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Monreal-Robles R, Marfil-Rivera A (September 2016).

7662: 7642: 7535: 6989: 6683: 6312: 6278: 6250: 6241: 6173: 6149: 6016: 5864: 5698: 5669: 5543: 5494: 5432: 5357: 5314: 5276: 5195: 5123: 5088: 5049: 4983: 4973: 4935: 4883: 4826: 4791: 4756: 4707: 4666: 4587: 4546: 4495: 4426: 4337: 4302: 4292: 4259: 4186: 4090: 4061: 4026: 3983: 3865: 3812: 3790: 3742: 3711: 3677: 3642: 3560: 3487: 3452: 3346: 3297: 3230: 3186: 3151: 3053: 2999: 2924: 2890: 2854: 2805: 2743: 2693: 2610: 2521: 2481: 2422: 2379: 2294: 2262: 2213: 2104: 2033: 1885: 1881: 1824: 1792: 1526: 1248: 1227: 1187: 1112: 1108: 1005: 649: 646:

are thought to be caused by the activation of peripheral nerves in the head and neck muscles.

643: 461: 176: 72: 4852:

Melchart D, Streng A, Hoppe A, Brinkhaus B, Witt C, Wagenpfeil S, et al. (August 2005).

4635:

Jackson JL, Shimeall W, Sessums L, Dezee KJ, Becher D, Diemer M, et al. (October 2010).

3508:"Using the triptans to treat: Migraine headaches: Comparing effectiveness, safety, and price" 1424:

Other classification systems exist. One of the first published attempts was in 1951. The US

1289:

person has neurological findings, such as weakness, on exam, neuroimaging may be considered.

1118:

Trauma can cause bleeding in the brain or shake the nerves, causing a post-traumatic headache

7500: 7350: 6786: 6761: 6743: 6435: 6306: 6301: 6086: 6081: 5535: 5486: 5424: 5349: 5306: 5266: 5258: 5187: 5152: 5080: 5039: 5031: 4965: 4925: 4917: 4873: 4865: 4818: 4783: 4746: 4738: 4697: 4656: 4648: 4577: 4536: 4526: 4485: 4475: 4416: 4329: 4284: 4213: 4178: 4051: 4016: 3975: 3855: 3845: 3780: 3669: 3634: 3552: 3479: 3442: 3434: 3336: 3328: 3287: 3277: 3222: 3178: 3141: 3043: 3033: 2989: 2981: 2882: 2844: 2836: 2823:

Hasler WL, Levinthal DJ, Tarbell SE, Adams KA, Li BU, Issenman RM, et al. (June 2019).

2795: 2785: 2735: 2683: 2602: 2471: 2461: 2412: 2252: 2244: 2203: 2195: 2096: 2025: 1836: 1819: 743: 684: 674: 653: 278: 271: 226: 199: 172: 91: 87: 4405:"Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a position paper of the American Academy of Neurology" 629:, medications that treat migraines, block serotonin receptors and constrict blood vessels. 7603: 7570: 7555: 6834: 6824: 6357: 6048: 5732: 5579: 5119: 4464:"Optimal management of severe nausea and vomiting in migraine: improving patient outcomes" 3940: 2825:"Cyclic vomiting syndrome: Pathophysiology, comorbidities, and future research directions" 1955: 1904: 1900: 1551: 1482: 1397: 990: 812: 614: 332: 318: 4686:"Acupuncture for tension-type headache: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials" 3979: 3483: 3169:

Charles A (May 2013). "Vasodilation out of the picture as a cause of migraine headache".

625:, causing inflammation in arteries, dura and meninges and also cause some vasodilation. 567:

do have pain receptors and can thus sense pain. These include the extracranial arteries,

3273: 1358:

Severe unilateral headache caused by possible dissection of carotid or arterial arteries

7647: 7550: 7417: 7199: 6953: 6883: 6796: 6414: 6363: 6191: 5900: 5777: 5490: 5271: 5246: 5044: 5019: 4930: 4905: 4878: 4853: 4751: 4726: 4661: 4636: 4541: 4514: 4490: 4463: 4056: 4039: 3860: 3833: 3447: 3422: 3341: 3316: 3048: 3021: 2994: 2969: 2849: 2824: 2800: 2773: 2476: 2449: 2400: 2257: 2232: 2208: 2183: 2061: 1908: 1608:

The NIH classification consists of brief definitions of a limited number of headaches.

1559: 891:

People with neurological findings on exam, such as weakness, also need further workup.

779: 618: 572: 509: 274:

and chronic tension type headaches Other very rare types of primary headaches include:

5652: 5191: 4969: 4288: 4182: 3226: 3182: 2886: 2248: 947:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (diagnostic test for temporal arteritis), neuroimaging

601:

over time that attempt to explain what happens in the brain to cause these headaches.

7693: 7545: 7510: 7462: 7422: 7260: 7089: 6440: 6392: 6262: 6031: 5987: 5838: 5574: 5353: 5310: 5114:

Mattu M, Goyal D, Barrett JW, Broder J, DeAngelis M, Deblieux P, et al. (2007).

5084: 4725:

Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, Fei Y, Mehring M, Shin BC, et al. (April 2016).

4379:"Headache Information Page | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke" 4217: 4204:

Ad Hoc Committee on Classification of Headache (1962). "Classification of Headache".

3292: 3257: 2705: 2688: 2671: 2434: 1912: 1889: 1840: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1679: 1520:

are also defined as secondary headaches. This type of headache may also be caused by

1460: 1031: 1027: 826: 587: 525: 5709: 5648: 5555: 5369: 5326: 5100: 4838: 4349: 3995: 3572: 3242: 3198: 315:

exercising too strenuously and can be treated with medications such as indomethacin.

7457: 7442: 7437: 7147: 7094: 7084: 5936: 5806: 5789: 5178:

Rothner AD (June 1995). "The evaluation of headaches in children and adolescents".

4742: 4447:

Bajwa ZH, Sabahat A. Swanson JW (ed.). Preventive Treatment of Migraine in Adults.

2755: 2417: 2290: 1920: 1651: 1575: 1447: 1060: 1056: 986: 980: 804: 657: 580: 425: 5226:. In Tintinalli JE, Stapczynski J, Ma O, Cline DM, Cydulka RK, Meckler GD (eds.). 4040:"Neuroimaging for the evaluation of chronic headaches: an evidence-based analysis" 3368:. In Tintinalli JE, Stapczynski J, Ma O, Cline DM, Cydulka RK, Meckler GD (eds.). 2902: 17: 5663: 5539: 4854:"Acupuncture in patients with tension-type headache: randomised controlled trial" 4421: 4404: 3785: 3768: 2304: 2100: 7667: 7593: 7578: 7540: 7495: 7452: 7447: 7345: 7319: 7152: 7119: 7043: 5895: 5856: 5798: 5693: 4869: 4702: 4685: 3438: 1951: 1940: 1856: 1647: 1077: 1072:

Neuroimaging, lumbar puncture, serology (diagnostic blood tests for infections)

548: 470: 353: 322: 298: 258: 246: 191: 119: 59: 5674: 3730: 3638: 3262:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3258:"Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex" 2029: 1466:, central and primary facial pain and other headaches for the last two groups. 1129:

Arteriovenous malformation, collagen vascular disease, intracranial mass lesion

209:

Treatment of a headache depends on the underlying cause, but commonly involves

7616: 7530: 7368: 7304: 7236: 7232: 6979: 6865: 6006: 5876: 5715: 5262: 5035: 4921: 4637:"Tricyclic antidepressants and headaches: systematic review and meta-analysis" 4531: 3834:"Commercially available mobile phone headache diary apps: a systematic review" 3332: 3103:"Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis of migraine in adults" 2944: 2739: 2466: 1975: 1936: 1928: 1916: 1852: 1796: 1546: 1501: 1474: 1241:(headache caused by pain in muscles of the neck) are also possible diagnoses. 1087: 1052: 1035: 1023: 1009: 591: 556: 494: 421: 2790: 2774:"Gastrointestinal disorders associated with migraine: A comprehensive review" 2606: 2426: 2199: 1697:

Sphenopalatine ganglion block (SPG block, also known nasal ganglion block or

452:(with acute, severe headache, stiff neck without fever) because of any origin 7652: 7621: 7611: 7505: 7432: 7412: 7404: 7376: 7327: 7314: 6116: 6067: 6055: 6038: 5970: 5704: 5633: 5629: 5625: 4283:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 97. Elsevier. pp. 473–481. 3673: 1757: 1729: 1691: 1683: 1666: 1586: 1517: 1463: 1183: 1161:

Headache triggered by cough, exertion or while engaged in sexual intercourse

622: 606: 326: 233:, determine whether additional tests are needed and what treatment is best. 210: 203: 131: 95: 77: 5720: 5547: 5436: 5428: 5318: 5280: 5092: 5053: 4987: 4939: 4887: 4830: 4795: 4787: 4760: 4711: 4670: 4591: 4550: 4499: 4430: 4341: 4306: 4190: 4169:

Brown MR (September 1951). "The classification and treatment of headache".

