4053:
1035:
4976:
5133:
4481:
4442:
4253:
4776:
1638:
1626:
3822:
30:
4321:
1194:
1023:
4544:
117:
4123:
329:
2487:
2304:
4850:
3266:
1794:
5078:
4905:
4697:
4214:
4642:
2807:
2766:
2671:
4360:
4274:
129:
5015:
4144:
2316:
852:
3433:, the so-called "Interim Constitution" which abolished apartheid in South Africa. The text of this Interim Constitution, which came into force on 27 April 1994, coinciding with the beginning of the first democratic elections, is available online at
3426:
3422:
6110:
3434:
70:
3421:
All
Bantustans (both nominally independent and self-governing) were dismantled and their territories reincorporated into South Africa with effect from 27 April 1994, in terms of
6120:
5320:
6115:
5757:
3108:
5550:
5205:
913:
5890:
3093:
6125:
5666:
5335:
3290:
5540:
5797:
5444:
5636:
5429:
6130:
5895:
3103:
3367:
3098:
5557:
5530:
5434:
3810:
3315:
835:
786:
743:
696:
644:
548:
509:
462:
419:
3688:
5404:
3430:
3234:
96:
5598:
2844:
2793:
2698:
1468:
5671:
5618:
5593:
5505:
5409:
5198:
3447:
5875:
5685:
5603:
5356:
5351:
5315:
3499:
3212:
5880:
5777:
5737:
5623:
5525:
5439:
5419:
5414:
4658:
4122:
4117:
4017:
3971:
3637:
2977:
2946:
2861:
2710:
2632:
2591:
2550:
2149:
2097:
2035:
1992:
1947:
1902:
1857:
1523:
1488:
1444:
1397:
1339:
1298:
1257:
798:
755:
708:
661:
617:
521:
474:
431:
392:
909:
822:
5782:
5454:
5392:
4096:
2934:
2478:
1494:
1476:
1185:
911:
4022:
3755:
3397:
5915:
5792:
5742:
5613:
5424:
5250:
5243:
2831:
2638:
2597:
2556:
2429:
906:
5907:
5855:
5825:
5656:
5515:
5485:
5382:
5191:
3662:
3195:
2077:
907:
5752:
5732:
5583:
3199:
3088:
34:
3788:
3341:
1432:
1375:
908:
3525:
5994:
5807:
5727:
5707:
5535:
5510:
5495:
3182:
3136:
The Status of
Bophuthatswana Act 89 of 1977 granted Bophuthatswana "independence" with effect from 6 December 1977.
1366:
1325:
1284:
985:
3729:
1034:
910:
5747:
5712:
5661:
5545:
5500:
5449:
5399:
5370:
5102:
3473:
2918:
1541:
761:
4384:
4187:
2952:
437:
95:
The TBVC states were reintegrated into South Africa in the wake of the first post-apartheid general election in
5860:
5850:
5772:
5717:
5697:
5646:
5473:
5459:
5330:
5238:
5094:
4674:
3803:
3069:
5031:
2236:
6054:
6047:
5817:
5787:
5762:
5651:
5588:
5571:
5387:
5226:
5218:
4937:
4568:
2062:
2023:
1978:
1933:
1888:
2659:
2618:
2577:
1625:
1578:
5835:
5767:
5722:
5608:
5490:
4191:
4077:
2983:
2906:
2751:
2186:
2134:
1450:
889:
886:
557:
4945:
4521:
3551:
2226:
2155:
1763:
1598:
6063:
6028:
6023:
5885:
5870:
5865:
5840:
5802:
5702:
5255:
4611:
4587:
4560:
3127:
The Status of
Transkei Act 100 of 1976 granted Transkei "independence" with effect from 26 October 1976.
4874:
4866:
4290:
2246:
2216:
1637:
955:
5920:
5275:
4992:
4929:
4819:
4458:
4230:
3552:"Army Stages Coup in Black S. Africa Area: General Takes Over in Transkei Region, Charges Corruption"
3059:
2903:
2748:
1568:
4603:
4298:
3821:
3154:
The Status of Ciskei Act 110 of 1981 granted Ciskei "independence" with effect from 4 December 1981.
3145:
The Status of Venda Act 107 of 1979 granted Venda "independence" with effect from 13 September 1979.
