546:, personality, psychiatric symptoms, and health related behaviors, which included alcohol consumption. The analysis was then broken down into groups of those who drank beer, those who drank wine, and then those who did and did not drink at all. The results showed that for both men and women drinking wine was related to higher parental socioeconomic status, parental education and the socioeconimic status of the subjects. When the subjects were given an IQ test, wine drinkers consistently scored higher IQs than their counterpart beer drinkers. The average difference of IQ between wine and beer drinkers was 18 points. In regards to psychological functioning, personality, and other health-related behaviors, the study found wine drinkers to operate at optimal levels while beer drinkers performed below optimal levels. As these social and psychological factors also correlate with health outcomes, they represent a plausible explanation for at least some of the apparent health benefits of wine.
550:
an indicator of a person's IQ level should be viewed with a very cautious lens. This study, from what we know, does not take into account the genetic, prenatal and environmental influences of how a person's generalized intelligence is formed. In current scientific literature, it is still a matter of debate and discovery as to what are true and reliable indicators of intelligence. Regular wine consumption being an indicator of higher intelligence while beer being an indicator of low intelligence according to
Mortensen et al. (2009) should be looked at with a very critical lens. There should be future research into the validity of whether or not individuals who regularly consume wine have higher IQ scores in comparison to those who drink beer.
1142:
954:
633:; the assumption that all wines contributing to that data were representative of the countries stated; and the grouping together of poorly understood high-concentration ions, such as vanadium, with relatively low-level, common ions such as copper and manganese. Some publications pointed out that the lack of identifiable wines and grape varieties, specific producers or even wine regions, provided only misleading generalizations that should not be relied upon in choosing wines.
4728:
500:
364:
201:
4504:
935:
31:
1624:
of alcohol consumption was still associated with some elevated risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (sRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.56), oropharyngeal cancer (sRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.29), and breast cancer (sRR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08), but no discernable associations were seen for cancers of the colorectum, larynx, and liver.
2591:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061"
1623:
Clearly, the greatest cancer risks are concentrated in the heavy and moderate drinker categories. Nevertheless, some cancer risk persists even at low levels of consumption. A meta-analysis that focused solely on cancer risks associated with drinking one drink or fewer per day observed that this level
549:
However, more research should be conducted as to the relationship between wine consumption and IQ along with the apparent correlations between beer drinkers and wine drinkers and how they are different psychologically. The study conducted by
Mortensen should not be read as gospel. Wine and Beer being
275:
Three bowls do I mix for the temperate: one to health, which they empty first, the second to love and pleasure, the third to sleep. When this bowl is drunk up, wise guests go home. The fourth bowl is ours no longer, but belongs to violence; the fifth to uproar, the sixth to drunken revel, the seventh
1544:
Poli A, Marangoni F, Avogaro A, Barba G, Bellentani S, Bucci M, Cambieri R, Catapano AL, Costanzo S, Cricelli C, de
Gaetano G, Di Castelnuovo A, Faggiano P, Fattirolli F, Fontana L, Forlani G, Frattini S, Giacco R, La Vecchia C, Lazzaretto L, Loffredo L, Lucchin L, Marelli G, Marrocco W, Minisola S,
291:
while the patterns of consumption vary and may have implications for risks and effects on health (such as habituation from daily consumption or nonlinear dosage-harm associations from intermittent excessive alcohol use). According to the CDC, it would be important to focus on the amount people drink
617:
The researchers stressed that a single glass of wine would not lead to metal poisoning, pointing out that their THQ calculations were based on the average person drinking one-third of a bottle of wine (250 ml) every day between the ages of 18 and 80. However the "combined THQ values" for metal
281:
Emerging evidence suggests that "even drinking within the recommended limits may increase the overall risk of death from various causes". A 2018 systematic analysis found that "The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0–0·8) standard drinks per
1133:
wines" that were sold legally in drug stores. These wines were marketed for their supposed medicinal benefits, but some wineries used this measure as a loophole to sell large quantities of wine for recreational consumption. In response, the United States government issued a mandate requiring
181:
tablets dating back to 2200 BC detail the medicinal role of wine, making it the world's oldest documented human-made medicine. Wine continued to play a major role in medicine until the late 19th and early 20th century, when changing opinions and medical research on alcohol and
640:(NHS) were also concerned that "the way the researchers added together hazards from different metals to produce a final score for individual wines may not be particularly meaningful". Commentators in the US questioned the relevance of seafood-based THQ assessments to
926:. Wine's close association with ritual made it a logical tool for these early medical practices. Tablets from Sumeria and papyri from Egypt dating to 2200 BC include recipes for wine based medicines, making wine the oldest documented human-made medicine.
240:
content, so their moderate levels of consumption may be lower than those for a male of equal age. Some experts define "moderate consumption" as less than one 5-US-fluid-ounce (150 ml) glass of wine per day for women and two glasses per day for men.
663:
as an "extreme response" to research which provided "few solid answers", they acknowledged the authors call for further research to investigate wine production, including the influence that grape variety, soil type, geographical region,
541:
Danish epidemiological studies suggest that a number of psychological health benefits are associated with drinking wine. In a study testing this idea, Mortensen et al. (2001) measured socioeconomic status, education,
4540:
286:
systematic review found that "low average consumption was associated with lower risk of mortality compared with never drinking status". As of 2022, "moderate" consumption is usually defined in average consumption
979:
for wounds, as well as a medium in which to mix other drugs for consumption by the patient. He also prescribed wine as a cure for various ailments ranging from diarrhea and lethargy to pain during childbirth.
516:
Alcohol can stimulate the appetite so it is better to drink it with food. When alcohol is mixed with food, it can slow the stomach's emptying time and potentially decrease the amount of food consumed at the
1500:
Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, Scotti L, Jenab M, Turati F, Pasquali E, Pelucchi C, Bellocco R, Negri E, Corrao G, Rehm J, Boffetta P, La
Vecchia C (February 2013).
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3915:
1070:
also regularly used wine for medical treatments. So closely tied was the role of wine and medicine, that the first printed book on wine was written in the 14th century by a physician,
2781:
Muñoz-Espada AC, Wood KV, Bordelon B, Watkins BA (November 2004). "Anthocyanin quantification and radical scavenging capacity of
Concord, Norton, and Marechal Foch grapes and wines".