4094: 4065: 4030: 3987: 3885:"Chapter 18: I Have a Patient with Headache. How Do I Determine the Cause?" 3869: 3794: 3746: 3715: 3702:

Hainer BL, Matheson EM (May 2013). "Approach to acute headache in adults".

3681: 3646: 3456: 3350: 3301: 3282: 3234: 3190: 3155: 3146: 3129: 3057: 3038: 3003: 2894: 2858: 2809: 2747: 2697: 2652: 2614: 2485: 2266: 2217: 225:

There are more than 200 types of headaches. Some are harmless and some are

5498: 5361: 5199: 3811:(19th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. 8 April 2015. pp. 2594–2595. 3564: 3556: 7227: 7222: 7206: 7189: 6906: 6731: 6296: 6254: 6108: 6011: 4822: 4582: 4565: 4021: 4004: 3850: 3601:

The Patient History: An Evidence-Based Approach to Differential Diagnosis

1745: 1733: 1687: 1613: 1489: 1488:

Secondary headaches are classified based on their cause and not on their

1470: 1385:

of head and neck with and without contrast, MRI of head without contrast

689: 598: 576: 482: 465: 237: 164: 103: 99: 4480: 1950:

When children complain of headaches, many parents are concerned about a

428:

of the meninges which presents with fever and meningismus, or stiff neck

7381: 7194: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7157: 4333: 3832:

Hundert AS, Huguet A, McGrath PJ, Stinson JN, Wheaton M (August 2014).

3372:(7th ed.). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Archived from 2767: 2765: 2399:

Damayanti Y, Marhaendraputro EA, Santoso WM, Rahmawati D (2021-03-02).

1924: 1896:

malfunction. Only 4–6.9% of kids with a headache have a serious cause.

1769: 1737: 1563: 626: 378: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 195: 5020:"Prevalence of headache in Europe: a review for the Eurolight project" 4652: 2840: 2184:"Headache disorders: differentiating and managing the common subtypes" 7114: 6335: 6076: 6043: 5620: 5593: 3130:"The vascular theory of migraine--a great story wrecked by the facts" 2985: 1725: 1585:

The ICHD-2 classification puts cranial neuralgias and other types of

1505: 830: 437: 431: 5116:

Emergency medicine: Avoiding the pitfalls and improving the outcomes

4121: 1872:

post-traumatic headache (20%), headache related to a problem with a

6591:

Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)

1049:

Headache with signs of total body illness (fever, stiff neck, rash)

7062: 5388: 1932: 1818: 1713:

may be considered for migraine treatment, along with medications.

1623: 1567: 1478: 1334:

Headache in people older than 60 with suspected temporal arteritis

808: 417:

More serious causes of secondary headaches include the following:

127: 123: 4231:

Olesen PJ, Goadsby NM, Ramadan P, Tfelt-Hansen KM, Welch (2005).

4120:(Online ed.). International Headache Society. Archived from 2016:

Silberstein SD (2022-03-09), Lynch ME, Craig KD, Peng PW (eds.),

1266:

One recommended diagnostic approach is as follows. If any urgent

1245:

developed with a lack of evidence base and scientific expertise.

7283: 7134: 1542: 564: 560: 552: 160: 156: 152: 148: 7256: 7004: 6679: 5749: 5736: 4964:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 97. pp. 3–22. 4684:

Davis MA, Kononowech RW, Rolin SA, Spierings EL (August 2008).

4144:

Website The International Headache Classification (ICHD-3 Beta)

2328:"The Johns Hopkins Headache Center - Primary Exertion Headache" 913:

Previous headache history (first, worst, or different headache)

5608: 1538: 1418: 1326: 347: 4361: 4359: 5228:

Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide

3370:

Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide

2921:

Clinical Neurology 8/E:Chapter 6. Headache & Facial Pain

6675: 5450:

American Headache Society Committee on Headache Education.

4960:

Manzoni GC, Stovner LJ (2010). "Epidemiology of headache".

731:

periodic occurrence; several per month to several per year

1831:

The first recorded classification system was published by

1121:

Neuroimaging of brain, skull, and possibly cervical spine

1044:

Neuroimaging, lumbar puncture if neuroimaging is negative

1020:

New onset headache in a person with possible HIV or cancer

882:

no new concerning history or physical examination findings

4727:"Acupuncture for the prevention of tension-type headache" 4320:

Obermann M, Holle D (September 2010). "Hypnic headache".

3891:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Archived from 2095:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 54–62, 1135:

Neuroimaging, blood tests for collagen vascular diseases

190:

and secondary headaches. Causes of headaches may include

7478:

congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis

4610:"Tension type headaches in adults: Preventive treatment" 2401:"Profile of Primary Patients in Neurological Polyclinic" 575:, cranial and spinal nerves, head and neck muscles, the 7252: 5247:"Headache in an Italian pediatric emergency department" 1459:

primary headaches, groups 5-12 as secondary headaches,

3910:. St Paul, MN: US Headache Consortium. pp. 1–25. 3625:

Abrams BM (March 2013). "Factors that cause concern".

2520:. Lange Current Series (Third ed.). McGraw-Hill. 1473:, tension-types headaches, cluster headache and other 1140:

Change in personality, consciousness, or mental status

4462:

Láinez MJ, García-Casado A, Gascón F (October 2013).

3936:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 3599:. In Henderson MC, Tierney Jr LM, Smetana GW (eds.). 2914: 2912: 725:

Occur in periods of 15 days a month for three months

5598: 5384:"What Causes Headaches in Children and Adolescents?" 4142: 1574:. Headaches caused by psychiatric disorders such as 7635: 7602: 7569: 7523: 7488: 7403: 7359: 7336: 7297: 7290: 7215: 7171: 7132: 7103: 7051: 7042: 6972: 6924: 6897: 6874: 6856: 6847: 6805: 6777: 6752: 6722: 6713: 6512: 6489: 6480: 6473: 6428: 6378: 6350: 6321: 6287: 6249: 6238: 6204: 6182: 6107: 5917: 5908: 5894: 5854: 5797: 5788: 5684: 5602: 4603: 4601: 929:

The reason why a red flag indicates possible causes

879:

no high-risk comorbid conditions (for example, HIV)