975:
6068:
5984:
5520:
4921:
4320:
4315:
3996:
3796:
3610:
3271:
2369:
2266:
2183:
2131:
1689:
1588:
1078:
184:
5149:
2256:
1193:
1022:
965:
935:
5844:
5628:
5300:
5047:
4882:
4737:
4595:
4513:
3247:
3039:
3029:
2349:
2276:
2103:
1671:
1068:
162:
945:
29:
5830:
5295:
5270:
5260:
3837:
38:
3783:
4827:
4792:
4745:
4392:
714:
667:
623:
480:
257:
116:
5310:
5110:
5055:
4753:
4497:
4337:
3393:
1998:
1953:
1908:
1863:
1749:
328:
17:
6006:
5305:
5157:
5039:
4953:
4729:
4721:
4419:
4052:
4047:
3862:
3716:
2896:
2741:
2486:
2398:
2303:
2176:
2124:
1718:
1107:
995:
879:
858:
286:
196:
81:
2806:
2765:
2670:
1793:
6104:
6016:
5945:
5940:
4800:
4666:
4400:
4069:
2344:
1666:
1403:
1345:
1304:
1263:
1138:
1063:
804:
527:
295:
157:
5955:
5950:
5935:
5930:
5290:
5214:
4713:
4619:
4543:
4538:
4505:
4376:
3945:
3833:
2716:
2041:
398:
266:
62:
58:
6011:
5960:
5925:
5641:
5285:
5265:
4849:
4844:
4160:
4100:
3950:
2813:
2772:
2677:
1697:
1529:
128:
5989:
5977:
5077:
5072:
4904:
4899:
4696:
4691:
4441:
4436:
4213:
4208:
4168:
4001:
3981:
3976:
3955:
3903:
3286:
3261:
3049:
2867:
2443:
6001:
5325:
4641:
4636:
4252:
4247:
3986:
3893:
3829:
3826:
2385:
2315:
851:
66:
54:
5972:
5280:
4775:
4770:
4359:
4354:
4273:
4268:
3991:
3898:
3872:
3019:
1094:
1086:
77:
5183:
5967:
4975:
4970:
3908:
189:
42:
3435:
Constitution of the
Republic of South Africa, 1993 as of 27 April 1994
5132:
5127:
5014:
5009:
4143:
4138:
3918:
3913:
3867:
2377:
1705:
89:
2976:
2945:
2860:
2709:
2631:
2590:
2549:
2148:
2096:
2034:
1991:
1946:
1901:
1856:
1522:
1487:
1443:
1396:
1338:
1297:
1256:
797:
754:
707:
660:
616:
520:
473:
430:
391:
4480:
4475:
3877:
2485:
1792:
1192:
327:
85:
28:
842:
Chairman of the
Military Council and of the Council of Ministers
3717:
Elections in South Africa's
Apartheid-Era Homelands "Bantustans"
2448:(Chairman of the Military Committee and of the Council of State)
5187:
4039:
3792:
2851:
Chairman of the
Military Committee and of the Council of State
905:
3584:
2434:(Chief Executive Officer of the Ciskei Territorial Authority)
1143:(Chief Executive Officer of the Tswana Territorial Authority)
2543:
Chief
Executive Officer of the Ciskei Territorial Authority
1754:(Chief Executive Officer of the Venda Territorial Authority)
1250:
Chief
Executive Officer of the Tswana Territorial Authority
2087:
Heads of State (Chairmen of the
Council of National Unity)
1850:
Chief Executive Officer of the Venda Territorial Authority
3316:"South Africa Makes 2d Black Homeland Independent Nation"
69:, which lasted from 1948 to 1994. Their independence was
6111:
Political office-holders in the South African bantustans
3784:
World Statesmen β South Africa (South African Homelands)
3291:"Transkei, a South African Black Area, Is Independent"
76:
The bantustans with nominal independence were namely:
37:
map of Bantustans in the Republic of South Africa and
5906:
5816:
5684:
5570:
5472:
5369:
5344:
5225:
5142:
5126:
5087:
5071:
5024:
5008:
4985:
4969:
4914:
4898:
4859:
4843:
4812:
4785:
4769:
4706:
4690:
4651:
4635:
4580:
4553:
4537:
4490:
4474:
4451:
4435:
4412:
4369:
4353:
4330:
4314:
4283:
4267:
4246:
4223:
4207:
4180:
4153:
4137:
4116:
4089:
4062:
4046:
4010:
3964:
3938:
3931:
3886:
3855:
3848:
3689:"Security forces stage coup in S. African homeland"
2471:
2453:
2439:
2425:
2407:
2397:
2368:
2358:
2337:
2296:
1773:
1759:
1745:
1727:
1717:
1688:
1680:
1659:
1618:
1178:
1160:
1148:
1134:
1116:
1106:
1077:
1056:
1015:
308:
279:
250:
205:
195:
183:
171:
150:
109:
3500:"Six Cabinet Ministers Resign in Transkei Scandal"
3448:"Chief Botha Sigcau, 66, First Transkei President"
3431:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993
3109:Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid
3638:"South Africa Quells Coup Attempt in a Homeland"
6087:The dates and designations given on the sites
3398:"CISKEI 'HOMELAND' DECLARED A SEPARATE NATION"
5199:
3804:
3756:"A 2d Homeland Is Taken Over By South Africa"
8:
3094:Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act, 1959
6121:Chief ministers of South African bantustans
6116:Heads of state of South African bantustans
5690:
5576:
5478:
5375:
5231:
5206:
5192:
5184:
5139:
5084:
5021:
4982:
4911:
4856:
4782:
4703:
4648:
4550:
4487:
4448:
4366:
4327:
4280:
4220:
4150:
4059:
4036:
3935:
3852:
3845:
3811:
3797:
3789:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3004:
2502:
2201:
1809:
1553:
1209:
920:
569:
344:
6080:
3278:
3120:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3663:"Patrick Mphephu, Homeland Leader, 63"
3636:John D. Battersby (11 February 1988).
3233:Proclaimed independence following the
3194:In rebellion staged by members of the
3104:Bantu Homelands Constitution Act, 1971
2293:
1615:
1012:
106:
3730:"'HOMELAND' LEADER DEPOSED IN CISKEI"
3526:"Army Coup in South African Homeland"
3099:Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970
2523:
1830:
1684:Council of National Unity (1990β1994)
1630:Coat of arms of the Republic of Venda
1230:
590:
365:
92:(1981), hence the abbreviation TBVC.
7:
5916:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
4423:(1987β94) (Head of Military Council)
3342:"An Empty Ceremony in South Africa"
6126:South Africa history-related lists
3368:"South Africa Starts a New Nation"
1039:Flag of Bophuthatswana (1972β1994)
25:
4261:No central government established
4131:No central government established
5131:
5076:
5013:
4974:
4903:
4848:
4774:
4695:
4640:
4542:
4479:
4440:
4358:
4319:
4272:
4251:
4212:
4142:
4121:
4051:
3820:
3264:
2975:
2944:
2859:
2805:
2764:
2708:
2669:
2630:
2589:
2548:
2314:
2302:
2147:
2095:
2033:
1990:
1945:
1900:
1855:
1636:
1624:
1521:
1486:
1442:
1395:
1337:
1296:
1255:
1033:
1021:
850:
796:
753:
706:
659:
615:
519:
472:
429:
390:
127:
115:
4659:Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi
3474:"President Elected in Transkei"
3198:. Coup attempt crushed by the
2935:Transitional Executive Council
2506:
2479:Transitional Executive Council
1813:
1477:Transitional Executive Council
1213:
1186:Transitional Executive Council
1027:Coat of arms of Bophuthatswana
573:
348:
1:
6131:Lists of South African people
2639:Thandathu Jongilizwe Mabandla
2598:Thandathu Jongilizwe Mabandla
2557:Thandathu Jongilizwe Mabandla
2499:Heads of state and government
2430:Thandathu Jongilizwe Mabandla
2005:
1960:
1915:
1870:
1806:Heads of state and government
1279:2 years, 11 months
1206:Heads of state and government
986:Thembekile Enoch KaTshunungwa
639:12 years, 325 days
3691:. UPI Archives. 5 April 1990
3163:Brother of Kaiser Matanzima.