2355:"Better psychological functioning and higher socioeconomic status may largely explain the apparent health benefits of wine: a study of wine and beer drinking in young Danish adults"
1959:
Mayer-Davis, Elizabeth; Leidy, Heather; Mattes, Richard; Naimi, Timothy; Novotny, Rachel; Schneeman, Barbara; Kingshipp, Brittany James; Spill, Maureen; Cole, Natasha Chong (2020).
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before returning them to the body. During his four years with the gladiators, only five deaths occurred, compared to sixty deaths under the watch of the physician before him.
598:, were also present in other plant-based beverages, the sample wine tested significantly higher for all metal ions, especially vanadium. Risk assessment was calculated using "
3839:
1125:
caused many in the medical community to reconsider the role of wine in medicine and diet. Soon, public opinion turned against consumption of alcohol in any form, leading to
869:
Following dietary ingestion, anthocyanins undergo rapid and extensive metabolism that makes the biological effects presumed from in vitro studies unlikely to apply in vivo.
2902:
Veberic R, Jakopic J, Stampar F, Schmitzer V (15 May 2009). "European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) rich in sugars, organic acids, anthocyanins and selected polyphenols".
2192:
Liu SY, Han XC, Sun J, Chen GX, Zhou XY, Zhang GX (April 2016). "Alcohol intake and
Helicobacter pylori infection: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies".
1101:
epidemic of 1892 in order to control the spread of the disease. However, the late 19th century and early 20th century ushered in a period of changing views on the role of
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195:
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Professional cardiology associations recommend that people who are currently nondrinkers should abstain from drinking alcohol. Heavy drinkers have increased risk for
4226:
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species as well as climate conditions can affect the production of resveratrol. Also, because resveratrol is part of the defence mechanism in grapevines against
4758:
2457:
Wang X, Sato T, Xing B, Tao S (November 2005). "Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in
Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish".
1161:
Throughout the mid to early 20th century, health advocates pointed to the risk of alcohol consumption and the role it played in a variety of ailments such as
119:
reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and excessive alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States. According to
3130:
1712:
1059:
in the 11th century AD noted that wine was an efficient digestive aid but, because of the laws, were limited to use as a disinfectant while dressing wounds.
2553:
2082:
338:
252:) were the ideal amount of wine to consume. The number of three bowls for moderation is a common theme throughout Greek writing; today the standard 750 ml
4429:
3999:
1597:
LoConte NK, Brewster AM, Kaur JS, Merrill JK, Alberg AJ (January 2018). "Alcohol and Cancer: A Statement of the
American Society of Clinical Oncology".
2393:
The sample wine was declared to be "a Shiraz from
Southeast Australia", although no specific vintage, producer or wine region was stated in the report.
3981:
3331:
1122:
811:
Although red wine and white vine varieties produce similar amounts of resveratrol, red wine contains more than white, since red wines are produced by
2266:
Davis-Martin RE, Polk AN, Smitherman TA (August 2017). "Alcohol Use as a
Comorbidity and Precipitant of Primary Headache: Review and Meta-analysis".
3372:
1118:
648:, responsible for testing imports for metal ion contamination, have not detected an increased risk. George Solas, quality assessor for the Canadian
645:
626:
countries found equally high levels of vanadium in many red wines, showing combined THQ values in the range of 50 to 200, with some as high as 350.
301:
3969:
3488:
836:
283:
880:
research for a variety of disease conditions, there exists no sufficient evidence that they have any beneficial effect in the human body. The US
473:), indicating a need to maintain hydration when drinking wine and to consume in moderation. A 2017 review found that 22% of people experiencing
2646:
Stervbo U, Vang O, Bonnesen C (1 January 2007). "A review of the content of the putative chemopreventive phytoalexin resveratrol in red wine".
1129:
and other countries. In some areas, wine was able to maintain a limited role, such as an exemption from Prohibition in the United States for "
3952:
2878:
2094:
1848:
1802:
1756:
858:
Typical concentrations of free anthocyanins in full-bodied young red wines are around 500 mg per liter. For comparison, 100 g of fresh
3465:
2573:
1409:"Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality"
256:
contains roughly the volume of three kylix cups (250 ml or 8 fl oz each). However, the kylix cups would have contained a
208:
Nearly all research into the positive medical benefits of wine consumption makes a distinction between moderate consumption and heavy or
4700:
4186:
4111:
1904:"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016"
4748:
4084:
3910:
3851:
3522:
3184:
1210:
358:
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1640:
652:(LCBO) claimed that the levels of heavy metal contamination reported were within the permitted levels for drinking water in tested
521:
A 150-millilitre (5-US-fluid-ounce) serving of red or white wine provides about 500 to 540 kilojoules (120 to 130 kilocalories) of
276:
to black eyes, the eighth is the policeman's, the ninth belongs to biliousness, and the tenth to madness and hurling the furniture.
3903:
3699:
3123:
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204:
Some doctors define "moderate" consumption as one 5 oz (150 ml) glass of wine per day for women and two glasses per day for men.
4589:
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3559:
3512:
649:
603:
1545:
Musicco M, Novo S, Nozzoli C, Pelucchi C, Perri L, Pieralli F, Rizzoni D, Sterzi R, Vettor R, Violi F, Visioli F (June 2013).
3724:
3542:
3346:
2630:
690:
602:" (THQ), a method of quantifying health concerns associated with lifetime exposure to chemical pollutants. Developed by the
3244:
4718:
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ions in the red wine they analyzed were reported to be as high as 125. A subsequent study by the same university using a
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3336:
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1114:
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may have been one reason for wine's popularity in medicine. Wine was still being used to sterilize water as late as the
881:
694:
481:
identified alcohol as a precipitating factor, and red wine as three times more likely to trigger a headache than beer.
4564:
4507:
3859:
3173:
3116:
2145:"Alcohol consumption and Helicobacter pylori infection: results from the German National Health and Nutrition Survey"
4658:
4579:
4375:
4338:
4116:
3367:
3259:
1716:
4705:
4695:
4685:
4274:
3940:
3829:
3382:
3291:
3234:
2078:
342:
2408:"Determination of metal ion content of beverages and estimation of target hazard quotients: a comparative study"
1308:
Shen J, Wilmot KA, Ghasemzadeh N, Molloy DL, Burkman G, Mekonnen G, Gongora MC, Quyyumi AA, Sperling LS (2015).