667: 114: 83: 71: 49: 44: 4442: 4440: 2283:Scottish Intercollegiate Network (November 2008). 1444:International Classification of Headache Disorders 1438:International Classification of Headache Disorders 1323:Headache in immunocompromised people (cancer, HIV) 229:. The description of the headache and findings on 186:, which classifies it into more than 150 types of 4776:Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 2728:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 446:(bleeding inside the brain) because of any origin 7473:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis 4279:Linn FH (2010). "Primary thunderclap headache". 1413:Headaches are most thoroughly classified by the 2177: 2175: 2087:Britton CB (2013), Green MW, Muskin PR (eds.), 2064:. The World Health Organization. 8 April 2016. 1642:Secondary headaches (caused by another disease) 1374:Sudden onset headache or worst headache of life 876:no concerning change in normal headache pattern 2970:"Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway" 2919:Greenberg D, Aminoff M, Simon R (6 May 2012). 2286:Diagnosis and management of headache in adults 1876:(a device put into the brain to remove excess 1259:New headaches are more likely to be dangerous 998:Headaches increasing in frequency and severity 728:may happen multiple times in a day for months 660:in the brain, but the exact cause is unknown. 7268: 7016: 6691: 5761: 5511:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 4513:Boss KW, Przkora R, Kumar S (December 2017). 4451:(Report). San Francisco, CA.: Wolters Kluwer. 4156: 3889:Symptom to Diagnosis: An Evidence-Based Guide 3478:. Oxford University Press. pp. 125–130. 3101:Cutrer FM, Bajwa A, Sabhat M. Post TW (ed.). 1998:. The World Health Organization. 8 April 2016 1911:, a more serious underlying cause may exist: 1859:(secondary ones), and defined 84 categories. 1450:classification of headaches published by the 736:located as tightness or pressure across head 8: 4365: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 3317:"The pathophysiology of migraine: year 2005" 2516:South-Paul JE, Matheny SC, Lewis EL (2011). 2378:(18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1628:An old advertisement for a headache medicine 1616:, cervicogenic, traction, and inflammatory. 1582:are also classified as secondary headaches. 1251:is fear of headaches or getting a headache. 901:Systemic disease (HIV infection, malignancy) 535:Migraine headaches are also associated with 5454:. American Headache Society. Archived from 5230:(7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 4899: 4897: 4731:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4044:Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series 3883:Stern SC, Cifu AS, Altkorn D, eds. (2010). 3603:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Archived from 3096: 3094: 3092: 2369: 2367: 2365: 1428:developed a classification system in 1962. 1156:Blood tests, lumbar puncture, neuroimaging 1001:Mass, subdural hematoma, medication overuse 742:located one side of head focused at eye or 7294: 7275: 7261: 7253: 7048: 7023: 7009: 7001: 6853: 6719: 6698: 6684: 6676: 6486: 6477: 6246: 5914: 5905: 5794: 5768: 5754: 5746: 5733: 5599: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 3809:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 2676:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2376:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 1008:(blood outside the vessels underneath the 818:sensitivity to movement, light, and noise 458:(with headache only) because of any origin 58: 41: 5270: 5043: 4929: 4877: 4750: 4701: 4660: 4581: 4540: 4530: 4489: 4479: 4420: 4252:Comprehensive Review of Headache Medicine 4055: 4020: 3915: 3859: 3849: 3784: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3446: 3340: 3291: 3281: 3145: 3047: 3037: 3015: 3013: 2993: 2968:Dubin AE, Patapoutian A (November 2010). 2848: 2799: 2789: 2687: 2588: 2586: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2475: 2465: 2416: 2256: 2207: 2056: 2054: 1512:, non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, 739:located on one or both sides of the head 394:Learn how and when to remove this message 5583:) is being considered for deletion. See 5149:Disease Management Project: Publications 3366:"Chapter 159. Headache and Facial Pain." 2629:"Tension headache - Symptoms and causes" 1311: 1260: 919: 898:Systemic symptoms (fever or weight loss) 709:duration of 30 minutes to several hours 5738:Articles and topics related to Headache 2678:(Systematic review and meta-analysis). 2024:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 336–342, 1987: 1752:is the only medication proven to help. 873:no abnormal findings on neurologic exam 6557:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies 6230:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS 5504: 5292: 5290: 5234:from the original on 23 December 2016. 3731:"Treatment of acute migraine headache" 3729:Gilmore B, Michael M (February 2011). 2278: 2276: 2062:"Headache disorders Fact sheet N° 277" 1361:MRI of head with or without contrast, 758:pain describable as sharp or stabbing 712:duration of at least four hours daily 4250:Levin M, Baskin SM, Bigal ME (2008). 4038:Medical Advisory Secretariat (2010). 2974:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2405:Journal of Pain, Headache and Vertigo 2068:from the original on 16 February 2016 1454:. It contains explicit (operational) 1337:MRI of head with or without contrast 1237:(chronic pain in the jaw joint), and 1100:Severe headache following head trauma 748:located on one or both sides of head 7: 6408:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 5018:Stovner LJ, Andree C (August 2010). 4171:The Medical Clinics of North America 3980:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2000.040008629.x 3627:The Medical Clinics of North America 3315:Buzzi MG, Moskowitz MA (June 2005). 1403:idiopathic intracranial hypertension 1164:Mass lesion, subarachnoid hemorrhage 1059:(inflammation of the brain tissue), 867:features typical of primary headache 696:mild to moderate dull or aching pain 669:Differential diagnosis of headaches 376:adding citations to reliable sources 5245:Scagni P, Pagliero R (April 2008). 4616:. San Francisco, CA: Wolters Kluwer 3421:Loder E, Rizzoli P (January 2008). 3402:from the original on 8 January 2015 3109:. San Francisco, CA: Wolters Kluwer 2450:"Primary headaches during lifespan" 2448:Straube A, Andreou A (April 2019). 1835:, a medical scholar of Greco-Roman 1201:One-day duration (four to 72 hours) 993:if computed tomography is negative 907:Onset sudden (thunderclap headache) 6639:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy 5491:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1998.1807455.x 4322:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 3524:from the original on 20 March 2013 3484:10.1093/med/9780190887674.003.0016 2829:Neurogastroenterology and Motility 1658:have been studied and classified. 1469:The ICHD-2 classification defines 1342:Headache with suspected meningitis 1004:As a brain mass gets larger, or a 715:duration of 30 minutes to 3 hours 25: 6342:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases 6145:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration 5587:to help reach a consensus. › 4910:Current Pain and Headache Reports 4564:Silberstein SD (September 2000). 4237:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 4003:Silberstein SD (September 2000). 3026:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2887:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.07.001 2778:World Journal of Gastroenterology 1851:generally divided headaches into 1709:, electromyographic feedback and 1329:of head with or without contrast 940:Temporal arteritis, mass in brain 917:Other red flag symptoms include: 7468:Congenital insensitivity to pain 7428:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder 6362:For more detailed coverage, see 6340:For more detailed coverage, see 6311:For more detailed coverage, see 6277:For more detailed coverage, see 6228:For more detailed coverage, see 5354:10.1097/00006565-199702000-00001 5311:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2000.00004.x 5251:The Journal of Headache and Pain 5085:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01288.x 5024:The Journal of Headache and Pain 4519:The Journal of Headache and Pain 4468:Patient Related Outcome Measures 4218:10.1001/jama.1962.03050090045008 3321:The Journal of Headache and Pain 3020:Leroux E, Ducros A (July 2008). 