2364:Council of State (1990β1994)
2119:3 years, 266 days
2018:8 years, 217 days
1973:6 years, 224 days
1427:16 years, 97 days
1361:5 years, 188 days
874:6 years, 117 days
738:8 years, 216 days
691:2 years, 117 days
175:Military Council (1987β1994)
6095:s are partially inaccurate.
3480:. Reuters. 20 February 1979
3089:Bantu Authorities Act, 1951
2891:4 years, 18 days
2839:8 years, 90 days
2788:6 years, 41 days
2693:2 years, 1 month
2584:Chief Executive Councillor
2413:; 56 years ago
2389:(provisionally, until 1981)
2057:1 year, 353 days
1928:1 year, 245 days
1895:Chief Executive Councillor
1733:; 55 years ago
1709:(provisionally, until 1979)
1291:Chief Executive Councillor
1122:; 56 years ago
1098:(provisionally, until 1977)
762:Dumnisani Gladstone Gwadiso
543:8 years, 66 days
414:2 years, 36 days
6147:
4385:Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla
4338:Johannes "Hans" Diergaardt
4188:Pieter van Rensburg Goosen
4041:Leaders and Administrators
3719:African Elections Database
3322:. Reuters. 6 December 1977
3181:Forced to flee during the
2953:Pieter van Rensburg Goosen
2613:1 year, 61 days
1320:1 year, 31 days
438:Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla
51:leaders of the TBVC states
18:Heads of state of Transkei
6041:
5693:
5579:
5481:
5378:
5234:
5103:Cornelius Tuhafeni Ndjoba
4035:
3844:
3172:Daughter of Botha Sigcau.
3075:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2932:
2890:
2879:
2876:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2799:
2760:
2624:
2583:
2542:
2539:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2282:
2086:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2039:
2032:
2029:
1984:
1939:
1894:
1849:
1846:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1647:
1642:Flag of Venda (1973β1994)
1635:
1623:
1604:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1474:
1459:
1389:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1290:
1249:
1246:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1001:
841:
650:
606:
587:
580:
577:
572:
542:
539:
536:
525:
518:
515:
381:
362:
355:
352:
347:
138:
126:
114:
61:by the government of the
5095:Fillemon Elifas Shuumbwa
5056:Mogoboya Nelson Ramodike
4675:Samuel Dickenson Nxumalo
3374:. UPI. 14 September 1979
1016:Leader of Bophuthatswana
121:Coat of arms of Transkei
63:Republic of South Africa
5637:State-owned enterprises
5336:Democratic South Africa
5032:Mokgama Maurice Matlala
3585:"Foreign ministers S-Z"
3224:Brother of Lennox Sebe.
2237:Gota E. R. B. Nesengani
1197:Map of Bophuthatswana (
49:This article lists the
4938:George Majozi Mahlangu
4569:Richard Muhinda Mamili
4192:Bongani Blessing Finca
4078:Rocky Malebane-Metsing
2984:Bongani Blessing Finca
2524:Political affiliation
2495:
2494:) within South Africa.
2477:Administrators of the
2459:; 30 years ago
2308:Coat of arms of Ciskei
1831:Political affiliation
1802:
1801:) within South Africa.
1779:; 30 years ago
1451:Rocky Malebane-Metsing
1231:Political affiliation
1202:
1201:) within South Africa.
1184:Administrators of the
1166:; 30 years ago
591:Political affiliation
366:Political affiliation
337:
336:) within South Africa.
314:; 30 years ago
231:; 47 years ago
214:; 60 years ago
73:outside South Africa.
46:
5256:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
5158:Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli
5040:Cedric Namedi Phatudi
3556:The Los Angeles Times
2489:
2362:Military Committee /
1796:
1579:Solomon L. L. Rathebe
1196:
331:
65:during the period of
59:nominally independent
32:
5891:World Heritage Sites
5667:Water and sanitation
5276:Mthethwa Paramountcy
4993:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
4801:Mangisi Cephas Zitha
4459:Constance Kgosiemang
3856:Nominal independence
3611:"A Homeland's Agony"
3211:Gained power in the
291:(head of government)
262:(head of government)
229:26 October 1976
225:(head of government)
212:6 December 1963
178:(head of government)
57:which were declared
4946:Jonas Masana Mabena
4522:Tshamano Ramabulana
4097:Tjaart van der Walt
3506:. 25 September 1987
3396:(4 December 1981).
3289:(26 October 1976).