831:, can have an influence on the amount of resveratrol left in the resulting wines. Similarly, the use of certain
788:
family tend to have substantially higher amounts of resveratrol than grapes derived from the Cabernet family of
4632:
4518:
4403:
1141:
1033:
733:
450:
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599:
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828:
792:. Wine regions with cooler, wetter climates that are more prone to grape disease and fungal attacks such as
637:
257:
2313:
967:
introduced a more systematized approach to medicine, wine retained its prominent role. The Greek physician
851:
which are the source of the color of various fruits, such as red grapes. The darker the red wine, the more
815:(soaking the grape skins in the mash). Other winemaking techniques, such as the use of certain strains of
4584:
4027:
3974:
3930:
3783:
3574:
3547:
2730:
García-Martínez BI, Ruiz-Ramos M, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Santiago-Osorio E, Mendoza-Núñez VM (January 2021).
1965:. USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Reviews. Alexandria (VA): USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review.
1206:
1201:. Studies showed a connection between alcohol consumption among pregnant mothers and an increased risk of
1071:
994:
372:
85:
62:
2975:. Wagner, RF, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US FDA. 22 February 2010
2937:
Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C (April 2004). "Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules?".
315:
Heavy alcohol consumption has been shown to have a damaging effect on the cellular processes that create
4637:
3820:
3404:
3399:
3303:
3265:
3158:
923:
504:
2029:"Do lifestyle choices explain the effect of alcohol on bone mineral density in women around menopause?"
236:
consumption or use of drugs. In general, women absorb alcohol more quickly than men due to their lower
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4380:
4367:
4311:
4126:
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2466:
1052:
998:
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249:
2818:"Anthocyanins and their variation in red wines I. Monomeric anthocyanins and their color expression"
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93:
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200:
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2009:
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in wine – are unlikely to be a headache factor. Wine, like other alcoholic beverages, is a
383:
332:
78:
2570:
2331:
1880:
1074:, with lengthy essays on wine's suitability for treatment of a variety of medical ailments such
800:
tend to produce grapes with higher concentrations of resveratrol than warmer, dry climates like
763:, the degree of exposure to fungal infection and grape diseases also appear to play a role. The
1044:
drink a little wine every now and then for the benefit of his stomach and digestion. While the
367:
The anticoagulant properties of alcohol in wine may have the potential of reducing the risk of
4321:
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3810:
3754:
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2704:
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2533:
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2209:
2174:
2090:
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2001:
1966:
1941:
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1683:
1614:
1579:
1523:
1482:
1438:
1389:
1331:
1287:
953:
812:
782:
775:, has some of the highest concentrations of resveratrol among wine grapes. Among the European
722:
Red wine contains an average of 1.9 (±1.7) mg of trans-resveratrol per liter. For comparison,
530:
499:
432:
305:
120:
74:
66:
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2632:
New Roles for Polyphenols. A 3-Part report on Current Regulations & the State of Science
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1420:
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studies indicate red wine consumption may support the French paradox, there is insufficient
1037:
972:
533:(ABV) percentage of about 11%; the higher the ABV, the higher the energy content of a wine.
478:
244:
The view of consuming wine in moderation has a history recorded as early as the Greek poet
4474:
4155:
4140:
4121:
3626:
3621:
3495:
2577:
2309:
1266:"Healthy traditional Mediterranean diet: an expression of culture, history, and lifestyle"
1190:
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1060:
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629:
The findings sparked immediate controversy due to several issues: the study's reliance on
611:
139:
132:
2502:"Heavy metal ions in wines: meta-analysis of target hazard quotients reveal health risks"
2950:
2470:
1024:
Religion still played a significant role in promoting wine's use for health. The Jewish
739:
The production and concentration of resveratrol is not equal among all the varieties of
689:
has been particularly well studied and evaluated by regulatory authorities, such as the
363:
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4299:
4279:
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4106:
3527:
3517:
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3147:
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2501:
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2407:
1936:
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1919:
1902:
Griswold MG, Fullman N, Hawley C, Arian N, Zimsen SR, Tymeson HD (22 September 2018).
1030:"the foremost of all medicines: wherever wine is lacking, medicines become necessary."
726:
of resveratrol (trans-resveratrol content varies) may contain as much as 500 mg.
614:
in fish calculated to have THQs of between 1 and 5 would represent cause for concern.
4753:
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additive that would induce vomiting above the consumption of a certain dosage level.
1041:
941:, the father of modern medicine, prescribed wine for a variety of ailments including
832:
797:
785:
760:
756:
619:
398:
379:
171:
112:
3098:
3031:
2716:
2478:
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2013:
323:. A 2012 study found no relation between wine consumption and bone mineral density.
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4424:
4414:
4204:
3500:
2915:
2659:
1240:
1198:
1178:
984:
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has issued warning letters, e.g., to emphasize that anthocyanins are not a defined
852:
848:
816:
705:
563:
526:
458:
420:
387:
2867:
Chu WK, Cheung SC, Lau RA, Benzie IF (2011). "Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.)".
2205:
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would use wine as a disinfectant for all types of wounds, and even soaked exposed
2371:
2354:
1565:
1384:
1367:
4355:
4350:
4221:
4101:
3991:
3884:
3656:
3601:
3206:
1984:
Walker-Bone K (August 2012). "Recognizing and treating secondary osteoporosis".
1174:
1130:
1067:
989:
968:
938:
934:
889:
793:
717:
686:
665:
641:
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In a news bulletin following the widespread reporting of the findings, the UK's
522:
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There are several potential causes of so-called "red wine headaches", including
391:
319:, and long-term alcoholic consumption at high levels increases the frequency of
316:
253:
167:
128:
2868:
1960:
1663:
4484:
4316:
4264:
4259:
4094:
4064:
4037:
3947:
3729:
3709:
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2834:
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1424:
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772:
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446:
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237:
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183:
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116:
30:
2923:
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2607:
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1927:
1610:
1407:
Stockwell T, Zhao J, Panwar S, Roemer A, Naimi T, Chikritzhs T (March 2016).
17:
4419:
4326:
4160:
3959:
3925:
3778:
3749:
3719:
3651:
3606:
3579:
3456:
3427:
3362:
3196:
3191:
2128:
2111:
2045:
2028:
1997:
1518:
1501:
1477:
1460:
1368:"Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison…or the remedy"
1186:
1079:
1063:
748:
668:, containment vessels and seasonal variations may have on metal ion uptake.