2711: 2689:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03647.x 2542:"Migraine - Symptoms and causes" 2454:The Journal of Headache and Pain 2291:NHS Quality Improvement Scotland 1481:, exertion and sexual activity ( 1381:of head and neck with contrast, 1144:Central nervous system infection 1084:benign intracranial hypertension 837:may exist with tension headache 559:. However, several areas of the 352: 179:in those with severe headaches. 175:. There is an increased risk of 5396:from the original on 7 May 2013 5180:Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 5159:from the original on 4 May 2013 3515:Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs 2093:The Neuropsychiatry of Headache 1634:Management of chronic headaches 1604:NIH classification of headaches 1379:Computed Tomography Angiography 1367:Computed Tomography Angiography 1304:problems in the posterior fossa 963:, hemorrhage into mass lesion, 504:may cause headaches, including 440:or a previous stage of the same 434:or a previous stage of the same 363:needs additional citations for 27:Pain in the head, neck, or face 5222:Schultz BE, Macias CG (2011). 4993:varying between 1.7% and 7.3%. 4743:10.1002/14651858.CD007587.pub2 4403:Franklin GM (September 2014). 2418:10.21776/ub.jphv.2021.002.01.1 2161:. The Johns Hopkins University 1682:(paracetamol) or NSAIDs, like 1656:possible origins of a headache 1655: 1452:International Headache Society 1415:International Headache Society 1383:magnetic resonance angiography 1363:magnetic resonance angiography 1318:Recommended neuroimaging test 1298: 1267: 1171:Neuroimaging, lumbar puncture 1095:Neuroimaging, lumbar puncture 825:exacerbated by regular use of 773:nausea, perhaps with vomiting 718:duration of 4 hours to 3 days 652:involve overactivation of the 184:International Headache Society 1: 6944:External compression headache 6830:New daily persistent headache 6792:Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania 6655:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 6540:Hereditary spastic paraplegia 6398:Normal pressure hydrocephalus 5192:10.1016/s1071-9091(05)80021-x 4970:10.1016/s0072-9752(10)97001-2 4289:10.1016/s0072-9752(10)97042-5 4183:10.1016/S0025-7125(16)35236-1 3773:Archives of Internal Medicine 3227:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70067-X 3183:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70051-6 2249:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 1426:National Institutes of Health 1377:CT of head without contrast, 1198:Pulsatile quality of headache 680:New daily persistent headache 514:non-celiac gluten sensitivity 6889:Post-dural-puncture headache 6624:Progressive muscular atrophy 5540:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ae2377 5224:"130: Headaches in Children" 4608:Taylor R. Swanson JW (ed.). 4422:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000839 4147:. Retrieved 29. August 2016. 3786:10.1001/archinte.160.18.2729 3662:Annals of Emergency Medicine 3364:Denny CJ, Schull MJ (2011). 2923:. McGraw Hill Professional. 2875:Annals of Emergency Medicine 2101:10.1017/cbo9781139206952.007 1724:can usually be managed with 1711:cognitive behavioral therapy 1350:Severe headache in pregnancy 1297:All people who present with 1026:(chronic or carcinomatous), 952:Very sudden onset headache ( 904:Neurologic symptoms or signs 761:pulsating or throbbing pain 6912:Medication overuse headache 6134:Primary progressive aphasia 5143:Kunkel RS (1 August 2010). 4870:10.1136/bmj.38512.405440.8f 4703:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.03.011 3767:Smetana GW (October 2000). 3439:10.1136/bmj.39412.705868.ad 3396:"Migraine Without Headache" 3128:Goadsby PJ (January 2009). 2326:Young CB (3 January 2012). 1690:, a medication that mimics 1353:CT or MRI without contrast 1345:CT or MRI without contrast 870:history of similar headache 638:hormone replacement therapy 551:itself is not sensitive to 483:acute closed-angle glaucoma 456:intraparenchymal hemorrhage 7726: 6456:Hashimoto's encephalopathy 6162:Posterior cortical atrophy 5983:Striatonigral degeneration 5834:Cavernous sinus thrombosis 3639:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.11.002 2030:10.1002/9781119701170.ch32 1894:ventriculoperitoneal shunt 1874:ventriculoperitoneal shunt 1631: 1601: 1522:cerebral venous thrombosis 1435: 1235:Temporomandibular jaw pain 1115:), post-traumatic headache 1015:Neuroimaging, drug screen 621:which release peptides or 522:inflammatory bowel disease 502:Gastrointestinal disorders 489:arteriovenous malformation 31: 6562:Spinal muscular atrophies 6530:Primary lateral sclerosis 6388:Intracranial hypertension 6168:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 5743: 5263:10.1007/s10194-008-0014-1 5036:10.1007/s10194-010-0217-0 4922:10.1007/s11916-012-0305-8 4532:10.1186/s10194-017-0826-y 4117:IHS Classification ICHD-2 3946:American Headache Society 3932:American Headache Society 3735:American Family Physician 3704:American Family Physician 3333:10.1007/s10194-005-0165-2 2740:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.107 2467:10.1186/s10194-019-0985-0 1510:transient ischemic attack 1065:collagen vascular disease 937:New headache after age 50 864:age younger than 30 years 815:, often only on one side 305:primary stabbing headache 257:, stomach irritation, or 66: 57: 34:Headache (disambiguation) 6629:Progressive bulbar palsy 6420:Intracranial hypotension 6403:Choroid plexus papilloma 5817:Herpesviral encephalitis 5585:templates for discussion 5342:Pediatric Emergency Care 4904:Reed KL (January 2013). 3838:JMIR mHealth and uHealth 3072:"How a Migraine Happens" 2791:10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8149 2607:10.1001/jama.296.10.1274 2200:10.1177/2049463712459691 2022:Clinical Pain Management 1855:(primary headaches) and 1699:pterygopalatine ganglion 1654:or brain radiation. The 1126:Inability to move a limb 910:Onset after age 40 years 704:moderate to severe pain 537:Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome 518:irritable bowel syndrome 231:neurological examination 7589:Posteromarginal nucleus 7524:Measurement and testing 6141:Frontotemporal dementia 5827:Encephalitis lethargica 5493:(inactive 2024-03-16). 5452:"Headaches in Children" 4811:Acupuncture in Medicine 4256:Oxford University Press 3674:10.1067/mem.2002.120125 3423:"Tension-type headache" 3076:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 2945:"headache | Britannica" 2570:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 2188:British Journal of Pain 2182:Ahmed F (August 2012). 1572:temporomandibular joint 1562:, cephalalgia and even 1273:subarachnoid hemorrhage 1105:intracranial hemorrhage 1086:(pseudotumor cerebri), 961:subarachnoid hemorrhage 569:middle meningeal artery 530:hepatobiliary disorders 450:subarachnoid hemorrhage 444:intracranial hemorrhage 6959:Postherpetic neuralgia 6949:Cold-stimulus headache 6767:Mixed tension migraine 6446:Hepatic encephalopathy 5429:10.1542/peds.108.2.255 4788:10.1089/act.2013.19608 3597:"Chapter 9. Headache." 3283:10.1073/pnas.071582498 3039:10.1186/1750-1172-3-20 2159:Johns Hopkins Medicine 1945:central nervous system 1833:Aretaeus of Cappadocia 1828: 1823:An 1819 caricature by 1722:Tension-type headaches 1717:Tension-type headaches 1629: 1531:central nervous system 1514:vascular malformations 1446:(ICHD) is an in-depth 971:, mass (especially in 803:may be accompanied by 766:no nausea or vomiting 134:, head or neck massage 108:cold-stimulus headache 67:Person with a headache 7673:Drug-seeking behavior 7561:Visual analogue scale 6504:Ataxia–telangiectasia 6461:Static encephalopathy 6184:Mitochondrial disease 6022:Spasmodic torticollis 5932:Basal ganglia disease 5120:Blackwell / BMJ Books 3557:10.1212/WNL.45.7.1263 3215:The Lancet. Neurology 3171:The Lancet. Neurology 2089:"Stress and headache" 1822: 1650:may require surgery, 1627: 1498:intracranial hematoma 1239:cervicogenic headache 965:vascular malformation 798:or noise sensitivity 408:cervicogenic headache 198:; sleep deprivation; 169:tension-type headache 7584:Anterolateral system 7034:that are general or 6964:Tolosa–Hunt syndrome 6934:Trigeminal neuralgia 6820:Thunderclap headache 6451:Toxic encephalopathy 6157:Lewy bodies dementia 4823:10.1136/aim.23.4.157 4583:10.1212/wnl.55.6.754 4022:10.1212/WNL.55.6.754 3851:10.2196/mhealth.3452 3147:10.1093/brain/awn321 1996:"Headache disorders" 1827:depicting a headache 954:thunderclap headache 599:different hypotheses 412:painkiller headaches 372:improve this article 329:can also be helpful. 319:primary sex headache 291:: shooting face pain 285:trigeminal neuralgia 163:. It can occur as a 147:, is the symptom of 32:For other uses, see 6939:Occipital neuralgia 6815:Hemicrania continua 6737:Familial hemiplegic 6499:Friedreich's ataxia 5882:Meningoencephalitis 5822:Limbic encephalitis 4690:The Journal of Pain 4481:10.2147/PROM.S31392 3595:Smetana GW (2012). 3274:2001PNAS...98.4687H 2835:(Suppl 2): e13607. 