3272:South Africa portal
2227:A. M. Madzivhandila
2156:Tshamano Ramabulana
1764:Tshamano Ramabulana
1599:Thomas M. Setiloane
1495:Tjaart van der Walt
566:Heads of government
5301:Transvaal Republic
4883:Sebastian Kamwanga
4796:(1970β81, 1984β91)
4738:Thimoteus Tjamuaha
4612:I.J. van der Merwe
4588:Josiah Moraliswane
4561:Josiah Moraliswane
4514:Gabriel Ramushwana
3965:No self-governance
3760:The New York Times
3734:The New York Times
3667:The New York Times
3642:The New York Times
3615:The New York Times
3558:. 30 December 1987
3532:. 31 December 1987
3530:The New York Times
3504:The New York Times
3478:The New York Times
3452:The New York Times
3402:The New York Times
3372:The New York Times
3346:The New York Times
3320:The New York Times
3295:The New York Times
3248:president for life
2496:
2457:22 March 1994
2350:Head of government
2277:Gabriel Ramushwana
2104:Gabriel Ramushwana
2012:13 September 1979
1970:13 September 1979
1803:
1777:26 April 1994
1672:Head of government
1203:
1164:13 March 1994
1069:Head of government
775:25 September 1987
338:
312:26 April 1994
163:Head of government
110:Leader of Transkei
47:
6077:
6076:
6037:
6036:
5680:
5679:
5672:Wealth inequality
5619:Income inequality
5566:
5565:
5541:Political parties
5506:Foreign relations
5468:
5467:
5365:
5364:
5296:Orange Free State
5271:Dutch Cape Colony
5261:Kingdom of Mutapa
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5122:
5121:
5067:
5066:
5004:
5003:
4965:
4964:
4894:
4893:
4875:Alfons Shashipapo
4839:
4838:
4765:
4764:
4686:
4685:
4631:
4630:
4533:
4532:
4470:
4469:
4431:
4430:
4349:
4348:
4310:
4309:
4242:
4241:
4203:
4202:
4112:
4111:
4031:
4030:
3932:South West Africa
3927:
3926:
3838:South West Africa
3454:. 2 December 1978
3348:. 6 December 1977
3080:
3079:
3001:Foreign ministers
2998:
2997:
2484:
2483:
2287:
2286:
2198:Foreign ministers
2195:
2194:
1791:
1790:
1609:
1608:
1550:Foreign ministers
1547:
1546:
1460:10 February 1988
1191:
1190:
1006:
1005:
917:Foreign ministers
898:
897:
868:30 December 1987
727:24 September 1987
724:20 February 1979
563:
562:
537:20 February 1986
490:20 February 1979
454:20 February 1979
411:1 December 1978
332:Map of Transkei (
326:
325:
39:South West Africa
16:(Redirected from
6138:
6096:
6085:
6057:
6050:
5876:National symbols
5798:Social movements
5691:
5632:
5604:Economic history
5577:
5479:
5445:Populated places
5376:
5316:Great Depression
5232:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5185:
5162:
5154:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5115:
5107:
5099:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5022:
5018:
5017:
4997:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4867:Linus Shashipapo
4857:
4853:
4852:
4832:
4828:Enos John Mabuza
4824:
4805:
4797:
4793:Enos John Mabuza
4783:
4779:
4778:
4758:
4750:
4746:Erastus Tjejamba
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4573:
4565:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4463:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4424:
4405:
4397:
4393:Kaiser Matanzima
4389:
4381:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4342:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4303:
4295:
4291:Cornelius Cloete
4281:
4277:
4276:
4256:
4255:
4235:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4196:
4173:
4165:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4126:
4125:
4105:
4082:
4074:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4037:
3936:
3853:
3846:
3825:
3824:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3790:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3581:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3444:
3438:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3283:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3005:
2990:
2979:
2948:
2933:Administrators (
2928:
2911:
2888:
2874:
2863:
2836:
2823:4 December 1981
2820:
2809:
2785:4 December 1981
2782:24 October 1975
2779:
2768:
2756:
2733:24 October 1975
2727:
2712:
2684:
2673:
2645:
2634:
2625:Chief Ministers
2604:
2593:
2563:
2552:
2518:
2508:
2503:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2449:
2435:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2390:
2382:
2318:
2306:
2297:Leader of Ciskei
2294:
2247:C. A. Nelwamondo
2217:G. M. Ramabulana
2202:
2191:
2165:25 January 1994
2162:
2151:
2139:
2116:25 January 1994
2110:
2099:
2082:
2048:
2037:
2009:
2007:
1994:
1967:1 February 1973
1964:
1962:
1949:
1925:1 February 1973
1919:
1917:
1904:
1874:
1872:
1859:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1769:
1768:(Head of State )
1755:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1710:
1702:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1554:
1536:
1525:
1501:
1490:
1475:Administrators (
1457:
1446:
1424:
1413:6 December 1977
1410:
1399:
1385:
1358:6 December 1977
1352:
1341:
1311:
1300:
1270:
1259:
1225:
1215:
1210:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1156:
1144:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1099:
1091:
1037:
1025:
1013:
956:Mtutuzela Lujabe
921:
894:
865:
854:
827:
817:30 December 1987
811:
800:
772:
757:
735:
721:
715:George Matanzima
710:
688:
685:become president
680:20 February 1979
677:26 October 1976
674:
668:Kaiser Matanzima
663:
651:Prime Ministers
636:26 October 1976
633:6 December 1963
630:
624:Kaiser Matanzima
619:
585:
575:
570:
534:
523:
501:
493:20 February 1986
487:
481:Kaiser Matanzima
476:
451:1 December 1978
448:
433:
408:26 October 1976
405:
394:
360:
350:
345:
322:
320:
315:
301:
292:
272:
263:
258:Kaiser Matanzima
243:
239:
237:
232:
226:
222:
220:
215:
179:
133:Flag of Transkei
131:
119:
107:
21:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6089:World Statesmen
6086:
6082:
6078:
6073:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6033:
5902:
5881:Public holidays
5812:
5778:Sexual violence
5758:Life expectancy
5676:
5630:
5624:Mining industry
5562:
5526:Law enforcement
5464:
5430:Mountain ranges
5361:
5340:
5311:Second Boer War
5221:
5212:
5182:
5165:
5160:
5152:
5143:Chief Minister:
5130:
5118:
5113:
5111:Peter Kalangula
5105:
5097:
5088:Chief Minister:
5075:
5063:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5025:Chief Minister:
5012:
5000:
4995:
4986:Chief Minister:
4973:
4961:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4930:Klaas Mtshiweni
4924:
4915:Chief Minister:
4902:
4890:
4885:
4877:
4869:
4860:Chief Minister:
4847:
4835:
4830:
4823:(JuneβDec 1982)
4822:
4820:N.J. Badenhorst
4808:
4803:
4795:
4786:Chief Minister:
4773:
4761:
4756:
4754:Gottlob Mbaukua
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4694:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4661:
4652:Chief Minister:
4639:
4627:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4576:
4571:
4564:(MarβSept 1976)
4563:
4554:Chief Minister:
4541:
4529:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4498:Patrick Mphephu
4478:
4466:
4461:
4439:
4427:
4422:
4408:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4357:
4345:
4340:
4318:
4306:
4301:
4293:
4271:
4263:
4250:
4238:
4233:
4211:
4199:
4195:(MarβApr 1994)
4194:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4141:
4133:
4120:
4108:
4104:(MarβApr 1994)
4103:
4085:
4080:
4072:
4050:
4042:
4027:
4006:
3960:
3939:Self-governance
3923:
3887:Self-governance
3882:
3840:
3819:
3817:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3762:. 23 March 1994
3754:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3669:. 21 April 1988
3661:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3617:. 13 March 1994
3609:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3394:Joseph Lelyveld
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3245:
3241:
3235:1980 referendum
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3085:
3060:Thamsanqa Linda
3003:
2988:
2987:
2922:
2921:
2900:
2899:
2882:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2828:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2777:
2776:
2745:
2744:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2682:
2681:
2643:
2642:
2602:
2601:
2561:
2560:
2535:Time in office
2521:Term of office
2516:
2515:
2501:
2490:Map of Ciskei (
2472:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2447:
2446:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2363:
2354:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2309:
2292:
2200:
2180:
2179:
2160:
2159:
2128:
2127:
2108:
2107:
2074:
2073:
2046:
2045:
2015:17 April 1988
2003:
2002:
1999:Patrick Mphephu
1958:
1957:
1954:Patrick Mphephu
1940:Chief Minister
1913:
1912:
1909:Patrick Mphephu
1868:
1867:
1864:Patrick Mphephu
1842:Time in office
1828:Term of office
1823:
1822:
1808:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1750:Patrick Mphephu
1737:
1735:
1732:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1676:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1631:
1619:Leader of Venda
1614:
1569:T. M. Molatlhwa
1552:
1534:
1533:
1499:
1498:
1455:
1454:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1379:
1378:
1350:
1349:
1332:Chief Minister
1309:
1308:
1268:
1267:
1242:Time in office
1228:Term of office
1223:
1222:
1208:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1142:
1141:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1073:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1028:
1011:
919:
914:
912:
903:
883:
882:
863:
862:
819:
818:
814:5 October 1987
809:
808:
778:5 October 1987
768:
766:
765:
729:
728:
719:
718:
682:
681:
672:
671:
628:
627:
607:Chief Minister
602:Time in office
588:Term of office
583:
582:
568:
532:
531:
495:
494:
485:
484:
444:
442:
441:
403:
402:
377:Time in office
363:Term of office
358:
357:
343:
318:
316:
313:
304:
300:(head of state)
299:
298:
290:
289:
275:
271:(head of state)
270:
269:
261:
260:
246:
242:(head of state)
241:
240:
235:
233:
230:
224:
223:
218:
216:
213:
177:
176:
167:
146:
145:
144:
142:
134:
122:
105:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6144:
6142:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6007:Cape Coloureds
5999:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5896:heritage sites
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5783:Slum clearance
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5642:Stock exchange
5639:
5634:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Communications
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5558:State security
5555:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5440:National parks
5437:
5435:Municipalities
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5393:Climate change
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5306:First Boer War
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5188:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5155:
5146:
5144:
5137:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5108:
5100:
5091:
5089:
5082:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5053:
5045:
5037:
5028:
5026:
5019:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4980:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:James Mahlangu
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4918:
4916:
4909:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4863:
4861:
4854:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4825:
4816:
4814:
4813:Administrator:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4798:
4789:
4787:
4780:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4730:Kuaima Riruako
4727:
4722:Clemens Kapuuo
4719:
4710:
4708:
4701:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4672:
4670:(MarβApr 1993)
4664:
4655:
4653:
4646:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4615:(MarβAug 1986)
4609:
4604:F.P.J. Visagie
4601:
4599:(JulβAug 1984)
4593:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4566:
4557:
4555:
4548:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4525:(JanβApr 1994)
4519:
4511:
4503:
4494:
4492:
4491:Head of State:
4485:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4455:
4453:
4452:Head of State:
4446:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:Bantu Holomisa
4416:
4414:
4413:Administrator:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4373:
4371:
4370:Head of State:
4364:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4334:
4332:
4331:Head of State:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:Daniel Luipert
4296:
4287:
4285:
4284:Head of State:
4278:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:Justus ΗGaroΓ«b
4227:
4225:
4224:Head of State:
4218:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4184:
4182:
4181:Administrator:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4157:
4155:
4154:Head of State:
4148:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4093:
4091:
4090:Administrator:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4066:
4064:
4063:Head of State:
4057:
4048:Bophuthatswana
4044:
4043:
4040:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:Bophuthatswana
3859:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3841:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3778:External links
3776:
3774:
3773:
3747:
3736:. 5 March 1990
3721:
3702:
3680:
3654:
3628:
3602:
3569:
3543:
3517:
3491:
3465:
3439:
3414:
3385:
3359:
3333:
3307:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3239:
3226:
3217:
3204:
3187:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:26 April 1994
2959:
2958:23 March 1994
2956:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2878:
2875:
2864:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2824:
2821:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2739:
2737:
2736:4 months
2734:
2731:
2728:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2654:293 days
2652:
2649:
2648:1 August 1972
2646:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:1 August 1972
2608:
2605:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2500:
2497:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2411:June 1968
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:Flag of Ciskei
2319:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:26 April 1994
2166:
2163:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:17 April 1988
2049:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1807:
1804:
1797:Map of Venda (
1789:
1788:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1731:June 1969
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:26 April 1994
1505:
1504:13 March 1994
1502:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1447:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1414:
1411:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1120:June 1968
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1009:Bophuthatswana
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
996:Bantu Holomisa
993:
989:
988:
983:
979:
978:
976:E. R. G. Keswa
973:
969:
968:
963:
959:
958:
953:
949:
948:
943:
939:
938:
933:
929:
928:
925:
918:
915:
904:
902:
899:
896:
895:
877:
875:
872:
871:26 April 1994
869:
866:
859:Bantu Holomisa
855:
848:
844:
843:
839:
838:
833:
831:
828:
815:
812:
801:
794:
790:
789:
784:
782:
779:
776:
773:
758:
751:
747:
746:
741:
739:
736:
725:
722:
711:
704:
700:
699:
694:
692:
689:
678:
675:
664:
657:
653:
652:
648:
647:
642:
640:
637:
634:
631:
620:
613:
609:
608:
604:
603:
600:
597:
593:
592:
589:
586:
579:
576:
567:
564:
561:
560:
555:
552:
551:
546:
544:
541:
540:26 April 1994
538:
535:
524:
517:
513:
512:
507:
505:
502:
491:
488:
477:
470:
466:
465:
460:
458:
455:
452:
449:
434:
427:
423:
422:
417:
415:
412:
409:
406:
395:
388:
384:
383:
379:
378:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
361:
354:
351:
342:
341:Heads of state
339:
324:
323:
310:
306:
305:
303:
302:
293:
287:Bantu Holomisa
283:
281:
277:
276:
274:
273:
264:
254:
252:
248:
247:
245:
244:
227:
209:
207:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
166:
165:
160:
154:
152:
148:
147:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
124:
123:
120:
112:
111:
104:
101:
82:Bophuthatswana
71:not recognized
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6143:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:Social issues
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Land invasion
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5614:Foreign trade
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5251:Early history
5249:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5204:
5202:
5197:
5195:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5112:
5109:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5057:
5054:
5049:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5007:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4922:Simon Skosana
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4884:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4829:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4736:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4676:
4673:
4668:
4667:Edward Mhinga
4665:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4570:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4523:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4402:
4401:Tutor Ndamase
4399:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4070:Lucas Mangope
4068:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3591:. B. Schemmel
3590:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:1973 election
3208:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2964:34 days
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2880:22 March 1994
2877:4 March 1990
2870:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2572:3 years
2571:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2517:(BirthβDeath)
2504:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2473:Superseded by
2470:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2410:
2406:
2403:No fixed term
2402:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Head of state
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:V. S. Landela
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2171:91 days
2170:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:5 April 1990
2112:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1883:2 years
1882:
1879:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1824:(BirthβDeath)
1811:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1730:
1726:
1723:No fixed term
1722:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:Head of state
1665:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:G. S. M. Nkau
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1510:44 days
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:13 March 1994
1415:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1404:Lucas Mangope
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1347:
1346:Lucas Mangope
1340:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1305:Lucas Mangope
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1264:Lucas Mangope
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1224:(BirthβDeath)
1211:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1180:Superseded by
1177:
1163:
1159:
1152:Lucas Mangope
1151:
1147:
1140:
1139:Lucas Mangope
1137:
1133:
1119:
1115:
1112:No fixed term
1111:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Head of state
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
977:
974:
971:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
957:
954:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
922:
916:
900:
892:
891:
888:
881:
878:
876:
873:
870:
867:
861:
860:
856:
853:
849:
846:
845:
840:
837:
834:
832:
830:86 days
829:
825:
824:
816:
813:
807:
806:
805:Stella Sigcau
802:
799:
795:
792:
791:
788:
785:
783:
781:10 days
780:
777:
774:
771:
764:
763:
759:
756:
752:
749:
748:
745:
742:
740:
737:
733:
726:
723:
717:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702:
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
686:
679:
676:
670:
669:
665:
662:
658:
655:
654:
649:
646:
643:
641:
638:
635:
632:
626:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
610:
605:
601:
598:
595:
594:
584:(BirthβDeath)
571:
565:
559:
556:
554:
553:
550:
547:
545:
530:
529:
528:Tutor Ndamase
522:
514:
511:
508:
506:
503:
499:
492:
489:
483:
482:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
464:
461:
459:
457:81 days
456:
453:
450:
447:
440:
439:
435:
432:
428:
425:
424:
421:
418:
416:
413:
410:
407:
401:
400:
396:
393:
389:
386:
385:
380:
376:
373:
370:
369:
359:(BirthβDeath)
346:
340:
335:
330:
311:
307:
297:
296:Tutor Ndamase
294:
288:
285:
284:
282:
278:
268:
265:
259:
256:
255:
253:
249:
228:
211:
210:
208:
204:
201:No fixed term
200:
198:
194:
191:
188:
186:
182:
174:
170:
164:
161:
159:
158:Head of state
156:
155:
153:
149:
137:
130:
125:
118:
113:
108:
102:
100:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
6092:
6088:
6083:
5908:Demographics
5856:Homelessness
5826:Architecture
5657:Trade unions
5516:Human rights
5486:Constitution
5383:Biodiversity
5321:World War II
5291:Zulu Kingdom
5215:South Africa
5150:Wessel Motha
4714:Hosea Kutako
4620:A. G. Visser
4539:East Caprivi
4506:Frank Ravele
4377:Botha Sigcau
4260:
4130:
3946:East Caprivi
3849:South Africa
3834:South Africa
3764:. Retrieved
3759:
3750:
3738:. Retrieved
3733:
3724:
3693:. Retrieved
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3666:
3657:
3645:. Retrieved
3641:
3631:
3619:. Retrieved
3614:
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3588:
3560:. Retrieved
3555:
3546:
3534:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3503:
3494:
3482:. Retrieved
3477:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3451:
3442:
3423:section 1(2)
3417:
3405:. Retrieved
3401:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3371:
3362:
3350:. Retrieved
3345:
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3319:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3294:
3281:
3242:
3229:
3220:
3207:
3190:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3123:
2982:
2951:
2924:
2902:
2884:
2866:
2830:
2826:4 March 1990
2812:
2771:
2747:
2724:
2717:Charles Sebe
2715:
2687:21 May 1973
2676:
2651:21 May 1973
2637:
2607:1 June 1971
2596:
2569:1 June 1971
2555:
2532:Left office
2529:Took office
2491:
2440:Final holder
2426:First holder
2257:G. M. Ligege
2182:
2154:
2130:
2102:
2076:
2072:5 April 1990
2069:10 May 1988
2054:10 May 1988
2042:Frank Ravele
2040:
1997:
1952:
1922:1 June 1971
1907:
1880:1 June 1971
1862:
1839:Left office
1836:Took office
1798:
1760:Final holder
1746:First holder
1528:
1493:
1449:
1420:
1402:
1381:
1355:1 June 1972
1344:
1317:1 June 1972
1303:
1262:
1239:Left office
1236:Took office
1198:
1149:Final holder
1135:First holder
966:Caleb Songca
936:Digby Koyana
885:
857:
821:
803:
769:
760:
731:
713:
684:
666:
622:
599:Left office
596:Took office
526:
497:
479:
445:
436:
399:Botha Sigcau
397:
374:Left office
371:Took office
333:
280:Final holder
267:Botha Sigcau
251:First holder
94:
75:
50:
48:
26:
6012:Cape Malays
5733:Immigration
5584:Agriculture
5405:Earthquakes
5286:Cape Colony
5266:Kaditshwene
5048:Z.T. Seleka
4845:Kavangoland
4596:H.J. Becker
4161:Lennox Sebe
4118:Bushmanland
4101:Job Mokgoro
3972:Bushmanland
3951:Kavangoland
3183:1994 crisis
3070:Mickey Webb
3040:M. S. Manzi
3030:B. N. Pityi
2989:(born 1953)
2897:Nonpartisan
2873:(born 1952)
2819:(1926β1994)
2814:Lennox Sebe
2778:(1926β1994)
2773:Lennox Sebe
2742:Nonpartisan
2722:(died 1991)
2683:(1926β1994)
2678:Lennox Sebe
2644:(1926β2021)
2603:(1926β2021)
2562:(1926β2021)
2399:Term length
2381:(1981β1994)
2177:Nonpartisan
2161:(1940β2020)
2125:Nonpartisan
2109:(1941β2015)
2047:(1926β1999)
1985:Presidents
1719:Term length
1701:(1979β1994)
1698:Thohoyandou
1535:(born 1948)
1530:Job Mokgoro
1500:(1934β2019)
1456:(1949β2016)
1409:(1923β2018)
1351:(1923β2018)
1314:1 May 1971
1310:(1923β2018)
1276:1 May 1971
1269:(1923β2018)
1155:(President)
1108:Term length
1090:(1977β1994)
880:Nonpartisan
864:(born 1955)
810:(1937β2006)
767:(born 1952)
720:(1918β2000)
673:(1915β2003)
629:(1915β2003)
558:Independent
533:(1921β1997)
486:(1915β2003)
404:(died 1978)
382:Presidents
197:Term length
88:(1979) and
53:, the four
6105:Categories
5990:Afrikaners
5978:San people
5861:Literature
5808:Xenophobia
5728:Healthcare
5708:Disability
5631:(currency)
5536:Parliament
5511:Government
5496:Corruption
5331:Border War
5073:Ovamboland
5051:(Oct 1987)
4933:(Nov 1986)
4900:KwaNdebele
4692:Hereroland
4437:Tswanaland
4234:(1980β89)
4209:Damaraland
4169:Oupa Gqozo
4081:(Feb 1988)
4002:Tswanaland
3982:Hereroland
3977:Damaraland
3956:Ovamboland
3904:KwaNdebele
3830:Bantustans
3589:rulers.org
3427:Schedule 1
3287:Henry Kamm
3258:References
3050:Oupa Gqozo
2868:Oupa Gqozo
2800:President
2730:June 1975
2690:June 1975
2566:June 1968
2464:1994-03-22
2444:Oupa Gqozo
2008:1924β1988)
1963:1924β1988)
1918:1924β1988)
1877:June 1969
1873:1924β1988)
1784:1994-04-26
1390:President
1273:June 1968
1171:1994-03-13
946:G. T. Vika
319:1994-04-26
236:1976-10-26
219:1963-12-06
97:April 1994
55:Bantustans
6002:Coloureds
5748:Languages
5713:Education
5662:Transport
5594:Companies
5546:President
5501:Elections
5450:Provinces
5410:Estuaries
5400:Districts
5371:Geography
5326:Apartheid
5161:(1975β94)
5153:(1974β75)
5114:(1981β89)
5106:(1975β81)
5098:(1973β75)
5059:(1987β94)
5043:(1973β87)
5035:(1972β73)
4996:(1977β94)
4957:(1990β94)
4949:(1989β90)
4941:(1986β89)
4925:(1981β86)
4886:(1981β89)
4878:(1977β81)
4870:(1973β77)
4831:(1982β84)
4804:(1991β94)
4757:(1984β89)
4749:(1987β88)
4741:(1980β84)
4733:(1978β80)
4725:(1970β78)
4717:(1968β70)
4707:Chairman:
4678:(1993β94)
4662:(1973β93)
4637:Gazankulu
4623:(1986β89)
4607:(1984β86)
4591:(1981β84)
4581:Chairman:
4572:(1976β81)
4517:(1990β94)
4509:(1988β90)
4501:(1978β88)
4462:(1980β89)
4404:(1986β94)
4396:(1979β86)
4388:(1978β79)
4380:(1976β78)
4341:(1979β89)
4302:(1985β89)
4294:(1980β85)
4248:Kaokoland
4172:(1990β94)
4164:(1981β90)
4073:(1968β94)
4018:Coloureds
4011:Post-1980
3987:Kaokoland
3894:Gazankulu
3827:Apartheid
3484:5 October
3326:5 October
3246:Declared
3076:Source:
3066:1993β1994
3046:1991β1993
3036:1990β1991
3026:1983β1990
3016:1981β1983
2925:from 1991
2511:Portrait
2454:Abolished
2408:Formation
2386:Zwelitsha
2359:Member of
2328:Incumbent
2283:Source:
2263:1992β1994
2253:1990β1992
2243:1989β1990
2233:1986β1989
2223:1980β1986
2213:1979β1980
1818:Portrait
1774:Abolished
1728:Formation
1681:Member of
1650:Incumbent
1605:Source:
1595:1991β1994
1585:1990β1991
1575:1987β1990
1565:1977β1987
1382:from 1974
1218:Portrait
1161:Abolished
1117:Formation
1047:Incumbent
1002:Source:
992:1992β1994
982:1989β1992
972:1988β1989
962:1986β1988
952:1983β1986
942:1980β1983
932:1976β1980
578:Portrait
353:Portrait
309:Abolished
206:Formation
172:Member of
141:Incumbent
67:apartheid
6064:Category
5973:Khoekhoe
5851:HIV/AIDS
5773:Religion
5738:Intersex
5718:Feminism
5698:Cannabis
5647:Taxation
5551:timeline
5531:Military
5474:Politics
5460:Wildlife
5357:Military
5345:By topic
5281:Ndwandwe
5239:Timeline
5219:articles
4771:KaNgwane
4355:Transkei
4316:Rehoboth
4269:Namaland
3997:Rehoboth
3992:Namaland
3899:KaNgwane
3873:Transkei
3595:15 April
3250:in 1983.