653:
583:
438:
416:
155:
3090:
3023:
2958:
2888:
2853:
2802:
2767:
2748:
2732:"Hypoglycemic Effect of Resveratrol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2708:
2699:
2682:
2537:
2518:
2486:
2443:
2424:
2380:
2287:
2213:
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2054:
2005:
1970:
1945:
1687:
1618:
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1527:
1486:
1442:
1393:
1335:
2816:
He F, Liang NN, Mu L, Pan QH, Wang J, Reeves MJ, Duan CQ (February 2012).
1679:
1366:
O'Keefe JH, Bhatti SK, Bajwa A, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ (March 2014).
1291:
104:. Mixed results are also observed in light drinking and cancer mortality.
57:
per day for women and one to two drinks per day for men), particularly of
4604:
4089:
4019:
3683:
2243:. Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School. 2019. Archived from
1075:
1056:
946:
942:
911:
859:
591:
571:
508:
474:
470:
462:
320:
266:
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163:
159:
58:
35:
111:, which may result in violence or accidents. About 88,000 deaths in the
4181:
3739:
3298:
2170:
1574:
1098:
1095:
1045:
607:
454:
3015:
2794:
2143:
Brenner H, Berg G, Lappus N, Kliebsch U, Bode G, Boeing H (May 1999).
1664:"Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)"
1459:
Jin M, Cai S, Guo J, Zhu Y, Li M, Yu Y, Zhang S, Chen K (March 2013).
987:
involved the use of wine in a similar manner. In his 1st-century work
212:. Moderate levels of consumption vary by the individual according to
3108:
1194:
1170:
1150:
1135:
1025:
1018:
964:
919:
623:
587:
575:
442:
262:
225:
213:
174:
101:
97:
70:
2554:
Study of Wine's Heavy Metal Hazard Raises Doubts Among Other Experts
2406:
Hague T, Petroczi A, Andrews PL, Barker J, Naughton DP (June 2008).
469:
that can lead to headaches (such as the case often experienced with
84:
Drinking more than the standard drink amount increases the risk of
4479:
4387:
3552:
1140:
1048:
1014:
952:
933:
701:
compounds as not sufficiently understood to confirm their role as
498:
362:
199:
178:
29:
2027:
McLernon DJ, Powell JJ, Jugdaohsingh R, Macdonald HM (May 2012).
767:
family of vines, which has adapted over time through exposure to
610:, a THQ of less than 1 represents no concern while, for example,
260:, at a 1:2 or 1:3 dilution with water. In his circa 375 BC play
2074:
1962:
Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review
893:
595:
579:
567:
233:
50:
4522:
3112:
2994:
Nutton V (May 1973). "The chronology of Galen's early career".
1113:, which was eventually defined by the medical establishment as
566:
relative to other beverages in the sample. Although the metal
217:
49:. Preliminary studies found that drinking small quantities of
2681:
Galiniak S, Aebisher D, Bartusik-Aebisher D (February 2019).
1153:, may be offset by red wine consumption to lower the risk of
1461:"Alcohol drinking and all cancer mortality: a meta-analysis"
1751:. New York: Clarkson Potter. pp. 66–70, 90 & 108.
543:
1310:"Mediterranean Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Health"
1235:
due to the consumption of red wine despite a diet high in
2353:
Mortensen EL, Jensen HH, Sanders SA, Reinisch JM (2001).
622:
of data based on wine samples from a selection of mostly
423:, appears to be lower with moderate alcohol consumption.
3916:
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States
3065:"Wine and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review"
562:
in London discovered red wine to contain high levels of
81:, and early death. Other studies found no such effects.
1547:"Moderate alcohol use and health: a consensus document"
1145:
The French paradox indicates that a diet high in fatty
736:
produced in the grape skins and leaves of grape vines.
186:
cast doubt on its role as part of a healthy lifestyle.
158:, and as a cure for a wide range of ailments including
146:, being recommended variously as a safe alternative to
4716:
27:
Potential health effects resulting from drinking wine
3169:
Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States
1502:"Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis"
4673:
4651:
4620:
4557:
4442:
4396:
4366:
4290:
4174:
4018:
3990:
3883:
3874:
3840:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
3763:
3692:
3444:
3355:
3324:
3274:
3220:
3157:
3146:
3063:Haseeb S, Alexander B, Baranchuk A (October 2017).
1205:and physical abnormalities in what became known as
1105:and, by extension, wine in health and society. The
2870:Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects
1744:
1554:Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases
839:can strip the wine of some resveratrol molecules.
659:Whereas the NHS also described calls for improved
3845:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
3250:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism
2241:"Ask the doctor: What causes red wine headaches?"
196:Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages
45:are mainly determined by its active ingredient –
2873:(2nd ed.). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
681:Although red wine contains many chemicals under
4227:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
2683:"Health benefits of resveratrol administration"
514:
507:and may help reduce food intake by suppressing
272:
131:should never start drinking wine nor any other
115:are estimated to be due to alcohol each year.
4552:of food, drink, and use of natural substances
4534:
3124:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1454:
1452:
232:, as well as situational conditions, such as
61:, may be associated with a decreased risk of
8:
3789:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
1707:
1705:
1005:used for medicinal purposes. While treating
2116:American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
2083:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1109:began to gain steam by touting the ills of
339:International Agency for Research on Cancer
4541:
4527:
4519:
4430:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
4000:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
3880:
3154:
3131:
3117:
3109:
2783:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2235:
2233:
2231:
2033:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1875:
1873:
1264:Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P (November 1997).
401:properties that may limit blood clotting.
3332:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
3080:
3058:
3056:
2843:
2833:
2757:
2747:
2698:
2606:
2527:
2517:
2433:
2423:
2370:
2325:
2323:
2160:
2127:
2044:
1935:
1797:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1573:
1517:
1476:
1432:
1383:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1325:
1281:
1123:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
409:The risk of infection from the bacterium
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2500:Naughton DP, Petróczi A (October 2008).
2401:
2399:
910:Early medicine was intimately tied with
302:Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
248:(360 BC) who believed that three bowls (
4723:
3970:Legal drinking age in the United States
1413:Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
1256:
918:, with early practitioners often being
837:clarification and stabilization of wine
107:Risk is greater in young people due to
2566:
2564:
2562:
1539:
1537:
1055:, Islamic doctors such as the Persian
3953:List of dry communities by U.S. state
2549:
2547:
2332:"How Many Calories Are in Your Wine?"