2566:"Tension Headaches" 2332:hopkinsmedicine.org 1707:relaxation training 1580:psychotic disorders 1556:high blood pressure 1456:diagnostic criteria 1261:secondary headaches 1210:Disabling intensity 1204:Unilateral location 670: 634:birth control pills 555:, because it lacks 506:Helicobacter pylori 295:hemicrania continua 289:occipital neuralgia 7710:Symptoms and signs 7663:Philosophy of pain 7338:Respiratory system 7032:Signs and symptoms 6535:Pseudobulbar palsy 6273:Status epilepticus 6224:Multiple sclerosis 6061:Myoclonic epilepsy 5924:movement disorders 5870:Acute disseminated 5812:Viral encephalitis 5685:External resources 4334:10.1586/ern.10.112 4157:Olesen et al. 2005 4124:on 3 November 2013 3952:on 6 December 2013 3934:(September 2013). 3472:"Cluster Headache" 3078:. 26 November 2019 3022:"Cluster headache" 2949:www.britannica.com 1829: 1793:Literature reviews 1776:before an attack. 1630: 1369:of head and neck. 1207:Nausea or vomiting 1148:intracranial bleed 969:pituitary apoplexy 668: 636:or are prescribed 477:temporal arteritis 251:vascular disorders 18:Headache disorders 7705:Medical mnemonics 7687: 7686: 7681: 7680: 7536:Cold pressor test 7519: 7518: 7250: 7249: 7242:Flu-like symptoms 7128: 7127: 7068:of unknown origin 6998: 6997: 6920: 6919: 6843: 6842: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6469: 6468: 6374: 6373: 6313:Template:Headache 6279:Template:Epilepsy 6200: 6199: 6174:Vascular dementia 6017:Status dystonicus 5890: 5889: 5865:Encephalomyelitis 5730: 5729: 5129:978-1-4051-4166-6 4979:978-0-444-52139-2 4864:(7513): 376–382. 4653:10.1136/bmj.c5222 4415:(14): 1277–1284. 4383:www.ninds.nih.gov 4366:Levin et al. 2008 4298:978-0-444-52139-2 4265:978-0-19-536673-0 4089:(Suppl): 855–60. 3818:978-0-07-180215-4 3779:(18): 2729–2737. 3517:: 8. March 2013. 3493:978-0-19-088770-4 3476:Pain Neurosurgery 3470:Levin EL (2019). 2980:(11): 3760–3772. 2930:978-0-07-175905-2 2841:10.1111/nmo.13607 2784:(36): 8149–8160. 2659:. 8 January 2018. 2601:(10): 1274–1283. 2527:978-0-07-162436-7 2385:978-0-07-174890-2 2300:978-1-905813-39-1 2243:(9995): 743–800. 2130:"Headache Causes" 2110:978-1-107-02620-9 2039:978-1-119-70115-6 1892:, meningitis and 1886:epidural hematoma 1882:subdural hematoma 1868:have a headache. 1847:in 1672. In 1787 1825:George Cruikshank 1765:Cluster headaches 1527:epileptic seizure 1389: 1388: 1315:Clinical Features 1249:Cephalalgiaphobia 1228:Cluster headaches 1188:tension headaches 1175: 1174: 1113:epidural hematoma 1109:subdural hematoma 1006:subdural hematoma 932:Diagnostic tests 841: 840: 796:light sensitivity 650:Cluster headaches 644:Tension headaches 462:ruptured aneurysm 438:hemorragic stroke 404: 403: 396: 279:cluster headaches 138: 137: 118:Over-the-counter 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 7717: 7636:Related concepts 7627:Pain eradication 7385: 7372: 7323: 7295: 7291:By region/system 7277: 7270: 7263: 7254: 7108: 7056: 7049: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7002: 6854: 6744:Retinal migraine 6720: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6677: 6487: 6478: 6436:Brain herniation 6247: 6087:Intention tremor 6082:Essential tremor 5947:Postencephalitic 5915: 5906: 5795: 5776:Diseases of the 5770: 5763: 5756: 5747: 5734: 5600: 5560: 5559: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5510: 5502: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5274: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5219: 5204: 5203: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5153:Cleveland Clinic 5140: 5134: 5133: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5047: 5015: 4996: 4995: 4957: 4944: 4943: 4933: 4901: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4754: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4705: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4664: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4585: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4534: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4493: 4483: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4424: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4328:(9): 1391–1397. 4317: 4311: 4310: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4177:(5): 1485–1493. 4166: 4160: 4159:, pp. 9–11. 4154: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4112: 4099: 4098: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4059: 4034: 4024: 3999: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3948:. Archived from 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3853: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3788: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3699: 3686: 3685: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3622: 3609: 3608: 3592: 3577: 3576: 3551:(7): 1263–1267. 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3450: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3398:. Neurobalance. 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3344: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3295: 3285: 3268:(8): 4687–4692. 3253: 3247: 3246: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3149: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3098: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3051: 3041: 3017: 3008: 3007: 2997: 2986:10.1172/JCI42843 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2852: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2803: 2793: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2709: 2691: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2513: 2490: 2489: 2479: 2469: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2420: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2371: 2340: 2339: 2334:. Archived from 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2307:on 19 April 2011 2303:. Archived from 2280: 2271: 2270: 2260: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1992: 1770:Abortive therapy 1312: 1221:likelihood ratio 1217:likelihood ratio 920: 755:consistent pain 685:Cluster headache 675:Tension headache 671: 654:trigeminal nerve 399: 392: 388: 385: 379: 356: 348: 227:life-threatening 173:cluster headache 143:, also known as 92:cluster headache 88:Tension headache 62: 42: 21: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7631: 7598: 7571:Pathophysiology 7565: 7556:Tail flick test 7515: 7484: 7399: 7383: 7370: 7361:Musculoskeletal 7355: 7332: 7321: 7286: 7281: 7251: 7246: 7211: 7167: 7124: 7104: 7099: 7052: 7038: 7029: 6999: 6994: 6968: 6916: 6893: 6870: 6839: 6835:Hypnic headache 6825:Sexual headache 6801: 6773: 6748: 6709: 6704: 6674: 6661: 6587:Congenital DSMA 6508: 6465: 6424: 6370: 6358:Sleep disorders 6346: 6323:Cerebrovascular 6317: 6283: 6240: 6234: 6196: 6178: 6103: 6049:Choreoathetosis 5922: 5899: 5886: 5850: 5784: 5774: 5739: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5680: 5679: 5611: 5588: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5503: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5296: 5295: 5288: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5221: 5220: 5207: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5017: 5016: 4999: 4980: 4959: 4958: 4947: 4903: 4902: 4895: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4737:(8): CD007587. 4724: 4723: 4719: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4607: 4606: 4599: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4357: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4299: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4114: 4113: 4102: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4037: 4002: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3941:Choosing Wisely 3930: 3929: 3925: 3917:10.1.1.565.1524 3905: 3904: 3900: 3895:on 31 May 2015. 3882: 3881: 3877: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3710:(10): 682–687. 3701: 3700: 3689: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3624: 3623: 3612: 3607:on 31 May 2015. 3594: 3593: 3580: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3433:(7635): 88–92. 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3100: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3019: 3018: 3011: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2572:. 