3196:military
3083:See also
3020:Ray Mali
2904:military
2885:resigned
2749:military
2184:military
2132:military
1095:Mafeking
1087:Mmabatho
901:Timeline
887:military
732:resigned
504:7 years
443:(1906β?)
103:Transkei
84:(1977),
80:(1976),
78:Transkei
6048:Outline
6029:Chinese
6024:Indians
6017:Griquas
5995:British
5968:Khoisan
5921:Ndebele
5841:Cuisine
5818:Culture
5788:Smoking
5763:Poverty
5686:Society
5652:Tourism
5589:Banking
5572:Economy
5420:Islands
5415:Forests
5388:Climate
5352:Economy
5227:History
4971:KwaZulu
3909:KwaZulu
3766:2 April
3740:1 April
3695:1 April
3673:2 April
3647:1 April
3621:1 April
3562:6 April
3536:1 April
3510:1 April
3458:2 April
3429:of the
3407:1 April
3378:1 April
3352:1 April
3300:1 April
3202:troops.
2907:officer
2832:deposed
2752:officer
2462: (
2418:1968-06
2416: (
2187:officer
2135:officer
2078:deposed
1782: (
1738:1969-06
1736: (
1169: (
1127:1968-06
1125: (
890:officer
823:deposed
498:retired
317: (
234: (
217: (
43:Namibia
33:A 1973
6069:Portal
5985:Whites
5946:Tswana
5941:Tsonga
5886:Sports
5836:Cinema
5768:Racism
5723:Health
5609:Energy
5491:Courts
5455:Rivers
5217:
5128:QwaQwa
5010:Lebowa
4139:Ciskei
4023:Whites
3919:QwaQwa
3914:Lebowa
3868:Ciskei
2725:Acting
2338:Status
2290:Ciskei
1706:Sibasa
1660:Status
1463:Hours
1057:Status
770:Acting
446:Acting
190:Umtata
151:Status
90:Ciskei
6093:Ruler
6055:Index
5956:Xhosa
5951:Venda
5936:Swazi
5931:Sotho
5871:Music
5866:Media
5803:Women
5703:Crime
5629:Rand
5425:Lakes
5244:Years
4476:Venda
3878:Venda
3115:Notes
3011:Name
3008:Term
2378:Bisho
2208:Name
2205:Term
1612:Venda
1560:Name
1557:Term
927:Name
924:Term
86:Venda
41:(now
6091:and
5961:Zulu
5926:Pedi
5845:wine
5753:LGBT
4190:and
4099:and
3836:and
3768:2019
3742:2019
3697:2019
3675:2019
3649:2019
3623:2019
3597:2019
3564:2019
3538:2019
3512:2019
3486:2022
3460:2019
3425:and
3409:2019
3380:2019
3354:2019
3328:2022
3302:2019
3200:SADF
3056:1993
2845:CNIP
2794:CNIP
2761:(2)
2699:CNIP
2514:Name
2370:Seat
2330:None
2273:1994
1821:Name
1690:Seat
1652:None
1439:N/A
1421:fled
1221:Name
1079:Seat
1049:None
836:TNIP
787:TNIP
744:TNIP
697:TNIP
656:(1)
645:TNIP
581:Name
549:TNIP
510:TNIP
463:TNIP
420:TNIP
356:Name
185:Seat
143:None
5831:Art
5521:Law
3832:in
2919:ADM
2660:CNP
2619:CNP
2578:CNP
2507:No.
2492:red
2063:NPV
2024:NPV
1979:NPV
1934:NPV
1889:NPV
1814:No.
1799:red
1542:ANC
1469:PPP
1433:BDP
1376:BDP
1367:BNP
1326:BNP
1285:BNP
1214:No.
1199:red
574:No.
349:No.
334:red
35:CIA
6107::
3758:.
3732:.
3705:^
3665:.
3640:.
3613:.
3587:.
3572:^
3554:.
3528:.
3502:.
3476:.
3450:.
3400:.
3370:.
3344:.
3318:.
3293:.
2937:)
2856:3
2705:β
2666:2
2540:1
2144:4
2092:3
2030:2
2006:c.
1961:c.
1916:c.
1871:c.
1847:1
1479:)
1247:1
847:4
793:3
750:β
703:2
612:1
516:3
469:2
426:β
387:1
99:.
45:).
5847:)
5843:(
5207:e
5200:t
5193:v
3812:e
3805:t
3798:v
3770:.
3744:.
3699:.
3677:.
3651:.
3625:.
3599:.
3566:.
3540:.
3514:.
3488:.
3462:.
3437:.
3411:.
3382:.
3356:.
3330:.
3304:.
3237:.
3215:.
3185:.
2927:)
2923:(
2910:)
2901:(
2887:)
2883:(
2835:)
2829:(
2755:)
2746:(
2466:)
2420:)
2190:)
2181:(
2138:)
2129:(
2081:)
2075:(
2004:(
1959:(
1914:(
1869:(
1786:)
1740:)
1423:)
1419:(
1384:)
1380:(
1173:)
1129:)
893:)
884:(
826:)
820:(
734:)
730:(
687:)
683:(
500:)
496:(
321:)
238:)
221:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