1881:"Facts about moderate drinking | CDC"
862:contain 300–700 mg and 100 g FW
685:for their potential health benefits,
606:in the US and used mainly to examine
7:
4759:Health effects of food and nutrition
3466:List of methanol poisoning incidents
2580:, UK NHS news bulletin, October 2008
2459:The Science of the Total Environment
1303:
1301:
971:considered wine a part of a healthy
4187:Alcohol consumption recommendations
4112:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
2951:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001
2939:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
1668:The New England Journal of Medicine
697:which identified it and other such
3911:Alcohol packaging warning messages
3523:Alcohol use among college students
3185:Drunk driving in the United States
3049:. Simon and Schuster. p. 126.
1818:Shuman TC, ed. (October 1, 2005).
1327:10.1146/annurev-nutr-011215-025104
1283:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01578.x
1211:alcohol packaging warning messages
359:Alcohol and cardiovascular disease
25:
4470:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
4450:Index of alcohol-related articles
3893:Administrative License Suspension
3082:10.1161/circulationaha.117.030387
2314:"Wine: How Much Is Good for You?"
2268:Current Pain and Headache Reports
866:contain around 603–1265 mg.
529:provide more. Most wines have an
503:Wine has a long history of being
282:week". On the other hand, a 2020
4726:
4503:
4502:
3904:Alcoholic beverage control state
3700:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
2162:10.1097/00001648-199905000-00004
2110:Guilford JM, Pezzuto JM (2011).
1127:Prohibition in the United States
872:Although anthocyanins are under
4664:Natural phenols and polyphenols
3513:Alcohol in association football
2479:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.09.044
1839:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
734:phenolic compound found in wine
677:Natural phenols and polyphenols
650:Liquor Control Board of Ontario
604:Environmental Protection Agency
3725:List of deaths through alcohol
3543:Epidemiology of binge drinking
3347:Subjective response to alcohol
2916:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.080
2660:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.047
1637:"Alcohol Facts and Statistics"
691:European Food Safety Authority
1:
4210:Sweat alcohol content monitor
3245:Alcoholism in rural Australia
2556:Wine Spectator, November 2008
2359:Archives of Internal Medicine
2206:10.3109/23744235.2015.1113556
1920:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2
1662:Schuckit MA (November 2014).
983:The medical practices of the
975:, and advocated its use as a
292:on the days that they drink.
4133:Adult Children of Alcoholics
3921:Drunk driving law by country
3337:Long-term effects of alcohol
3255:Disease theory of alcoholism
3240:Alcoholism in family systems
3230:Alcohol and Native Americans
2372:10.1001/archinte.161.15.1844
1986:Nature Reviews. Rheumatology
1794:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1599:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1566:10.1016/j.numecd.2013.02.007
1385:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005
1231:assumes a low prevalence of
896:to treat any human disease.
695:Food and Drug Administration
457:– which are used as a
345:has classified alcohol as a
270:, Eubulus has Dionysus say:
3860:International whisk(e)y day
3174:Driving under the influence
2112:"Wine and Health: A Review"
1820:"Alcohol and Heart disease"
1247:to confirm it, as of 2017.
1053:restrictions on all alcohol
900:History of wine in medicine
892:and are not regulated as a
415:, which is associated with
4775:
4376:Christian views on alcohol
3982:List of alcohol laws of US
3260:High-functioning alcoholic
3047:Vintage: The Story of Wine
2330:Hughes L (22 March 2017).
1836:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1717:American Heart Association
1713:"Alcohol and Heart Health"
1314:Annual Review of Nutrition
1220:
993:, the Roman encyclopedist
903:
781:, grapes derived from the
715:
558:In 2008, researchers from
488:
451:phenolic compounds in wine
430:
356:
330:
299:
193:
4749:Health effects of alcohol
4498:
4275:Alcoholic spirits measure
4260:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
3941:Ignition interlock device
3830:Drunken monkey hypothesis
3663:Routes of administration
3292:Alcohol congener analysis
3235:Alcoholism in adolescence
3008:10.1017/S0009838800036600
2835:10.3390/molecules17021571
2629:Gross P (March 1, 2009),
2506:Chemistry Central Journal
2412:Chemistry Central Journal
2280:10.1007/s11916-017-0642-8
2079:World Health Organization
1425:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185
343:World Health Organization
2687:Acta Biochimica Polonica
2608:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489
1791:Robinson J, ed. (2006).
1611:10.1200/JCO.2017.76.1155
1134:producers to include an
1034:first epistle to Timothy
997:detailed a long list of
537:Psychological and social
397:The alcohol in wine has
371:associated with several
144:early form of medication
4455:Alcohol and spaceflight
4197:Alcohol server training
4070:Managed alcohol program
3648:Binge drinking devices
3342:Pharmacology of ethanol
2129:10.5344/ajev.2011.11013
2046:10.3945/ajcn.111.021600
1998:10.1038/nrrheum.2012.93
1372:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1209:, prompting the use of
888:, cannot be assigned a
847:Red grapes are high in
829:malolactic fermentation
771:grape diseases such as
638:National Health Service
600:target hazard quotients
373:cardiovascular diseases
154:for treating wounds, a
86:cardiovascular diseases
63:cardiovascular diseases
4060:Alcohol rehabilitation
4028:Alcohol detoxification
3931:Field sobriety testing
3816:Health effects of wine
3784:International Beer Day
3548:Holiday heart syndrome
2749:10.3390/antiox10010069
2700:10.18388/abp.2018_2749
2635:, Nutraceuticals World
2519:10.1186/1752-153X-2-22
2425:10.1186/1752-153X-2-13
1227:The hypothesis of the
1213:in several countries.
1207:fetal alcohol syndrome
1158:
1072:Arnaldus de Villa Nova
1013:, the Roman physician
995:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
960:
950:
519:
512:
375:
279:
205:
43:health effects of wine
38:
4312:Disulfiram-like drugs
3852:Ritual use of alcohol
3821:Wine and food pairing
3806:Apéritif and digestif
3457:Adulterated moonshine
3304:Blood alcohol content
3266:Seeing pink elephants
1680:10.1056/NEJMra1407298
1519:10.1093/annonc/mds337
1478:10.1093/annonc/mds508
1144:
1040:recommended that his
956:
937:
890:dietary content level
502:
491:Apéritif and digestif
366:
353:Cardiovascular system
300:Further information:
203:
33:
4612:Ultra-processed food
4381:Alcohol in the Bible
4368:Religion and alcohol
4334:General anaesthetics
4127:Alcoholics Anonymous
4085:List of mixed drinks
3538:Alcohol intoxication
3453:Adulterated alcohol
2312:(January 26, 2005).