8 August 2021 2564: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2515: 2514: 2493: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2373: 2372: 2343: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2301: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2164: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1972: 1956:neurologic exam 1905:muscle weakness 1901:speech problems 1890:brain abscesses 1865: 1817: 1790: 1782: 1780:Neuromodulation 1767: 1719: 1664: 1644: 1636: 1622: 1606: 1600: 1545:, intracranial 1506:ischemic stroke 1494:whiplash injury 1483:sexual headache 1440: 1434: 1411: 1398:lumbar puncture 1394: 1392:Lumbar puncture 1295: 1286: 1281: 1257: 1213: 1180: 991:lumbar puncture 973:posterior fossa 926:Possible causes 854: 813:drooping eyelid 666: 615:cerebral cortex 571:, large veins, 545: 543:Pathophysiology 432:ischemic stroke 400: 389: 383: 380: 369: 357: 346: 333:hypnic headache 267: 223: 211:pain medication 40: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7723: 7721: 7713: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7692: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7648:Pain tolerance 7645: 7643:Pain threshold 7639: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7551:Hot plate test 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7418:Pain asymbolia 7415: 7409: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7379: 7374: 7365: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7342: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7257: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7230: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7192: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7139: 7137: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7059: 7057: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7036:constitutional 7030: 7028: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7005: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6954:Optic neuritis 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6884:Ictal headache 6880: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6862: 6860: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6758: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6728: 6726: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6680: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6559: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6518: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6484: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6415:Cerebral edema 6412: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6364:Template:Sleep 6354: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6244: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6192:Leigh syndrome 6188: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6113: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6003: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5928: 5926: 5919:Extrapyramidal 5912: 5903: 5901:encephalopathy 5892: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5861: 5859: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5803: 5801: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5778:nervous system 5775: 5773: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5712: 5701: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5666: 5655: 5636: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603:Classification 5597: 5596: 5572: 5568: 5567:External links 5565: 5562: 5561: 5534:(6): 416–422. 5518: 5485:(7): 455–462. 5469: 5458:on 16 May 2008 5442: 5423:(2): 255–263. 5407: 5375: 5332: 5286: 5237: 5205: 5186:(2): 109–118. 5170: 5135: 5128: 5122:. p. 39. 5118:. Malden, MA: 5106: 5079:(3): 193–210. 5063: 5030:(4): 289–299. 4997: 4978: 4945: 4893: 4844: 4817:(4): 157–165. 4801: 4782:(4): 285–297. 4766: 4717: 4696:(8): 667–677. 4676: 4627: 4597: 4576:(6): 754–762. 4556: 4505: 4454: 4436: 4395: 4370: 4355: 4312: 4297: 4271: 4264: 4242: 4235:(3 ed.). 4223: 4196: 4161: 4149: 4135: 4100: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4035: 4015:(6): 754–762. 4000: 3974:(8): 629–632. 3962:, which cites 3923: 3898: 3875: 3824: 3817: 3800: 3759: 3741:(3): 271–280. 3721: 3687: 3668:(1): 108–122. 3652: 3633:(2): 225–242. 3610: 3578: 3535: 3499: 3492: 3462: 3413: 3387: 3376:on 31 May 2015 3356: 3327:(3): 105–111. 3307: 3248: 3221:(5): 454–461. 3204: 3177:(5): 419–420. 3161: 3120: 3088: 3063: 3009: 2960: 2936: 2929: 2908: 2881:(4): 407–436. 2864: 2815: 2761: 2734:(9): 516–526. 2718: 2682:(8): 700–707. 2662: 2644: 2620: 2582: 2557: 2533: 2526: 2491: 2440: 2391: 2384: 2341: 2338:on 3 May 2014. 2318: 2299: 2272: 2223: 2194:(3): 124–132. 2171: 2146: 2121: 2109: 2079: 2050: 2038: 2008: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1909:loss of vision 1864: 1861: 1849:Christian Baur 1845:De Cephalalgia 1816: 1813: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1766: 1763: 1718: 1715: 1663: 1660: 1643: 1640: 1621: 1618: 1602:Main article: 1599: 1596: 1560:hypothyroidism 1436:Main article: 1433: 1430: 1410: 1409:Classification 1407: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1256: 1253: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1103:Brain bleeds ( 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1002: 999: 995: 994: 984: 976: 957: 949: 948: 945: 941: 938: 934: 933: 930: 927: 924: 915: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 884: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 853: 850: 839: 838: 835: 833: 823: 820: 819: 816: 801: 799: 791: 790: 787: 785: 782: 775: 774: 771: 769: 767: 763: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 749: 746: 740: 737: 733: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 719: 716: 713: 710: 706: 705: 702: 699: 697: 693: 692: 687: 682: 677: 665: 662: 619:sensory nerves 573:venous sinuses 557:pain receptors 544: 541: 510:celiac disease 499: 498: 491: 486: 480: 474: 468: 459: 453: 447: 441: 435: 429: 402: 401: 360: 358: 351: 345: 342: 341: 340: 330: 316: 312: 308: 302: 292: 282: 266: 263: 222: 219: 136: 135: 116: 112: 111: 110:(brain freeze) 85: 81: 80: 75: 69: 68: 64: 63: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7722: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7546:Grimace scale 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7511:Low back pain 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7463:Referred pain 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7423:Pain disorder 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7395:Delayed-onset 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298:Head and neck 7296: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7273: 7271: 7266: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216:Miscellaneous 7214: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7131: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7090:Hyperhidrosis 7088: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7078:postoperative 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7007: 7006: 7003: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6694: 6689: 6687: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6441:Reye syndrome 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6393:Hydrocephalus 6391: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6206:Demyelinating 6203: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6094:Restless legs 6092: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6032:Blepharospasm 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5988:Hemiballismus 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5853: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5839:Brain abscess 5837: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5759: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5742: 5735: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5470: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5408: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5171: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4628: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4368:, p. 60. 4367: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4233:The Headaches 4227: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3536: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3140:(Pt 1): 6–7. 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3121: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2961: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2289:. Edinburgh: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2112: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2080: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2012: 2009: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:hydrocephalus 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:Thomas Willis 1838: 1834: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754:Amitriptyline 1751: 1750:amitriptyline 1747: 1743: 1742:acetaminophen 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:acetaminophen 1675: 1671: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1293:New headaches 1292: 1290: 1284:Old headaches 1283: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1255:New headaches 1254: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1178:Old headaches 1177: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1032:toxoplasmosis 1029: 1028:brain abscess 1025: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 988: 985: 983:(eye nerves). 982: 977: 974: 970: 966: 962: 959:Brain bleed ( 958: 955: 951: 950: 946: 942: 939: 936: 935: 931: 928: 925: 922: 921: 918: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 896: 895: 892: 888: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 862: 861: 858: 851: 849: 845: 836: 834: 832: 828: 827:acetaminophen 824: 822: 821: 817: 814: 810: 806: 802: 800: 797: 793: 792: 788: 786: 783: 781: 777: 776: 772: 770: 768: 765: 764: 760: 757: 754: 752: 751: 747: 745: 741: 738: 735: 734: 730: 727: 724: 722: 721: 717: 714: 711: 708: 707: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 663: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 645: 641: 639: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 608: 602: 600: 595: 593: 589: 588:blood vessels 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 542: 540: 538: 533: 531: 527: 526:gastroparesis 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 496: 492: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 467: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 423: 420: 419: 418: 415: 413: 409: 398: 395: 387: 384:February 2021 377: 373: 367: 366: 361:This section 359: 355: 350: 349: 343: 338: 334: 331: 328: 324: 320: 317: 313: 309: 306: 303: 300: 296: 293: 290: 286: 283: 280: 277: 276: 275: 273: 264: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 239: 234: 232: 228: 220: 218: 214: 212: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 86: 82: 79: 76: 74: 70: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 43: 35: 30: 19: 7458:Phantom pain 7443:Hyperalgesia 7438:Chronic pain 7322:(swallowing) 7320:Odynophagia 7309: 7148:Chronic pain 7142: 7105: 7095:Night sweats 7085:Hyperthermia 7073:drug-induced 7053: 6706: 6649: 6548: 6521: 6482:Degenerative 6288: 6219:Inflammatory 6166: 6099:Stiff-person 5937:Parkinsonism 5910:Degenerative 5807:Encephalitis 5790:Inflammation 5780:, primarily 5714: 5703: 5692: 5668: 5657: 5638: 5615: 5578: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5507:cite journal 5482: 5478: 5472: 5460:. Retrieved 5456:the original 5445: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5398:. Retrieved 5387: 5378: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5305:(1): 25–29. 5302: 5298: 5257:(2): 83–87. 5254: 5250: 5240: 5227: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5161:. Retrieved 5148: 5138: 5115: 5109: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5057: 5027: 5023: 4991: 4961: 4913: 4909: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4618:. Retrieved 4613: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4448: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4386:. Retrieved 4382: 4373: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4280: 4274: 4251: 4245: 4232: 4226: 4212:(9): 717–8. 4209: 4205: 4199: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4152: 4143: 4138: 4126:. Retrieved 4122:the original 4116: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4050:(26): 1–57. 4047: 4043: 4012: 4008: 3971: 3967: 3954:. Retrieved 3950:the original 3939: 3926: 3907: 3901: 3893:the original 3888: 3878: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3808: 3803: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3752:15 September 3750:. Retrieved 3738: 3734: 3724: 3707: 3703: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3630: 3626: 3605:the original 3600: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3526:. Retrieved 3514: 3502: 3475: 3465: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3404:. Retrieved 3390: 3378:. Retrieved 3374:the original 3369: 3359: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3111:. Retrieved 3106: 3080:. Retrieved 3075: 3066: 3029: 3025: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2952:. Retrieved 2948: 2939: 2920: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2781: 2777: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2656: 2647: 2636:. Retrieved 2632: 2623: 2598: 2594: 2574:. Retrieved 2569: 2560: 2549:. Retrieved 2545: 2536: 2517: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2375: 2336:the original 2331: 2321: 2309:. Retrieved 2305:the original 2285: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2191: 2187: 2163:. Retrieved 2158: 2149: 2137:. Retrieved 2133: 2124: 2114:, retrieved 2092: 2082: 2070:. Retrieved 2043:, retrieved 2021: 2011: 2000:. Retrieved 1990: 1964: 1960: 1949: 1921:encephalitis 1898: 1870: 1866: 1844: 1830: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1791: 1788:Epidemiology 1783: 1774: 1768: 1720: 1704: 1696: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1652:chemotherapy 1645: 1637: 1610: 1607: 1592: 1584: 1576:somatization 1535: 1487: 1468: 1448:hierarchical 1441: 1423: 1412: 1395: 1308: 1296: 1287: 1279:Neuroimaging 1265: 1258: 1247: 1243: 1233: 1226: 1214: 1192: 1181: 1082:Brain mass, 1061:Lyme disease 1057:encephalitis 987:Neuroimaging 981:optic chiasm 916: 893: 889: 885: 859: 855: 846: 842: 805:running nose 794:uncommonly, 658:hypothalamus 648: 642: 631: 612: 603: 596: 585: 581:falx cerebri 546: 534: 500: 426:inflammation 416: 405: 390: 381: 370:Please help 365:verification 362: 299:indomethacin 268: 235: 224: 215: 208: 181: 144: 140: 139: 29: 7668:Cancer pain 7594:Substance P 7579:Nociception 7541:Dolorimeter 7496:Pelvic pain 7453:Hyperpathia 7448:Hypoalgesia 7369:Arthralgia 7351:Pleurodynia 7346:Sore throat 7153:Cancer pain 7120:Hypothermia 7044:Temperature 6985:Orthostatic 6634:Fazio–Londe 6474:Both/either 6268:Generalised 6127:Early-onset 6122:Alzheimer's 5857:spinal cord 5694:MedlinePlus 5573:‹ The 5479:Cephalalgia 5073:Cephalalgia 4128:18 November 3956:10 December 2653:"Headaches" 2633:Mayo Clinic 2546:Mayo Clinic 2134:Mayo Clinic 2072:15 February 1952:brain tumor 1941:head trauma 1937:blood clots 1857:symptomatic 1648:brain tumor 1570:, jaws, or 1078:Papilledema 701:severe pain 508:infection, 471:brain tumor 323:propranolol 255:brain bleed 247:head injury 192:dehydration 145:cephalalgia 132:eating food 126:, drinking 120:painkillers 53:Cephalalgia 50:Other names 7694:Categories 7617:Anesthesia 7604:Management 7531:Pain scale 7501:Proctalgia 7405:Neurologic 7305:Eye strain 7237:polydipsia 7233:Polyphagia 7163:Tenderness 7133:Aches and 6980:Eye strain 6866:Migralepsy 6242:paroxysmal 6214:Autoimmune 6007:Dyskinesia 5877:Meningitis 5855:Brain and 5716:Patient UK 5670:DiseasesDB 5417:Pediatrics 5348:(1): 1–4. 5145:"Headache" 4916:(1): 305. 4525:(1): 118. 3844:(3): e36. 3082:2021-12-18 2954:2022-04-29 2780:(Review). 2730:(Review). 2638:2021-12-15 2576:2021-12-15 2551:2021-12-15 2411:(1): 1–4. 2165:2021-12-14 2155:"Headache" 2139:21 October 2116:2022-04-29 2045:2022-04-29 2018:"Headache" 2002:2021-12-14 1982:References 1976:Eye strain 1929:hemorrhage 1917:meningitis 1853:idiopathic 1797:prevalence 1632:See also: 1620:Management 1547:infections 1502:craniotomy 1475:trigeminal 1088:meningitis 1053:Meningitis 1036:metastasis 1030:including 1024:Meningitis 592:nociceptor 495:post-ictal 422:meningitis 177:depression 106:headache, 102:headache, 7700:Headaches 7653:Suffering 7622:Cordotomy 7612:Analgesia 7433:Allodynia 7413:Neuralgia 7377:Bone pain 7328:Toothache 7200:of muscle 7185:Lassitude 6849:Secondary 6239:Episodic/ 6117:Tauopathy 6068:Akathisia 6056:Myoclonus 6039:Athetosis 5971:Tauopathy 5710:neuro/517 5705:eMedicine 5528:Neurology 4647:: c5222. 4570:Neurology 4474:: 61–73. 4409:Neurology 4083:Radiology 4009:Neurology 3912:CiteSeerX 3545:Neurology 3032:(1): 20. 2706:205611320 2460:(1): 35. 