1914:(10152): 1015–1035.
1883:. CDC. 19 April 2022
1086:Risks of consumption
825:lactic acid bacteria
672:Chemical composition
190:Moderate consumption
125:medical associations
4666:(including tannins)
4460:Gateway drug effect
4246:Low-alcohol drinks
4075:Non-alcoholic drink
4010:Temperance movement
3992:Alcohol prohibition
3715:Gilbert Paul Jordan
3705:Dionysian Mysteries
3489:on college campuses
3484:Alcohol advertising
3202:Public intoxication
2996:Classical Quarterly
2471:2005ScTEn.350...28W
2194:Infectious Diseases
1167:high blood pressure
1107:Temperance movement
906:History of medicine
724:dietary supplements
560:Kingston University
412:Helicobacter pylori
384:cardiac arrhythmias
142:includes use as an
94:atrial fibrillation
90:high blood pressure
4691:Pesticide exposure
4292:Addiction medicine
4235:Get Your Sexy Back
4175:Alcohol limitation
4151:Sober living house
4117:Twelve-step groups
4050:Brief intervention
4043:Open-container law
4005:Neo-prohibitionism
3965:Legal drinking age
3771:Alcoholic beverage
3672:Alcohol inhalation
3587:Drinking in public
3565:Blackout Wednesday
3423:Beverage-specific
3140:Alcohol and health
3045:Johnson H (1989).
2973:"Redco Foods, Inc"
2576:2012-10-07 at the
1865:Semele or Dionysus
1833:Johnson H (1989).
1743:Harding G (2005).
1506:Annals of Oncology
1465:Annals of Oncology
1276:(11 Pt 1): 383–9.
1203:mental retardation
1159:
961:
951:
644:produce, with the
513:
495:alcohol and weight
376:
347:Group 1 carcinogen
333:Alcohol and cancer
296:Effect on the body
206:
121:systematic reviews
79:metabolic syndrome
39:
4714:
4713:
4516:
4515:
4438:
4437:
4388:Islam and alcohol
4322:Calcium carbimide
4192:Alcohol education
4080:List of cocktails
4055:Designated driver
4033:Alcohol-free zone
3936:Hip flask defence
3870:
3869:
3811:Hangover remedies
3755:Whiskey Rebellion
3745:Six o'clock swill
3533:Austrian syndrome
3472:Surrogate alcohol
3462:Denatured alcohol
3434:Red wine headache
3075:(15): 1434–1448.
2880:978-1-4398-0713-2
2795:10.1021/jf040087y
2096:978-92-832-1244-7
2085:. 1988. pp.
1850:978-0-671-68702-1
1804:978-0-19-860990-2
1758:978-0-307-34635-3
1747:A Wine Miscellany
1270:Nutrition Reviews
1245:clinical evidence
1117:. Studies of the
1090:The lack of safe
1028:noted wine to be
743:. Differences in
729:Resveratrol is a
570:, which included
531:alcohol by volume
479:tension headaches
433:Red wine headache
306:Alcohol education
127:, people who are
75:diabetes mellitus
67:cognitive decline
16:(Redirected from
4766:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4696:Sawdust exposure
4543:
4536:
4529:
4520:
4506:
4505:
4305:Chlordiazepoxide
4255:Low-alcohol beer
3899:Alcohol monopoly
3881:
3801:Drinking culture
3794:Women in brewing
3677:Vodka eyeballing
3644:Passive drinking
3155:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3084:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3035:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2828:(2): 1571–1601.
2813:
2807:
2806:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2702:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2587:
2581:
2568:
2557:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2403:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2226:
2225:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2164:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2070:Alcohol drinking
2065:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1877:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1788:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1740:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1633:
1627:
1626:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1551:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1363:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1261:
1197:, and long-term
1038:Paul the Apostle
876:and early-stage
505:paired with food
405:Digestive system
172:Ancient Egyptian
166:, and pain from
21:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4686:Noise pollution
4669:
4647:
4616:
4553:
4547:
4517:
4512:
4494:
4475:Self-medication
4434:
4392:
4362:
4300:Benzodiazepines
4286:
4170:
4156:Sobering center
4141:Sober companion
4122:Al-Anon/Alateen
4014:
3986:
3876:
3866:
3759:
3688:
3628:In vino veritas
3622:Hair of the dog
3440:
3356:Adverse effects
3351:
3320:
3270:
3216:
3160:
3159:Alcohol-related
3150:
3142:
3137:
3107:
3106:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3039:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2881:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2789:(22): 6779–86.
2780:
2779:
2775:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2616:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2578:Wayback Machine
2569:
2560:
2552:
2545:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2247:on 25 July 2019
2239:
2238:
2229:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1790:
1789:
1766:
1759:
1742:
1741:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1674:(22): 2109–13.
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1365:
1364:
1343:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1241:epidemiological
1225:
1219:
1191:skin infections
1163:blood disorders
1088:
1042:young colleague
932:
908:
902:
845:
720:
714:
679:
674:
556:
539:
497:
487:
465:which promotes
435:
429:
407:
390:, and elevated
361:
355:
335:
329:
313:
308:
298:
198:
192:
140:history of wine
133:alcoholic drink
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4772:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4652:Phytochemicals
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4550:Health effects
4548:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4490:French paradox
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4346:Sulfonic acids
4343:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4280:Standard drink
4277:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4244:
4242:Liquor license
4239:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4114:
4109:
4107:Temperance bar
4104:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3808:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3528:Binge drinking
3525:
3520:
3518:Alcohol powder
3515:
3510:
3508:Alcohol myopia
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3421:
3416:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3316:Wine chemistry
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3282:Beer chemistry
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3052:
3037:
2986:
2964:
2929:
2910:(2): 511–515.
2904:Food Chemistry
2894:
2879:
2859:
2808:
2773:
2722:
2673:
2654:(2): 449–457.
2648:Food Chemistry
2638:
2614:
2582:
2558:
2543:
2492:
2465:(1–3): 28–37.
2449:
2395:
2386:
2365:(15): 1844–8.
2345:
2319:
2301:
2258:
2227:
2200:(4): 303–309.
2184:
2155:(3): 214–218.