2435:233777394 2427:2723-3960 1837:antiquity 1758:serotonin 1730:ibuprofen 1692:serotonin 1684:ibuprofen 1662:Migraines 1587:neuralgia 1518:arteritis 1471:migraines 1464:neuralgia 1299:red flags 1268:red flags 1184:migraines 852:Red flags 664:Diagnosis 623:serotonin 607:migraines 344:Secondary 327:diltiazem 243:infection 204:sinusitis 115:Treatment 96:sinusitis 78:Neurology 73:Specialty 7658:SOCRATES 7384:(muscle) 7382:Myalgia 7310:Headache 7228:Anorexia 7223:Cachexia 7207:Asthenia 7190:Lethargy 7143:Headache 6990:Vascular 6907:Hangover 6732:Migraine 6707:Headache 6605:SMALED2B 6600:SMALED2A 6297:Migraine 6289:Headache 6255:epilepsy 6251:Seizures 6109:Dementia 6012:Dystonia 5721:Headache 5590:Headache 5575:template 5556:32419124 5548:19605771 5437:11483785 5394:Archived 5370:33965477 5327:39115552 5319:10759899 5299:Headache 5281:18250964 5232:Archived 5163:6 August 5157:Archived 5101:23927368 5093:17381554 5054:20473702 4988:20816407 4962:Headache 4940:23274677 4888:16055451 4839:23437975 4831:16430123 4796:23075410 4761:27092807 4712:18499526 4671:20961988 4620:24 April 4614:UpToDate 4592:10993991 4551:29285576 4500:24143125 4449:UptoDate 4431:25267983 4350:19141493 4342:20839413 4307:20816448 4281:Headache 4191:14862569 4095:11037510 4066:23074404 4031:10993991 3996:14443890 3988:10971658 3968:Headache 3870:25138438 3795:11025782 3747:21302868 3716:23939446 3682:11782746 3647:23419623 3573:26022438 3528:18 March 3519:Archived 3457:18187725 3400:Archived 3351:16355290 3302:11287655 3243:25553357 3235:23578775 3199:42240966 3191:23578774 3156:19098031 3113:23 April 3107:UpToDate 3058:18651939 3004:21041958 2895:18809105 2859:31241816 2810:27688656 2748:26122473 2698:20345955 2615:16968852 2486:30961531 2267:26063472 2218:26516483 2066:Archived 1970:See also 1863:Children 1746:Triptans 1734:naproxen 1667:Migraine 1614:myogenic 1552:dialysis 1490:symptoms 923:Red Flag 784:no aura 690:Migraine 627:Triptans 577:meninges 466:aneurysm 272:episodic 238:migraine 165:migraine 141:Headache 104:hangover 100:migraine 45:Headache 7371:(joint) 7195:Atrophy 7177:fatigue 7173:Malaise 7158:Myalgia 6926:ICHD 13 6787:Cluster 6762:Tension 6715:Primary 6617:SMA-PME 6612:SMA-PCH 6595:SMALED1 6307:Tension 6302:Cluster 6027:Meige's 5844:Amoebic 5664:D006261 5577:below ( 5499:9793697 5462:30 June 5400:30 June 5362:9061724 5272:3476181 5200:9422238 5045:2917556 4931:3548086 4879:1184247 4752:4955729 4662:2958257 4542:5745368 4491:3798203 4388:21 July 4057:3377587 3861:4147710 3565:7617180 3448:2190284 3406:16 July 3342:3451639 3270:Bibcode 3049:2517059 2995:2964977 2850:6899706 2801:5037083 2756:2867448 2477:6734460 2311:14 July 2258:4561509 2209:4590146 1925:abscess 1815:History 1738:aspirin 1688:triptan 1564:fasting 1500:, post 1461:cranial 944:people. 337:lithium 265:Primary 196:fatigue 188:primary 151:in the 7115:Chills 6899:ICHD 8 6876:ICHD 7 6858:ICHD 5 6807:ICHD 4 6779:ICHD 3 6754:ICHD 2 6724:ICHD 1 6336:Stroke 6150:Pick's 6077:Tremor 6044:Chorea 5699:003024 5594:Curlie 5580:Curlie 5554: 5546: 5497: 5435: 5368: 5360: 5325: 5317: 5279: 5269: 5198: 5126: 5099: 5091: 5059:(77%). 5052: 5042: 4986: 4976: 4938: 4928: 4886: 4876: 4837: 4829: 4794: 4759: 4749: 4710: 4669: 4659: 4590: 4549: 4539: 4498: 4488: 4429: 4348: 4340: 4305: 4295: 4262: 4189: 4093: 4064: 4054: 4029: 3994: 3986: 3914: 3868: 3858: 3815: 3793: 3745: 3714: 3680: 3645: 3571: 3563: 3490: 3455: 3445: 3380:30 May 3349: 3339: 3300: 3290: 3241: 3233: 3197: 3189: 3154: 3056: 3046: 3002: 2992: 2927: 2903:507361 2901: 2893: 2857: 2847: 2808: 2798: 2754: 2746: 2704: 2696: 2657:nhs.uk 2613: 2524: 2484: 2474: 2433: 2425: 2382: 2297: 2265: 2255: 2237:Lancet 2216: 2206: 2107: 2036: 1907:, and 1740:), or 1726:NSAIDs 1432:ICHD-2 1150:, mass 831:NSAIDS 811:, and 789:auras 744:temple 528:, and 497:state) 259:tumors 221:Causes 200:stress 7489:Other 7390:Acute 7135:pains 7063:Fever 6973:Other 6797:SUNCT 6650:both: 6582:DSMA1 6577:SMAX2 6572:SMAX1 6552:only: 6525:only: 6429:Other 6351:Other 6263:Focal 5896:Brain 5799:Brain 5675:19825 5653:784.0 5552:S2CID 5389:WebMD 5366:S2CID 5323:S2CID 5097:S2CID 4835:S2CID 4346:S2CID 3992:S2CID 3569:S2CID 3522:(PDF) 3511:(PDF) 3293:31895 3239:S2CID 3195:S2CID 3134:Brain 2899:S2CID 2752:S2CID 2702:S2CID 2431:S2CID 1939:, or 1933:tumor 1843:, in 1568:teeth 1479:cough 1168:pain. 1041:body. 809:tears 549:brain 311:made. 171:, or 159:, or 128:water 124:sleep 84:Types 7506:Back 7315:Neck 7284:Pain 7235:and 7175:and 7106:cold 7054:heat 6253:and 5964:PKAN 5959:NBIA 5659:MeSH 5644:9-CM 5544:PMID 5513:link 5495:PMID 5464:2010 5433:PMID 5402:2010 5358:PMID 5315:PMID 5277:PMID 5196:PMID 5165:2010 5124:ISBN 5089:PMID 5050:PMID 4984:PMID 4974:ISBN 4936:PMID 4884:PMID 4827:PMID 4792:PMID 4757:PMID 4708:PMID 4667:PMID 4622:2014 4588:PMID 4547:PMID 4496:PMID 4427:PMID 4390:2021 4338:PMID 4303:PMID 4293:ISBN 4260:ISBN 4206:JAMA 4187:PMID 4130:2013 4091:PMID 4062:PMID 4027:PMID 3984:PMID 3958:2013 3866:PMID 3813:ISBN 3791:PMID 3754:2021 3743:PMID 3712:PMID 3678:PMID 3643:PMID 3561:PMID 3530:2013 3488:ISBN 3453:PMID 3408:2014 3382:2015 3347:PMID 3298:PMID 3231:PMID 3187:PMID 3152:PMID 3115:2014 3054:PMID 3000:PMID 2925:ISBN 2891:PMID 2855:PMID 2806:PMID 2744:PMID 2694:PMID 2611:PMID 2595:JAMA 2522:ISBN 2482:PMID 2423:ISSN 2380:ISBN 2313:2010 2295:ISBN 2263:PMID 2214:PMID 2141:2019 2105:ISBN 2074:2016 2034:ISBN 1543:AIDS 1508:and 1442:The 1010:dura 780:aura 656:and 565:neck 563:and 561:head 553:pain 547:The 325:and 161:neck 157:head 153:face 149:pain 6567:SMA 6550:LMN 6523:UMN 6514:MND 6380:CSF 6331:TIA 5976:PSP 5952:NMS 5921:and 5782:CNS 5649:339 5640:ICD 5634:R51 5630:G44 5626:G43 5617:ICD 5592:at 5536:doi 5487:doi 5425:doi 5421:108 5350:doi 5307:doi 5267:PMC 5259:doi 5188:doi 5081:doi 5040:PMC 5032:doi 4966:doi 4926:PMC 4918:doi 4874:PMC 4866:doi 4862:331 4858:BMJ 4819:doi 4784:doi 4747:PMC 4739:doi 4698:doi 4657:PMC 4649:doi 4645:341 4641:BMJ 4578:doi 4537:PMC 4527:doi 4486:PMC 4476:doi 4417:doi 4330:doi 4285:doi 4214:doi 4210:179 4179:doi 4087:215 4052:PMC 4017:doi 3976:doi 3856:PMC 3846:doi 3781:doi 3777:160 3670:doi 3635:doi 3553:doi 3480:doi 3443:PMC 3435:doi 3431:336 3427:BMJ 3337:PMC 3329:doi 3288:PMC 3278:doi 3223:doi 3179:doi 3142:doi 3138:132 3044:PMC 3034:doi 2990:PMC 2982:doi 2978:120 2883:doi 2845:PMC 2837:doi 2796:PMC 2786:doi 2736:doi 2684:doi 2603:doi 2599:296 2472:PMC 2462:doi 2413:doi 2253:PMC 2245:doi 2241:386 2204:PMC 2196:doi 2097:doi 2026:doi 1888:), 1878:CSF 1598:NIH 1578:or 1539:HIV 1516:or 1419:WHO 1365:or 1327:MRI 1186:or 967:), 829:or 778:no 464:or 374:by 287:or 206:). 7696:: 6491:SA 5998:OA 5993:HD 5942:PD 5719:: 5708:: 5697:: 5673:: 5662:: 5651:, 5647:: 5632:, 5628:, 5624:: 5621:10 5550:. 5542:. 5532:73 5530:. 5509:}} 5505:{{ 5483:18 5481:. 5431:. 5419:. 5392:. 5386:. 5364:. 5356:. 5346:13 5344:. 5321:. 5313:. 5303:40 5301:. 5289:^ 5275:. 5265:. 5253:. 5249:. 5208:^ 5194:. 5182:. 5155:. 5151:. 5147:. 5095:. 5087:. 5077:27 5075:. 5056:. 5048:. 5038:. 5028:11 5026:. 5022:. 5000:^ 4990:. 4982:. 4972:. 4948:^ 4934:. 4924:. 4914:17 4912:. 4908:. 4896:^ 4882:. 4872:. 4860:. 4856:. 4833:. 4825:. 4815:23 4813:. 4790:. 4780:19 4778:. 4755:. 4745:. 4733:. 4729:. 4706:. 4692:. 4688:. 4665:. 4655:. 4643:. 4639:. 4612:. 4600:^ 4586:. 4574:55 4572:. 4568:. 4545:. 4535:. 4523:18 4521:. 4517:. 4494:. 4484:. 4470:. 4466:. 4439:^ 4425:. 4413:83 4411:. 4407:. 4381:. 4358:^ 4344:. 4336:. 4326:10 4324:. 4301:. 4291:. 4258:. 4254:. 4208:. 4185:. 4175:35 4173:. 4103:^ 4085:. 4060:. 4048:10 4046:. 4042:. 4025:. 4013:55 4011:. 4007:. 3990:. 3982:. 3972:40 3970:. 3944:. 3938:. 3887:. 3864:. 3854:. 3840:. 3836:. 3789:. 3775:. 3771:. 3739:83 3737:. 3733:. 3708:87 3706:. 3690:^ 3676:. 3666:39 3664:. 3641:. 3631:97 3629:. 3613:^ 3581:^ 3567:. 3559:. 3549:45 3547:. 3513:. 3486:. 3474:. 3451:. 3441:. 3429:. 3425:. 3345:. 3335:. 3323:. 3319:. 3296:. 3286:. 3276:. 3266:98 3264:. 3260:. 3237:. 3229:. 3219:12 3217:. 3193:. 3185:. 3175:12 3173:. 3150:. 3136:. 3132:. 3105:. 3091:^ 3074:. 3052:. 3042:. 3028:. 3024:. 3012:^ 2998:. 2988:. 2976:. 2972:. 2947:. 2911:^ 2897:. 2889:. 2879:52 2877:. 2853:. 2843:. 2833:31 2831:. 2827:. 2804:. 2794:. 2782:22 2776:. 2764:^ 2750:. 2742:. 2732:12 2700:. 2692:. 2680:52 2674:. 2655:. 2631:. 2609:. 2597:. 2585:^ 2568:. 2544:. 2494:^ 2480:. 2470:. 2458:20 2456:. 2452:. 2429:. 2421:. 2407:. 2403:. 2344:^ 2330:. 2293:. 2275:^ 2261:. 2251:. 2239:. 2235:. 2212:. 2202:. 2190:. 2186:. 2174:^ 2157:. 2132:. 2103:, 2091:, 2053:^ 2032:, 2020:, 1958:. 1935:, 1931:, 1927:, 1923:, 1919:, 1915:, 1903:, 1884:, 1744:. 1736:, 1732:, 1558:, 1554:, 1533:. 1496:, 1421:. 1396:A 1146:, 1111:, 1107:, 1063:, 1055:, 1034:, 989:, 807:, 640:. 579:, 524:, 520:, 516:, 512:, 424:: 414:. 253:, 249:, 245:, 194:; 167:, 155:, 130:, 122:, 98:, 94:, 90:, 7276:e 7269:t 7262:v 7024:e 7017:t 7010:v 6699:e 6692:t 6685:v 6143:/ 5898:/ 5769:e 5762:t 5755:v 5642:- 5619:- 5609:D 5558:. 5538:: 5515:) 5501:. 5489:: 5466:. 5439:. 5427:: 5404:. 5372:. 5352:: 5329:. 5309:: 5283:. 5261:: 5255:9 5202:. 5190:: 5184:2 5167:. 5132:. 5103:. 5083:: 5034:: 4968:: 4942:. 4920:: 4890:. 4868:: 4841:. 4821:: 4798:. 4786:: 4763:. 4741:: 4735:4 4714:. 4700:: 4694:9 4673:. 4651:: 4624:. 4594:. 4580:: 4553:. 4529:: 4502:. 4478:: 4472:4 4433:. 4419:: 4392:. 4352:. 4332:: 4309:. 4287:: 4268:. 4239:. 4220:. 4216:: 4193:. 4181:: 4132:. 4097:. 4068:. 4033:. 4019:: 3998:. 3978:: 3960:. 3920:. 3872:. 3848:: 3842:2 3821:. 3797:. 3783:: 3756:. 3718:. 3684:. 3672:: 3649:. 3637:: 3575:. 3555:: 3532:. 3496:. 3482:: 3459:. 3437:: 3410:. 3384:. 3353:. 3331:: 3325:6 3304:. 3280:: 3272:: 3245:. 3225:: 3201:. 3181:: 3158:. 3144:: 3117:. 3085:. 3060:. 3036:: 3030:3 3006:. 2984:: 2957:. 2933:. 2905:. 2885:: 2861:. 2839:: 2812:. 2788:: 2758:. 2738:: 2708:. 2686:: 2641:. 2617:. 2605:: 2579:. 2554:. 2530:. 2488:. 2464:: 2437:. 2415:: 2409:2 2388:. 2315:. 2269:. 2247:: 2220:. 2198:: 2192:6 2168:. 2143:. 2099:: 2076:. 2028:: 2005:. 1728:( 1541:/ 1271:( 975:) 956:) 397:) 391:( 386:) 382:( 368:. 339:. 301:. 36:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index