2135:
2102:
2095:
2060:
2019:
1976:
1951:
1894:
1869:
1856:
1849:
1825:
1810:
1803:
1764:
1757:
1730:
1701:
1654:
1643:on 18 May 2015
1628:
1589:
1560:(6): 487–504.
1533:
1492:
1448:
1399:
1341:
1297:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1229:French paradox
1223:French paradox
1221:Main article:
1218:
1217:French paradox
1215:
1183:muscle atrophy
1147:dairy products
1092:drinking water
1087:
1084:
931:
928:
901:
898:
844:
841:
778:Vitis vinifera
769:North American
716:Main article:
713:
710:
683:basic research
678:
675:
673:
670:
631:secondary data
612:mercury levels
555:
552:
538:
535:
486:
483:
428:
425:
406:
403:
354:
351:
328:
325:
312:
309:
297:
294:
210:binge drinking
191:
188:
148:drinking water
109:binge drinking
55:standard drink
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4771:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4734:
4724:
4720:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Saturated fat
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4509:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Mood disorder
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4339:Nitrous oxide
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Fermented tea
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Sober curious
4144:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3873:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Ladies' night
3833:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Rum Rebellion
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Alcohol enema
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Flaming drink
3615:
3613:
3612:Dutch courage
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Drunk walking
3595:
3593:
3592:Drunk dialing
3590:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3570:Drinking game
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Alcohol abuse
3477:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3446:Social issues
3443:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:breast cancer
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Fusel alcohol
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:Drunk driving
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:(1): 158–71.
3001:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:(7): 838–49.
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:Metal in wine
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2125:
2122:(4): 471–86.
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2039:(5): 1261–9.
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:(8): 480–92.
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1471:(3): 807–16.
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:(2): 185–98.
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1378:(3): 382–93.
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
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1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
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1242:
1238:
1237:saturated fat
1234:
1233:heart disease
1230:
1224:
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1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
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1155:heart disease
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936:
930:Early history
929:
927:
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883:
879:
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867:
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834:
833:fining agents
830:
826:
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807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
779:
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766:
762:
761:grape disease
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
732:
727:
725:
719:
711:
709:
707:
704:
703:physiological
700:
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688:
684:
676:
671:
669:
667:
662:
661:wine labeling
657:
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632:
627:
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621:
620:meta analysis
615:
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581:
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569:
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528:
527:dessert wines
524:
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476:
472:
468:
464:
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448:
444:
440:
434:
426:
424:
422:
421:peptic ulcers
418:
414:
413:
404:
402:
400:
399:anticoagulant
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:heart disease
374:
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156:digestive aid
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113:United States
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80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
18:Health (wine)
4701:Sun exposure
4642:
4425:Gin Act 1751
4415:Bratt System
4408:
4404:
4271:Measurement
4205:Breathalyzer
3975:Shoulder tap
3815:
3627:
3501:Beer goggles
3072:
3068:
3046:
3040:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2967:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2869:
2862:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2739:
2736:Antioxidants
2735:
2725:
2693:(1): 13–21.
2690:
2686:
2676:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2631:
2598:
2595:EFSA Journal
2594:
2585:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2415:
2411:
2389:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2304:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:the original
2197:
2193:
2187:
2152:
2149:Epidemiology
2148:
2138:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2069:
2063:
2036:
2032:
2022:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1961:
1954:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1864:
1859:
1835:
1828:
1813:
1793:
1746:
1721:. Retrieved
1671:
1667:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1631:
1622:
1605:(1): 83–93.
1602:
1598:
1592:
1557:
1553:
1512:(2): 301–8.
1509:
1505:
1495:
1468:
1464:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1375:
1371:
1317:
1313:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1226:
1199:brain damage
1179:liver damage
1160:
1089:
1029:
1023:
988:
982:
977:disinfectant
962:
957:
916:supernatural
909:
871:
868:
857:
853:anthocyanins
849:anthocyanins
846:
843:Anthocyanins
821:fermentation
810:
776:
759:by fungi or
752:
738:
728:
721:
706:antioxidants
680:
666:insecticides
658:
642:agricultural
635:
628:
616:
564:toxic metals
557:
554:Heavy metals
548:
540:
520:
515:
459:preservative
436:
410:
408:
396:
388:hypertension
377:
336:
314:
288:
280:
274:
273:
261:
258:diluted wine
243:
230:body stature
207:
137:
129:non-drinkers
106:
83:
42:
40:
4405:Beer Street
4356:Homotaurine
4351:Acamprosate
4222:Dry January
4201:Monitoring
4102:Teetotalism
4095:Malt drinks
3885:Alcohol law
3657:Yard of ale
3602:Drunkorexia
3414:intolerance
3207:Rum-running
3069:Circulation
2979:10 November
2601:(2). 2010.
1723:12 December
1575:10447/94503
1239:. Although
1175:infertility
1131:therapeutic
1068:Middle Ages
1066:during the
1064:monasteries
1003:Roman wines
990:De Medicina
969:Hippocrates
958:De medicina
939:Hippocrates
835:during the
741:wine grapes
718:Resveratrol
712:Resveratrol
687:resveratrol
523:food energy
485:Food intake
467:dehydration
392:cholesterol
369:blood clots
317:bone tissue
254:wine bottle
168:child birth
53:(up to one
34:A glass of
4743:Categories
4485:Town drunk
4317:Disulfiram
4265:Small beer
4231:Campaigns
4065:Drunk tank
4038:Dry campus
3948:Dry county
3730:Rum ration
3710:Dipsomania
3639:Pantsdrunk
3432:Red wine:
3222:Alcoholism
3212:Wine fraud
2274:(10): 42.
1908:The Lancet
1320:: 425–49.
1251:References
1149:, such as
1111:alcoholism
1082:problems.
1051:contained
1011:Asia Minor
1007:gladiators
904:See also:
864:elderberry
813:maceration
802:California
783:Burgundian
773:phylloxera
765:Muscadinia
731:stilbenoid
654:reservoirs
489:See also:
447:grape skin
431:See also:
357:See also:
331:See also:
238:body water
194:See also:
184:alcoholism
152:antiseptic
117:Alcoholism
4595:Trans fat
4565:Chocolate
4420:Dry state
4327:Cyanamide
4161:Sobrietol
3960:Last call
3926:DWI court
3779:Beer mile
3750:Speakeasy
3720:Gin Craze
3652:Beer bong
3607:Dry drunk
3580:Pregaming
3428:Potomania
3410:Tolerance
3400:Pregnancy
3275:Chemistry
3197:Nip joint
3192:Moonshine
2924:0308-8146
2822:Molecules
2742:(1): 69.
2668:0308-8146
2310:Zelman KM
1928:0140-6736
1867:, fr. 93.
1863:Eubulus.
1696:205116954
1187:psoriasis
1115:a disease
963:When the
924:magicians
855:present.
806:Australia
749:rootstock
584:manganese
471:hangovers
449:or other
439:histamine
427:Headaches
417:gastritis
321:fractures
4681:Cannabis
4659:Caffeine
4605:Fructose
4580:Red meat
4508:Category
4409:Gin Lane
4166:Quit lit
4090:Spritzer
4020:Sobriety
3875:Alcohol
3856:Whiskey
3684:Sconcing
3634:Nightcap
3560:Blackout
3390:Cortisol
3287:Congener
3099:26520546
3091:28993373
3032:35645790
3024:11624046
2959:15019969
2889:22593936
2854:22314380
2803:15506816
2768:33430470
2717:73491480
2709:30816367
2574:Archived
2538:18973648
2487:16227070
2444:18578877
2381:11493125
2316:. WebMD.
2296:20870984
2288:28844083
2222:30825790
2214:26585858
2179:10230827
2055:22456655
2014:12292033
2006:22782006
1971:35353467
1946:30146330
1887:24 April
1822:. WebMD.
1688:25427113
1619:29112463
1584:23642930
1528:22910838
1487:23104725
1443:26997174
1394:24582196
1336:25974696
1076:dementia
1061:Catholic
1057:Avicenna
947:diarrhea
943:lethargy
914:and the
912:religion
886:nutrient
878:clinical
860:bilberry
798:New York
790:Bordeaux
699:phenolic
624:European
592:vanadium
572:chromium
525:, while
509:appetite
475:migraine
463:diuretic
455:Sulfites
394:levels.
267:Dionysus
222:genetics
179:Sumerian
164:diarrhea
160:lethargy
59:red wine
36:red wine
4706:Tobacco
4628:Alcohol
4443:Related
4397:History
4182:0-0-1-3
3877:control
3764:General
3740:Shebeen
3693:History
3363:Anxiety
3325:Effects
3299:Ethanol
3148:Alcohol
2845:6268338
2759:7827898
2529:2628338
2467:Bibcode
2435:2443149
2334:. WebMD
2171:3703585
1937:6148333
1434:4803651
1292:9420448
1195:strokes
1151:cheeses
1103:alcohol
1099:cholera
1096:Hamburg
1046:Islamic
1032:In his
920:priests
827:during
819:during
693:and US
608:seafood
443:tannins
341:of the
289:per day
246:Eubulus
47:alcohol
4719:Portal
4633:Coffee
4217:FRAMES
3426:Beer:
3419:Weight
3395:Memory
3378:Cancer
3161:crimes
3097:
3089:
3030:
3022:
3016:638137
3014:
2957:
2922:
2887:
2877:
2852:
2842:
2801:
2766:
2756:
2715:
2707:
2666:
2536:
2526:
2512:: 22.
2485:
2442:
2432:
2418:: 13.
2379:
2338:15 May
2294:
2286:
2251:15 May
2220:
2212:
2177:
2169:
2093:
2053:
2012:
2004:
1969:
1944:
1934:
1926:
1847:
1801:
1755:
1719:. 2016
1694:
1686:
1617:
1582:
1526:
1485:
1441:
1431:
1392:
1334:
1290:
1171:cancer
1136:emetic
1121:- and
1026:Talmud
1019:bowels
985:Romans
965:Greeks
794:Oregon
757:attack
745:clones
588:nickel
576:copper
327:Cancer
263:Semele
226:weight
175:papyri
102:cancer
100:, and
98:stroke
71:stroke
4733:Drink
4674:Other
4621:Drink
4600:Sugar
4575:Honey
4570:Dairy
4480:Spins
4135:(ACA)
4129:(AA):
3895:(ALS)
3775:Beer
3553:Zapoy
3405:Sleep
3373:Brain
3368:Aging
3262:(HFA)
3176:(DUI)
3095:S2CID
3028:S2CID
3012:JSTOR
2713:S2CID
2292:S2CID
2218:S2CID
2167:JSTOR
2010:S2CID
1841:35–46
1692:S2CID
1647:9 May
1550:(PDF)
1080:sinus
1049:Koran
1015:Galen
999:Greek
874:basic
817:yeast
786:Pinot
753:Vitis
517:meal.
445:from
311:Bones
250:kylix
150:, an
4754:Wine
4643:Wine
4585:Salt
4558:Food
4407:and
3575:list
3087:PMID
3020:PMID
2981:2014
2955:PMID
2920:ISSN
2885:PMID
2875:ISBN
2850:PMID
2799:PMID
2764:PMID
2705:PMID
2664:ISSN
2534:PMID
2483:PMID
2440:PMID
2377:PMID
2340:2019
2284:PMID
2253:2019
2210:PMID
2175:PMID
2091:ISBN
2075:Lyon
2051:PMID
2002:PMID
1967:PMID
1942:PMID
1924:ISSN
1889:2022
1845:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1725:2016
1684:PMID
1649:2015
1615:PMID
1580:PMID
1524:PMID
1483:PMID
1439:PMID
1390:PMID
1332:PMID
1288:PMID
1119:long
1078:and
1001:and
973:diet
945:and
922:and
894:drug
804:and
796:and
596:zinc
594:and
580:iron
568:ions
493:and
441:and
419:and
337:The
304:and
284:USDA
234:food
228:and
177:and
138:The
123:and
51:wine
41:The
4638:Tea
3496:Sex
3151:use
3077:doi
3073:136
3004:doi
2947:doi
2912:doi
2908:114
2840:PMC
2830:doi
2791:doi
2754:PMC
2744:doi
2695:doi
2656:doi
2652:101
2603:doi
2524:PMC
2514:doi
2475:doi
2463:350
2430:PMC
2420:doi
2367:doi
2363:161
2276:doi
2202:doi
2157:doi
2124:doi
2087:2–3
2041:doi
1994:doi
1932:PMC
1916:doi
1912:392
1676:doi
1672:371
1607:doi
1570:hdl
1562:doi
1514:doi
1473:doi
1429:PMC
1421:doi
1380:doi
1322:doi
1278:doi
1009:in
882:FDA
823:or
646:TTB
477:or
265:or
218:sex
214:age
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